KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
T I E M IVAMG V A HLTOIMG P H A T T R I E M BEIM VUIMG D U L|CH 5 I I \ I H T H A I O VUOIV QUOC G I A B U G I A M A P
Dinh T h a n h Sang^
T(^MTAT
Sii dung phirong phap kd thtra tai lieu, khao sat thuc dia va phong van, nghien ciru da ghi nhan dugc ngudn tai nguyen da dang sinh hoc, canh quan tu nhien va tai nguyen nhan vSn phong phii phuc vu du lich sinh thai (DLST). Vuon Qudc gia (VQG) Bii Gia Map c6 mgt tiem nang rat lon cho phat tnen DLST. Co 1.117 loai thuc vat bac cao c6 mach Uiugc 128 ho ciia 5 nganh, trong do 19 loai co ten Uong Danh luc Do the gioi lUCN. Hd dpng vat da dang voi 105 loai Ihii, 246 loai chim, 58 loai bo sat. 28 loai Itrong cu, 289 loai con triing va 31 loai ca. D§c bidt, vudn co 20 suoi va thac nuoc tu nhien rii dep va la diem cudi cua ducmg dng din dau 4.990 km lich su dtroc xay dung tir thai khang chidn chong My. Hon nua, vimg dem cua Vuon la noi chung sdng a i a 17 dan toe voi nhidu truydn thdng van hoa da dang va net dac sac oia ddng bao ban dia tgo nen su hip dan gSn voi phat tridn DLST. Tuy vay, thuc td khai thac DLST hien nay tai VQG Bti Gia Map c6n nhidu kh6 khan, chtra tuong xting voi tiem nSng vdn c6 ciia no. Vi vay, nghien cuu da dua ra 8 nh6m giai phap nham phat tridn bdn vung DLST tai VQG nay.
Tir khda: Du hch sinh thai, da dang sinh hoc, phat trien bdn vung, van hoa ban dia. Vudn Qudc gia Bii Gia Map-
I.eATVANBE
Du lich sinh thai (DLST) b a t d a u d u g c q u a n t a m d^n h o n g t r o n g n h i h i g n a m 1800, D L S T d u g c hieu la mpi ho^l d g n g du lich lien q u a n tdi thidn n h i e n [14].
Ttr dd, thuat ngir nay d u g c sir d u n g va nghidn cuu cho tdi ngay nay. D L S T la loai h i n h du lich d u a vao thidn nhidn va van h o a b a n dia, cd tinh giao dtic mdi trudng v^ d d n g g d p vao cac nd lire b a o tdn va p h a t tridn bdn v u n g vdi s u t h a m gia tich c u e c u a c g n g ddng dia p h u o n g [13]. T h e o U N E P (2002). D L S T la loai hinh du lich d u a vao thien n h i e n b a o g d m c a c tidu chi: loai h i n h du lich dtra vao Ihien n h i d n va van hda ban dia, t h u d n g d u g c trien k h a i tai noi c d n h o a n g so; cd boat d g n g giao d u e va didn giai m o i t r u d n g ; cd hoat ddng giam thieu tac d d n g d e n tai n g u y e n va van hda; cd hd tra c h o h o a t d d n g bao tdn va m a n g lai loi ich cho c d n g d d n g dia p h u o n g . K h a c vdi du Ijch dai chiing, DLST ngoai miic dich lgi n h u a n c d n gSn vdi cdng ddng va mdi t r u d n g . Hoat d g n g D L S T k h o n g nhiing d e m lai thu n h a p cho c u d a n dia p h u o n g m a cdn gdp phan g i a m bdt a p luc p h a r i m g d- VQG Cat Tidn [8], D d n g bao b a n dia sic d u n g tai n g u y e n r i m g ch^ t i c r a n h i m g san p h a m t r u y e n t h d n g d a c t n m g phyc vy du k h a c h [ 1 0 , 1 1 ] .
Vudn Qudc gia (VQG) Bit Gia M a p n a m a d o a n cudi cua day T r t r o n g S o n N a m , la k h u c h u y e n h e p
Tmdng Dai hoc Thii D5u Mot Email: [email protected]
giira vimg ddi nui va viing mii th^p. Nhieu sinh c a n h ddi ntii va dat n g a p n u d e da tao ndn n h i m g v e d ? p d a c t n m g c h o vtrdn. VQG Bii Gia Map M k h u r i m g d a c dling b a o tdn dtrgc n g u d n g e n nhidu loai d g n g t h u c vat qui hiem, d d n g thdi Itm giir n h i m g tap q u a n qui bau va giau tinh n h a n van c u a nhieu dan tdc a n h e m ciing c h u n g s d n g . Viing d d m VQG nay cd nhidu c d n g d d n g dan tdc voi n h i m g net vSn h d a k h a c n h a u la n g u d n tai n g u y d n du lich n h a n van vd gia. T u y n h i e n , b o a t d d n g D L S T d V Q G Bii Gia M a p van c d n nhieu k h d k h a n , b a t cap, c h u a xting tam vdi tidm n a n g vdn cd ciia nd. Nghidn cuu d a n h gia tai nguydn du lich ttr n h i e n va tai n g u y d n du lich n h a n van tai VQG Bii Gia Map, tir dd d e xuat cac giai p h a p phat trien b e n v u n g DLST c h o k h u r i m g d a c d u n g nay.
2. lUn DUNG VA PHinmG PHAP NGHEN CUU 2.1. Ndi d u n g
D a n h gia cac gia tri tai n g u y e n du lich t u n h i e n , tai n g u y d n du lich n h a n van va hidn t r a n g DLST c u a V Q G Bit Gta M a p . P h a n tich c a c diem m a n h , diem yeu, CO hgi va t h a c h t h u c ddi vdi p h a t h-idn DLST tai k h u r i m g d a c d u n g nay. Tir dd, dd x u a t cac giai p h a p n h a m p h a t trien bdn vimg D L S T tai VQG Bii Gia M a p .
2.2. P h u o n g p h d p
N g h i e n c u u da kd thira cac b a o c a o va cac sd lieu t h d n g k e ciia VQG Bii Gta M a p va Vidn S m h thai h p c m i e n N a m [17. 18], Cac dir lidu d u g c p h a n tich, t d n g h g p t h e o m u c dich c u a n g h i e n cthi. Sir d u n g
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019 127
Sach Do Vidt Nam [1. 2], Danh luc Bb thd gim (121 va Nghi dinh 32 (4| de doi chidu voi danh muc done thuc vat cua VQG Bit Gia Map nham tim ra cac loai bj de dga. nguy cap qui hidm co gia tn vd mat khoa hgc va tham my.
Ket hgp vdi nhan vien \'QG khao sat 5 tuydn trong rtmg tu nhidn thugc viing loi va 4 thon trong viing ddm ciia VQG Bu Gia Map. Cac tuyen khao sat theo cac dudng mdn qua cac sinh canh rimg, didm cudi VR96 ciia dirong dng dan dau. thac. hd, khu cuu hg dgng vat, cac thon gan rimg thudc xa Bii Gia Map va xa Dak O.
Nghidn cuu da ben hanh phdng van 7 can bg VQG Bu Gia Mgp, 70 hg dan 4 thon thugc 2 xa Bu Gia Map va Dak Cf va 42 sinh vien hgc t$p thuc te t^
vudn. Ap dung phuong phap danh gia nhanh ndng thon cd sg tham gia (RRA), cdng cu chinh dugc sii dung cho nghidn cuu la phdng van ca nhan d?ii didn cho nong hg Ap dung cdng cu SWOT de lay y kidn cu dan, can bg, nhan vidn VQG vd cac didm manh (Strengths), didm ydu (Weaknesses), ca hgi (Opportunities) va thach thuc (Threats) trong phat tridn DLST t^i VQG Bu Gia M?p.
3. KET QUii NGHBU CUU
3.1. D^nh gia tai nguydn du Ijch h; nhidn .V. /. I Wen tr^g su dung dit va tai nguydn nmg VQG Bii Gia Map nim b phia Bac cua tinh Binh Phudc thugc xa Dak O, Bii Gia Map, huydn Bu Gia M^p, each thanh phd Hd Chi Minh 200 km, cd tpa dg dia ly 12"8'30" ddn 12"7'3" vi dg Bac va hr 107''3'30"
den 107M'30" kinh dg Dong. Viing loi ciia vuon cd didn hch 25.926 ha thugc dia ban tinh Binh Phuoc;
didn tich viing ddm 18.036 ha, phia tinh Binh Phudc la 10.036 ha, phia tinh Dak Nong la 8.000 ha.
VQG Bu Gia Map cd 4 kieu rimg la rimg km thtrong xanh mua am nhidt ddi: rtmg kin nira thudng xanh mua am nhiet ddi; rimg hdn giao cay go va tre.
mia; rimg tre. nua. Dien tich rimg tu nhien la 25.505,7 ha (98,5%). trong dd rimg hdn giao chiem ty Id cao nhat l(i8.9%). kd ddn la rimg gd la rdng (22.8%).
it nhat la rimg Id 6, tre, niia (6,9%). Rimg hdn giao chu \t'u gdm cay than gd va Id d. Dat chtra cd nmg la dat trdng co cay go rai rac. Nhieu loai rung nguyen sinli. dign tich rimg tir nhien lon va 112 ha hd thdng sdng. sudl la dieu kidn can de VQG Bii Gia Map quy hoach. bao tdn sinh canh va phat tnen DLST.
3.1.2. Til nguydn kin hiu. thuyv^
\-QG Bii Gia M?p co khi h^ u nhidt doi voi h ^ miia nang va mua rO r^t. Mua mua bat dSu hr thang 5 den thang 10, tgp mmg khoang thang 7 - 9. Muct dg trung binh la 26,4"C. dao dpng h'ong khoang U^ C - 27.rC. Dg am tioing binh la 78,7%, dao ddng hr 76,8%
den 81%. Sd gicr nang hung binh la 2.541 gia. dao ddng h-ong khoang 2.201 - 2.744 gid. Lugng mua trung binh la 2.565 mm. dao dgng tir 2.167 mm ddn 3.402 mm. Cac dac tinh h-en da tgo ra mdt hg sinh th^ rimg cd linh da dang sinh hgc cao, hap dan khach DLST.
Chi tidu ve nhidt dg, dd am, sd gid ndng chenh lech giiia cac nam la rat it, ridng lugng mua chdnh lech nhau rat ldn. didu nay anh hudng ldm den cdng vide hudng dan du khach tham quan trong rimg vAo mua mua.
VQG Bu Gia Map nam d thugng ngudn luu virc song Be tgi V} tin cac nhanh chinh la Dak Huyt dd v^o hd chiia nudfc Can Don va nhanh Dak Glun dd vao hd chiia Iliac Ma. Sdng. suoi cua khu rimg dac dting nay chu ydu la cac nhanh sudi nhd dd true tidp vao cic song chinh, dd la nhanh Dak Huyt va Dak Glun.
3.1.3. Da d^nghd tiiuc v^t
VQG Bii Gia .M;i|) cd tinh da dgng thuc vat cao vdi 1.117 Ioai, thugc 127 hg, 62 bp ciia 5 nganh Uiuc vaL Trong dd, cd 6 loai thuc vat nguy cap qui hidm lhui)c nhdm IIA theo Nghi dmh 32/2006/ND-CP, 17 loai bj de dga tirong Sach Dd Vi$t Nam 2007,19 loai thuc vat dugc ta cac loai bj de dga theo Danh luc Dd the gidi [12]. D§c bigt, cac loai cd gia tri ve kinh td, tham my nhu go dd, cam lai Ba Ria, giang huong trai to, kim giao, uu hgp bang lang - Id d va hon 70 loai Ian rimg lam tang gia tn tai nguydn thuc vat cua vtrdn. Tinh da dang thtrc vat cao vdi nhidu gia tri ve khoa hgc, bao tdn va tham my la nen tang het siic quan ti'gng de quy hoach, bao tdn da dang thuc vat va khai thac DLST d- VQG Bii Gia Map. Thd manh nay sd hap dan nhiing du khach thich xem lan rimg va cac loai thuc vat qui hidm cua vudn.
3.1.4. Da d^g hd ddng vat
VQG Bu Gia Map cd 105 Ioai thu thugc 29 hg, 12 bg. Trong do, bg gam nham cd sd lugng nhieu nhat (29 loai), theo sau la bp an thit (27 loai) va bd doi (20 loai). Trong dd cd 42 loai qui hiem (chiem 40%), 32 loai ghi ti-ong Danh luc Dd thd gioi [12], 36 loai ghi Uong sach Dd Viel Nam [2], 39 loai ghi trong Nehi dinh 32/2006/ND<:p thugc phu luc IB IIB Dac b ^ 4 loai b mtic CR rai nguy cap, do la bao hoa mai, hd'
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE trau rimg va voi. Tinh da dang vd loai va miic do qui
hidm da tao nen mgt net hap din cho nhung du khach thich xem thii ban dem.
Vudn cd 246 loai chun thudc 56 hg, 16 bg.
Nghidn ciiu ghi nhan dugc 18 loai chim qui hiem cd gia tri vd mat khoa hgc va t h ^ my. Trong dd, 17 loai chim qui hiem theo Nghi dinh 32/2006/CP, 10 loai dugc ghi nhan trong Sach Dd Viet Nam [2], 5 loai trong Danh luc Dd the gidi. DSc biet, loai cong Pavo muticus thudc cap dp bao tdn rat nguy cap, phan bd rat h?p, chii ydu a khu virc vtrdn giap ranh giira tinh Binh Phirdc va Dak Ndng. Sti da dang vd loai va nhidu loM qui hiem da tao didm nhan ddi vdi cac du khdch thich boat ddng xem chim.
VQG Bii Gia Map cd 58 loai bd sat thudc 14 hg, 2 bd. Trong dd, 10 loai quy hidm theo Nghi dinh 32/2006/CP; 5 loai trong Danh luc Dd the gidi 2019 [12]; 14 loai qui hidm dugc ghi nhan trong Sach Dd Vidt Nam [2]; 3 loai tran g^m, tran dat, ran ho chtia dugc xdp vao mtic cue ky nguy cap (CR) trong Sach Dd Vidt Nam. Hd bd sat nay hap dan du khach thich kham pha, thich mao hidm.
VQG Bii Gia Map cd 28 loai ludng cu thuoc 8 hp, 2 bd. Trong dd, 2 loai cdc qui hiem dugc ghi nhan trong Sach Do Vidt Nam [2], 3 loai trong Danh lyc Do the gidi 2019 [12]. Su da dang cac loai lucmg cu r^t cd gia tri cho nghien ciiu khoa hpc va khai thac DLST.
Vudn cd 289 loai cdn triing thugc 55 hg, 9 bp.
Trong dd, cd 115 loai budm, 2 loai hiem tai khu rimg dac dung niy la Dichorragia nesimachus va Penthema binghami [18]. Da dang ve cac loai budm la mdt trong nhiing the manh thu htit du khach den ngim budm trong khoang thang 4 ddn thang 6 hang nam.
VQG Bii Gia Map cd 31 loai ca thuoc 13 hg, 6 bg.
Trong dd, da dang nhat la bg ca chep (Cypriniformes) cd 15 loai (48,39%), kd den la bg ca Vtrpc (Perctformes) chiem 19,35%, bg ca nheo {SiluriformeS^ chidm 16,13% [18]. Str da dang cac loai ca lam tang gia tri bao tdn da dang sinh hoc va khai thac DLST.
3.1.5. Da dang vd canh quan
VQG Bii Gia Map cd khi hau trong lanh, mat me niim trdn strdn ddi Tay Nam cua cao nguyen Bii Rang thudc tinh Dak Ndng. Dac trung cho he sinh thai chuyen tidp hr Tay Nguyen xudng vimg Ddng Nam b^. Diem cao nhat cua Virdn la 738 m so vdi muc
nirdc bidn, do cao thap nhat la 150 m. Su thay ddi ve do cao nhu vay da tao nen nhirng canh quan himg vT va hoang sa. la net hap dan cho nhiing du khach thich mao hiem.
VQG Bii Gia Map cd ca he smh thai tren can va dat ngap nirdc, nam d thugng ngudn Itm vuc sdng Be.
Sdng sudi trong Vtrdn chu yeu la cac nhanh sudi nhd dd true tiep vao cac song chinh vdi 20 ddng sudi, thac nude ldn nhd chay trong va quanh Vudn nhu: thac Dak Mai, thac Lmi Ly, thac Dak Bd, fliac Dak Sam, thac Dak Nd, thac Dak Liic, thac Sdng Be, sudi Dak Ca... va nhieu hang ddng nhin hang Nai, hang Doi, hang Da...Thac Dak Mai cd hai hang ddng tao xoay nude tuyet dep, dugc ggi la gieng trdi. Dac biet, hd Hoa Mai dugc hinh tir mdt nhanh sudi nhd, didn tich khoang 10 ha, hoa no- rue ro vao mdi dip Tet cd truydn. Nhting dia didm nay la noi hap din du khach kham pha, ngam canh, tam sudi vd cam trai da ngogi.
3.2. Danh gii tai nguydn du lich nhSn van 3.2. L VSn hda ban dja
Vitng ddm VQG Bii Gia Map thupc 3 xa Dak O, Bii Gia Map, tinh Binh Phudc va xa Quang True, tinh Dak Ndng. Day la khong gian chung sdng ctia 17 dan tgc vdi nhidu truyen thdng van hda da dang, Tuy nhien, chi cd 3 nhdm dan tpc chidm da sd la Kinh, S'heng va M'ndng vdi ty Id dan sd l^n luge la 44%, 27,3% va 15,9%. Do dd, net dgc sac vd vSn hda ban dja d day chii ydu tir cgng ddng S'tidng va M'ndng. Hai cgng ddng nay cd nhiing hoat ddng truydn thdng nhu ddt thd cam, dan giii, dan lat, cung Itia mdi, mua.
Id hgi cdng chidng, le hdi dam trau. Dac biet, hp cd nhidu mdn an va thiic udng mang dam chat ban dia nhu cam lam, dgt may nuong, canh thut va rugu can.
Canh thut la loai canh cd thanh phan bao gdm la nhip va ca, dugc nau trong dng tre. Day la thd manh de gan ket DLST vdi du lich cdng ddng, du lich
"Homestay"; khuyen khich cpng ddng ban dia tham gia vao DLST va bao vd tai nguyen rimg.
3.2.2. Cac di ti'ch lich sd van hda
Diem cudi cua duong dng dan ddu dai 4.990 km b ngay trong vimg loi VQG Bii Gia Map la di dch lich sti khang chidn. Dudng dng dan dau dugc xay dtmg tir thdi khang chidn chdng My, vdi didm diu tidn tii Lang Son va Mdng Cai, ndi dai va ket thuc d can cii dia each mang Bii Gia Map. Cdng trinh nay dugc xay dung nham cung cap xang ddu cho xe, dong co phtic vu trong chien tnrdng midn Nam, mdt ydu td giup cho quan va dan Viet Nam thdng nhat dat ntrdc. Day
NONG NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 -THANG 12/2019
la net hap dan du khach kdl hgp tham quan trong cac chuydn DLST.
3.3. Quin ly, khai thic tii nguydn du Ijch va DLST
Mac dii CO nhidu lgi thd vd tai nguydn du lich tu nhidn cung nhu nhan van nhung DLST a VQG Bu Gia Map chua duoc khai thic tuong xirng vdi tiem nang vdn cd. Nhan luc v i vat luc con rat thieu va yeu.
Tnmg tim Giio due va Dich vu mdi trudng rung cua VQG dim nhidm nhigm vu DLST vi chi cd 2 nhan luc ca hiiu khong phai la ddng bao bin dia. Dpi ngu hudng dan vidn va phuc vu du khich la nhan vidn hgp ddng thdi vu, chua dugc dao tao chuydn mon.
nghidp vy, ydu hoac khdng bidt ngogi ngii. Trung tam. Ban quin ly vudn va khu vuc ban kinh 30 km khdng cd khach san. Vuon chi cd 7 phong nghi da xudng cip va 1 nha sin dai phuc vu du khach doan.
Nang lugng phyc vu la tir didn ludi qudc gia, chtra lap dat cac hg thdng su dung nSng lugng tii tgo. Vuon chtra cd Trung tim dich vu du khich, chua xiy dung khu cam trai trong rimg, chua xay chdi vpng cinh.
VQG Bii Gia Map chua cd cic nghidn ciiu vd sue chju tai DLST cua mdi tnrdng rimg, dac bidt chua nghidn ciiu nhOmg quy luat anh hudng ciia hogt dgng DLST ddn timg thanh phan moi trudng rung nhtr dit rimg, nude ngam, hd, sdng, sudi vi dgng thuc vgt.
Hon niia, chtra cd su phdi hgp vdi dm phtrong cung nhu ngudi dan trong cong tac phat tnen DLST.
Cdng tic quing ba DLST VQG Bii Gia Mgp con ydu. Cic thdng tin vd DLST trdn trang web cua Vudn chua nhieu va chi su dung tidng Viet. Nam 2018, 42 sinh vidn Tnrdng Dai hgc Thu Dau Mgt di thuc tap tgi VQG Bit Gia Map dugc phdng van, 92.9% tra loi la trudc khi giing vien cho di thuc tap cic em khdng bidl ddn VQG nay. Mat khic, chi cd 5,7% trong 70 hg dan sdng gan rimg d xa Dak O va xa Bii Gia Map biet hogt dgng DLST trong vudn. 100% sd hd dugc hdi tri ldi gia dinh hg khdng cd ai tham gia phuc vy cdng vide DLST d-ong VQG Bii Gia Map.
Bang 1. Ma trgn SWOT phit
3.4. TliMC trgng khich DLST
Hing nam, so lugng khich DLST den VQG Bii Gia Map rat it. 100% li khich du lich ti-ong nuac. So lugt du khach den tham quan vudn phan bd ddu ngiu nhidn d-ong nam. khdng co su tgp d-ung vio b^t cir mdt thai didm nao. Hinh 1 cho thay sd lugt khach DLST hing nam tham quan vudn cd tang v i tang manh giiia 2 nam 2017 vi 20IS (tuong ting li 1500 lugt va 2500 lugt). Tuy sd luot tham quan cd tang nhung sd du khach hang nam li qua it so vdi tidm nang. Nam 2016. 61 VQG va khu bao tdn thidn nhien ciia Aiei Nam cd hogt dgng DLST thu hiil dugc 2 tridu lugt khach |15]. tmng binh I VQG hay 1 khu bao tdn thidn nhidn co 32.786,9 lugt khich d-ong 1 nam. Nhu v^y. sd lugt khach DLST d VQG Bu Gia Map la rat thap, chi chiem 3,28% so vdi mtic tiling binh chung ca nuac. Sd lugt khach ddn tham quan
\'QG Bii Gia Mgp nam 2017 chidm 0,57% so vdi tong sd Imrt khach du lich ddn dnh Binh Phudc. Nam 2018 con sd nay chi chidm 0.56%. Nhu vgy, sd lugt khach DLST ddn VQG Bii Gia Map qua siic it so vdi binh didn cua c i nude ndi chung va cua tinh Binh Phudc noi ridng.
^-.ml
Hinh 1. S6 luiTt khich DLST a VQG Bu Gia M4p Ngudn: Tdng hop. 2019 3.5. Ph4n tich SWOT ph4t trife DLST 6 VQG Bil GiaMJp
Mfa DLST 6- VQG Bii Gia Map Di^m manh (S)
- Tai nguyen du lich tir nliien phong phu. Unh da dang dqng thuc vat cao.
- Nhieu loai thuc vat nguy cap qui liiem nhu: go do, go mat, cam Iai Ba I?ia. giang huong trai to.
- NtiiOu loai dong vat qui hi^m co cap do bao t6n rat nguy cap nhu: bao hoa mai, ho, trau rimg, voi va cong.
- Nhieu canh quan sinh thai tu nhien hoang so.
Diem yeu (W)
Nhan luc DLST con thieu ve so lugmg cung nhu chuyen mon, nghiep vu.
- Co scr, vat chat, cong nghe phuc vu DLST con rat thieu a nhi^u hang muc.
V6n va quy mo dan tu cho bao ton da dang sinh hoc va DLST con han che.
laiai thac tai nguySn DLST moi o dang so khai Hoat dong quang ba DLST rlv^^A^^^^^j^ ^i^^^- 130 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
hung vf vi tuydt dep nhin thac Dak Mai, hd Hoa Mai.
Tidm nang ldn vd tai nguydn du lich nhin van bao gdm van hda bin dia va di tieh lich sir.
- Cdng tac bao tdn da dang sinh hgc dang dugc VQG Bii Gia Map thuc hidn toL
Ca hgi (0)
- Vidt Nam dang l i diem den mdi va hip din cua nhidu du khich qudc te.
- DLST dang dugc uu tidn trong chien luge phat tridn du lich Viet Nam [5].
- Tmh Binh Phudc dang uu tidn phat dien DLST.
- Xu htrdng DLST ngay cang tang.
- Nhieu nha dau tu dang quan tam den cac dtr an phat fridn DLST b cac VQG, khu bao ton.
- Quy hogch phat tridn DLST chua dugc phd duyet, trien khai.
- Chua cd sy phdi hop giira cac bdn lidn quan.
Chua cd su tham gia ctia cdng ddng.
Thach thtic (T)
Miu thuan giiia phat tridn kinh td tir DLST vi bao tdn da dang sinh hoc, phat tridn DLST thieu quy hoach.
- Ap luc khai thac tai nguydn rimg tir cu dan dia phuong.
- Rac thai, tidng dn, dich benh tir du khach.
- Du nhap sinh vat ngogi lai tii du khach.
- Khai thic lam sin quy lam dd luu niem.
- Ban sdc van hda ban dia bi lai tap.
3.6. Giii phip phit tridn bdn vung DLST 3.6.1. Giai phip ve cache chinh sach - VQG Bii Gia Map can xuc tidn hgp tac vdi ngudi dan dia phuong va chinh quyen cac thdn, xa viing d?m trong cdng tac phat trien DLST. Trong dd, thd hidn rd vai tiro, chuc nang ciia cac ben lien quan, phai cd su phdi hgp ddng bp, hidu qua. Chti trgng cdng tac an ninh, trat lir cho du khach.
- Ban quan ly can chti trgng den cdng tac tuyen truydn, giao due vai trd tich ctrc ctia DLST ddi vdi mdi truong, kinh te va xa hdi. Cd cac ca che khuyen khich cic cgng ddng - dac biet la ddng bao S'tieng va M'ndng tham gia phtic vy trong cac dich vu DLST, gdp phan giam ngheo, giam ap luc pha rung cua cu dan dia phuong. Hgc tap cac mo hinh ve DLST thanh cdng b cac VQG, chang hgn nhu a VQG Cat Tidn [8],
- Khuyen khich ddu tu, tao mgi dieu kien thuan lpi va uu dai cho cac nha dau tu vao DLST d VQG Bit Gia Map.
- Uu tidn tuydn dting nhtmg hg gia dinh cgng ddng dan tdc thieu sd khoan bao ve rimg theo Nghi dinh 75 [6] tham gia DLST hoac vay vdn tm dai phat tridn du lich cgng ddng, phat trien nghe thu cdng tinydn thdng cung cap cho du khach.
3.6.2. Giai phap dio tao ngudn nhan luc - Hudng din vien can dugc dao tao chuydn mdn, nghidp vy du hch, ngoai ngir - uu tien dao tao tidng Anh. Cin uu tien tuyen dung va dao tao ddng bao dan tdc S'tidng va M'ndng lam hudng din vien DLST b VQG Bii Gia Map nhim van dung di thtic ban dia ciia hg vao cong vide. Ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd la ngudn nhan lire cd the manh vugt d-gi phuc vy cho
DLST nhd vio tri thuc truydn thdng dugc tich luy tir ddi nay qua ddi khac.
- Can cd ke hogch dtra can bd di hpc tap kinh nghiem quan ly DLST d cic VQG cd nhidu nSm kinh nghiem trong Iinh viic nay. Dao tao nhan luc phyc vu cho DLST can tru tien cu dan dia phuong, dac bidt la ddng bao dan tgc ban dia.
3.6.3. Giii phip thu hut su tham gia ciia cdng dong
- Thu hiit su tham gia cua cdng ddng bang each tuydn truyen nhidu loi ich mi DLST mang lgi. DLST khdng nhiing tao vide lam, tang thdm thu nhap ma cdn bio tdn cic gia tri van hda truyen thdng, giii gin cic nghd thii cdng my nghd cita ddng bao ban dia va gdp phin bio ve tai nguyen mot trudng.
- Huydn Bit Gia Map can md cac ldp dio tao nghd midn phi vd thu cdng my nghe truydn thdng, hudng din vidn du lich, van nghe ddng bio ban dia, ky nang giao hep, bao tdn da dang sinh hgc, mdn an ciia ddng bao ban dia cho cic hg tham gia DLST.
- Huyen Bii Gia Map can kdt hgp vdi VQG md tuyen du lich cgng ddng cho khach DLST cua vudn.
Uu den 2 cdng ddng ban dia S'tieng va M'ndng. Xay dimg Tnmg tam Van hda va Du lich cpng ddng tai xa Bit Gia Map, vi tri nen gan vdi Ban quin ly VQG.
- Cac hg tham gia hoat dgng DLST dugc uu tidn vay vdn tir nhidu ngudn nhu Ngan hing Chinh sich Xa hdi, Quy hd trg giim ngheo, Quy qudc gia ve vide lim, uu dai vd thue.
3.6.4. Giai phap vd xiic tien quing ba va xay dimg thirong hidu
- Cin tap trtmg xay dtmg hinh anh, uy tin DtST VQG Bii Gia Map. Tap trung phat huy cic thd mgnh
131
ve tai nguydn da dgng sinh hgc, canh quan sinh thai va van hoa ban dia nhim tao net dac trung ndng, an tugng vol du khich.
- Trang web cua \'(3G Bu Gia Map can co thdng tm sa dd cic tuydn du lich, he thdng hda cic diem tham quan d^c tnmg vi bang gia phi cic dich vu.
D$c bigt, trang web Vtrdn can dugc dich ra nhieu thu tidng, trong dd uu den tieng Anh.
- Hyp tic vdi nginh du lich tinh Binh Phuoc vi cic tinh Ddng Nam bg. Md hgi chg tnen lam quing ba vd DLST.
3.6.5. Giii phap kinh te
Tinh Binh Phudc can som quy hogch ling nghd truyen thdng ciing vdi thiet Igp rung trdng nguydn lidu phuc vu nghe dan lit, dgt thd cam ciia ddng bio S'tidng va M'ndng. Kdt hgp vdi phit trien DLST ctia vudn, cac sin pham ling nghe dac tnmg sd cd ddm ning tham gia vao chudi gia tri hang hoa.
Vi v^y, cin cd mgt dd i n quy hogch tich hgp, lidn nganh.
- Kdu ggi dau tu xay dyng hg thdng khich san, ca sd luu tni d trong viing ddm VQG Bii Gia Map.
Md rgng, ning cip hd thdng nha nghi d tru sd vtrdn.
Tinh Binh Phudc cin nang cap hd thdng giao thdng din vao VGQ Bii Gia Map. Ban quan ly vudn can chii dgng hgp tic voi cic cdng ty djch vu lir hinh a Ddng Nam hg lam dau mdi phit trien DLST.
- Tranh thu cic du an qudc td, qudc gia ve bio tdn da dgng sinh hgc, sinh ke vimg ddm dd phit trien DLST.
3.6.6. Giii phap cdng nghd bio vd tai nguydn va mdi tnrdng
Cin tidn hanh ngay vide nghien cuu xac dinh muc chiu tii du lich ciia VQG Bii Gia -Mgp. Tim ra tidu chuan, chi sd vi gidi han khu vuc du khich dugc tidp cgn, tuydn dtrgc tham quan, miia tham quan, so lugng du khich, sd lugng hudng din vidn, mtic do ddng dn. Cin nghien cim cic quy luat tic ddng cua hogt dgng DLST ldn cac thanh phin mdi tnrdng nhu dit rimg, nude mat, nirdc ngim, khdng khi, dgng vat, thyc vat. Tir do dua ra nhirng giai phip phdng ngira nhung tic ddng xau anh htrdng ddn cic thinh phin mdi dirdng rimg.
Cin lap sa dd cic tuyen tham quan vi quy hogch tdng thd DLST nhim tao thuan lgi cho du khich vi hgn che tdi da tic ddng den mdi trudng nmg vi tii nguyen da dang smh hgc. Trong dd can
Imi y cac dia diSm co th^ gSy nguy hi^m cho du khach,
Cin lap dst cac bang hieu, khau hieu tuyfen tniyen ve bao ve moi truong rimg va da djng smh hpc, du lich CO d^ch nhiem.
Ban quan ly can lap dat cac he thdng sii dung nang lupng tai tao nhu he thdng di«n mSt troi, may nunc nong sir dung nang lupng m$t trdi. Giai phip nay khdng nhimg lan dung dupe nSng lupng tai t?o, bao ve mdi truimg ma con gop phan nang cao y thtic bao ve mdi trucmg cua khach du lich.
3.6.7. Giii phip ve san phim du lich VQG Bii Gia M}p can da dang hoa cac san pham du l|ch. Md them cac tuy^n mdi, tuy^n mao hifm - khSm phi, Uiy^n qua d u treo, hdn ddi, hjy^n xem hoa bang lang, xem chim, md hi^n truimg quay phim hay chup anh, xay dung khu cam trai, dap xe trong rimg.
Tuy^n kham pha Aiim cudi VK96 cua dutmg dng dan diu 4.990 km lich sir, dupe xSy dung tir thiri khang chi^n chdng My Nam trong h^ thdng di tich dudng Trudng Son - dudng Hd Chi Minh da dupe Thu tirdng Chinh phu cdng nhan Di tich Qudc gia dac biet nam 2013.
- Xay dung chuong trinh le hOi cdng chiing, van ngh^ dan tpc ban dia - ddng bao S'tieng va M'ndng.
Kham pha dAn ca M'ndng va 1§ ciing miia vu ciia ddng bao S'tidng nhu \k tria lua, liia trd bdng va mimg lua mdi.
- Bao ton, phat tri^n cac ngh^ truyen thdng cua ddng bao S'tidng va M'ndng vdi cac san pham ao, vay, xa rdng, m^n, tin xach, khan, khan trai ban d^t thd cam, gui, nom, dan lam tir tre, til va... Day la cac san pham lam lu lam san ngoai gd nhu may, tre, mia... Mdcac gian hang ban qua luu niem mang net truyta thdng ban dia Ma tuySn tham quan lang nghe.
- Gidng nhu cac mdn an truyen thdng ban dia dimg trong DLST 6 VQG Cat TiSn 19], VQG Bii Gia Map Aiy manh viec phuc vu du khach bang cac mdn an va thlic udng mang dam chat truyen thdng cOa ddng bao S'tieng nhu com lam, dpt may nudng, canh thut va rupu cin.
- Kdt hpp DLST vdi du lich cpng ddng, cho du khach trai nghidm cudc sdng ddng bao ban dia thdng qua viec nghi lai trong sdc, bon cua nguoi S'tidng va M'ndng trong cac nha san tniyin thdng Kham pha
1.12 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE cic phong tuc, tgp quin. Id hdi vi hoat ddng sin xuit
cua ddng bao.
- Binh Phudc dugc mdnh danh li thii phu aia ciy dieu Anacardium occidentale. Vi viy, ket hgp DLST vdi tuyen tham quan vudn dieu ctia cu dan viing d^m d-ong miia thu hoach nhim tao thdm sire hiit cua du lich viing niy.
3.6.8. Giii phip ve quy hoach phat trien DLST - Tir khi ddn 46 du khach nam 2011 den nay, sd lugng khich DLST tgi VQG Bii Gia Map khdng ngimg tang theo ding nam. Vi viy, vide cip thiet ddi vdi khu rimg dac dyng nay li phai quy hogch phit didn DLST vdi chien luge tdng the cua tinh Binh Phudc va cd tam nhin rdng hon. DLST phai gin kdt vdi cgng ddng cu dan viing dem va tuan thii nghidm ngat vide bao vd mdi trudng, bio tdn da dang sinh hpc.
• Quy hoach DLST tgi VQG Bii Gia Map cin chii trpng vide tham gia ciia ddng bao dan tdc bin dia, chu ydu la cdng ddng S'tidng va M'ndng. Tnrdc den, iru tidn nhtmg hd da nhin khoin bao vd rimg tham gia vio hogt ddng DLST. Tao sinh kd bdn viing, bio tdn da dgng sinh hgc vi mdi trudng rimg, ddng thdi gin lidn vdi bao tdn van hda bin dia.
4.KETLU/IIU
VQG Bii Gia Map chira dung mot tidm nang hdt sire to ldn vd tit nguydn du lich tij nhidn vi tii nguydn du lich nhan van. Tinh da dang sinh hoc, da dang cinh quan vi van hda truyen thdng ctia ddng bio ban dja la nhimg tlid manh rat can cho phat tridn DLST. Li nai sinh sdng cua 1.117 loai tliuc vat vi 757 loai ddng vat. Cd nhieu loii thyc vat nguy cap qui hiem va nhidu loai ddng vat qui hidm cd cap do bao ton rat nguy cap.
Tuy vgy, thuc te khai thic DLST d VQG Bit Gia Map hidn nay cdn nhieu khd khan, chua xting tini vdi Uem nang ciJa nd. Quy hoach phat trien DLST chua dtrgc phe duyet, trien khai. Chua cd su phdi hgp ti'ong boat ddng DLST giiia Ban quin ly ctia vudn vdi chinh quyen dia phuong. Dac bidt. thidu di su tham gia cua cgng ddng cu dan, trong dd cd ddng bao ban dja. Nhan luc DLST cdn thieu ve sd luang cung nhu chuydn mdn, nghiep vu. Co sd, vat chat, cdng nghe phyc vu DLST cdn rat thieu d nhieu hang myc. Vdn va quy md dau tir cho bao tdn da dang sinh hgc va DLST cdn hgn chd. Kliai tiiac tai nguydn DLST mdi a dgng sa khai. Hoat dgng quing ba DLST chua dugc tiien khai.
Nghien cuu de xuat giai phap phat didn DLST cho VQG Bii Gia Map bao gdm: giii phip ve ca chd chinh sich, dao tao ngudn nhan lyc, thu hiit su tham gia ciia cdng dong, xtic ddn quing ba vi xiy dyng thuong hidu, giii phip kinh te, cdng nghe bao vd tii nguydn vi mdi tnicmg va giai phap ve sin phim du lich. VQG Bu Gia Map ndn cd ca che chia se lgi ich tir DLST vdi cu dan vimg dem - dac biet li ddng bio ban dia, trien khai vide thu hiit su tham gia cua cgng ddng nhim hudng tdi su phat dien ben virng kinh td, xa hdi va mdi trudng.
TAI L E I THAM KHAO
1. Bg Khoa hgc va Cdng nghg (2007). Sach Dd Viet Nam. Phan thuc vgt. Nhi xuat ban Khoa hgc Tu nhidn vi Cdng nghd. Ha Ndi.
2. Bg Khoa hgc vi Cdng nghe (2007). Sich Dd Viet Nam. Phin dgng vat. Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc Ty nhidn vi Cong nghd. Ha Ngi.
3. Chinh phu nude CHXHCN Vidt Nam (2002).
Quyet dinh 170/2002/QD-Trg 27/11/2002 vd chuyen hang Khu Bao tdn Thidn nhidn Bii Gia Map thanh VQG Bii Gia Map.
4. Chinh phii nude CHXHCN Vidt Nam (2006).
Nghi dinh sd 32/2006/ND-CP ngay 30/3/2006 vd quan ly thuc vat rimg, dgng vat rimg nguy cap, qui hiem. Hi Ndi.
5. Chinh phu nude CHXHCN Vidt Nam (2011).
Quydt dinh 2473/QD-TTg 30/12/2011 ve "Chidn luge phat bidn du lich Viet Nam den 2020, tim nhin den 2030".
6. Chinh phu nude CHXHCN Viet Nam (2015).
Nghi dinh sd 75/2015/ND-CP ngiy 9/9/2015 ve ca che, chinh sich bao vd va phit trien rimg, gin vdi chinh sich giim ngheo nhanh, bdn viing va hd trg ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd giai doan 2015 - 2020.
7. Cyc Thdng ke tinh Binh Phudc (2019). Tmh hinh kinh te-xa hot tinh 2018, Binh Phudc.
8. Dinh Thanh Sang, Ogata, K., (2010).
Participation of ethnic mmorities m ecotounsm: Case study of Cat Tien Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam.
Biodiversity Management and Tourism Development, Lombok, Indonesia; pp. 215-222, ISBN 978-3-9540409-2-6.
9. Pii-.n "ri.-.:in > iii-,()'^Ml,i K., &\ii7t,!ir N.
(2012). Use of edible forest plants among indigenous ethnic minorities in Cat Tien Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, ISSN 2244- 0461. 3: 2M9.
NONGNGHIEPVA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019 133
15 Tdng cue Lam nghiep (2017) Bao cao Kel qua kiJm ffa hoat dpng kinh doanh dich sv du lich smh thai tai cac Vudn qudc gia va Khu bao ton thien nhien Viel Nam, Bp Ndng nghif'P va Phat Wen nong thdn. Ha Ndi.
16. UNEP (2(X)2). W'hat is ecotounsm? United Nauons Environment Program. Ngay truy cap 30/W/2019, dia chi: http://portal,unesco.org/
en/ev.php
17. Vien Smh thai hpc midn Nam (2012). Bao cao chuyen dd da dang khu he thpc vat rimg tu nhien d-en dia ban tinh Bmh Phuoc, thanh phd Hd Chi -Minh.
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10. Dinh Thanh Sang & Ogata. K. (201'-').
Traditipnal ecplogical knowledge of indigenous ethnic minonties on bamboo uses: a case in Cat Tien Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam. 4* Internationa]
Ecosummit 2012. Elsevier conference. Ohio State Universily, US'^ 122.
11. Dinh Thanh Sang, Dinh Quang Diep (2007).
Kidn thuc ban dia ve su dung tai nguyen rimg ciia ddng bao Chau .Ma Vudn Qudc gia Cat Tien. Tap chi Khoa hpc Ky thuat Nong Lam nghiep, Trudng Dai hpc Ndng Lam TP. Hd Chi Minh.
12. lUCN (2019). ll'CN Red Ust of Threatened Species, http://www.iucnredlist.org/.
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POTENTIAL AND SOLimONS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN BU GIA MAP NATIONAL PARK
Dinh Thanh Sang Summary
Secondaiy data analysis, lielH surveys, and interviews were implemented to idenUfy great values of biodiversity, ecological landscapes and cultural umnsm resources in Bu Gia Map NaUona] Park, il has a ureal prolenUal for ecotounsm development. Theparithad 1,117 species of vascular plants belonging lo 128 families of 5 divisions, among them 19 specii-s were listed in the lUCN Red Data Book. The fauna included 105 mammal species, 246 bird species. 58 reptile species, 28 amphibian species, 289 insect species, and 31 fish ones. Especially, the park had 20 beautiiiil sueams and waterfalls, and the historical vestige of Uie end of the 4,990 km petrol pineline was built dunng the Resistance War against America. Morover, there were 17 different ethnic groups living in the bulfer zone of the park and the indigenous ethnic groups commonly regarded llie tradiUonal cullure as die mam ecouiunsni attraction. However, the ecotounsm development in Bu Gia Map Nadonal Park faced many challenges and was disproportionate to its potenual. Therefore, 8 solluljons were proposed for effective ecotounsm and sustainable development of Ihe park.
Keywords: Eealounsm. biodiversity, suslainable dei'elopmenl, indegenous cullure. Bu Gia Map Nadonal Park.
Nguiii phin b i ^ : PGS.TS. DJng Van Hi Ngiy n h ^ bii: 5/7/2019
Ngiy thdng qua phan bidn: fi/,s,/2019 Ngiy duyft dang: 13/8/2019
N O N G NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019
