NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO OOI
^ P f i A M HAN 1 H U V A Y N G H I A ( : | ) A VIEC NGHiENCOU TQI i>HAMNA^
LiTHfSON*
Tdm ldt: Nghien ciru loi phgm hgn thu dugc coi Id mgt hirang nghien cdu m&i trong tgi phgm hgc hi^n dgi. Bdi viit tap trung ldm rd cdc vdn di ca bdn lien quan den khdi ni^m tgi phgm hgn thU nhu:
Boi cdnh hinh thdnh khdi niem lgi phgm hgn thii, khdi ni$m tgi phgm fidn thii, phdn logi tgi phgm hgn thu vd cdc hgc thuyet gidi thich ve nguyen nhdn cua tgi phgm hdn thU. Ngodi ra, bdi viit cdn phan tich y nghia cua viec nghiin ciiu tgi phgm hdn thU doi v&i kiem sodt vd phong ngira tgi phgm hgn thU.
Ttr khod: Toi phgm hgn thii; khdi niem tgi phgm hdn thii; nguyin nhdn cua tgi phgm hgn thU; kiem sodt lgi phgm hgn thii; phong ngita tgi phgm hdn thd.
Abstract: Studying hate crimes has been seen as a new trend in modem criminology. This paper focuses on analysing basic issues relating to the concept of hate crimes such as: the context to form the concept of hale crimes, the concept of hale crimes, the classification of hate crimes and the doctrines to explain causes of hate crimes. Moreover, the paper analyses the meaning of studying hate crimes in controlling and preventing hate crimes.
Keywords: Hate crimes; the concept of hate crimes; causes of hate crimes; controlling hate crimes;
preventing hale crimes.
1. Boi canh hinh thanh khai niem tpi pham hain thu
Nghien ciiu tdi pham ban thii dugc eoi la mpt hudng nghien ciiu mdi trong tdi pham hpe hien dai. Dieu nay xuat phdt trude tidn tir ehinh khai niem ciia tpi pham han thii.
Khai niem "tdi pham ban thii"''' Id mdt khai niem mdi trong tdi pham hpe, dugc hinh thanh tir nhiing nam 80 cua thd ki XX, bat dau tir nudc My, sau dd md rdng ra cac nudc ndi tieng Anh.' ' Den nhting ndm 90, khai niem ndy xudt hien tuang ddi phd bien trong ede an pham, dac biet la trong eae cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve luat hinh sy va ldi pham hpe.
va h^n thii giiia nhieu cdng dong dan cu khde nhau da trd thanh mpt hien tupng todn cau, Vl du nhu nhiing cudc thanh trimg sdc tpe d Nam Tu cti, cac eupc xung dot b^o lye giira nhiing ngudi Hdi giao vdi nhiing tin do Thien chtia giao d chau A va chau Phi; Thie hai, vdo c u l i the ki XX, do su di chuyin Idn ciia ngudi di eu d nhieu chau Iyc ndn mpi so nai khdng cdn thudn nhdt va trd thanh xa hdi da sac tpe, da tdn gido, da chung tdc. Bdi cdnh nay ciing keo theo su gia tdng xung dot gi&a eac nhdm edng ddng Irong xa hdi da nguydn; Thu ba, cung trong thl ki XX, vi thl
"bd chii" cua mdt sd cdng ddng ngudi nhu ngudi da trdng va ddn dng ngdy mdt gidm.
ng It ngudi nhu Sy hinh thanh va viec su dung ngay cang
phd biln hon khdi niem nay dd bat ngudn lir Trong khi do, cac cpng d nhiing dac diem nhat djnh cda bdi canh thd
gidi vdo nhirng nam 80 va 90 ciia thl ki XX. J Z ^ . , . . . . , ., , , * Tien SI luit hpe, phd giio su- Thie nhdt, sau chien tranh l^nh, su xung dot Tmimg Bai hpe Luat Hd N^i
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dan tdc thidu sd, ton giap thidu sd, chung tdc thieu sd ngay cdng manh len, dac biet qua cde cudc van ddng quyen cdng ddn, van ddng cho phy nir, van ddng nan nhan; Thu tu, dan cu trdn the gidi ngay cang nhay cam hon vdi bao Iyc, han thii, su cu6ng tin mil quang vd thdnh kien. Su tuyen truyin tu tudng hdn thu, su van ddng ban thii ngdy mdt tdng qua mang internet. Ngoai ra, nhiiu nhdm, cdng ddng ban thu, sung bai ve tu tudng dugc hinh thanh d tdt ca cac chau luc tren the gidi.*^* Tren thuc tl da co nhiiu ldi pham ban thti da duge thyc hien gay chin ddng ca the gidi.
2. Khai niem tpi pham han thii Quan niem cua the gidi hien nay ve tdi pham ban thii cd the dugc nhan biet qua eae dinh nghia ve tdi pham ban thu. Trudc tien, CO the tim hieu quan niem ve tpi pham hdn ihii d nudc My, noi ddu tien xuat hien khai niem tpi pham han thii. Hdu het cac hpe gia khi dira ra dinh nghia ve tdi pham ban thii deu xuat phdt tu khai niem tpi pham ban thu da dugc xac dinh dau tidn trong van ban luat ve thdng ke tdi pham ban thu dupc Tdng thdng My ki vdo ngay 23/4/1990.'"' Theo dd, ldi pham han thii dugc hidu Id nhiing tdi pham bao Iyc, xam pham eon ngudi va dd vat do ddng ca hoac xuat phat tir dpng co thanh kien chii yeu ve ehung tdc, sac tdc hoac tdn giao. Nhu vay, quan niem nay cho thay, tpi pham ban thu ed cac ddc diem: la tdi pham bao Iyc; cd ddi tugng tae ddng Id con ngudi eiing nhu dd v$t; ddng co pham ldi gdn vdi thdnh kien ve chiing tdc, sac tpe hoae ldn gido; nan nhan cua tdi pham han
±u Id nhiing ngudi cd dac didm nhit dinh vl chiing lpc, sdc tdc hode tdn gido va ehinh nhiing dac diem nay Id co sd hinh thanh ddng eo thanh kiln.
Viec hinh thanh khai nidm tdi pham ban thu d MJ da tao co sd cho viec hinh thanh khdi niem tpi pham nay d mpi loat cac nudc ndi tieng Anh nhu Cc, Canada, Anh. Quan niem ve tdi pham ban thu d My ciing dugc coi Id hinh mau cho vide dua ra dinh nghia ehinh thiic vl tdi pham ban thii d cdc nudc ndy.
(IJ Ue, ttong nhung nam 90, nhiiu luat ehdng chii nghTa phdn bidt chung tdc da dupc ban hanh, ttong do cd luat ve phan biet chung tde ndm 1995. Tiep sau cdc luat nay, khai niem tpi pham han thii da dupc Bd tu phdp Uc xac dinh nhu sau: "Tgl pham hgn thii dugc dinh nghTa Id hdnh vi hogc su de dog md co ngi dung bgo luc hogc qudy nhiiu ddi v&i mot cd nhdn hogc mdt nhdm ngu&i hogc s& hiru cua ho, thu&ng xudt phdt tie dgng ea thdnh kUn".^^^
6 Canada, ngay tir nhiing ndm 90 ciing da tang cudng phong, chong lpi pham ban thii. Nhieu bien phap da dupc thyc hien nhu sira ddi luat, hudn luyen canh sat, dilu tta dii lieu va dau tu nhieu tien vdo phong ngira tdi pham ban thu. De phue vu eho viee phdng, chdng tdi pham nay, Bp tu phap Canada da dua ra dinh nghia ve tdi pham han thii nhu sau: "Tgi phgm hgn thii Id nhung hdnh vi phgm tdi md ngu&i phgm tdi thuc hieh vl mdt ddc diim eua ngn nhdn, cdi nhgn diin ngn nhdn Id thdnh viin cua nhdm ngu&i md ngu&i phgm tdi cdm thdy ed de cam".'' '
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6 Anh, ttdn co sd thdng kd va danh gid nhGng tdi pham xay ra lien quan den sdc lpc dd duge thyc hien tir giiia nhiing nam 80 den nhirng ndm 90, ngudi ta da dua ra quan niem vl tpi pham ban thu va sir dung cho ddn ngdy nay nhu sau: "Toi phgm hgn thit xdy ra, niu ngn nhdn vi khuyit tgt, tinh due, gi&i tinh, chung tgc hogc tin ngudng tdn gido md bi Igm dyng vi thi chdt vd tdm li. Yiu td quyel dfnh ddi v&i tdi phgm hdn thU Id su hgn tha v&i nhdm ngudi, vdn hod, ldi sdng hode su ddng nhdt cua ngn nhdn biiu thi eho dgng ea cua lgi phgm ndy".^ '
Trong nhihig nam gan ddy, khdi niem tpi pham ban thu dupc de cap phd bidn ban trong eae edng trinh nghidn ciiu ve tpi pham hpe va luat hinh su. Djnh nghta vd tdi pham ban Ihu dupc dua ra cd tinh tdng hgp hem, phil hgp vdi tinh trang hipn thye cua tOi pham ban thu ttdn the gidi. Tdi pham ban thii dupc quan niem ehung la "nhirng tgi phgm bgo l\re dugc thue hiin xdm phgm mgt ngudi hogc do vdt dan thudn hay ehu yiu vl chung tdc. tdn gido, ngudn gdc ddn tge, gi&i tinh, thien hu&ng chinh tri hogc tinh due, liea tudi, khuyet tgt ve thdn thi hogc tinh thdn cua ngudi ndy hogc vi la ngudi sa hUu hay ngu&i chiim hUu cua do vgt na/'.*^* Quan niem ndy hodn todn phii hop vdi quan niem qudc te hien nay vl tdi pham ban thii.'^'
Nhu vdy, theo quan niem hien nay, tdi pham ban thii cd eae dac diem sau:
Thd nhdt, tdi pham ban thti Id nhting tpi pham bao lye xdm pham mpt ngudi hode mpt do vat. Hanh vi bao Iyc cua tdi pham ndy dugc thuc hien bdng vu lye thl chat hode bdng ldi ndi. Day la nhung hdnh vi xdm
pham quydn eon ngudi vd cdc quyln hiln dinh cua ngn nhan. Nhihig hdnh vi ndy cd the la nhimg hanh vi xam pham tfnh mang, than the ciia nan nhan, hdnh vi pha buy, ldm hu hdng do vat thudc sd hihi bode chilm hihi ctia nan nhan...
Thu hai, tdi pham ban thii dupe thyc hien do dpng ca tiianh kien ve ehiing tpe, tdn giao, nguon gdc dan tge, gidi tinh, thien hudng chinh ttj hoac tinh dye, liia nidi, khuyit tat vl thdn the ho$c tinh thdn eiia n^n nhan. Day Id ddc diem mang tinh quyet dinh dl xdc dinh vd phan biet tpi pham ban thu vdi nhijng tpi xam pham con ngudi va do vdl khae. Theo ddc diem ndy, quan niem ngdy nay ve tpi phgm Wen thyc rpng hon so vdi nhimg quan nidm ban dau ve tpi pham hdn thii. Tnrdc ddy, tdi pham hdn thii chu yeu tdp trung vdo nhiJng tpi pham bao lye xuat phdt tir dpng co thdnh kiln ve chung lpc, sdc tpe, tdn gido eiia nan nhan. Hipn nay, ddng eo thdnh kien eua tpi pham ndy dupc md rpng ra cd gidi tinh, thidn hudng ehinh tri hode tinh due, liia tudi, khuyet tat ve thdn the hode tinh thdn cua nan nhdn. Do nhimg thdnh kien nhu vdy md ngudi pham tpi thyc hien cac tpi pham bao Iyc doi vdi nan nhan.
Vi nhung d^c diem do md tpi pham hgn th&
dugc eoi Id bieu hidn cua sy lan rpng thdnh kien ttong xa hpi vd phdn dnh trang thdi ciia cdc quan he xa hdi trong mpt xa hpi khdng thuan nhat, da sdc lpc.
Thu ba, nan nhdn ciia tpi pham ban thu cd nhiing d^c diem nhat dinh ve ehiing lpc, tdn gido, nguon gdc dan tdc, gidi tinh, thifin hudng ehinh tri hode tlnh dye, liia tudi hode cd khuyit tat vl than thl hode linh thdn. Cdc
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dgc diem dd ciia nan nhan da tao ca sd eho viec hinh thanh ddng ca thdnh kiln ciia ngudi pham tpi va xudt phat tii thdnh kiln nay ma thue hien tdi phgm hdn thii. Tgi phgm hdn thii hudng vao cac nan nhan nay la de chdng lai su ton tai, sy hien h&u ciia nan nhdn, chdng lai tdn giao, ngudn gdc dan tdc cua hp... Nhu vgy, ciing cd thd ndi tpi phgm ban thii hudng vdo ngn nhan Id nhirng logi dan cu nhat dinh. Day la ddc diem cd y nghia quan ttpng ttong viec nhan dien tdi phgm ban thh tten thuc te thdng qua viec xac dinh ddc diem cua nan nhan.
Thie tu. hgu qua cua tpi pham ban thu the hipn d ba d p dp: gay tdn hgi true tiep ve the chdt, tdm If vd xd hpi ddi vdi ngn nhan; gay tdn hgi cho cdng ddng ma ngn nhan thupc ve va cuoi ciing Id gdy tdn hgi cho nha nirdc phdp quyln dan chii vd xa hpi da s5c tdc (thdng qua viec xdm phgm quyen con ngudi, quyen hien dinh ciia nan nhdn vd cdn ttd mdi quan hp gii^a nhiing nhdm dan cu trong xa hdi da sdc lpc).
3. Phan loai tpi pham ban thu TOi pham ban thii xay ra tten the gidi rdt da dang, tir nhiing tdi pham thdng thudng din nh&ng tpi phgm dgc biet nghiem ttpng.
Nghien ctiu tdi pham han thti da duge thyc hien cd thl phan ra thdnh 4 loai tdi pham hgn thii: tpi phgm ban thii-cam gidc mgnh; tpi phgm hgn thCi-phdn iing; tdi pham ban thu-sii mpnh vd tdi phgm ban thh-td chuc.*'"*
Tpi pham ban thii-cam giac mgnh Id tdi phgm xudt phdt rtr nilm vui d sy gdy ra thiet hai cho ngudi Ichdc. Thanh vien cua cac nhdm dan cu de bi tdn thuong deu thfch hpp Id nan nhdn ciia tpi phgm nay. Vf du nhu ngudi
nudc ngodi cd the la ngn nhan ciia bdng, nhdm thanh nien khdng ua thfch, cd thdnh kiln vdi ngudi nudc ngoai vd viec dung bgo luc chdng lai nhung ngudi nudc ngodi de cd dugc ddu de chfi ldn d bdo cd thl mang lai cdm gidc manh eho bang, nhdm ndy.
Tdi pham ban thu-phan ung Id tdi pham dugc thyc hien chdng nhirng ngudi xam nh|p vao khu vuc cua ngudi phgm tpi, de dog cdng ddng vd loi sdng cua hp. Ngudi phgm tpi cho rdng Idi song cua minh bi tdn hai do su Iiien dien cua mpt nhdm dan cu khdc vi nhimg ngudi ndy l^y di quydn cua hp vl 'Tiang xdm", "trudng hpe", "vide ldm". Nan nhan cua tpi phgm hgn thu-phan iing bi tan edng hodn todn Id do hg thyc hien cdc quyen hidn dinh cua minh. Vi du, khi gia dinh ngudi My goc Phi chuyen den d Ichu vyc sdng ciia loan ngudi da trdng, hp nhgn dupc trude tien sy canh bdo tir phia ngudi pham tpi, sau do la viec eua kfnh ciia nha hp bj ndm vd vd neu cac hdnh dpng nay van khdng cd tdc dung thi nha cua hp bi dot chay.
Tpi phgm ban thii-sii menh Id tdi phgm ma trong dd, ngudi pham tgi cho rdng hp phai thyc hien hanh vi vi nghTa vu giai phdng thl gidi khdi nhihig sy xdu xa, khdng may. Ngudi pham tdi mudn loai trir tat ca nhimg ngudi de dog diic tin vd chimg tdc eua hp. Ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi, nan nhan nhu la nhiing ngudi Idp dudi, nhu Id ddng vat, ngudi ddc dc muon pha hoai vdn hoa, kinh te hoac di san chung tde eiia cpng dong minh.
Ngudi pham tdi eho rang hp thyc hien tgi pham ban thu trong su uy thac cao ea va theo lenh ciia chiia ttdi va nhung ngudi Idnh dgo de ldm trong sach the gidi.
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Tpi phgm ban Uiu-td chiic (hay cdn gpi Id tpi pham cua cac nhdm ban thu) Id nhirng tdi pham cd td ehiic do ede nhdm hgn thii thyc hien. Dd thudng la nhirng tdi pham nghiem ttpng ma qua eac tdi pham ndy, cde nhdm ban thii cd gdng hoan thdnh mot "sii menh". Cdc nhdm ban thii diu cd mdt ngudi diing ddu, sii dung he thdng due tin dupc xay dung tten ca sd ban thii va bao luc. Cdc thanh vien eua nhdm han diii lien kit chat che vdi nhau ttong thdi gian dai. Hp hpe trong tieu van hod cdc quan diem han thii va cac quy ldc cua nhdm ban thti cting nhu each hdnh xu bao luc. Cac nhdm han thu cd td ehiic cdn cd the td chiie vd nudi dudng cac trgi huan luydn phi qudn sy; phat tan thdng diep han thti qua mang intemet, dich vu didn thoai va tmyen hinh cdp. Cac nhom ban thu cd td chiic thudng tap trung cd stiy cho hgn thu (hay ki thi) chimg tdc vd ldn giao. Vi du, nhdm ban thu ciia
"nhihig ngudi hdt tdc ngdn"'"* da ihuc hien tdi phgm ban thti cd td chiic ddi vdi ngudi nudc ngoai, nhung nhdm ngudi cd thidn hudng tinh due ddng gidi va chinh tri hihi khuynh. Nhdm nay dugc hinh thdnh tir nhiing ndm 60 d l^ndon, Anh, sau ndy vdo My vd Diie giira nhung nam 80; hp dl cao chung tdc ngudi da trdng tren lat ed eac chung tdc khdc.
4. Cac hoc thuyet giai thfch vl nguyen nhan cua toi pham han thu
Den nay tten the gidi da hinh thdnh 4 logi hpe thuyet khac nhau gidi thich vl nguyen nhan phat sinh tdi phgm ban thii. Dd Id hoc lhuyet ve cudc sdng ngodi le; cdc hoc thuyet ve dpng lye nhdm; hpe thuylt vl nhirng khilm khuyet ttong xa hdi hoa vd hoc thuylt trung'hoa.''^*
Hoc thuyet vl cudc sdng ngoai ll giai thfch nguydn nhdn cua tdi pham hgn thii tir su phan biet doi xir, sy thiet thoi ciia cdc nhdm ben Id xa hpi. Day la nhdm ngudi cd rat it ca hdi giao due va dao tao nghd; ed ti le that nghiep eao hem nhieu ti le that nghipp trung btnh; cd thu nhap thdp vd tinh ttang nhd d xau.
Cae bpc thuyet vd ddng lye nhdm ed cdc edeh giai thich nguyen nhan ciia tpi phgm ban thu tir gdc dp nhdm. Nhdm hpe thuylt ndy gom 3 hpe thuyet: Hoc thuyet ve tieu van hod bgo luc; hpe thuydt ve su khdn kho vd bpc thuyet ve ddng nhat nhdm.
Hpe thuyet ve tieu vdn hod bgo Iyc gidi thfch nguydn nhdn cua tdi phgm bao lye la do viec hpe bgo luc va tu tudng ve bgo luc ttong nhdm theo dudi tidu van hod bgo Iyc. Nhdm nay eoi bao Iyc Id phuang tidn bao vp cdc quy tdc va Cling cd su viing manh cua nhdm.
Thuydt ve su khdn khd cho rdng, sy phat sinh tpi phgm hdn thti la do su khdn kho ve kinh tl-xa hdi vd tdm If that vpng cua nhdm ngudi nhdt djnh. Vi du: Nhdm ngudi tte pham tdi bao Iyc la do cam thay bi de dog bdi nhung nhdm thieu sd - ben le; Hp sp eudc eanh tranh ludn ttd nen cang thing ban nhu ve thuc pham, ve vide Iam, nhd d, ttp cap xa hdi vd ca ve dia vi xa hdi; nhdm ngudi thieu sd - bdn Id ttd thanh nan nhan ctia tpi phgm hgn thu vi hp bi quy Id nhung ngudi gay ra khd khan vd kinh id cho nhihig ngudi phgm tpi.''^*
Hpe thuyet ve dong nhat nhom giai thfch nguyen nhan phat sinh tdi phgm ban thii la do xung dot giiia nhdm bdn trong vd nhdm ben ngodi. Nhdm bdn ttong Id nhdm md mpt
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so ngudi ty thdng nhdt lgi vdi nhau va tu thay la thanh vien gin bd vdi nhau ttong tinh edm chung. Nhdm ben ngoai id nhdm khdc dupc nhidu thdnh vien danh gid so sanh vdi nhdm ben trong cua minh. Vide khdng cd kha nang tgo ra vd duy tn mdt than tugng tfch eye ciia nhdm bdn trong se dan den vide lam mat di tinh cam cua timg thanh vien va giam thidu tinh thdng nhat cua nhdm. Khi cd xung ddt xay ra giiia nhdm ben trong va nhdm ben ngoai thi tdi pham han thu dugc thuc hien. Qua do, cac thanh vidn cua nhdm ben ttong mong mudn ldm xau di tinh ttang cua nhdm ben ngoai de tang cudng sy gdn ket vd doan ket trong nhdm ben ttong bang sy tta gia cua cde nan nhdn.'
Hpe thuylt ve khilm,khuyet ttong xa hdi hod giai thfch nhiing ngudi tte phgm tdi han thii la do song ttong gia dinh bj tan vd, su rang budc hay quan he xa hpi khdng edn vd do vay hp da hoc su bgo luc thudng tryc ttong gia dinh, trudng hgc, nhdm ban eimg trang liia, nhdm nghe nghiep.
Ngodi ra, hoc thuyet vd khiem khuyet ttong xa hdi boa cdn gidi thich: Ngudi tte pham tdi ban thti dugc giao due thanh nhirng ngudi dpc tai cung Id nguyen nhan cua tpi pham ban thii. Hp dugc giao due bang each bi bit phai tuan theo cdc hinh thiic ki lugt khdt khe va qua dd tinh cam ban than khdng dupc phdt triln. De manh len hp phai tu lien kit vdi nhung ke mgnh vd coi thudng nhiing thdnh vien ylu Ihd trong xa hdi nhu ngudi da mau, ngudi nudc ngodi, ngudi Do thai va ngudi tinh dye ddng gidi. Hp thudng thyc hidn tpi pham ban ihti tan edng cdc nhom ben ngoai, chii yeu Id nhiing nhdm ngudi thiiu so - ben !e cudc song xa hpi.
Hpe thuylt trung hoa giai thfch: Trong gia dinh, ttong trudng bpc va d ca hdng xdm, ngudi ta cd the hpe dugc nhung khudn sao cho ring cdc thdnh vien cua nhdm nan nhan ciia tdi pham ban thii ddu bi coi la bdn thiu, ludi bieng, tham tien vd pha hogi nen vdn minh. De trung boa tac ddng, anh hudng cua nhdm nan nhan ma xa hdi thanh kiln, hp da sir dung tpi pham ban thu. Ngudi pham tdi ban thii cho rang, nhdm ngn nhdn da de dog quyen luc, uy the va ddc quyln ciia nhdm dan cu ma hp nhan danh hanh dpng. Dd chdng lai sy de dog nay hp can phai ty bao vfi vd sii dung bgo Iyc vdi nhdm nan nhan nhu sy ty ve.''^*
5. Y nghia ciia viec nghien cihi toi ph^m hgn thu
Rifing vide hinh thdnh khai nipm "tdi pham ban thii" da cd y nghia doi vdi viec phat hien va xac dinh nhiing thdnh kien da dang trong xd hpi va nhirng hgu qua md ngn nhan cua nhiing thanh kien ndy phdi ganh chiu. Viec nghien cuu tdi phgm ban thii lai cdng cd y nghTa ldn ban khi tgo ca sd cho vific xay dung va thuc hifin cdc bien phap kilm soat vd phong ngira tpi phgm ban thii.
Trudc hit, vide nghien cuai, ddnh gid tinh hinh tpi pham ban thii co ^ nghTa ddi vdi viec tang cudng dau ttanh chdng tdi pham hdn thti bing phdp luat hinh sy.
CJ My, nai ddu tidn hinh thanh khai nifim lpi pham ban thu, viec nghidn ciiu, ddnh gia tinh hinh tdi phgm ban thii dd tgo co sd cho kit luan cdn thiit phai quy dinh tang nang hinh phgt ddi vdi tgi pham hgn thii de nang eao tfnh rdn de ddi vdi loai tdi nay. Hau hfit
NGHIEN CifU - TRAO DOI
cdc bang cua My (46 bang) dfiu ed luat ve tdi pham han thii, ttong dd quy dinh tdng ndng hinh phat ddi vdi tdi phgm han thu. Theo dd cd 3 hinh thiic quy dinh tdng ndng hinh phgt ddi vdi tdi phgm ban thii. Thii nhdt, ddi vm tpi phgm ban thti, tang gap hai hoac gdp ba lin mire hinh phat quy dinh ddi vdi tdi pham d edu thdnh ca ban. Thti hai, tdng ngng hinh phgt ddi vdi tdi phgm hdn thu bang edeh chuyin tir tdi ft nghiem ttpng thanh tpi nghigm ttpng. Thd ba, quy dinh cau thanh lpi phgm rieng cho tpi pham hdn thh vdi khung hinh phgt tang ndng.''^*
De dau ttanh chdng tgi pham ban thu hifiu qua thi cdn thill phai chong ca hanh vi tuydn truyen hgn thii. Nghifin eiiu tinh hinh tpi phgm ban thu eho thay viec phdt tdn thdng diep han thu, truyen ba tu tudng ban thti qua mang intemet, dieh vu didn thoai vd truyin hinh cdp Id vific chudn bi cd kfi hogch eho viec thye hien cdng khai tdi phgm ban thu. Do dd cdn thiet phdi thye hien tdi pham hoa hanh vi tuyfin ttuyen hgn thii. Quy dinh vfi tpi tuyfin truyfin ban thii dd ttan ap nhirng mam mdng eiia tdi pham ban thu. Nhifiu nudc trdn the gidi da quy djnh tdi pham ndy nhu Canada, tJe, Dan Mgch, Diic...
Vific nghien ciiu tdi phgm ban thu cung cho thay, mdt nhdm tpi pham hgn thii dugc xdc dinh la do td chiic ban thu thyc hien vd thudc ve tdi phgm co td chiie. Cdc nhdm ban Ihii thudng thyc hidn ed kl hoach nhting tdi phgm ddc biet nghiem trpng. Do do can cd bien phap dau ttanh thich hgp chdng nhdm tpi phgm ban thii cd id chiic.
Nghien ciiu ngn nhdn vd hgu qua gdy ra cho nan nhdn la mpt bd phgn quan ttpng
trong nghien cuu tinh hinh tpi pham ban thii.
Ngn nhan cua tdi phgm han thii Ithdng nhiing bi xam pham thdn the, tdm If ma ca cac quan he xd hdi. Dfi hgn ehi thap nhdt nhiing h§u qud md nan nhdn phai gdnh ehiu, edn thill phai xdy dung cac chuong trinh ho ttp vd chdm sdc nan nhdn.
Vide nghidn ciiu tpi phgm ban thii khdng chi ed y nghla ddi vdi viec xdy dung va thuc hien cdc bien phap kiem soat tdi pham neu trdn md cdn cd y nghTa ddi vdi viec thyc hien cdc bipn phdp phdng ngira tdi pham hdn thii, ddc bifit la thuc hidn cu^c van ddng chdng ban thii ngudi nudc ngodi va bifin phap ren luydn y thiic van hod cua cac thanh vifin ttong he thdng tu phap hinh su.
Nghien ciiu tpi phgm hgn thii cho thay tfnh ddc bifit nguy hifim ciia tpi pham ndy the hipn d cho nguy hai cho xa hdi da sic tdc, da vdn hoa. Tdi pham hdn thu do ddng co thanh kiln hay ki thi chung tdc, sic tdc la phd bien hon ca, dac bidt la thanh kiln, ki thi ngudi nudc ngodi. Tdi phgm hgn thti ddi vdi ngudi nudc ngoai dugc xdc dinh la logi tdi pham hgn thu-phan iing, xdy ra rat phd bien a nbilu nudc ttdn thfi gidi. Thgm chi d mpt so nudc, tdi phgm ban thii ddi vdi ngudi nudc ngodi cdn bi thuc ddy bdi tu tudng bdi ngogi dugc truyen bd mgnh me. De ngdn ngira mam mdng ciia tpi pham ban thii can thifit phai thyc hipn cupe van ddng chdng ban thii ddi vdi ngudi nudc ngoai mpt cdch sau, rpng ttong xa hdi. Cudc van ddng can cd sy tham gia eua cdc nha chfnh tri, nhd bao vd ciia xa hdi qua eac eude mft tinh, bilu tinh ciing nhu cua he thdng tnrdng bpc.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 8/2015
NGHIEN CLfU-TRAO OOI
Qua cudc vdn ddng ngudi dan ciing duoc tuyfin ttuyin, giao due tdn ttpng nhung ngudi cd suy nghT khdc vd y thue chung sdng hoa binh vdi nhihig ngudi cila nhifiu nude khdc, cua nhiiu ndn vdn hoa, nhieu sac tdc va cua nhidu phong each sdng khae.
Nghien ciiu tdi pham ban thti ciing eho thdy, nfiu phan iing sai leeh ddi vdi nan nhan ciia tpi phgm ban thu thi ngn nhan tilp tyc bi tdn hai vd bi eoi Id ngn nhan Ian hai hay nan nhdn thii cap. Ngn nhdn ciia tdi phgm ban thii mdt ldn niia ttd thanh nan nhdn ttong nhiing trudng hgp: nhiing ngudi trong mdi trudng xa hdi xung quanh, gia dinh, ban bd va hdng xdm ciia nan nhan khdng hifiu va xu sy vd cam ddi vdi hp, dong thdi canh sdt, toa dn cung cd dinh kien, khdng edng bang vd dc y ddi vdi hp; bode sau khi cdng khai vific ttd thdnh nan nhdn hp bi mat vide lam va cho d;
bode cdnh sdt chgm tte trong viec truy ciiu tpi phgm ban thii; hogc ttudc toa bi budc tpi vi tin cdng ngudi pham tdi trudc va ngudi phgm tpi chi thyc hien sy ly vfi... Ngn nhan thir edp thudng phd bien d cac tdi pham hgn thli ddi vdi nhdm thidu sd ve chiing tdc, tdn giao, sac tpe va nhdm tinh due ddng gidi vi mdt bd phdn Idn cua xa hdi vd cua he thdng hr phap hinh sy deu khdng cdng bing va thanh kiln ddi vdi hg.
D I ngdn ngira viec nan nhan boa thii cap, can thyc hien bipn phap ren luyen y thiic van hoa ttong he thdng tu phdp hinh sy. Y thirc vdn hod la sy bilu bidt ve sy da dang ciia cac nin vdn boa, ttong dd cd sy khdc nhau vfi chung tdc, sdc tdc. ldn giao ciing nhu sy khdc biet ciia nhiing nhdm ngudi khuyet tdt.
khac bidt vfi liia tudi, gidi tfnh va thidn hudng tinh due. Vide ren luyen y thiie van hod can phdi dugc thye hidn trong mdt qud trinh lien tuc dd cac thdnh vien ttong he thdng tu phap hinh su cd dugc sy hifiu biet ve cac ndn van hod khdc nhau trong xa hdi.
Hp phai dupc ldm quen vdi cac each xfir sy, quan nifim vfi gia tri, vdi cae tap tuc, iruyen thdng eiia cae ndn van hod nay. Hp eiing phai hpe each phan ung thfch hgp ddi vdi vide ttd thanh nan nhan cua cac nhdm ngudi thieu sd khac nhau."^'
(1). DuQC djch tCr "Hate Crime" trong ti6ng Anh vk lit
"Hassverbrechen" trong tieng Due.
(2).Xem: Hans Joachim Schneider, Kriminologie fur das 21. Jarhundert: Schwerpunkte and Fortschritte der internationalen Kriminologie; (Jberblick und Diskussion, U t Verlag, 2001, M. 70; Mare Coester, Hate Crimes: Das Konzept der Hate Crimes aus den USA unter besonderer BerUcksichligimg des Rechtsexiremtsmus in Deulschland, Peter Lang - Interaationaler Verlag der Wissensehaften, Frankfurt am Main 2008, tr. 19.
(3).Xem: Hans Joachim Schneider, sdd, tr. 70.
(4).Xem: Marc Coester, sdd, tr. 20.
(5).Xem: Marc Coester, sdd, tr. 28.
(6).Xem: Mare Coester, sdd, tr. 28.
(7).Xem: Marc Coester, sdd, ti. 29.
(8). S. T. Reid 2000,36/37, 188-191; J. E. Conklin 1998, 135/136; A. J. Reiss/1. A. Roth 1993,77-78; Hans Joaehim Schneider, sdd, tr. 7 1 .
(9).Xem: Barbel Bongartz, Hassverbrechen und ihre Bedeutung in der Gesellschafl und Slatistik, Forum Verlag Goldesberg 2013, tr. 6.
(lO).Xem: Hans Joachim Schneider, sdd, U". 73 - 75.
(11). Trong tiing Anh la "Skinhead".
(12).Xera: Hans Joachim Schneider, sdd, li. 81 - 82.
(13).Xem: Hans Joachim Schneider, sdd, tr. 82.
(14).Xem: Hans Joachim Schneider, sdd, tr. 82 - 83.
(15).Xem: Hans Joachim Schneider, sdd, tr.'83.
(16).Xem: Marc Coester, sdd, U". 87 (17).Xem: Hans Joaehim Schneider, sdd. tr. 86.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 8/2015
