Chuyen dich cd cau cay trong theo hu'dng san xuat hang hoa tai huyen VTnh Bao,
TP. Hai Phong
H O A N G VAM CtfCJMG"
Tom tat
Trin ca sdphdn tich thUc trang chuyin dieh ca cd'u cdy trong tgi huyin VTnh Bdo theo hudng hdng hod, bdi vii't nhdn diin rd mdt sd'ton tgi, nhu: Tde dd tdng trudng gid tri sdn lugng, gid tri gia ldng ngdnh irong trgt ehua tuang xUng vdi tiim ndng, lgi thi ciia dia phuang; Ty trgng gid tri sdn lUgng, gid tri gia tdng eda nhdm edy rau mdu thUc pham, cdy edng nghiip vd ty trgng gid tri sdn luong. gid tri gia tdng eda cdc edy trong chU lUc thdp. tdng chdm; Gid tri sdn luong xudt khdu cdc cdy trong tren dia bdn huyin cdn thd'p. Tren ea sd dd, bdi viit dUa ra mdt sdgidi phdp nhdm thiic day chuyin dich ca cdu cdy trong theo hudng sdn xudt hdng hda lgt dia phuang.
Ttf khoa: chuyen dich ca cdu kinh ti, ca cdu ndng nghiip, ndng nghiip hdng hod Summary
Based on the analysis of the actual situation of plant restructuring in Vinh Bao district towards the direction of commodity production, the article points out several issues: The area of vegetable crops, especially commodity crops are low-yield, slow-growing and unstable;
Proportion of production value of foodstuffs crops, industrial crops and key crops are low and slow-growing; The export value of crops in the district is still low, small scale and not meeting the requirements of commodity production. Afterwards, it proposes measures to promote the shift of crop structure towards commodity production.
Keywords: transition of economic structure, agricultural structure, commodity agriculture I
GlCfl THIEU THLfC TRANG
Vinh Bdo Id huyen ngoai Ihanh eiia ChuyS'n dich cP ca'u cay Irong Iheo htfdng san xua't TP. Hai Phdng, nam trong khu vtfc D6ng hang hda Id xdc dinh va cd cd'u Iai cac loai cay trong, bang sdng H6ng, c6 khi hau nhiet ddi nha't la cdc cay trong chu Itfe, eo Ipi the va tilm nang gid miia, la dieu kidn Ihudn ldi de phdt phat trien ca ve quy md san xua't, san Itfdng, gia tri va trien cdc loai cdy trong. Vdi dinh htfdng tieu thu san pham cho tieu diing npi dia va xud'l khau.
chuyen dich ed ca'u cay irong Iheo htfdng Trong nhtfng nam qua, tjitfc hien cdc chu ehtfdng, san xua't hang hda md dia phtfdng d§t chinh sach khuyi'n khich ho trd cua Trung tfdng, TP.
ra, den nay, viee thtfe hiSn du da cd mpt Hai Phdng vl phdt Irien san xua'l ndng nghiep, huyen so kd'l qua nhd'l dinh, nhtfng tie'n dd cdn Vinh Bao dd tap trung liep thu, chi dao va thtfc hiSn cham chtfa nhtf ky vpng. Qua phan tieh viec chuyen dich cd ca'u cdy Irong theo htfdng san xud't ttf nhQ'ng so' lieu trSn thtfc tl', bai viel hang hda. Cu thi:
nham ehi ro nhffng ban chd' de itf dd cd Chuyin dich cacdu diin tich cdy trdng giai phdp phu hdp, giiip ngdnh trong trpl Trong nhtfng nam qua, Huyen xac dinh rd phtfdng cua VTnh Bao di theo diing dinh htfdng htfdng^ va mpc lieu la Itfng btfde giam dien tich cdy
^gj j.g lua de chuyen sang trong cdc cay rau mdu, cay cdng
"PGS TS,, Trtfdng Dai bgc Kinh Vs Quoc dSn I Email: [email protected] Ngd\ •• 'i-M *^'- 09/10/2017; Ngdy phan bien- 25/10/2017; Ngdy duy^t ddng: 27/10/2017
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BANG 1: Cd CAU GlA TRI SAM LCfONG (GO) CAC NHOM CAY TR6NQ (THEO GlA HigN HAWH)
Dan vj linh- T^ d<
Chi tieu 1. CSy liftfng thtfc Ty trong (%) 2. CSy cong nghidp Trtrong (%) 3. C5y thiTc phS'in TJ trong (%) 4. Cfiy khac Ty trong (%)
Nam 2010 680 45,5 115 12,2 359 28,0 87 14,3
Nam 2011 695 44,8 123 7,9 430 31,5 92 15,8
Nam 2012 714 45,0 95 6,0 557 35,2 91 13,8
Nam 2013 725 44,9 114 7,0 611 37,9 96 10,2
Nam 2014 ;
734 41,5 134 7,6 65S 37,3 9S 13,6
Nam 2015 729 40,5 184 10,2 643 35,8 98 13,5
danh gif
Giam dan
Tang dan
Tang dan
Giam dan
BANG 2: Cd CAQ GIA TRI QIA TANQ {VA> CAC MHOM CAY TRONG (THEO QlA HI|N HANH)
Dan Vf linh; Ty dong
Chi ti6u 1. Cfiy lifrfng thiTc Gia iri tang them (VA) Ty trong (%) 2. CSy cdng nghiep Gia tn tang them (VA) Ty trong (%) 3. cay thiJc ph^m Gia tn tang them (VA) Ty Irong (%) 4. Cfiy khac G\i tri lang Ihem (VA) Ty trong (%)
Nam 2010
394 44,2
78.2 10.94
223 29,02
52,1 15,8
Nam 2011
368 43.8
83,6 10,57
267 31,70
49,9 13,9
Nam 2012
414 43,8
64,6 7,25
345 36,54
54,3 12,4
NSm 2013
435 41,6
77,5 7,89
385 36,84
62,2 13,6
Nam 2014
440 38,7
91,1 8,49
421 37.04
63,1 15,7
Nam 2015
437 37,6
125.1 11.38
412 35.38
63.4 15,6
T^c dO tang bmh qufin 5 nam
2,091 Giam dan
9,856 Tiing dan
13,079 Tang dSn
4,02 Giam dan 'Nifn cjiam Ihong ke cac nam 2010 d^n 2015 cua huy$n Vinh Bao
nghiep cd gid iri kinh le eao, cay trlng cd hpp dong tieu thu san pham. Cu the trong giai doan 20II-20I5, ehuyen dich ed ea'u cay trong cua dia phtfdng da dai dtfdc mpi sd'ke^t qua tieh ctfc sau:
- Dd'i vdi cdy ItfPng thtfe: Dien lich irong nhtfng nam gan day cd xu htfdng giam dan, song eP ban van dn dinh, chiem itf 79,67% long didn tich gieo trong nam 20II xud'ng eon 75,51% long dien tich gieo trong ndm 2015, mtfc do giam diln lieh trung binh giam 1,76%/nam.
- Dd'i vdi sdn xua't rau mau, cay thtfc pha'm: chuyin dich eP ca'u cay irlng, miia vu theo htfdng licb ctfc.
Dien tieh rau mau, cay Ihtfc pham mac dii ed ty trpng ngdy cang lang trong tdng diln tich cay trong, song vdn
edn ehdm. Cu ihl ndm 2011, didn tich rau mau, cay thtfc ph^m dat 4.026,26ha, chilm 15,46% trong tdng diln lieh cay trdng, den nam 2015, didn tich ndy dai 4.795,96ha, chi^m 18,75%, chi tang 769,7ha.
- Dd'i vdi san xua't cdng nghilp: cd ca'u didn tich cd chuydn bii'n tang hang nam. Cu the nam 2011, diln tich dat 1 170,04ha, chiem 4,49% trong tdng dien tich cay irdng, ihi den nam 2015, dien tfeh nay dat I.423,49ha, chilm 5,56%
tdng diln tich cay irdng, tang 253,45ha so vdi nam 2011.
Chuyen dich theo gid tri san lU^ng Cd ca'u npi bd phan nganh irlng trpi theo htfdng san xud^l hdng hda eua Huyen giai doan 2011-2015 dtfde the hien vd ddnh gia theo ty trpng gia tri cde loai edy trdng tren tdng gia iri nganh trong trot (Bangl).^
Kii qua cho thay, gid tri sdn Itfdng cac cay trdng deu tang hang ndm, song cd ca'u gid In san Itfpng giffa ede cay trdng ttfng btfde dtfpe ehuyen dieh theo htfdng tieh ctfc. Dd la giam dan gid tri san xuat Ilia vd cdc cay khac, ttfng btfde tang gia tn san Itfpng cac cay cdng nghiep, eay thtfe pham. Dilu nay gdp phan tang gia tri san Itfdng ngdnh trdng trpt va ndng cao thu nhdp cho ngtfdi nong dan. Tuy nhien, ty trpng gia tri san Itfdng nhdm cay thtfc phd'm, edy eong nghi|p cdn thd'p vd toe dp tang chdm.
Ne'u nhin vao cd cd'u gid tri gia tang (VA) ede nhdm edy trdng (Bang 2) ihi thd'y, gid tri tdng thtm cua nhdm cdy Itfdng thtfc cung giam dan qua cac nam va gia iri tang them nhdm cay thtfe ph^m, edy cdng nghilp tang d^n qua cac ndm. Dieu nay da phan anh viec chuydn dich cd ca'u cdy trdng huyin VTnh Bao trong nhiing nam g^n ddy theo dung htfdng, tCfng btfde giam dan difn tfch san xud't Iiia d l ehuyin sang sdn xua't cdc cay ItfPng ihtfc, cdy edng nghiep cd gia tri kinh le'cao, san xua'l theo htfdng hang hda tren dia bdn Huyin. Tuy nhidn, gid iri tang them cac loai cdy trdng hdng nam edn cham so vdi yen cau san xud'l vd tilm nang, lpi thd cua VTnh Bao la huyfn ndng nghiep.
Xem xet chi tiet trong nhom cay trdng ehu Itfe eung thay dtfpc chuyen dieh tiieo htfdng giam dan gid tri sdn Itfdng, ihu nhap Itf cay lua, cay ngd, ttfng btfde tdng gia tri Ibu nhap cdc edy eong nghiep, nhdm cay rau mdu, thtfc pham de gop phdn chuydn dieh cd ed'u cdy irdng iheo
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I-
htfdng san xud't hang hda, ndng cao ihu nhip eho ngtfdi sdn xua't.
Chuyen dich theo hUdng tiiu thg san pham
Trong nhffng nam qua, huyen VTnh Bao ludn quan tam md rdng va phdi tridn ede loai cay Irdng san xud't Iheo htfdng bdng hda, san xua'l ed hdp ddng hao tilu sdn pham cho ndng dan. Diln tfch cde eay trdng ehinh san xuat theo htfdng hdng hda, cd hdp dong tilu thu san pham giai doan 2010-2015 tang binh qudn 2,4%/nam, irong dd cay lua tang 2,8%, ngd 2,4%, khoai tdy 1,7%, dt 2,3%
va rau qua khde tang 2,2%. Tuy nhien, diln tich cdc eay trdng san xuat Iheo htfdng hang hda cd hdp ddng tidu ihu sdn phim so vdi long dien tieh gieo trdng cua Huyin cdn ehilm ty II thd'p, dai ttf 3,5%- 8% long diSn tieh gieo trdng hang nam, chtfa ttfdng xtfng vdi tiem nang, ldi the cua Huyen la huyen trpng diem ve nong nghilp cua TP. Hai Phdng.
Gid iri sdn Itfdng vd gid iri tieu thu xuat khdu ciia cdc edy trdng ehu Itfc diu duy tii dtfdc td'c dd tdng hdng ndm {trtf ngd vd khoai tay). Tuy nhien, ty 18 gia tri san Itfpng xual khau so vdi tdng gid tri san Itfdng cdc edy trdng cdn ra't Ihd'p {Bang 3), dac biet Id dd'i vdi san xua't Ida va mil so' loai rau mdu do san xual ciia ngtfdi ndng ddn chtfa ddp tfng dtfpc cdc ydu cau vd san xud't tap trung, quy md Idn va Ihtfc hien ddng bp cdc giai phdp ky ihudt trong san xudt.
Ddnh gid chung ve chuyen dieh cd CEiu cay trdng huydn VTnh Bao giai doan 2010-2015 qua cac chi tidu ddnh gid, cd the thiy mOt so'kit qua lich ctfc, nhtf sau:
- Cd c^u cay trdng da Itfng btfde ed stf chuyen dich iheo htfdng lich etfc ca vl dien tich, san Itfdng, cd ca'u gia iri san Itfpng, gid iri gia tang vd gia tri san Itfpng tilu thu san pham theo htfdng giam ddi vdi cdy Itfdng ihtfc vd tang dd'i vdi cac cay thtfe pham, rau mdu, edy cdng nghiep trong nganh trdng trpt.
- Cdc cay irdng da ed stf chuyen dich theo htfdng san xuat hang hda, mdt so' cay trdng ed hpp ddng lilu thu san ph^m dtfdc duy irl vd lang ca ve dien lich, gid tri san xua'l va gia tri gia lang, nhtf; dl, rau mau khdc.
HAN CHE VA NGUYEN NHAN Tuy nhidn ben canh cdc mai tich ctfc tren, tbi cung co mdl sdhan che sau:
BANG 3: GlA TR] SAN LCTONG CAY TRONG XGAT KHAO (THEO GlA HIEN HANH)
Dan vi tinh. Tf d<
T£n loai cay trong Tong gia tn nganh trong trpt (GO) L,la
Tong gia Ui san lo'dng(GO) Gia tri xua't khau
Ty le(%) xua't khau/Tong GT irong trot eft
Tong gia trj sin lUdngCGO) G\i tn xua't khau
Ty le(%) xual khau/Tong GT trong trot Rau qua khac
T5ng gia tri san lu'c(ng(GO) Gia tri xua't kha'u
Ty 16(%) xual khau/Tong GT trong trot Nam 2010 1 282
596 12 0,96
60 42 3.25
297 16 1.23
2011 1.550
601 17 1,11
72 51 3,26
385 21 1.33
N3m 2012 1,584
597 31 1,93
157 110 6,95
398 26 1.57
Nfim 2013 1.614
618 41 2,56
270 189 11,69
398 29 1,80
Nam 2014 1.765
606 47 2,67
252 177 10,00
450 40 2,25
NS 201
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6
3,
1 1 7,
A
2. MguSn Phong Mong nghiep - Phat tnen nong thon huyen Vinh E - Td'c dd ldng trtfdng gid tri sdn Itfpng, gia iri gia
tang ngdnh Irdng trot chtfa ttfdng xtfng vdi tilm nang, ldi the cira dia phtfdng. Do vay, ddi sd'ng vdt cha't, tinh than ciia mdt bd phan nong dan ndng thdn nhin chung vdn cdn kho khan.
- T^ trpng gid tri san Itfdng, gid tri gia ldng ciia nhdm cay rau mau thtfc pham, cay cdng nghilp vd ty trpng gid tri san Itfpng, gia iri gia ldng ciia cdc cdy trdng chu Itfc thd'p, tang cham.
- Gia tri san Itfdng xua't kh^u cac cay trdng tren dia ban Huyen con tha'p, chtfa ddp tfng dtfdc cdc yeu cau ve san xud'l theo htfdng hang hoa l|p trung, quy md ldn. Stfc canh tranh cua ede san phd^m trdn| trpt nhin chung eon thap, chtfa tao dtfdc nhieu san phdm cd ch^t Itfdng, gid tri eao mang thtfdng hidu cua Huyen.
Nhffng ban ehe tren xud't phat Itf nhtfng nguyin nhan sau:
Mot la, quy hoach chuyin dich ed eau nganh ndng nghiep cua Huyen chtfa thtfc stf hdp ly, ddc biet Id chtfa cd quy hoach chi lie'l cdc cdy irdng theo htfdng san xud'l
hdng hda. ^ Hai Id, ede cd ehe khuye'n khich ho Ird phai trien,
ihtie day sdn xua'l ngdnh ndng nghiep noi chung va chuyen dieh ed ea'u cdy irdng iheo htfdng san xua't hang hda ndi rieng cdn chtfa thtfc stf ddp tfng dtfpe yeu eau cua san xud't theo htfdng cdng nghilp hda, hien dai hda ndng nghiep nong thdn.
Ba la, vide tfng dung va thtfc hien cdc tien bp khoa bpc, ky thuat vao san xuat chtfa dtfdc thtfc hien ddng
u anH Forecast Review
ir9
bd, chtfa dtfdc dp dung rdng rai irong san xuat. Chinh sdch dau ttf eon dan irdi, thid'u ldp irung, mtfc dau ttf con Iha'p so vdi ydu cau san xud't hidn nay.
Bd'n Id. tinh lien kd't gitfa san xua'l vdi thi trtfdng cdn yd'u, chtfa thtfc stf gan kd'l sdn xua'l vdi tieu thu sdn pham ndng nghilp san xua't ra, tidu thu phai qua nhieu khdu irung gian. Vide xay dtfng thtfdng hidu va quan ly chd't Itfpng cho san ph^m ndng nghiep chtfa dtfde quan tam. Stf lien ke'l, hd trd nhau irong san xud't vd tilu Ihu san ph^m Idng leo, cdc hinh thtfe hdp lac chtfa da dang, hoac mdi phdi irien b hinh thtfc hpp tde, hieu qua chtfa ro net.
Ndm Id, cdng lac luyen truyen, vdn ddng, htfdng dan nong ddn thtfc hiln viec phdt trien san xua't cdc loai cay irdng theo htfdng san xua't hang hda tap trung chtfa dtfde sau rdng, nhan thtfc ciia mdl bd phan cdn bd va nhdn dan vl chuyen dich cd ca'u eay trdng ndi chung va chuyen dieh cP ca'u eay irdng theo htfdng san xuat hang hda cdn han ehd'.
MOT S6' GIAI PHAP DE XUAT
ThU nhdt. cdn quy hogch cdc vitng sdn xudt tap trung, cdnh dong ldn theo hUdng sdn xudt hdng hda.
Can ctf vao quy hoaeh xay dtfng nong Ihdn mdi cua cdc xa dd dtfdc phd duydt, cin kilm tra, ra soat lai hien trang dl tid'p luc xay dtfng kl' hoaeh vl quy hoach ede viing sdn xud't tap Irung, ddng thdi td chtfc thtfe hidn phat trien sdn xua't cd hieu qua, dam bao phCi hdp vdi tinb hinh san xua't, ddp tfng yeu can chuyen dich cd cau cay trdng de nang cao gia iri san Itfdng.
ThU hai, tgo thudn Igi trong chinh sdch ddt dai. Cde thu tue giao da'l, eho thud dd'i, giai phong phai tao mpi didu kidn Ihudn Ipi giai quyd't. Van ddng, khuye'n khich ndng dan ddn dien ddi thtfa, nham tao dieu kidn eho ndng dan tang quy md dan ttf san xua'l, ehuyin dieh cd eau cay irdng, phat trien kinh te' trang trai, hinh thanh viing san xuat hang hda ldp trung. Cung vdi do la lao dilu kidn phap Iy cho nong dan dUng quyen stf dung da't de tao vdn kinh doanh.
ThU ba, phdt huy hiiu qud chinh sdch tin diing eho ndng nghiip. Can tap trung giai quye't eae vd'n d l , nhtf:
da dang hoa va ddi mdi boat ddng cua cdc td chtfc tin dung ndng nghiep, ndng Ihdn; tao Ihuan ldi hdn ve Ihii tuc cho vay va tang mtfc cho vay; md rdng va ndng eao cha'l Itfdng quy tin dung nhdn dan d ndng ihdn de ban chl'cho vay nang lai d ndng ihdn; hd ird tin dung
eho cdc td chtfc cung tfng vdt ttf, tilu Ihu san pham ndng nghidp. Huy ddng, khuyen khich cac td chtfc tin dung, nhtf:
Ngan bdng Chinh sdch xa hdi, Ngan hdng Ndng nghidp va Phdi triln ndng thdn tang etfdng cho vay vdn trung han va dai ban tao dilu kien ebo cd sd san xud'l, kinh doanh dau Itf ehieu sau, thtfe hidn hien dai hda cd sd san xua'l va ddi mdi cdng nghi; thtfc hiln cac ehtfdng trinh diu ttf chuydn doi trong sdn xuS'l ndng nghiep.
ThU tu, tdng cudng ddu tuphdt triin kit ed'u hg tdng ndng nghiip, ndng thon. Ddnh ty I^ vd'n diu Iff Ihich dang eho viec xay dtfng mdi va duy lu, bao dtfdng, hoan chinh cac he thd'ng edng trinh kd'l eau ha ling dd ed Ihd phdt huy he'l cdng sua't stf dung ciia chiing, nhat Id eong Irinh thiiy ldi va giao thdng. Ra sodt, bd sung quy hoaeh thuy lpi, ed kl' hoach stfa chiJa, ndng ed^p, xdy dtfng mdi cac cdng tnnh thuy ndng nhim Itfng btfde dap tfng yeu cau phat trien ciia ndn ndng nghidp eung nhtf tao ed sd vtfng chac cho qud trinh chuyin ddi ed cd'u cay trdng, vai nudi theo htfdng san xua'l hang hda.
ThU ndin, ddy mgnh edng tde tuyin truyen, gido dixc ve chuyin dich ca cdu cdy trong theo hUdng sdn xudt hdng hda.
Trong dd luyen truyen, phai irien md rdng cdc cay Irdng chii Itfc eua Huydn phil hdp vdi ttfng dia phtfdng, nhtf: Ida ehd'l Itfdng cao, khoai lay, dt, dtfa, ngd, rau qua... san xuat cd hdp ding tieu thu san pham, cac bien phdp, giai phdp ky ihudt ihtfe hidn dai hieu qua cao irong sdn xud'l. Phdt huy vai tro eua Mat tr§n Td qude va cac doan the nban dan trong edng lde tuyln truyen, phd bie'n, vdn ddng nhdn ddn thtfc hidn cdc ehinh sdch cita Nhd ntfde, ciia TP. Hai Phdng va Huyin liln quan den chuyen dieh cd cd'u ndng nghiep Iheo htfdng tich ctfc, hieu qua; cd ca'u cay trdng theo htfdng san xua'l hang hda.O
TAI L i g u THAM KHAO _ 1. Huyen uy VTnh Bao (2015). Vdn kiin Dgi hoi dgi biiu ldn thUXXVDdng bg huyin Vinh Bdo
nhiem ky 2015-2020
2. Chi cue Thd'ng kd huydn VTnh Bao (2011-2015). Niin gidm Thd'ng ki huyen Vinh Bdo cdc ndm 2010 din 2015
3. Pham Minh Hiing (2012). Qudn ly nhd nudc nhdm phdt trien ndng nghiep theo hudn:.; hSn vUng d huyin Vinh Bdo, TP. Hdi Phdng, Ludn vdn tiiae sy quan Iy kinh td, Hpe vien Chinb tn - Hdnh chinh Qud'e gia Hd Chf Mmh
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