Hoang Vdn Hdi vd Dtg Tgp chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 161(01): 133-138
DAC B I E M TAI SINH CUA CAC LOAI CAY G O TRONG THAM THU'C VAT TREN NUI DA VOX Cf THANH P H O CAM PHA (QUANG NINH)
Hoang Van Hai'*, Nguyen Th^ HuTig\ D8 Thi Ha^
'S& Gido due vd Ddo Igo Qudng Ninh
^ Trudng BQI hpc Tai nguyen va Moi trirdng Hd Npi 'Trudng Cao dang Suph<fm Thdi Nguyen TOMTAT
Do nhieu nguyfin nhdn, Uong nhiing nam gdn day, thdm thuc vat rung Uen nui da vfii 6 Cam Pha, tinh Quang Ninh da hi suy gidm cd ve dien tich va chit lupng. Bai bao Uinh bay ket qud nghien ciiu nang lyc tdi sinh ciia cac loai cdy go Uong tbam thyc vgt rimg Uen nui da voi cf thanh phfi Cam Pha, tinh Quang Ninh thong qua mpt so tieu chi co ban: Cdu tnic t6 thanh va mat dp cay tai sinh, nguon goc vd chat lupng cay tdi sinh, su phdn bo cdy tai smh theo cap chieu cao va su phan bo cay go tdi sinh theo mat phdng ndm ngang. Bai bdo ciing dua ra mpt so giai phap nham thiic day qua Uinh phuc hfii riing.
Tfr khoa: Phuc hdi rimg, Tdisinh; Thdmthucvdt, Nui dd vdi; Cdm Phd DAT VAN DE
Trong qua khii, tham thyc vgt rung tren mii da voi cr thdnh ph6 Cam Pha, tinh Quang Ninh khd phong phu vd dpc ddo ve thanh phin loai. Tuy nhien, do nhieu nguyen nhdn, Uong nhiing nam gan day, tham thuc vat ndy da bi suy giam cd ve dien tich va chat lupug.
V6 mat sinh thai hpc, viec bao t6n, phdt trien tham thyc vgt chi co the hieu qud kbi ddnh gia dup^ nang lyc phyc hoi ciia hp sinh thai, dac biet la kha nang tai smh eua cac loai cay gfl [1]= [6]-
Bai bao nay Uinh bay ket qua cia vice nghien eihi ndng lyc tai sinh ciia cac lodi cdy gfl trong tbam thyc vgt Uen mii da voi a thanh phfl cim Pha, tinh Quang Ninh, nhim dua ra ca SO' khoa hpc cho viee hoach dinh cdc chinh sach vd dp dyng cdc bi^n phap ki thugt de bao ton vd phat trien tbam thyc vgt.
DOI TtrONG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN c b t l
Boi tu:ang nghien cuu: Cac tham thyc vgt tren mii dd vfli (Uen dit lien vd tren bien) a thanh pho Cim Pha, tinh Qudng Ninh.
Phirffngphdp nghien cuu
- Phucmg phdp fl tieu chudn: Lap 6 tieu chuin vai dien tich 2500 m^ (50 m x 50 m).
Trong mfli o tieu chuan, lap 5 fl dgng bdn eo dien tich 25m^ (5m x 5m). Trong cac 6 dang bdn tien hanh thflng ke vd ghi chep so lieu vao phieu dieu tra: thdnh phdn loai cay tdi sinh, s6 lupng cay tdi sinh, chieu cao cay tai sinh, chit luong cay tai sinh, mdu cdy, nguon goc cdy tdi sinh [5],
- Phuang phap dieu Ua theo tuyen: Tren cae tuyin diSu tra, lap cac phan dogn tuong iing vai fl dgng ban co kich thu6c 5 x 5 m, moi tuyin di£u tra lap 5 phan dogn, khodng each cdc phan dogn tiiy thupc vdo cu li tuyen va dia hinb nui dd.Tren cae phdn doan tien hdnh thflng ke va ghi chep sfl lieu vdo phieu dieu Ua: thanh phan lodi cay tai sinh, sfl Iugng cay tdi sinh, chiSu eao cdy tai sinh, chat luang cay tdi sinh, mau cay, nguon gflc cay tdi sinh, - To thanh cay gfl tai sinh duac tinh tbeo cflng tbiic [8]:
Ci%
= :
m XlOO Trong do, H : Sfl ca thS ciia loai thii i, s la so loai trong quin xa.Niu lodi ndo co Ci > 5% thi lodi do duac tham gia vao cflng thiic to thdnh.
- Xac dinb mat dp cay go tdi sinh:
N/ha - * 10.000
Tel: 0989.62I.7S7; Email: [email protected](
Hoang Van Hai vd Dtg Tgp chi KHOA HQC & C 6 N G NGHE 161(01): 133-!3K Trong do: S la t6ng dipn tich 6 ngbien cihi thii
cip (6 dang bdn) (tinh theo m^), n Id so lupng cdy go tdi sinh dieu Ua trong cac 6 dgng bdn.
- Xdc dinh phim chat cay gfl tai sinh: Pham chit cay tai sinh dupc xac dinh theo 3 cap:
Tdt (cdy CO than thing, khong cyt ngpn, khong sau bpnh, sinh truoTig va phdt triin tflt), Xdu (gom nhiing cay cong queo, cyt ngpn, bi sau benb, sinh truoing vd phdt Uien kem) va Trung binh (Id nbiing cay gfl con lgi).
Ti le phim chit cay go tdi sinh dupe xdc dinh theo cflng thiie:
Ni(%) = n/NxlOO Trong do, Ni (%): Ti Ip phan tram cay co pham chat nao do (tot, trung binh vd xiu), n, la tong sfl cdy CO phim chit tuang iing (tot, trung blnh vd xiu), N la tflng sfl cdy gd tdi sinh.
- Tiin hdnh phdn cdp chieu eao cay go tdi sinb: Vi cdy gfl Uen mii dd vfli sinh truoTig chdm nen chung tfli nghien eiiu chieu eao ciia cdy tdi sinh theo 4 cap (Cdp I: < 50 em; Cdp H: 50 -100 cm; Cdp IU: 100 - 150 cm; Cdp /K.>150cm).
- Nghien eihi hlnh tbdi phdn bfl cdy go tai sinh tren be mat dat thong qua xdc djnh khodng each tu mpt cay tdi sinh chpn ngdu nhien den cdy 6 gan nhit. Su dyng tieu chuin U (phan bfl chuan) eiia Clark vd Evans (Theo Biii The B6i) [2].
Bang 1. Td thdnh vd mgt dg cdy gd ldi sinh ciia thdm
V- (ryJi-O.syfn 0,26136
Trong do, r:-Gia Uj binh qudn ciia n Ian quan sat khoang each gan nbdt tu mpt cay dupc chpn ngau nhien; X: Mat dp cay go tai sinh tinh tren dan vj dipn tich (m^); n: S6 lin do khodng cacb giiia cdc cay gfl tai sinh (n > 30). Xac djnb kiiu phan bfl eua cayg6 tdi sinb: Niu -1,96 < U < 1,96: Phdn b6 ngdu nhien; U > 1,96: Phdn bd cdch diu; U
< -1,96: Phdn bd cym.
- Phuang phap nghien cuu ngufln goc cdy tai sinh: Ngufln goc cay tai sinh dupe xac dinh theo cflng thiic:
N% = —xIOO Ni N
Trong do, N% Id ti Ip phan Uam s6 cay co ngufln goc hgt hoac choi; Ni so cay co nguon goc hgt hogc choi; N la tflng so cdy tdi sinh.
- Dli lieu dupc thflng ke phan tich bing pban mim tinh todn cua tac gid Biii Mgnh Hung [3], [4].
KET QUA NGHIEN CXfU VA THAO LUAN cdu true to thdnh vd mgt dp cay go tdi sinh To thanh rirng Id chi tieu quan trpng de danb gid gid tri tai nguyen rimg, tinb da dgng thyc vgt. Kit qua ngbien ciiu tir 340 6 dang ban tren 50 6 tieu chuin va 18 tuyin dieu tra dupc the hien trong bang I:
thyc vgi rirng nui da vdi Cdm Phd, linh QudngNinh Thdm thung lung Tham chdn ndi Tham su'on vdch niii Tin lodi Ci% Ncdp/ha Ten lodi C,% NcSy/ha Tin lodi Ci% Ncay/ka 1 Sung h^ long
2 Si qua nho 3 B^i loi nhot 4 Sang 5
11,1 7,9 6,0 5,6
6 Cac loai khac (36) 69,2 Tong 40 100
484 350 264 249
3061 4403
Tra lam chieu May teo Tra b6 Ah Mang c\it Thirag mile
10,7 7,9 6,6 5,1 5,1 Cic loai khac (45) 64,6
SO 100
989 459 384 296 296 3396 5820
Sung ha long 16,2 Vong do myn coc 11,3
Sol 9,5 Spp 7,5
Cac loai khac (26) 55,5 30 100
199 139 116 92
685 1231
noang van Hai va Dtg Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHg 161(01): 133-138 Co 40 loai xuat hi^n d tham thyc vgt thung
liing mii dd vfli, Uong do co 4 loai tham gia vao cong thiic tfl thanh: Sung hg long (Ficus halongensis). Si qua nho (Ficus microcarpa), Btri lai nhcrt (Litsea glutinosa), Sdng (Sterculia lanceolata), Uong do Sung hg long (Ficus alongensis Gagnep) Id loai chiim ti Ie tfl thdnh cao nhat (11,16%). Trong 4 loai cay go tai sinh tham gia vao cflng thiic to thdnh, thi cbi co loai Sung ha long (Ficus halongensis) Id lodi dge hGu, vai mdt dp 484 cdy/ha.
0 chdn mii da vfli, thdm thyc vat c6 50 loai cay gfl tai sinh. Co 5 loai tham gia vao cong thiic tfl tbanh: Tra ldm chiiu (Hibiscus tiliaceus). May teo (Taxotropis macrophylla), Tra bo de (Thespesia populnea), Mang cyt (Plerospermum truncatolobatum), Thirng mirc (Wrightia laevis.), trong do Tra lam ehieu (Hibiscus tiliaceus) Id lodi chiim ti Ifi cao nhit (10,7%), vai mgt dp 989 cay/ha.
Tren suan vd vdch mii da vfli, thdm thyc vgt CO 30 lodi cdy gfl tai sinh, trong do co 4 lodi tham gia vao cflng thiic tfl thdnh: Sung ha long (Ficus halongensis), Vflng do myn coc (Alchornia tiliaefolia), Soi (Triadica rotundifolia) vd Spp (Ficus subpisocarpa), trong do Sung ha long (Ficus halongensis) la lodi ehiem ti le eao nhat 16,2%, vai mat dp 199 cdy/ha.
Cdu tnic thanh phan loai cua tbam thyc vdt Uen mli da voi Cim Phd co tinh da dgng thap, tinh uu the vdi mpt so lodi rit r5 ret. Cac loai cdy gfl tdi smh tham gia cau tnic to thdnh la cac loai it co gia trj kinh te, nhung co vai tro quan trong trong viec tao canh quan eho vinh Bai Tir Long.
Bang 2. Ngudn gdc vd phdm chat cdy gd tdi sinh
Nguon g6c va phdm chat cay gd tdi sinh Ngodi cdc chi tiSu ve mat dp, tfl thanh, thi nang luc tai sinh ciia cac loai cay go con dupc danh gid tbeo phim chat vd nguon gflc tai sinh.
Kit qua dieu tra (bang 2, hinh I) cho thiy cdy tai sinh co nguon gflc tii hgt bien dpng tir 74%
den 78%, trung binh Id 76%. Ddy Id dac diem tdi sinh thich nghi ciia cdc loai thuc vdt voi dieu kien ciia mii da vfli (So vai cay gfl tai sinh bang ehfli, cay mpc tir hat thuang co doi sflng ddi ban khd ndng chflng chiu vai dieu kipn ngoai canb tot ban).
Cdy go tai sinh co pham chat tflt bien dpng tir 30-58%, cay go tai sinh eo pham chat trung binh bien dpng tir 26-45%. Ket qud cho thay, phan Ion cdy go tai sinh co pham chat tot vd trung binh, vcii mat dp cay tai sinh chua cao.
Dgc diem nay rat co y nghTa trong vice dam bao su phat trien ben vSng cua thdm thuc vgt (bdng 2, hinh 1).
Suphan bo cdy go tdi sinh theo cdp chieu cao Quy luat phan bfl cay go tai sinh theo chieu cao khflng chi phan anh su sinh truong va phdt trien cua lop cay tdi sinh, ma con phan dnh tiem nang phyc hfli rirng.
Ket qud nghien ciiu cho thdy mat do cay go tai sinh chu yeu tap trung o' cap chieu cao ttr 50 -lOOcm (Uung binh 1297 cdy/ha), Tiep den la a cap cbieu cao tir 100 -150cm (trung binh 1055 cdy/ha). Roi den cap chieu cao >150cm (trung binh 813 eay/ha). Mat dp thap cay gfl tai sinh thap nhat a cap chieu cao < 50em (trung binh 649 eay/ha) (bdng 3, hinh 2).
trin cdc thdm thifc vgt rimg nul dd vdi Cdm Phd
Vj trf Tham thung lung Tham chSn nui Tham sutm va vach niii
Trung blnh
N c3y/ha 4408 5820 1231 3814
H^t 3458 4346 919 2908
Nguon Ti ]^ %
78,4 74,7 74,6 76,2
goc Choi
950 1474 312 906
Ti 1; % 21,6 25,3 25,3 23,8
Pham chat (%) Tot
49 58 30 45,7
Tb X^u 30 21 26 16 45 25 33,7 20,7
Hoang Van Hin va Dig Tap ciii KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE
Nguon goc cay lai sinh
=
RJ^ J'J
Hinh 1, Bieu do nguon ^oc \aphdm cln'il cdy gn ldi Mnh
Bani; 3. i'lidn ho cav go lai smh theo cdp chieu can cua cdc Ihani llinc vdi rimg trC'ii nui dd voi Cdm Pha
Vl tri Tham thung liing Thani chan nui Tham suan \ach nm
Trunji binh
Mat dp
4408 5820 1231 3814
Mat (1(1 (cdj/ha) ca>
Cdpl (< 50 cm)
X54 ')23 170 649
(50 g»
Cap 2 - 1 0 0 cm)
1386 2074 430 1297
tai sinh theo cdp ch Cdp 3 (100 'ISO cm)
1211 1568 386 1055
eu cao Cup 4 (>!50cm) 957 1237 245 813
2500 -1
2000
1500
1000 -
500
n
i i
-^•^
~ i
< 50cm
DThung IDng
• Chan nui
• Suon va vach nui
1
__
—150 - 100 cm 100 - 150 m > 150 cm
n
Hinh 2. Phdn bu so cdy >:6 ldi smh Iheo cap chilni cao
Hoang van Hai va Btg Tap chi KHOA Hpc & CONG NGHS 161(01): 133-138
TT 1 2 3
Bang 4. Phdn bo cdy go tgi sinh theo mgt phang ngm ngang Vitri
Tham thung liing Tham chan nui Tham sir6n vach niji
i.
0,4408 0,582 0,1231
r 0,84 0,55 0,19
U 1,39 -2,07 -10,9
Kieu phan bo Nglu nhien
Cum Cum Nhin chung, mat d$ cay go tat sinh trong
thdm tbirc vat rimg Uen nui da vfli a Cam Phd, tinh Qudng Ninh khong cao (trung binh dgt 3814 cay/ha). Trong khi do, cay gfl tai sinh Uong rung Uen nui da voi xa T\r Do (Cao Bdng) co mat d? 6.600 - 22.300 cdy/ba (Tran Hihi Vien (2004)) [8], [7], a riing niii dd vfli Tdn Hoa - Minh Hoa (Qudng Binh), cdy go tdi smh c6 mgt do 925- 14500 cay/ha (Biii The Doi, 2003) [2].
Ngodi ra, cdc lodi cay gfl tdi sinb Uong thdm th^rc vat rimg tren mii da vfli Cam Pha co s\r sinh truang chgm. Nhung cay go tai sinh c6 ehieu cao > 1,5m la nhiing cdy da vugt qua tang thdm tuai, ddy la nh&ng cdy tdi sinh co triin vong thay thi tdng cay gia cfli Uong tucmg lai. Ti Ie phan Uam tiem ndng tai sinh cua lam phan nghifin ciiu dat ti 1? thap (21%).
Dieu nay cho thay cau true tai sinh cua tham thirc vgt trSn mil da vfli ehua dugc bfln vung.
Nhu vay, trong tuong lai can tac dflng bang eae bien phap lam sinh de logi bo cdc cay tai sinh CO pham chat kem, logi bo cdc cay dgng than leo, tao di6u ki^n eho sy sudi truong va phat trien eua cdc cdy tai sinh.
Sif: phan bd cay gd tdi sinh theo m^t phdng namngang
Viee nghien cuu phan bo cay gfl tai sinh tren mgt phdng ndm ngang co y nghTa quan trpng Uong qua trinh danh gid kha ndng phyc hfli riing vd dieu chinh bdng xiic tiSn tai sinb eho phii hop.
K6t qud nghien ciiu cho thdy sy phan b6 cay go tai sinh a thung lung Id ngau nhien, dieu nay co thi giai thi'ch la do tham thyc vdt thung IQng eo dia hinh tuong doi bdng phang, CO tang dat kha ddy nen khi qud vd hgt rung xuong duge phan phoi ngau nhien trSn mgt dat. Ci dja hmh chan nui vd suon nui, cay go
tdi sinh CO kieu phan bfl cym, la do khi qua vd bgt khi rung xuong se co khuynh hudng tap trung ve nai thap hon (hdng 4).
Xet ve mat lam sinh, kieu phan bo cum chua tan dyng het khflng gian dinh duang ciia cay rimg, do do can phai co cdc bien phap ldm sinh tac dpng de dieu chinh cay gfl tai sinh dflng deu trong ldm phan.
KET LUAN
1. Tiiy theo vj tri dia hinh, cdy gfl tai sinh trong thdm thyc vgt rirng tren mii da voi cr Cdm Phd, tinb Quang Ninh co su bifln dgng ve so lodi cdy tdi sinh tii 30 den 50 loai, td thdnh cdy gd tdi sinh dao dpng tir 4 - 5 lodi, ve mgt do cay gd tdi sinh bien dong ttr 1231 dfln 5820 cdy/ha.
2. Trong tham thue vat rimg of khu vyc nghien eiiu, cae lodi cay chii yeu tai sinh bang hat (ti Ie Uung binh 76,24%). Ti le cay gfl tdi sinh bdng choi thdp (23,8%). Chdt Iugng cay gfl tai sinh tflt biln dgng tir 30 - 58%, cay gfl tdi sinh CO pham chat trung binh eo ti le 26-45%.
3. Cay gfl tdi sinh pban bfl tap trung cf cdp chilu cao tir 50 -lOOem (mat dp 430-2074 eay/ha). Su phan bfl cdy gfl tai sinh phu thuoc rdt Ian vdo vi Ui dia hinh (CJ thung IQng: kilu phan bo ngau nhien; C) chan mii va suan mii:
phdn bo cum).
4. Xet ed vl mgt dg, cau triic tai sinh theo cdc cdp chilu cao, thi nang lyc tai sinh ciia cdc loai cdy gfl trong tham thyc vat mii dd voi cr Cdm Phd can dugc xuc tiln tai sinh ty nhien.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Cyc thing ke tinh Quang Ninh (2013), Niin gidm thdng ke, Nxb Thong ke,
2. Biii The Doi (2003), "Cdu Uiic vd tai sinh ty nhien rimg Uen nui da voi a Tan Hoa, Minh Hoa, Qudng Binh", Tgp chi Ndng nghiip vd Phdt triin Ndng thdn, s6 3/2003, tr. 345-347.
137
Hoang VSn Hai vaf)/g Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ 161(01): 133-138 3. Biii Mgnh Hung (2012), Bdi gidng su dyng 7. Tran Hftu Vien (2004), "Nghien ciiu ca so SPSS di phdn tich sd liiu ldm nghiip, Truong Dgi khoa hgc nham xdy dyng cdc gidi phdp kinh te - kT hpc Ldm nghiep, thugt de quan II ben viing rimg trSn mii da voi"
4. Bdo Huy (2009), Thong ke lin hgc trong ldm De tdi dpc lap cip nhd nuoc 2001-2003, Tnrong
"ghiip, Tni6ng Dgi hgc Tdy Nguyen. Dai hpc Lam nghigp.
5. Nguyen NghTa Thin (2007), Cdc phuang phdp 8. Tran Hihi Vien (2004), Ca sd khoa hgc xdy nghiin ciru thyc vgt, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia. dyng cdc gidi phdp qudn li bin viing rimg trin nm 6. UBND tinh Qudng Ninh (2001), Dja chi ddvdidViiiNam,'H)Co'Hbngn^i^.p.
Qudng Ninh, Nxb The gidi.
S U M M A R Y
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O N R E G E N E R A T I O N O F T H E W O O D - S P E C I E S O F L I M E S T O N E V E G E T A T I O N I N C A M P H A C I T Y ( Q U A N G N I N H P R O V I N C E )
Hoang Van H a i ' ' , Nguyen The Hung^, Do Thi Ha^
Quang Ninh Department ofEducalion and Training
^ Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Errvironment
^Thai Nguyen College ofEducalion For multiple reasons, in recent years, the karstforest vegetation in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh province has been declining in both area and quality. This paper presents the research results regeneration capacity of Uee species in the forest vegetation on karst in Cam Pha town, Quang Ninh province through some basic criteria: composition and density sUucture the regeneration, the origin and quality of regeneration, regeneration disUibution (by level height and the distribution and under ground).
Keywords: Reforestation, Regeneration, Vegetation, Limestone, Cam Pha.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 24/12/2016; Ngdy phdn biin: 31/12/2016; Ngdy duyil ddng: 24/01/2017 Phdn bien khoa hoc: PGS. TS. Le Nggc Cong - Tnrdng DHSu phgm - DHTN
Tel: 0989.611.757; Email: hoanghaiqnl27@gmaila 138
