Vnh hu'dng cua ky thuat san xuat fen hieu qua ky thuat cua cac ho rong lua tai tmh Tra Vinh
NGGYEN HCfU DANG' Tom t^t
Nghien cUu sU dung Hdm sdn xudt biin Cobb - Douglas kit hop vdi hdm phi hieu qud ky thudt (technical inefficiency model) de xdc dinh dnh hudng cua ky thudt sdn xudt din hiiu qud ky ihudt cua cdc kg trong liia tai tinh Trd Vinh. Kit qud phdn tich cho thdy, hiiu qud ky thudt chung eua cde nhdm ho dao ddng trong khodng 58,46%-99,25%, trung binh Id 85,91%; cdc hg cd ling dung ky thudt, nhU: sg hdng. hogc sd dung gid'ng xde nhdn. hode dp dting bien phdp
"3 gidm - 3 tdng" cd hieu qud ky thudt cao hcfn cdc hd khdng Ung dung. Ben cgnh dd, trinh dd hge vdn, tham gia hiep hdi tgi dia phuang, tap hudn ky thudl cd tdc ddng tich cue di'n hiiu qud ky thudt cua ho ndi chung
Tit khda: ky thudt sdn xud't, tiip cdn ky thudt, hiiu qud ky ihudl, hdm sdn xudl btin. Tra Vinh Summary
Applying Cobb-Douglas frontier production function combined with technical inefficiency model, the research is to determine the effect of production techniques on the efficiency of rice farming households in Tra Vinh province. The analysis indicates that general technical efficiency ofthe households ranges from 58.46%-99.25%, registering an average of 85.91%;
households adopting techniques such as seeding, or using certified seeds, or applying technique "3 up - 3 down " are more efficiently than non-applied ones. In addition, the level of education, participation in local associations, technical training create a positive impact on their technical effieieney in general
Keywords: production techniques, technical approach, technical efficiency, frontier production function, Tra Vinh
DAT VAN DE
Tra Vinh la linh duyen hai Dong bang ing Ctfu Long, nam giffa sdng Tien va ing Hdu, ndn dtfdc phu sa bdi dap hdng im. Nam 2015, didn tich dd'i trdng lua la tinh Tra Vinh id 237.300ha, vdi sdn
•dng lua dat 1.353.900 ta'n, chid'm 5,51%
\ diln lich gieo trdng lua va 5,26% long in Itfpng ciia viing Ddng b^ng sdng Ctfu ong. Tuy nhien, vide sdn xud't Ilia ciia ih Trd Vinh chtfa thtfc stf phdi trien eo chieu sdu. Nang sua't lua binh qudn im 2015 eua Tinh dai 5,71 td'n/ha, Iha'p Jn so vdi ndng sua't Ida cua ede tinh, Itf: An Giang, Sdc Trang, Dong Thdp, du Giang...
Hien nay, vide dp dung ede tie'n bp loa hoc, ky thudt vao hoat ddng irdng
Ilia khdng chi gdp phan giam chi phi san xud't, nang cao nang sua'l va tao them thu nhdp ciia ndng hd, ma cdn gdp phan giam ihieu d nhidm mdi trtfdng, htfdng tdi viec tham canh san xua'l theo lidu ehuan GAP. Mue tidu eiia nghiSn etfu nay la phan tich ldc dpng ciia vide tfng dung khoa hpc, ky Ihual dd'n hieu qua ky thuat cua hd trdng Iiia lai tinh Tra Vinh.
c a S6 LY THUYET VA PHl/aNC PHAP NGHIEN CLTU
Ca sd ly thuyi't
Hilu qud ky thudt la kha nang dai nang suat ldi da dtfa tren cdc ye'u id san xua'l va ky thuat hidn ed (Coeili, T J., (1996)), nd phan anh tnnh dp ky Ihual cua ngtfdi san xud't trong viec stf dung eac ye'u to dau vdo trong qud trinh san xua'l. Dtfa tren ham san xua't can biSn (Hinh), hidu qua ky thudl la he so gitfa ndng sud't thtfe te (Y) tren nang sud't tdi da (Y*).
-[•Lfcjr iO?i hoc Can Thd I Email: [email protected]
.o\ nhdn bdi- 08/10/2017; Ngdy phdn bien:23/10/2017: Ngdy duyf t ddng;26/10/2017
HiMH: HIEU QUA KY THOAT DCfA TR6M DtfCiNG SAN XUAT BIEN NUag suit
—*• Nane3uSttciaa(Y*) , Su khdc biet gitta Y* and Y (Fhdn
phi hi^u qua ky thugt) Nang suit Ihuc te cda nong hO (Y)
BANG 1: D I I N QIAI CAC BIEN TRONQ HAM SAN XUAT BIEN NGAU tHHIEN
* VA HAM PHI HIEU QUA KY THUAT
''bi^if"! ^^^ ''*^'' 1 '''^" ^'^'
Hdm idn xudt liien (Frontier production function 1 X,
X, X, X|
X, X, x„
Dien lich GiS'ne Phan dam Phan mn Phan kail Thu6c nong dil^fc Lao c!6na Hdm phi hiSu aud kv ihudt
Z|
z.
z, z, z^ z, z.
z,, z„
Zlli Gidi linh Trinh do hpc van Kinh nghigm Ap dung sa h&ng Gionfi xdc nhan 3 fiiStn 3 tang Ap dung so mSu la liia Ap dune 4 ddng Tham Eia hifep h6i TSp huS^n
Dien lich dai cua h6 (ha) So lifdng gi6'ng su'dung (kg/ha) S6' lifdng phSn dam (kg/ha) So lifdng phSn ISn (kfi/ha) So lu-dne phSn kali (ke/ha)
Thuoc nfing du'dc (g/ha), diTdc tinh difa vao hoat chS't ciia cac loai thud'c co sQ' dung v^ dtfdc quy doi tifdng d^dng ra Ih^ ran theo C^ Ie 1 ml = I gr.
S6'lifdne na^v c6ne (ng4v cSne/ha) technical inefTictencv function) G\&\ tinh eua chu ho, bitfn aia (1 = nam; 0 = nil Trinh do hoc van cua chu hp (nam) du'dc do lu'dng bang s^
nam di hoc lif 0 den 21, tiic tif kh one biet chBden tien sl.
Kinh nghifim cua chu ho (nam) Ap dune sa hang. biS'n gia (1 = cd, 0 = khong) Ao dune eione xdc nhan, bifin gia (1 = c6; 0 = khong) Apdune "3 eiam3 lane". biS'n gia (1 =c6,0 = khac) Ap dung bon phSn theo bdng so mau id Ilia, bien gia {1 = co; 0= khong)
Ao dung phun Ihudc theo 4 diine.bi«i eid (l = c6;0 = khong) Thamgia t^ chu'c hiep hoi 6 dia phu'dng (1 =c6;0 = khong) Tham gia tdp huan ky thuat trong 03 nam gan nha't, bie'n eia (1 =c6; 0 = khong)
Mguon, Tong hop eua tar c|ia
Phuangphdp nghien cdu
Sdlieu: Trong nghidn cihi ndy, sd'lidu dtfde thu thdp bang each phong vd'n Irtfc liep 196 hd dan tr6ng liia lai 2 huyen cua tinh Tra Vinh la Clu Ke va Tieu Can. Moi huyen thu lh|p khoang 100 hd trong lua bdng phtfdng phdp chon mau ngdu nhien. Cac dtf lidu dtfdc thu thap bao gom, Itfdng stf dung eac yd'u to' dau vao, nang sua'l Ilia trong vu Ddng Xuan ndm 2015.
Phuang phdp phdn tich: Nghidn etfu ndy stf dung phtfdng phap tfde Itfdng mdt btfde dtfdc de xuat bdi Coelli, T., Rao, p.S.P. and Battese, G.' (2005). Trong dd, ham san xud't va ham phi hieu qua ky Ihuat vdi cac bid'n ddc lap lien quan den viec tfng dung tien bd ky thuat eQa ndng ho dtfdc tfde Itfdng dong ihdi bang frontier 4.1. Ham san xua't bi6n nglu nhien kd'l hdp vdi ham phi hieu qua ky thuat dang mo binh Cobb - Douglas nhtf sau:
InY=P„ + XplnXj, + ( V - U ) (1)
Trong dd:
Y^ la san Itfdng lua san xua'l cua hd i;
x', (j=l,2...,7) Id cdc ye'u l^ dau vdo Irong'san xud'l dtfdc md la d Bdng 1.
U^ trong cdng thtfe (1) la ham phi hieu qud ky thu^t (technical inefficiency function), hdm nay dtfde stf dung de gidi Ihich cae yeu td' anh htfdng de'n phi hieu qud ky thudl. Hdm nay ed dang sau:
10
TIE„ = U,= ,5„+I<5/,„ + ?„ (2) Trong dd:
TIE,^ la hd sd phi hidu qud ky thuat eua hd i;
Z,'0 = 1, 2..., 10) la cde yeu to dnh htfdng de'n phi hieu qua ky thuat hodc ngtfdc lai la hieu qua ky thudl, bao g6m ede y^u td^ anh htfdng d^n hidu qud ky thudt vd cdc bid'n gid, nham so sdnh hieu qua ky thuat gitfa cdc nhdm ho cd \Sag dung va khdng ihig dung ky ihuat san xudt dtfde md ti d Bang 1.
Vide Itfa chpn md hinh tfde Itfdng ham sdn xuCt bien ngau nhien theo md hinh Cobb-Douglas (cdng thtfc I) hoac theo md hinh Translog (cdng thtfc 1) dtfa tren ede lidu ehi: (i) Kd'l qud ki^m dinh LLR (Generalized Likelihood-Ratio Statistic);
(ii) So"Itfdng bien cd y nghia thd'ng kd; (iii) Tinh ttfdng Ihich vdi cac ly thuye't kinh te' ttf da'u cua cac hd so' tfde Itfdng; (iv) Hien ttfdng da cong tuye'n cQa md hinh.
Kiem dinh LLR dtfa vao gid tri A. dtfdc tinh bang cdng thtfc:
X = -2[(L (H„) - L (H^)Ki) Trong dd, L (H^) Id gid iri log- likelihood ciia md hinh Cobb-Douglas, L (Hp) la gia tri log-likelihood cua md hinh
Nd'u X > gia tri tra bdng "k^.^^^: MQ hinb translog tdt hdn Cobb - Douglas hoacngtfde lai.
Nd'u hd s6' p-0, Itfc d ^16^ > 0, ttfc chi sd'higu qua ky thual nho hdn 1, nghia la nang su^t/san Itfdng eua hd bi anh htfdng bdi ye'u l^ phi hieu qua ky Ihudt. Do vay, phtfdng phdp tfde Itfdng MLE phu hdp hdn OLS. Ne'u y = 0, ttfc hidu qui ky thuat bang 1, phtfdng phap OLS se dtfde stf dung va kbdng ton lai cdc ye'u to' anh htfdng de'n hieu qua ky thudt.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU VA THAO LUy\N
Tinh hinh Ung dung tie'n bg khoa hge, ky thugt
Vi ky thugt gidng: Bang 3 cho tha'y,
S 20,92% tdng s^ hd dtfdc khao sat 5 stf dung gid'ng xdc nhan, irong khi 9,08% stf dung gid'ng trdi noi hodc ttf han giong; cd 29,08% cd dp phtfdng hdp sa hang, irong khi gdn 71% con lai J- dung phtfdng phdp sa dai ira.
vl ky thudt chdm sdc: Bang 3 cho i^y, ed 14,80% td'ng so' hd dtfdc khao it c6 dp dung phtfdng phdp bdn phan leo bdng so mau la Ma. Bdn canh dd, 6 23,47% ndng ddn dtfde khao sal ed 3" dung phtfdng phdp "3 giam, 3 tang"
jidm Itfdng gid'ng, gidm Itfdng thud^c trtf lu bdnh, giam Itfdng phdn dam, tang ang sua't, tang chat Itfdng, lang hieu qua inh le) va chi 6,63% dp dung phtfdng hdp "1 phai, 5 giam"; chi cd 4,08% ap ung IPM, 15,53% dp dung phtfdng phdp hun thud'c 4 diing (ddng ihud'e, diing eu Itfdng, dung liic va diing cdch). Nhin hung, ty Id nong dan dp dung cdc lien bp y thudt trong cham sdc liia ndi tren deu hd Ihap.
Ndng sudt vd cdc yi'u tddau vao Bang 4 cho tha'y, Itfdng gid'ng trung inh dtfde stf dung eho mdl vu Ilia ciia dng ho d tinh Tra Vinh la 189,03 kg/
a, cao hdn so vdi khuye'n cdo stf dung Itfdng gidng dtfdc khuye'n cdo Id ttf 100- 20 kg/ha). Ltfdng phan dam, phan lan d phdn kali binh quan lan Itfdl la 98,53 g/ha, 83,16 kg/ha vd 36,45 kg/ha. Binh uan m6i hecla dien tieh trdng liia, nong 0 stf dung 1.958,12 gram thud'c nong tfde. Ngay cdng lao dong binh qudn ho boat dpng san xuS^t lua eua ndng hd 1 31,79 ngay/ha. Nang suat trung binh ija cac hp trong liia diitJc khao sdt la .587,65 kg/ha, trong dd, ndng suat cao hai la 7.692,13 kg/ha va nang sud'l iha'p hd't la 5.839,16 kg/ha.
Kit qud Udc litgng hdm san xudt biin Kit qud kiim dinh chgn md hinh ude tgng vd phuang phdp udc lugng
Gid tri ^ = 109,878 ldn hdn gid tri X a bdng x2 (47,667). Mac du, md hinh ranslog phii hdp hdn md hinh Cobb - louglas. Tuy nhien, dau cua he sd ciia ic bid'n irong md hinh Cobb - Douglas (dng thich vdi cae 1^ thuyel kinh Id' hdn id hinh Translog. Do dd, md hinh Cobb Douglas dtfdc chon de tfde Itfdng bp dtf du trong nghidn ctfu ndy.
Hd sd' y ciia md hinh bdng 0,947 cho lay, md hinh ion tai ede ydu td phi hidu Lid ky thuat, nang suS'l/sdn Itfpng cua hd liSng '. hi bi dnh htfdng bdi cac yd'u id au vdo, ma cdn bi dnh htfdng bdi cac
BAMG 3: TINH HIMH tfMG DCINQ cAC MO HINH KY TUQ^T SAN XUAT COA 196 HQ T R 6 N G LfJA Dtf^C KHAO SAT T^I TIMH TElA VINH STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
M& hinh khoa hQC ky thi4t Sa hanjr
Sif duns aiiinu xac nhan Bon phan theo bang so mau la lua Bien phap "3 eiim, 3 tang"
Bi6n Dhao " 1 phai, 5 dam"
Ouan 1« dich hai tone hdo (IPMl Phun thuoc BVTV theo 4 dune T6nzcOn&
Sfi' li^cfne ha titae dune N 57 41 29 46 13 8 35 196
%
29.08 20.92 14,80 23.47 6,63 4,08 17.86 100.00 BANG 4: CAC YEO T 6 DAG VAO VA NANG SUAT HQ TROMG LUATi^T TIMH TRA VINH ChJtiSu
Giong (kg/ha) Phan bon theo hoat chiiV Dam (kgflia) Lan (kgflia) Kali (kg/ha)
Thuoc nonp du'dc theo hoai chat (g/ha) Lao dgng (ngay cong/ha) Nang sua't (kg/ha)
Wn nhSCt 138,46 143 .OS 137,36 83,33 2,980.62 46,15 7.375,-38
Nho nha't 230,77 61,88 53.75 0 1,140,77 24,23 5.839,16
Trung binh 189,03 98.53 83,16 36,45 1.958,12 31,79 6.587,65
DO Ifch chulfca, 41,25 29.21 18.78 28.29 487,65 6,95 388,7!)
BANG 5: KET QUA tf(3c LdONG BANG PHdOMG PHAP MLE HAM SAN XUAT BJEN COBB - DOUGLAS VA HAM PHI HlgU QUA KY THUAT
CUA HO TRONQ LUA T/^l TINH TRA VINH fai$u
bie'n Ln(X ) Ln (X_) Ln (X'I Ln tX,) Ln (X.) Ln(X 1
Z, Z^
z, z,
^"
Ten bi^n
xudl l)ien (Fnntiu'i nroduction function
PhSn kail (kai
Thuoc none du'dc (hoai chiit) i.i)
Tham „ . ^ ^g. He se BO Ifch chua°n
Gi4 t r i t l\
",
[i- H
1!, P- B;
B:
Gidl tinh n=Nani.O=kliacl Trtnh do hoc van Inami Loai gid'ng (l=giong x^c nhan; 0=
Ap dung bi6n phSp "3 giam 3 tang"
Bon phan theo bang so mau la liia n-coapduneiOiskhdc) Phun thuoc BVTV theo 4 diing (l=c6 Tham eia hiep hoi (1 = co. 0 = khac) Tap hua'n (\-c6: 0=khacl
Hieu qud kv thuat trune binh i%)
d„
d d_
d:
d;
d j
d, d,
\
d, d,;
7,345"-'*
n.327**"
-0.098=^
-0 046^^
-0,073**
0.023***
-0.039**
0.015"' 0,16^
0.084 0.053 0.0'>9 0,031 0.008 0.015 0.014
45.38 3.90 -1.841 -1.62: -''.331 3,06( -2.58' 1.03'
1)
0.537***
-0.032"' -0.070*
-0.019"^
-0.197***
-0,061**
-0,108***
-0,033"' -0,056"' -0.083***
-0.1!9***
0.016***
0.947***
183.568 36.732 85.91':
0.18^
0.04C 0.04C 0.022 0.057 0,025 0.036 0,058 0,048 0.032 0.02' 0.00^
0.03 2.9r -0.64- -1.73: 0.87 -3.451 -2,49; -2,96: -0,56 -1,18 -2.60 -4,16 4.13 30.18
Ghi chti: f***J cM mUc dQ •$ nghia thdng ke 1%; (**j chi mdc do j nghJa tl 5%. (*) chi mUc dQ ;p nghia thdng ke 10%. vd ("') khdng cd y nghi thdng ke
Nguon Ket qua tinh toan lu •^o lieu dieu tra cua tar ,
dnd Forecasi Review 127
BAMG 6: PHAN PHOI MCfC HIEU QUA KY THUAT CUA N 6 N G HQ Hieuaui kv thnat (TE. %)
<70 70-<75 75-<80 80-<85 85-<90 90-<95 95-100 T^ng c6ne Trung binh Nho nhat Ldn nhS't Do lech chuan
.. So ho 11
8 21 19 37 68
Tv ttong (%t:
5.61 4,08 10,71 9,69 18,88 34,69 32| 16,33 196 100,00
85,91 58,46 99,25 9,37
yd'u to' phi hieu qua ky thuai. Do vay, phtfdng phap MLE phil hdp hdn phtfdng ph^p OLS.
Anh hudng cua k^ thugt sdn xudt de'n hieu qud ky thugt KS't qua tfde Itfdng bang phtfdng phap MLE cho tha'y, hidu qua ky thuat Irung binh eua eac ho trong liia d dnh Tra Vinh dtfde khdo sal Xk 85,91%, ham y la vdi cac nguon Itfc dau vao vl cae ky thual hidn co, thi san Itfdng cua hp con co kha nang tang them 14,09% (Bang 5).
Ket qua tfde Itfdng ham san xu2,'t bidn Cobb - Douglas cho iha'y, cac yen to' nhtf quy mo da't trong lua/ho va Itfdng phan kali deu cd cd he so dtfdng va cd f nghTa thdng kd d mtfe 1%, itfe cd quan hd cCing ehieu vdi nang sua't lua eua hd. Kd'l qua niy ham -y la, cic hd cd quy md dS't ldn hdn v^ eac hd bdn nhieu phan kali hdn, cd nang suS'l cao bdn cac ho khac. Ngtfdc lai, nghidn ctfu da phai hien, cac bie'n, nhtf: Ltfdng gid'ng giong Ilia, Ltfdng phan lan va Ltfdng thud'c ndng dtfdc cd he so am va cdy nghia thd'ng ke ldn Itfdt la 10%, 5%
va 5%, ttfc quan hd nghich ehieu vdi nang sua'l eua hd trong lua. Kd't qua nay ham y la, cac hd su" dung nhilu Itfdng gid'ng hdn, cae hd bdn nhilu phSn lan hdn va cdc ho suf dung nhieu Itfdng thud'c nong dtfdc hdn, ed nang sua't thap hdn cae hp khac.
Phdn phdi cua hiiu qud ky thudt
Bing 6 cho tha'y, cd stf bid'n thien Idia ldn vi chi so hieu qua ky thuat giii'a cac ndng hd tr6ng lua d linh Tra Vinh, dao ddng itf 58,46% den 99,25%. Cd 16,33% sd' hd dtfdc khdo sal dat hieu qua ky ihull ttf 95% trd len. Da so eae ho (34,69%) dtfdc khao sat dat hieu qua ky thuat ttf 90% den dtfdi 95%. Chi cd mdl so hd (5,61%) dat hieu qua ky thuat tha'p hdn 70%. Kd'l
qui nay eho thay, phin ldn cic nong hp trong Ilia tai dia ban khao sdt nam bat td't ky thua,t sdn xua't.
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHj Kd'l qua tfde Itfdng eho thay, hidu qud ky thuat eua cac hp trong lua bid'n dgng trong khoang 58,46%-99,25%, trung binh Xk 85,91%, vdi ngu6n Itfc vd ky thuat hidn cd, nSng suS't cira hp trong lua cdn cd kha nang tang thdm 14,09%.
Ben canh dd, nghien ctfu da phdt hien cac ye'u to, nhtf: quy mo da'tAi6, ltfdng phdn kali ed lae ddng lich ctfc de'n nSng suat lua. Ngtfdc lai, Itfdng gid'ng, Itfdng phan Ian va thudc nong dtfdc cd tdc ddng ngtfdc ehieu vdi nang sul't.
KS't qua phan tich dnh htfdng cua Ichoa hpc, ky thudt de'n hieu qua ky thuat cho thay, cdc ho cd tfng dung ky thudl, nhtf: sa hang, hoac su" dung gid'ng xac nhdn, hoac ap dung bidn phap "3 giam, 3 tang" cd hidu qua ky thuat cao hdn cdc ho khdng tfng dung. Ngodi ra, Trinh dd hpc vd'n, Tham gia hdi, doan th^ tai dia phtfdng, Tdp huan ky thuat cd tac ddng Heh ctfc de'n hieu qud ky diuat cua hp ndi chung.
Tif ket qud iren, de tang hidu qua ky Ihudl gdp phdn tang nang sua'l, nghidn etfu de xud^t ddi vdi cac hp trong liia can dp dung phtfdng phdp sa hang, ap dung gid'ng xae nhdn, dp dung "3 gidm, 3 tSng", tham gia tdp huan va Iham gia cac hpi, dodn the tai dia phtfdng. Chinh quyln dia phtfdng edn tang etfdng td chtfc ede ldp ldp hua'n ky thudt, tang etfdng cdng tdc khuyen ndng, tie'p xuc itf vdii ky thudt eho ndng hd, tang etfdng luyen truyin van dpng ndng dan van dung cdc ky thudt sijf dung phdn bdn, thud'c ndng dtfde; tid'p tuc nang eao ehd'l Itfdng hoat ddng eua cac hdi, dodn the dia phtfdng;
va hd trd, tao dieu kien cho cdc boat dpng san xua'l, phan phd'i gidng xdc nhan den ndng ddn.Q
TAI LI^U THAM KHAO
1. Tong Cue Thd'ng ke (2016). Niin gidm Thdng ki 2015, Nxb Thdng Ke
2. Battese, G.E., (1992). Frontier production functions and technical efficiency: A survey of empirical applications in agricultural economics. Agricultural Economies, 7: 185-208
3. Coelli, T., Rao, D.S.P. and Battese, G. (2005). An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivy Analysis (2nd Edition), Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
4. Coelii, T.J., (1996). A Guide to FRONTIER Version 4.1: A Computer Program for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function Estimation,CenteTioxEt^ic\Gncy andVroducWvWy \na\ys.i?..
University of New England, Armidale
