NGHIEN CUV - TRA O BOI
TRAO OlYEN KINH TE CHO PHU NCT
TRONG THUC DAY BINH OANG Cl6l 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NGUYEN THANH HIEN*
Tom tat: Be binh ddng gioi dugc todn dien thi viec trao quyen kinh te cho phu nir Id cdn thiil, ddm bdo ca hgi thuc su binh ddng cho tdt cd phu nCc. Viec trao quyen kinh te cho phu nit co lac dgng Ion trong phdt trien kinh te ddt nuac. Xudt phdt tie khung li thuyet, cdc dieu kien ve phdt trien kinh te cua phil nir cdn duac nhd nuac quan tam vd ddu lu thich hgp. Bdi viet khdi qudt dieu hen thuc te vd nhitng vdn de chua ddm bdo cho quyen kinh te cita ph^i nie duac thuc hien; nhin nhdn lai ca hoi ddnh cho phu nir vd nhimg anh huong ve mat chinh sdch ddnh cho phu nit trong linh vice kinh ti; dua ra cdc kien nghi nhdm bdo ddm thuc day binh ddng giai a Viet Nam trong giai doan hien nay.
Tu khod: Binh ddng gidi; phu nit; irao quyen kmh te
Nhan bdi: 18/J0/20I8 Hoan thdnh bien lap: 05/2/2020 Duyet ddng: 20/02/2020 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FOR WOMEN IN PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY IN VIETNAM AT PRESENT
Abstract: To maintain inclusive gender equality, economic empowerment for women is essential, ensuring truly equal opportunities for all women. The economic empowerment for women has a great impact on economic development of the country. In accordance with the theoretical framework, it is necessary for the State to reasonably pay attention to and invest in conditions for women's economic development The paper offers an overview of practical conditions and issues that do not ensure the realisation of women's economic rights and revisits opportunities and policy implications for women in economic field. It also offers recommendations for promoting gender equality in Vietnam al present
Keywords: Gender equality, women; economic empowerment
Received: Oct IS"", 2018; Editing completed. Feb 5'^ 2020; Accepted for publicalion: Feb 2Cf'', 2020
1. Li luan chung ve trao quyen kinh te phu nii c6 co hoi viec lam dugc tra lucmg ma cho phiJi nu trong thuc day binh dang gidi con phdi cai thien chat lugng viec lam cung l.L Khdi niem vd nguyen tac trao quyen vdi dam bao quyen trong cdng viec va quyen kinh ti cho phu nii ra quyet dinh. Ddng thdi, can dam bao phu Trao quyen kinh te cho phu nir la hd trg nii dugc tiep can viec lam ben vimg vdi miic cac muc tieu phat trien rdng ban. Quan tam luong dii sdng va cd hgp ddng lao dpng.
tdi khia canh xa hdi va chinh trj Id mgt each -j-uy nhign, cac chinh sach kinh te hien nhin trong trao quyen cho phu nii. De dat nay khdng nhiing dang lam bao mdn nhihig dugc dilu ndy, khdng chi cdn tang vl sd lugng muc tieu nay ma cdn lao ra mot cupc chay dua xudng day ve tien luong va dieu kien
* Gldng vien, Hpc vipn phy nfr Vl|t Nam
E-mail: [email protected] lam viec. Bao cdo "Trien vpng viec lam va 32 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 9/2019
NGHIEN CW - TRA PDPI
i hdi the gidi - xu hudng cho phy nii" cua 6 chiic lao dpng qudc tl (ILO) vira cdng bd 10 thay, Viet Nam thuoc nhdm qudc gia cd le phy nil tham gia luc lugng lao ddng cao hat the gidi, dang cd ddng gop Idn vdo sy hat trien ciia nen kinh te dat nude. Tuy hien, lao dpng nii cdn gap nhieu rdo can ong viec 1dm vd thu nhap.*''
HiSn nay, phy nG chiem gan mpt nua lye jgng lao dpng. Tuy nhien, van cdn nhieu ao cdn dnh hudng tdi sy tham gia vd tiep an binh ddng ciia phy nir tdi cdc co hpi kinh 3 nhu tinh trang phu nu thudng chiu trdch ihiem vl cdng vipc chdm sdc gia dinh kh6ng tuge tra luang, gid lam viec khdng linh loat, khoang each ve gidi trong thu nhap
;iing nhu thilu hut trong bdo trg xa hdi va )do hilm siic khoe. Cimg mgt cdng viec, phy lii dugc tra luang thdp hon so vdi nam gidi;
)hy nil bj tir chdi 77 ngdnh nghe theo quy Ijnh cua ludt lao ddng; tinh trang quay rdi inh dye edn nhieu; phu nii chiu ganh nang :dng viec, cham sdc gia dinh Idn gdp 3 Idn lam gidi. Han niia, khoang cdch vl gidi rong doanh nghiep cd nir van hanh tir 21- }1%; phan Idn nil 1dm chii d doanh nghiep ihd va sieu nhd, chi 1% nii la idm chii trong
;ac doanh nghiep Idn. Tire hien nay phy nu
;hua hien dipn nhilu trong eac doanh ighiep, nhdt la 1dm lanh dao.' *
i). Bdo cdo "Trien vpng viec 1dm vd xd hoi th€ gidi - Xu iu6ng cho phu nft" ciia T6 chirc lao dpng quoc tS, 2017,
! tips ://w WW. ilo.org/hanoi/Informationresources/
>ublicinfonnation/newsitems/WCMS_55822i/lang"
/i/index.htm, truy cap 04/6/2019.
2). Ngoc Phong, Trao quyin cho phu nii giup kinh ioanh bin vUng han, https;//entemews.vn/trao- luyen-cho-phu-nu-giup-kinh-doanh-ben-vung-hon- i41450,html, truy C9P 04/6/2019.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 9/2019
Trao quyen kinh te da dugc dinh nghia bdng nhieu each bdi cac nha nghien ciiu vd edc td chiic khdc nhau. Trao quyen kinh te cho phu nil cd the hieu: mpt phu nir dugc trao quyin kinh te khi cd khd nang dat dugc thdnh cdng trong ITnh vuc kinh te vd cd quyin lye de quyet djnh nhihig hdnh dpng ve kinh tl. Trao quyin kinh tl cho phy nii Id qud trinh tdng cudng ndng lye ciia mot phy nil hoac mgt nhdm phy nir de thyc hien nhihig lya chpn ed chu dich va de chuyen ddi nhiing lya chpn dd thanh nhimg hanh ddng va ket qua mong muon, ddng vai tro nhu la mpt ddng luc ciia tang tmdng, la cdng cy manh me trong qud trinh phat trien.'
Phuang phap tilp can trao quyen kinh te tdp trung vdo nhimg ylu td giiip phy nii thdnh cdng vd thang tien tren thj tnrdng.
Dilu ndy bao gdm tang cdc kT nang va kha nang tiep can cac ngudn lye san xuat, cdi thien mdi trudng thi chi vd hd trg phu nii trong kha ndng ciia hg thyc hien va hanh ddng theo quylt dinh dl dugc hudng loi tir su tang trudng va phat trien kinh te.
Phuang phap tiep can cung phdi thua nhan rdng trao quyen kinh te dugc dan xen vdi trao quyen xa hdi va chinh tri, cd tinh din cac ylu td xd hdi vd van hod ca ban lam han chi kha nang ciia phu nii trong viec tuang tac vd hudng Igi tir thj trudng. Chang han nhu cdng viec khdng dugc tra luang vd khong cdng bdng trong phdn phdi cdng viec
(3). Ngan hdng tha gioi, Trao quyin trong ihuc te - Tir phdn tich din thuc liin, hoinhap,org.vn/thu-vien- hoi-nhap/29-gioi-thieu-sach/5768-trao-quyen-trong- thuc-te-tu-phan-tich-den-thuc-tien.htm!, truy cdp 04/6/2019.
33
NGHIENCtJV- TRAODdl
ndi trg vd cham sdc, han che sy giao tiep va sy pho bien eua bao lye tinh dye vd gidi tinh.
Nhihig nguyen tde trao quyin cho phu nil bao gdm:
- Ldnh dao cdp cao ddi vdi binh ddng gidi: cam ket miic ho trg cao va dinh hudng cac chinh sdch quan trgng nhat nham thiic day binh ddng gidi va quyen con ngudi.
Thiet lap cdc myc tieu vd myc dich ddi vdi binh ddng gidi, ddng thdi dua chi tieu tiln bp ve gidi thanh yeu td ddnh gia hipu qua cdng viec cua cdc cdp ldnh dao. Lien kit cdc ben lien quan (trong vd ngoai cdng ti) trong qua trinh xay dyng cae chinh sdch, chuong trinh vd kS hoach thyc hipn nhdm thiic day binh ding gidi. Ddm bdo tat cd cac chinh sdch deu mang tinh nhay cam ve gidi (tiic la xdc djnh cdc yeu td cd tde dOng khdc nhau den phy nii vd nam gidi) va ddm bdo rdng cd the thiic day sy tham gia va bmh dang gidi.
- Ddi xii cdng bang giiia nam va nii trong eong vipc, tdn trpng quyen vd khdng phdn bipt nam nii: viec trd thii lao (bao gdm cd cdc Igi Ich) phdi cdng bdng theo gid trj ddng gdp ciia lao ddng, can cd gdng chi trd mire luong du sdng cho toan bg lao dgng nam va nu. Ddm bao khdng cd sy phdn bipt vl gidi trong cdc chinh sach vd boat ddng tai nai lam vice. Thyc hien viec tuyen dyng va sir dyng lao ddng cd tinh den yeu td nh£iy cdm gidi, ddng thdi chu dpng bd nhiem nii gidi vdo cac vj tri qudn li, diSu hdnh. Mang din cdc lya chpn linh boat vl vipc lam, nghi phep vd tdi bd nhiem vj tri cG vdi cdc dilu kipn vd miie lucmg cdng bang.
- Ddm bdo siic khoe, an todn vd Igi ich cua nu va nam lao ddng: luu y din nhimg
khdc bipt ve dnh hudng cua cdng viec din phu nii vd nam gidi, cung cdp cdc dilu kien lam viec an todn vd giiip ngudi lao dpng tranh tiep xiic vdi nhiing nguyen vat lieu nguy hiem, ddng thdi thdng bdo vl cac nguy CO tiem an ciia cdng vipc, ke ca nhOng nguy CO ddi vdi siic khoe sinh sdn.
- Khuyen khich gido dye, dao tao va phdt trien nghe nghipp cho phy nO: ddu tu vao cdc chinh sdch vd chuong trinh cd the thiic ddy su tien bd cua phy nu d tat ca cac cap va trong mgi ITnh vyc; ddm bdo sy tiep can binh ddng doi vdi tat ca cac chuong trinh gido dye vd ddo tao do cdng ti ho trp, bao gdm cac Idp xod mil chii, day nghe vd cdng nghp thdng tin.
- Thyc hien cac hoat ddng phdt triSn doanh nghipp, chuoi cung ling marketing hudng din tdng quyen ndng cho phu nii; md rdng quan hp ddi tac vdi cac doanh nghiep do phu nii 1dm chii, bao gdm cd cdc doanh nghipp nhd vd md rpng quan hp doi tde vdi cac nii doanh nhdn; ho trg cdc gidi phap nh?^y cdm gidi nhdm cai thien edc rdo cdn ve tin dyng vd vay vdn; y^u cau cac ddi tde kinh doanh tdn trpng cac cam ket cua cdng ti trong viec thiic ddy binh ddng gidi vd sir tham gia cua nii gidi; tdn trgng pham gid ciia ngudi phy nu: trong mgi tai lieu marketing va cdc tdi lipu khdc.
- Thiic ddy binh ddng thdng qua cdc sang kien vd van ddng cpng ddng: loi ndi di doi vdi vipc 1dm - cdn hi^n thyc hod cdc cam ket ciia cdng ti trong viec thuc hien binh ddng gidi va trao quyen cho phy nii. Phdi hgp vdi cac ben Hen quan trong cdng dong, cdc cdp cd thdm quyin va nhGng ngudi khac de xoa
34 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 9/2019
l^lraiJCJI %^VU - IICAUVUI td mgi su phan biet va tao co hOi cho phy nii
-a tre em gai. Thiic day vd cdng nhdn vai trd dnh dao ciia phy nQ cung nhu nhiing ddng
;dp ciia hp ddi vdi cdng ddng vd ddm bdo cd y dai dien d^y du cua phu nii trong mgi :udc tham vdn cpng ddng.
- Ddnh gid vd bao cdo v l t i l n bd binh Idng gidi: Phd bien cdc chinh sdch vd k l loach thyc hipn nhdm thiic ddy binh ddng
;idi. Xdy dung cdc chuan myc de ddnh gia
;y tham gia cua phu nfl d mgi cap. Ddnh gid /d bao cdo ve tien bd dat dugc, cd ndi bd va )en ngodi, trong dd sii dyng dii lieu phdn deb theo gidi tinh. Ket hgp su dung bang ianh gia gidi trong cdng tde bao cao tien dp.*''*
L2. Su cdn thiit phdi trao quyin kinh ti :ho phu nir
Phy nii dugc trao quySn se cd ca hpi lam /ipc binh ddng hon va ndng suat hon. Trao juyen cho phy nii la sy dau tu thdng minh vd juan trpng. Phu nii phdi dugc dat vao trung am de mang lai nhiing gid trj dac biet cho len kinh te. Muc tieu ve phdt trien ben viing lln nam 2030 ciing de cap su tham gia binh iang vd day du cua phu nir trong nen kinh te.
frao quyen cho phy nii la dieu kiSn tien luylt hudng tdi phdt trien bSn viing.
De vugt qua mpi rdo cdn, thdch thiic, tdn nhan nhihig co hdi va Igi ich cua eupe
;ach mang cdng nghiep 4.0 mang lai ciing ihu sdn sang, chii ddng viing budc trong udc cdch mang nay, dieu quan trgng hdng
ddu Id phdi nang cao quyin nang kinh te cho ngudn nhdn lye nii, bao gdm cdc npi dung sau:
Thu nhdt. cdn nang cao kiln thiic sd cho phy nil vd tre em gdi. Vipc dao tao kT thudt phai ed myc tieu cy the de cai thien kiln thiie sd cua phu nii va tre em gdi nham md ra CO hpi vipc lam vd kinh doanh cho hg.
Thu hai. can tang cudng va day manh su tiep can va tham gia ciia phu nii va tre em gdi vdo ddo tao nghe nghiep trong cdc ITnh vuc tang tradng manh, dugc tra lucmg cao ban nhu khoa hgc, cdng nghp, kT thudt, nghe thudt vd toan hgc.
Thif ba, can tang cudng he sinh thai cho phu nii va tre em gdi ve gido due STEAM vd viec lam de thu hpp khoang each sd; tdng cudng tri tup ciia phu nu vd trd em gdi vd tan dyng cae ca hpi mdi do ki nguyen sd mang lai, bao gdm hgc tap tryc tuyin vd xod bd phan chia gidi ve so hod trong viec tiep can cdng nghp thdng tin vd truyen thdng.
Thu tu, thiic day tinh than khdi nghipp sang tao trong cdc nu thanh nien vd cdc nii doanh nhdn;
Thic ndm. tu than phu nii phdi xae dinh chu dgng tich eye hpc hdi, nd lye phan dau, chap nhdn sy thay ddi, khdng ngimg nang cao kT nang cdng nghp, trinh do ngoai ngu de cd the thich ung vd dap ling nhiing ddi hdi ciia viec lam chat lugng cao va sy djch chuyen lao ddng trong ky nguyen 4.0.* *
1). UN WOMEN - UN GLOBAL COMPACT, Nhirng (5). Pham Ngpc Tien, Ndng cao quyen nang kinh 1 guyen tde trao quyin cho phu nH binh ddng vd thinh
ugng, http://cgfed.org.vn/nhung-nguyen-tac-trao- uyen-cho-phu-nu-binh-dang-la-thinh-vuong/, truy ap 04/6/2019.
cua phu nir trong CUQC cdch mgng 4.0, httpV/!ao dong xahoi.net/nang-cao-quyen-nang-kinh-te-cua-phu-nu- trong-cuoc-cach-mang-40-1309I48.hlnil, truy cap 04/6/2019.
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NGHIEN CUV - TRA P DPI
1.3. Cdn cu phdp li trao quyin kinh te cho phu nit
Van de dau tranh cho quyen ciia phu nu da cd tir rat lau (khodng the ki XVIIl) nhung quyen ciia phu nu chi dugc chinh thirc de cap trong ludt qudc te tii khi Lien hgp quoc ra ddi. Hien chuong Lien hgp quoc ndm 1945 khdng dinh ngay trong loi ndi ddu ve
"... binh dang ve quyen giiia phu nii vd dan ong...". Ke tir day, quyen cua phy nil da dugc ghi nh$n trong nhieu tuyen ngdn, cong udc qudc te. Trong do cd the ke din Tuyen ngon quoc te ve quyen con ngudi nam 1948 da xae lap nguyen tde nen tang bdo vp cho quyen phu nu tai Dieu 1 va Dieu 2 khi khdng dinh: "Moi nguai sinh ra diu dugc tu do vd binh ddng ve nhdn phdm vd cdc quyen, deu dugc tao hod ban cho li tri vd luang tam, vd cdn phdi doi xu vai nhau bdng tinh anh em ".
Tiep theo Tuyen ngdn ndy, hang loat tuyen bd khac va dieu udc qudc te dd dugc Lien hgp quoc thdng qua nham bdo ve quyen cua phy nu md ndi bat la Cdng udc CEDAW nam 1982 ve xod bd mgi hinh thiic phan bipt ddi xir vdi phu nii. Cd the ndi, Cdng udc CEDAW Id vdn kien quan trpng va toan dien nhdt vl quyin binh dang cua phu nii. Tinh than cua Cdng udc nay dugc xay dung tren CO sd cdc muc tieu eiia Lien hgp qudc nham bdo dam nhdn each, phdm gia va cac quyen CO bdn cua con ngudi ciing nhu quyen binh dang giira phu nQ va nam gidi.
Cong udc CEDAW da de cap quyin ciia phu nii trong ITnh vuc kinh te: quyen dugc vay tiln ngan hdng vd tham gia cdc hinh thiic tin dung khdc (Dieu 13, Dieu 14): dugc tiep can cdc loai hinh tin dung va vdn vay danh
cho ndng nghiep, cdc co hdi thi tradng, c6ng nghe phii hgp; quyen dugc hudng cdc co hpi lam viec nhu nhau ciing nhu nhiing phuc Ipi xa hdi va quyin dugc thii lao nhu nhau tren CO sd thdnh qua lam viec (Dilu 11, Dilu 14);
tren co sd binh ddng, phu nii vd nam gidi co quyen hudng edc co hdi cd viec lam nhu nhau, bao gdm cd viec dp dyng nhimg tieu chuan nhu nhau khi tuyen dyng lao dpng;
quyen dugc hudng thu lao nhu nhau, gflm ca phiic Igi, dugc ddi xu nhu nhau khi 1^
nhung vipc cd gid trj ngang nhau cung nhu dugc ddi xir nhu nhau trong viec ddnh gia chat lugng cdng vipc.
Viet Nam thupc nhdm qudc gia sdm tham gia cdng udc CEDAW nam 1982.
Ngay sau khi tham gia Cdng udc, Vipt Nam da tich eye chuyen hoa nhiing quy djnh cua phdp ludt qudc te thdnh cac quy dinh cua phdp ludt quoc gia, phit hgp vdi cdng udc qudc te vd phii hgp vdi hoan canh thyc te cua Viet Nam.
O Viet Nam, van de binh dang gidi luon nhan dugc su quan tam cua Dang vd Nha nude. Nguyen tde binh ddng gidi la nguyen tac hien dinh, dugc ghi nhan trong tat cd cac bdn hien phdp tir trude den nay. Tren ca sd hien phdp vd chu traong, chinh sdch ciia Dang cdng sdn Viet Nam, van de binh dang gidi da dugc cy the hod trong cdc vdn ban phap ludt dieu chinh hau het cac ITnh vyc, trong do cd ITnh vuc lao ddng. Trong ITnh vyc lao dgng, van de binh dang gidi dugc ghi nhan trong Ludt binh dang gidi nam 2006, Bp ludt lao dgng nam 2012 (dudi day gpi Id BLLD) va nhieu vdn ban phap luat hudng dan thi hanh. Trong BLLD hien hanh,
36 TAP CHi LUAT HQC S(D 9/2019
NGHIENCVV- TRAP Ddi
nguyen tde binh ddng gidi Id sgi chi dd xuyen sudt quy djnh d i l u chinh cdc ITnh vyc nhu viec lam, hgc nghi, dao tao nghi; giao kit, thuc hipn vd ch4m diit hgp ddng; thdi gid 1dm viec, thdi gid nghi ngoi; an todn lao dpng, vp sinh lao dgng; tiln luong; BHXH;
ki li4t lao dpng... Bg luat lao dpng siia ddi ndm 2013 ddnh mpt chuong (Chuong X) quy dinh rieng v l lao dpng nfl:. Theo dd, nhd nude cd chinh sdch bao ddm quyen lam vipc binh ddng cua lao dgng nu; khuyin khich ngudi sii dung lao d^ng tao dilu kien d l lao dgng nu cd viec Idm thudng xuyen, dp dyng rgng rai che dp lam vipc theo thdi gian bilu linh boat, lam vipc khdng trgn thdi gian, giao vipc lam tai nhd; cd bipn phap t^o vipc lam, cdi thipn di8u ki^n lao dging, ndng cao trinh dp nghe nghiep, chdm sdc siic khoe, tang cudng phiie Igi ve vdt chat va tinh than ciia lao dpng nu nham giiip lao dpng nii phdt huy cd hieu qua ndng luc nghe nghiep, ket hgp hai hod cudc song lao ddng va cudc song gia dinh. Luat quy djnh ro, nghiem cam ngudi sir dyng lao ddng cd hanh vi phdn biet ddi xu vdi phy nu:, thyc hipn nguyen tde binh ddng nam, nii v l tuyIn dung, su dyng, ndng b^c luang va tra cdng lao ddng; lao dpng nii dugc ddnh thdi gian trong thdi gian lao dpng d l cho con bu, lam vp sinh phy nu; khdng dugc sa thai hodc dan phuong ehdm diit hgp dong lao ddng doi vdi lao dgng nii vi k i t hdn, cd thai, nudi con nhd dudi 12 thdng tuoi. Dac bipt, Bp ludt lao dpng siia doi ndm 2013 quy djnh tdng thdi gian nghi thai san ciia lao dpng nii hi 4 thdng len thdnh 6 thang.
Phu nii ndng thdn la mdt trong nhiing lye lugng quan trpng ddng gdp cho vipc phdt
trien cua dja phuong ciing nhu trong sy nghiep phdt triln b i n viing cua ddt nude.
N I U edc nude dat dugc edc myc tieu phdt triln ciia minh, hdnh ddng ph6i hgp vd cd muc tieu la can thiet d l trao quyin cho phu nQ ndng thdn. Qud trinh biln ddng dat dai trong ndng nghipp khdng chi khien cho nhieu ndng dan, nh^t Id phu nu that nghiep md nd cdn tac dpng den thj tradng lao ddng vdi nhiing mire d0 khdc iJiau. Vdi md hinh phdn cdng lao dpng theo gidi hi6n nay, cimg vdi vipc nam gidi di cu den cdc vimg dd thj, khu cdng nghiSp d§ tim kiem vipc lam, phy nG ndng thdn dam nhan "da vai trd" nen cd nhiing bat Igi hon so vdi nam gidi trong vipc tim kiem vipc lam phi ndng nghipp. Nghj quyet sd 26-NQ/TW ve ndng nghiep, ndng dan, ndng thdn dugc thdng qua tai HOi nghj Trung uong 7 khod X dd xdc djnh "Gidi quyit viec lam cho ndng ddn la nhiem vu uu tiin xuyen sudt trong mgi chuong trinh phdt triin kinh ti - xa hoi ciia cd nude", ddng thdi nhdn manh viec uu tiSn ddo tao nghe va vipc Idm cho nhGng gia dinh mat radng "Co ki hogch cu thi vi ddo tgo nghi vd chinh sdch bdo ddm viec lam cho ndng ddn, nhat la a cdc vitng chuyen doi muc dich su dung ddt". Cd eo sd d l t h i y rdng phu nG ndng thdn cdn dugc quan tam ddo tao nghe hon nam gidi, xudt phat tu nhirng li do: 1) Phy nG Id "nhdn vat chinh" vi hg dam nhdn hau het cdc cdng viec trong trgt, chdn nudi; 2) Ci cdc viing quS nam gidi dl 1dm dn xa, neu ed d lai que thi hg ciing de tim kiem viec Idm va it gdp nii ro ban so vdi phu nG; 3) Phy nG khdng chi gdn vdi rugng ddng md cdn gdn
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 9/2019 37
NGHIEN CUV - TRA P D6I
vdi Iang xdm vi xu hudng "nG hod ndng thdn" dang dien ra; 4) Phy nG thudng gdp trd ngai nhieu hon nam gidi trong co hdi tiep can gido dye, ddo t?to do van cdn quan niem thien vi gidi d muc dg khdc nhau. Trong mgt phan tich ve thay ddi nghi nghipp d cac khu vyc ndng thdn cho th^y nam gidi thay ddi nghe nghipp nhieu gap hon 2 lan phy nu (31,6% vd 13,2%). Nghien ciiu cung chi ra rdng, xdc suat ddi nghe ciia lao dpng nam Idn hon lao dpng nG, nSu mdt phy nG ed xdc sudt ddi nghe Id 22% thi mdt lao dgng nam tuong duong cd xdc suat ddi nghe la 52%.
Dieu nay cang cho thay sy can thiet uu tien ddo tao nghe, chuyen giao kT thudt lien quan den san xuat ndng nghipp cho phy nG, vi nam gidi cd tinh linh ho^t ban nG trong qud trinh ndm bat cac co hpi mdi khi chuyen ddi nghe nghipp, vipc lam.*^^
Vipt Nam da cd nhilu no lye trien khai chinh sdch phdp ludt vl binh diing gidi trong ITnh vuc vipc lam, ddc bipt la chinh sdch tin dyng uu ddi d6i vdi hg ngheo do phy nu lam chu hp nhdm giiip hp vuon len thodt ngheo.
Myc tieu eda cdc chinh sdch trong Bp ludt lao dgng can phai mang lai Igi ich cho ngudi lao dpng, d^c biet la ngudi ngh'feo, ddng thdi t^o vipc Idm nhilu hon, du la chinh thuc hay khdng chinh thde, cho nhGng lao dpng thilu kinang.
Tuy nhien, can chii y din nhiing khdc bipt giGa nam va nG trong tilp can cdc djch vy khuyin ndng vd chuyen giao cdng nghe
(6). Hodng Bd Thinh, "Chinh sdch doi vdi phy nft nflng th6n trong thW ki c6ng nghiep h6a", Tgp chi cgngsdn. s6 816/2010, tr. 69 - 73.
mdi vdo sdn xudt ndng nghiep vd phi ndng nghiep d ndng thdn. Cd chinh sdch uu ti6n chuyin giao khoa hgc-kT thudt vd ddo tao nghe cho phy nG, nhdt Id phu nG cd hodn canh khd khdn, phy nG trong cdc hp gia dinh cd ragng d4t thu hdi. Chu y den nhung phdm chdt eiia phy nG thich hgp vdi cdc nganh nghe trayen thong, dich vu xd hgi... Trong ddo tao nghi, chuyen mdn kl thudt cho phu nG nen tinh den dac diem phong tyc, t|.p qudn, dan tgc va mire dp phdt trien kinh tl- xa hdi cua timg vimg, mien. Chi khi chiing ta tinh din nhirng dac dilm van hoa-xa hgi nhu v^y mdi cd the xay dyng chuong trinh dao tao nghe, t^o viec lam phu hgp vdi dieu kien, nang lye vd hodn cdnh cua phu nG vd ddo tao nghi mdi cd hieu qua.
Ngodi ra, can chii trpng den van dl t^o dieu kipn cho phy nu tiep can cdc nguon lye, khi 1dm chu dugc cdc ngudn lye thi phu nQ se tu chu vd phat huy dugc sGe m^nh cua vai trd nG gidi. Nhu vay, phy nG dd de ddng tiep can cdc nguon von vd ndng eao sy an todn cho chinh hp.
Dac bipt hem nQa, can cham Io den siic khoe vd an sinh xa hpi cho phu nQ trong giai doan hipn nay, can cai thien mdi tradng song cho phy nG trong qud trinh cdng nghiep hoa va dd thi hda, cd nhu vay mdi tao dugc moi trudng an todn cho phu nG tiep c|tn vdi mpi dilu kipn dl cung nhau phdt trien ben vQng.
2. Van de trao quyen kinh te cho phu nu trong dieu kifn kinh te-xa hpi hien nay vdi vipc thu-c hipn binh dang gidi
Van dl nit ngdn khodng each ve gidi trong tiep can vdi cdng viec, tdi san vd kT
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ndng - Vipt Nam cdn ton tai nhihig khdc biet ddng kl trong viec Idm vd co hOi thu nhap giiia cdc nhdm phy nQ va nam gidi khac nhau. NhGng khdc bipt khdng ehi Id sy chfinh Ipch trong sd lugng phy nG vd nam gidi cd viec Idm ma cdn lien quan den cdc hinh thuc phdn bipt nghe nghiep va phdn bipt ddi xu dya tren ca sd gidi. Trong bdi cdnh hgi nhap toan cau va tang cudng khd ndng canh tranh qudc te, viSc dau tu vao kT ndng vd ndng sudt cho lao dpng nG edn dugc coi la mdt trong nhiing uu tien cua hoach djnh chinh sdch.
Phy nQ chiem phan Idn trong tdng sd lao dgng khdng dugc tra luong d gia dinh, dac biet Id trong ITnh vuc ndng nghipp vd tiep can rat ban che den ngudn !yc sdn xuat.
So vdi nam gidi, phu nG cung it dugc tiep can hon vdi cac khoa hgc ve ddo tao nghe, ddo tao kT ndng do phdi tham gia qud nhilu thdi gian vdo cdng vipc gia dinh.
Nhiing quan niem trayen thong cdn ciing nhdc ve cdc gid tri vd vai trd cua nam gidi vd phy nQ Id nguyen nhan co bdn din den tinh trang bdt binh ddng gidi d Vipt Nam. Mgt trong cdc ylu to chu chot la viec gdn vai trd chdm sdc gia dinh cho ngudi phu nG. Trao quyin kinh tl cho phu nG ddi hdi vipc xod bd nhGng rdo can nay, thay doi cac chuan mUc xa hgi nhdm thiic ddy binh ddng trong viec tilp can cdc co hgi va kit qud cua sy phdt trien kinh te.
Hipn nay, nhGng tien bg cua khoa hgc kT thu^t dang khiln may mdc thay the con ngudi trong nhilu ITnh vuc, boat dOng, ddc bipt, trong cac nganh gia cdng hay ndng nghipp. Trong khi lao dgng nG Vipt Nam
phan Idn lai Idm viec trong nhihig nganh nghi nay nen nhilu vipc lam Idu nay eua phy nG se bj mdt di. Qua trinh hpi nhap, lao dpng nude ngodi vdo Viet Nam nhilu hon, lao ddng nG Viet Nam sg phai canh tranh nhilu ban, trong khi trinh dp ddo tao lai chua dugc cdi thien nen mGc luong dugc trd se bi thdp hon. D$e bipt, nhihig gdnh ndng vl cdng vipc gia dinh, djnh kien phu nG khdng Idm vipc dugc nhu nam gidi khien cho phy nG lai cdng khd khan de thdng tien trong cdng viec, dugc hudng nhGng thdnh qud xung ddng.
Phy nQ vd nam gidi cd nhGng phuong thuc tiep can cdc co hgi kinh te khdc nhau co bdn - cho du dd Id eong viec 1dm cdng dn luong, lam ndng nghipp ho^c 1dm chu doanh nghiSp. Phy nQ cd xu hudng Idm vipc t$p trang trong nhihig boat ddng cd ndng suat lao ddng thdp ban, 1dm cdc cdng vipc ty do vd tap trung trong khu vyc khdng chinh thuc.
Ngay cd trong khu vyc tien luang chinh thuc, phu nG ciing tdp trung trong mdt sd ngdnh nghi nhdt dinh, thudng la nhung ngdnh nghi dugc trd luong thdp hon.*^*
Cd ba ylu to dnh hudng tdi cac md hinh nay. Mot Id vipc nam gidi vd nQ gidi cd nhQng trach nhipm khdc nhau ddi vdi viec chdm sdc gia dinh vd lam viec nhd, do do, nam gidi vd nG gidi cd md hinh su dyng thdi gian khdc nhau, dilu ndy cd tac dpng tryc tilp din cdch lya chgn cdng viec vd hoat dgng kinh te ciia cd hai gidi. Hai Id phy nG va nam gidi cd khd ndng tiep cdn cdc yeu td
(7). Trao quyin kinh ti cho phu nii nhiiu han.
http://kinhtedothi.vn/trao-quyen-kinh-te-cho-phu-nu- nhieu-hon-281873.html, truy c^p 04/6/2019.
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ddu vao san xuat khdc nhau va nhan dugc
^ nhGng sy ddi xu khdc nhau tu phia cdc thj tradng va the ehe. Ba Id nhOng ban che tuong ho nay cd the tao ra mpt "cdi bay ndng sudt lao dpng ciia nG gidi". Do cd the nhieu nhdn td se cimg gay anh hudng thudng xuyen hon n^n cdc bi$n phdp can thipp hipu qud bdng chinh sdch cdn phdi nhdm tdi nhieu nhan td hodc ddng thdi hodc theo thii ty.*^*
Trao quyen cho phy nG ve kinh te Id dieu kipn tien quyet cho phdt trien ben vGng, kinh doanh cimg ngudi ngheo vd gdp phan mang tdi thdnh cdng cho "Myc tieu phdt trien thien nien ki" ciia Lien hipp qudc. Sy tham gia va tang cudng nang luc kinh t& cho phu nQ Id nen tang cho viec ndng cao quyen phy nG, cho phep hp ty quyet dinh cudc song vd khdng dinh vj thi ciia minh trong xa hdi.
Ndng cao vai trd cua phy nQ trong nen kinh tl Id mdt phan gidi phdp cho khimg hodng tdi chinh va kinh te, bdi phu nG thu nh$p nhieu hon ciing cd nghia la dau tu nhilu hon vao y te, giao dye va dinh duong cho tr^ em. Dieu nay dan den tdng trudng kmh tl vd phdt triln ben viing trong ddi ban.
Ngodi vipc de trd thdnh "nen kinh te thdng minh", trao quyin cho phy nQ ve kinh te cdn Id mpt h-ong nhiing dpng lye quan trpng sau tdng trudng kinh te vd chdng ddi ngheo. Can cd nhiing cam kit chinh trj vdi nhiing hdnh ddng cu thi, ngudn lye uu tien - vd thiet lap
(8). Nguyen Thj Bdo, Dgt binh ddng gioi, trao quyen cho phu nii vd tdng cudng hgp tde phdt trien.
http://tcnn.vn/news/detail/43773/Giai-phap-thuc-hien- binh-dang-gioi-va-trao-quyen-cho-phu-nu-o-Viet- Nam-hien-nay.html, truy c§p 04/6/2019.
nhiing quan hp doi tac mdi nhdm ddm bdo cac CO hdi cho phy nQ trd thdnh nhd ldnh d^o, doanh nhan vd ngudi npi trg.
3. Mgt so each thu-c cff ban thu-c hipn vi^c trao quyen kinh te cho phu nv
Binh ddng gidi Id trung tam ciia sy phdt trien kinh te vd nguon nhdn lye. Sy hdi nhdp vd ndng cao quyen ndng cho phy nG da co tde dpng mang linh ddy chuyen tich eye vd quan trpng ddi vdi khu vyc. Thiic ddy tang tradng bao triim va cd cac bien phap de tdng cudng sy tiep can cua phu nG vdi gido due, ddo tao, tdi chinh, cdng nghp, co sd h^ tang de tdi da hod cdc co hgi kinh te cua phu nQ. Can chii trpng ban nQa den ddu tu vdo ca sd ha tdng vd cdc dich vy cdng, bdi dieu ndy sg 1dm gidm bdt va tai phan phdi cdc cong viec gia dinh vd vipc cham sdc khdng dugc trd luong cua phy nG. Nhiing bipn phdp nay ddi hdi cac chinh phu vd cdc doanh nghiep phdi bd sung ngan sdch dau tu.
Ngodi ra, can cdi thien khd ndng tiep can CO sd ha tdng cho phu nG vd tre em gdi.
Nghien cuu d nhieu nen kinh te cho thay, chi cdn ddu tu 2% GDP vao nganh djch vu cham sdc, dac bipt trong cac dich vu xa hdi va chdm sdc tre em, sd lugng viec lam se tang khoang tu 2,4 d§n 6,1%. Tu do, phdn Idn cac cdng viec tao ra c6 the do phu nu dam nhiem, lam giam khoang each gidi trong viec lam. Cdc chinh sach ndy se thiic ddy vipc lam ndi chung vd tang trudng kinh te
' • • " (9)
noi neng.
(9). Phien ddi tho^i chinh sdch cap cao v^ phy nil vd kinh ta APEC 2017, Binh ddng giai Id Irung tdm cua su phdt triin kinh ti vd nguon nhdn luc, http://bao
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S y phdn biet gidi trong vipc t i l p c|ai
;dc CO hgi v l kinh te bj dnh hudng mgt )han bdi sy khdc bipt trong vipc su dyng, )han bd quy thdi gian giGa nam va nG la cet qud ciia djnh kien dd dn sau trong vipc 5han bd trach nhiem chdm sdc gia dinh vd am viec nha. Gidi quyet cdc dinh kien rang 3upc ndy va giai phdng thdi gian cho phy iQ nghia la quan tam hon d i n 3 loai chinh sdch sau: chinh sdch cham sdc tre em vd nghi phep ciia cha mp; cdi thipn cdc djch vy CO sd ha tang; cdc chinh sdch giam thilu chi phi giao djch lien quan d i n vi§c tilp can thj tradng.
NhGng can thipp ciing cd t h i t^p himg vdo viec gidm (thdi gian) chi phi giao djch lien quan den vipc tiep cdn cdc thj tmdng nhu vay vdn tin dyng... NhGng lya chpn ve giao thdng van tdi tot han vd hipu qua ban cung lam giam chi phi thdi gian lien quan den di 1dm viec ben ngodi, Idm cho vipc quan xuyen vi^e nhd, chdm sdc eon cdi va cdng vi^c ngodi xd hpi de ddng hon. Ben canh do, cdng nghp thdng tin vd truyln thdng ciing giup nit ngan ve mat thdi gian va vipc di lai ma phy nG phdi doi mdt trong vjpc tiep c$n vd tham gia thj tradng lao dgng.
Xod bd khodng each trong viec tilp cdn vdi cac tdi sdn vd cac ngudn lye ddu vdo.
Chiing nG ndng dan va nG doanh nhan it cd did ndng tiep can vdi nhGng tai san va iguon vdn dau vdo hon so vdi nam gidi.
fuong ty, nhu cdu su dyng tin dyng trong hinhphu.vn/APEC-2017/Doi-thoai-chinh-sach-cao-cap- 'e-phu-nu-va-kinh-te-APEC-20I7/3i7989.vgp, truy cap 14/6/2019.
SO cdc nG ndng ddn vd doanh nhdn thdp ban la d nam gidi. Nhiing sy khdc nhau nay bdt ngudn tir nhimg that b?ii v l thi tradng vd cac td chiic va trong tuong tde cua hg vdi nhimg phdn ling cua gia dinh, vi dy nhu vipc tiep can tin dung thudng ddi hdi tdi sdn the chap, dd Id bat ddng sdn hoac nhGng tdi sdn Idn khdc. N h u vsiy, phu nQ se gap bdt Igi vi hp cd it vd thdp hon quyen sd hiiu tdi sdn ddt dai va chu yeu lam trong ITnh vue djch vy cd vdn boa thdp va dau ra thudng la vd hinh. Nhiing yeu t6 nay cd t h i bj tac dgng nghiSm trgng hon bdi nhQng quan ni§m thien vj gidi trong gia dinh, dan d i n sy phdn bd ngudn khdng ddng deu (vi dy nhu ve dat) cho cdc thdnh vien nam va nG trong gia dinh.
Vipc xod bd nhGng djnh kien gidi trong cdc linh vuc khdc nhau cd the cdi thipn sy tiep can nhiing c a hgi Idm kinh te cua phy nG d nhieu qudc gia. De khac phyc nhiing djnh kien dd, ddi hdi phdi hdnh ddng tren nhilu phuong dien. Thu nhdt, cdc nhd cung cap djch vy can dat myc tieu ro rang vd bd sung nhilu djch vy cho phy nG. Vi dy nhu cdc chucmg trinh phdn bd lai ddt dai !a muc tieu hang dau trong viec phdt trien sdn xudt ndng nghipp. Thu hai, phu nQ cd the dugc trao n h i l u quyin hon trong vipc td chiic phdn phdi dich vy, bao gom vipc sdp xep thu tu uu tien cdc dich vy dugc cung cdp.
Vi du nhu ddi vdi viec m d rdng phdt trien ndng nghiep, phu nG cd the thyc hien d vj tri ra quylt djnh trong Bd ndng nghiep vd phdt trien ndng thdn. Thic ba, cdng nghe cd t h i dugc sii dyng de m d rgng cdc dich vy.
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Thic tu, viec gidm sdt dugc cai thipn cd the Idm eho nhiing vdn de dugc nhin nhdn ro rdng. Thu ndm, nhQng ngudi su dyng lao dgng nG phdi dugc cung cdp thdng tin vl muc dp dich vy.
Cdn tao dieu kipn thuan Igi cho phy nQ ndng thdn tiep can cdc ngudn luc. Khdng 1dm chii dugc cdc ngudn luc (ddt dai, tdi sdn, phuong tien sdn xuat...) thi phy nG se thupc
"nhdm yeu the", khdng the ty chu vd khd phdt huy dugc siic manh ciia minh. Dieu ndy se cang them bat Icri neu nhu ddi sdng gia dinh ciia ngudi phy nu khdng em dm. Vdi phy nG ndng thdn, ddt dai Id phuong tipn bdo ddm cugc sdng, dong thdi ciing Id phuang tien duy nhdt dl thodt ngheo.*'^^
Cac chinh sdch thj tradng lao ddng ndng ddng bao g6m dao t^o, chuyen giao cdng nghe, gidi thipu vipc lam va cde hinh thuc hd trg khdc nhdm giiip phy nG cd co hpi tham gia hodc tdi tham gia vdo lye lugng lao dgng.
NIU ed chuong trinh hdnh dgng cy the se la giai phdp khdc cho thdng tin ve thj tradng lao dpng cho lao ddng nG, muc dich ndng ti Ip tham gia ciia lao dgng nQ tren thj tradng lao ddng.
Hd trg lap mdt so mang ludi cho lao ddng nQ ed thi la mpt phuang phdp hipu qua nlu nhQng mang ludi phdn bipt gidi can trd su tham gia ciia lao dpng, cdng nhdn vd doanh nhan nG. Nhiing phuang phdp can thipp nhu tren se cd hipu qud nhat khi ket hgp xdy dyng mang ludi vd vdn xa hpi vdi thyc hipn ddo tao, thdng tin vd tu van dinh hudng.
(10). Hodng Bd Thinh, tldd, tr. 69 - 73.
Xod bd nhiing each thuc ddi xu phan bipt trong cdc bd lii|it va quy dinh lao dgng cung ed thi tdng cudng hon ca hpi kinh te ciia phy . nG. Trong sd cac b0 ludt vd quy dinh lao ddng, uu tiSn edn cdi thipn Id quy djnh han che (bao gdm cd nhGng lenh cdm tript dl) t^i nhieu nude ve 1dm vipc ban thdi gian. Bdi vi phu nQ phdi ddm nh$n phdn Idn cdng viec va chdm sdc gia dinh nen nhChig han chi cua cdng vipc bdn thdi gian nhu vay se 1dm giam CO hdi lam viec cua phy nG han nam gidi.
Xod bd nhGng ban che ndy s6 gidp phy nG co nhieu ca hdi tham gia vdo thi tradng lao dgng dugc tra luong hon.
Ddi vdi phy nG trong ndng nghiep, nong thdn, vdn dl quan trpng Id uu tien ddo tao nghi vd viSc 1dm cho phy nG. Khi dl c|ip tinh hinh th^t nghipp do radng dat bj thu hdi, Chi thi so 11/2006/CT-TTg ngdy 27/3/2006 cua Thii tudng Chinh phu ve gidi phap ho trg d^y nghi vd vipc 1dm cho lao ddng vGng chuyen ddi muc dich su dyng dat ndng nghipp da nhdn manh: "Tinh trgng that nghiep vd thieu viec lam hiin dang Id vdn di buc xuc a nhieu vimg chuyin doi ddt"
Cd chinh sdch uu tien chuyen giao khoa hpc-kT thudt vd ddo tao nghe cho phu nu, nhdt la phy nQ cd hoan cdnh khd khan, phu nQ trong cdc hg gia dinh cd ragng ddt thu hdi. Chu y den nhGng phdm chat ciia phy nii thich hgp vdi cdc ngdnh nghe trayin thong, djch vy xa hdi... Trong dao tao nghe, chuyen mdn kT thu$t cho phy nQ nen tinh den d?c diem phong tye, t^p quan, dan tgc vd mGc dp phat triln kinh te-xa hpi ciia timg vimg, mien.
(Xem tiip trang 16)
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