VE MOI QUAN HE GlC A QUYEN TU DO KINH DOANH VA TRAT TU C 6 N G CONG HAY CAC
NGUYEN TAC CO BAN CUA PHAP LUAT
PHAN HUY
H 6 N G* NGUYEN THANH TU **
1. Dat van de nay ciing thyc tien hom, vi nhdn thirc vd ty Quydn ty do kinh doanh la mdt trong do thudng chi trd ndn diy dii ban khi chii the nhung quydn co bdn (fundamental rights) cua cua quydn dd cham vao hay vugt qua mdt con ngudi, thudc "quydn dugc song, quydn gidi hgn nhit djnh do nhd nudc dat ra, cd the ty do vd quydn muu cdu hgrtii phuc".' Ciing bang mdt didu cam hoac bang mdt nguydn nhu cdc quydn ty do khdc, quyen ty do kinh tdc co bdn cua phdp luat.
doanh ciing chju cdc gidi han, ngogi Id nhdt O Viet Nam quydn ty do kinh doanh dugc djnh. Nd cd thd bj gidi hgn bdi chinh quydn Hidn phdp ghi nhdn vd bdo hd bang quy djnh ty do kinh doanh cua ngudi khdc, ciing nhu "Cdng dan cd quydn ty do kinh doanh theo chju gidi hgn bdi cdc quydn ty do khdc. Cd quy djnh ciia phdp ludt" ^ Nhung ngay frong thd xdc djnh ndi ham cua quydn ty do kinh quy djnh ndy ciing chiia dyng sy gidi ban ddi doanh theo cdch xdc dinh chii thd cua quydn vdi quydn ty do kinh doanh, dd la ty do "theo ndy dugc ldm cdi gi, hodc theo cdch frd ldi quy dinh cua phdp ludt" Nhidu y kidn cho cdu hdi chu tbl dd khdng dugc lam cdi gi. ring, "ty do kinh doanh la dugc lam tat cd Quydn ty do bao hdm frong dd quydn sdng nhung gi luat phdp khdng cam" Dieu do cd tao ciia chu thd quydn vd phu thudc vdo sy thd diing vd mat ngdn tir, nhung ve mat ndi phdt triln cua xd hdi. Bdi vdy vide xdc djnh dung didu dd chi cd thd diing nlu quy djrtii chii thd dd dugc ldm cdi gi dudng nhu Id cdng cim ciia phdp luat la ludn ludn diing. Nhung vide khdng cd hdi kit thiic. Cdch tdt ban la thyc tidn cho thiy khdng phdi quy djnh cim xdc djnh cdc gidi ban, ngoai Id cua nd.^ Didu (ciia phdp luat) ma co quan nhd nudc cd tham
*TS, Luat hpc, Tmdng Dai hpc Luat TP. H6 Chi quyln ddt ra Id ludn ludn diing. Chdng phdi vi Minh. vdy md chung ta ludn phdi rd sodt phdp luat
** TS, Luat hpc, Vu Phdp luat qudc tg, Bp Tu Phdp. , ^^^^ y^ j^j ^^^^ ^^ ^.^ ^.^g ^^^ j-^j^ ^^
Bdi viet chi phdn dnh quan diem cd nhdn cua tac gia. •; ' , v X , . i ^ x , A ' Xem Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua Viet Nam nam 1945 noi chung hay frong mgt nen kinh te chuyen vd Tuyen ngdn ddc lap ciia Hoa Ky nam 1776. DiSu ddi ndi ridng thi mdt le ty nhidn Id mdt didu 16 Hiln chuomg vk cdc quySn ca bdn cua Lien minh c4m cd tbl hdm qua cdn hgp ly nhung hdm chau Au (EUCFR) thua nhan quyln tu do kinh doanh ^g ^^ ^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^ j ^ ^^^ ^^^ y^^^^
(freedom to conduct a business) la mot trong nhung ^. , , , ,,. », - , .v-,, «^i x , quygn co bdn cua cdng dan. ^Oi ham cua "dao due xa hgi , thuan phong
'^ Tuong tu, ddin phdn hay cam kit trong thuang mai my tyc", "lgi ich xa bgi" hay "lgi ich cdng qu6c tl dang chuySn tu md hinh "chpn cho" (dua ra danh cdng" chiia dung frong cdc nguydn tdc ca bdn sdeh cac hoat ddng thuang mai duac phep: positive list), ; ^ ' ^ .,. , ,',„ „x^ „,„,s», nhu trong T6 chd? 111^4 mai thi gidi (WTO) hay cdc cua phap lugt tgo nen gioi hgn cua cac quyen hiep djnh thuang mai tu do khu vuc (FTA) trudc day, ty do (quydn con ngudi, quydn CO bdn) ndi sang md hinh "chpn bd" (dua ra danh sdeh cdc hoat ddng ^^ ^^ A^ ^ ^jo 1^^^ doanh ndi ridng la tiiuong mai khdng duac phep: negative list), nhu trong 2; -i^-^ • , dam phdn Hira dinh Ddi tdc xuyen Thdi Binh Duong ' Dieu 57 Hien phdp 1992, sda doi, bo sung nam (TPP) dang di&i ra. 2001 (sau day: Hidn phap 1992)
60 TAP CHi KHOA HQCPHAPLYS6 1/2012 khdng bit biln. Nhu vgy, de dam bao rang td, sy bdo luu trgt ty cdng cdng cho phep quydn ty do kinh doanh hiln djnh dugc tir choi cdng nhan vd cho thi hdnh quylt thyc thi trong mgt xa hgi, mgt nen kinh te djnh ciia tda dn hay phdn quydt ciia trong chuyin ddi nhu Vipt Nam hipn nay, chung tdi nudc ngodi nlu nhu viec cdng nhdn va ta cin tim ra cdc nguyen tic cd gid tri ben cho thi hdnh cdc quylt djnh hay phdn quylt virng dh xdc dinh dugc ngi hdm hay gidi dd mau thuan vdi cdc nguydn tdc co bdn ban ciia quyln ty do kinh doanh (cung nhu ciia phdp lugt trong n u d c ' Trong phdp luat quydn con ngudi, quyen co bdn ndi chung). xa hgi chii nghTa ciing nhu phdp ludt d cdc Chl qua dd chiing ta mdi cd thi xay dyng qudc gia cd "xu hudng xa hgi chu nghia", dugc mgt h^ thong phdp lugt kinh tl minh khai nipm "cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn ciia bgch, nhit qudn ma cac chii thi cd quyen cd phdp ludt" {fundamental principles of law) thi dy lieu dugc dd phdt huy quydn ty do thudng dugc dimg thay thd khdi nidm frat kinh doanh cua minh. ly cdng cgng. Nhung nhdn thue phdp ly vl Trdn co sd cdc y tudng nhu vgy, bdi vilt cdc nguydn tdc co bdn cua phdp lugt trong nay se tap trung phan tich mgt so khia canh phdp ludt xd hgi chii nghTa khdng hodn todn cua quyln ty do kinh doanh vdi tu cdch Id tuong ddng vdi nhdn thirc phdp ly vd trdt tu quydn co ban ciia con ngudi tir gdc do cdc cdng cgng d cdc nudc phuang Tdy. O Vipt gidi ban, ngoai Id cua nd. Chiing tdi se sir Nam, thudt ngu "trdt ty cdng cdng" mdi chi dyng mdt sd bdn dn cd chgn Igc cua Tda dugc dd cap trong cdc tdi lieu khoa hgc. Van dn Tu phdp Lidn minh chdu Au (CJEU, bdn phdp ludt lai thudng sii dyng thuat ngii trudc ddy Id ECJ) phdn quydt vd cdc van "cdc nguydn tdc co bdn cua phdp luat Viet de lien quan ddn quydn ty do kinh doanh Nam" Bdn than Hidn phdp Viet Nam khdng trong khudn khd phdp ludt Lidn minh chau sir dung thudt ngir "nguydn tdc co bdn", Au (EU) va truydn thdng hidn phdp cua cdc nhung Id dao ludt co cua Viet Nam* ndn cdc nude thanh vidn ciia Lidn minh ndy* dd xem nguydn tdc dugc the hipn frong dd ddu dugc xet cdch gidi quydt van dd cua hg, vdi xuat coi Id cdc nguydn tdc co bdn, thudng dugc phdt rang chiing cd gid trj tham khdo ddi ggi Id cdc nguydn tdc hidn djnh. Tuy nhidn vdi nhdn thiic phdp ly vd quydn ty do kinh ' Vi dy, khodn 2 Dilu 5 Cdng udc New York vg doanh d Viet Nam. cdng nh^n va thi hanh phan quylt cua trpng tai nudc
2. Vai tro cua "trat ty cdng cgng" hay "6°^' quy djnh: "Vi^c cdng nhan vd cho tiii hdnh m6t M-A« „»...,A„ *x« «^ K;;- .».'.„ ..uA^ i..A*« Ph^n quyet trpng tdi cd the bi tu chdi, neu ca quan co
"cac nguyen tac co ban cua phap luat , ^ i . ^ , . , . I .. ^
^ / . T j ' t ^"^"^ quyen cua nuoc noi phan quyet trpng tai duoc
"Trgt ty cong cgng (public order hay ^in cdng nh^n vd cho thi hdnh cho rdng. vi^c cong ordre public) ban ddu Id khdi nidm dugc sir nhan ho^c cho thi hdnh phan quylt Id trdi vdi trat tir dung trong tu phdp qudc tl vd cdng phdp ^^"g ^^ng cua nudc minh" Tuy nhien khdi niem trat qudc tl, nhdm chi cde gid tri ndn tdng trong '^ f ?f .'=^"f ^ " ^ / j ' f ^f.> f ^ ^ ^ '^"^ f"^^
^ ^ , , , ^ L' X A each khac nhau. No cd the dupe dmh nghia la cac mgt nha nuoc. Trong tu phap quoc te, sy nguygn tic phdp ly ca ban, sy trech khdi nd dugc coi bdo luu trdt ty cdng cgng dugc hidu la ludt la trai vdi h? thing phdp luat vd kinh tl cua qu6c gia;
nudc ngodi se khdng dugc dp dung nlu luat hay mpt quyet dinh se vi pham tr$t tu cdng cpng ngu dd trdi vdi cdc nguydn tdc co bdn cua phdp "6 mdu thudn vdi khdi niem ca ban vl cdng ly, d6i l^P
, ° , ^ , , X vai tieu chuan dao due ho^c mau thuan vdl cac nguyen lugt frong nuoc. Con trong cong phap quoc tdc gid trj qudc gia hoac kinh tl ca ban nhit.
; ^ ^ ' Ve vj fri cua Hien phdp Id "Luat ca ban cua Nha
" Cy thi: Hiep djnh vl Lign minh chdu Au (TEU), nudc" xem them: Bko Tri Uc, Hien phdp tron^ ddi Hiep dinh ve hoat dpng cua Lien minh chau Au (TFEU), sdng xa hgi vd qudc gia, trong: Van Phdng Quoc h$i 2008 OJ C 115/01, va Hien chuang vl cdc quyln ca bdn - T^p chi Nghien cdu lap phdp, Bdn vi Icip hien, Nxb.
cua Lien minh chau Au (EUCFR), 2000 OJ C 364/01. Lao Ddng, Hd Npi 2010, tr. 10.
Hiln phap chi quy djnh mdt each trye tilp mot sd it nguydn tac nhu "nguyen tac tap trung dan chii" trong td chiic vd boat ddng ciia bd may nha nudc (Didu 6), "nguydn tac phd thdng, binh dang, trye tidp vd bd phidu kin" trong bau cir (Didu 7), "nguyen tdc tir nguydn, dan chii vd ciing cd lgi" trong kinh tl tap thd (Didu 20), "nguyen tac tdn trgng ddc lap, chii quydn vd cung cd lgi, bao vd va thiic day sdn xuat trong nudc" trong boat ddng kinh tl ddi ngoai (Didu 24), "nguydn tic ty nguydn, tidn bd, mdt vg mdt chdng.
vg chdng binh dang" trong hdn nhan (Didu 64). Nhung ddng thdi Hidn phdp trao quydn cho Qudc hdi quydt djnh "nhirng nguydn tic chii ydu vd td chiic va boat ddng cua bd mdy Nhd nudc, vd quan he xa hdi va boat ddng cua edng dan" (Didu 83). Tuy nhidn theo chiing tdi, cdc nguydn tac hidn djnh khdng chi thd hidn d cdc quy djnh ndu dich danh cac nguydn tac ndu trdn. Cdc quy djnh vd quydn va nghia vy ca bdn cua cdng dan ciing chiia dyng cdc nguydn tdc hidn djnh.
Chdng ban quy djnh tgi Didu 57 Hidn phdp, theo dd "cdng dan cd quydn ty do kinh doanh theo quy djnh cua phdp ludt" chira dyng mdt nguydn tac hidn djnh. Didu dd con the hidn d chd mdt loat cdc quy djnh vd nguydn tac co bdn trong Bg luat Dan sy 2005, Ludt Thuang mai 2005 hay quy djnh vd quyln ciia doanh nghiep trong Ludt Doanh nghidp 2005 Id sy cy thd hda quydn ty do kinh doartii ciia cdng dan. Trdn co sd dd, cdc dao ludt cd pham vi didu chinh vd ddi tugng dp dyng rdng ldn, tdc dgng ddn cac thilt chd nha nudc vd xa hdi quan trgng ddu cd quy djnh vd "cdc nguydn tac co bdn"
Bd luat Dan sy 2005 quy djnh cdc nguydn tdc CO bdn nhu: "nguydn tac ty do, ty nguydn cam kit, thda thuan" (Didu 4), "nguydn tdc binh ding" (Didu 5), "nguydn tdc thidn chi, trung thyc" (Didu 6), "nguydn tie chju trdch nhidm dan sy" (Didu 7), "nguydn tdc tdn
trgng dao dire, truyen thdng tdt dep" (Didu 8), "nguyen tac tdn trgng, bao vd quydn dan sy" (Didu 9), "nguyen tac tdn trong lgi ich cua Nha nudc, lgi ich cdng cdng, quyen va lgi ich hgp phap cua ngudi khac" (Dieu 10),
"nguyen tdc tuan thu phdp luat" (Didu 11), vd "nguydn tdc hda gidi" (Didu 12).
Luat Thuang mai 2005 la dao luat didu chinh boat ddng thuang mai, la boat ddng ma qua dd cac quan he phap luat giua nhd nudc va thuang nhan cung nhu giira thuang nhan vdi thuong nhan (quan he dan sy theo nghTa rdng) dugc xac lap, thyc hidn, cung quy djnh mdt sd nguydn tac ca bdn nhu:
"nguydn tdc binh dang trudc phap ludt cua thuang nhan trong hoat ddng thuang mai"
(Didu 10), "nguydn tdc ty do, ty nguydn thda thuan trong boat ddng thuang mai"
(Didu 11), "nguydn tdc dp dung thdi quen trong boat ddng thuang mai dugc thidt lap giiia cdc ben" (Didu 12), "nguyen tac dp dung tap quan trong boat ddng thuang mai"
(Didu 13), "nguydn tdc bdo vd lgi ich chinh ddng ciia ngudi tieu dimg" (Didu 14), va
"nguydn tdc thira nhan gid trj phap ly ciia thdng diep du lieu trong boat ddng thuang mai" (Didu 15).
Cdc nguydn tdc co bdn trong cdc dao luat khdng chi la kim chi nam cho hdnh vi ciia cac ddi tugng chju sy didu chinh cua luat dd, md cdn - tham chi trudc hdt - Id kim chi nam cho chinh cdc boat ddng ciia Nhd nudc, bao gdm boat ddng lap phdp, hdnh phdp vd tu phdp. Trong mdt dao luat nhu vay, cdc quy djnh cdn lai chinh la sy cy thd hda cac nguydn tdc co bdn vd nham thidt lap ndn cdc co chl dl cdc nguydn tac co ban do dugc thyc thi. Nhidu nguydn tdc co bdn ciing ddng thdi ghi nhan cdc quydn ty do CO ban ciia cdng dan. Cdc nguydn tdc nhu vay thudng tbl hidn mdt each khdi qudt ndi hdm, bao gdm cdc gidi han ciia quyen ty do.
Nhu nguydn tdc ty do cam kit, thda thuan thd hidn "quydn ty do cam kit, thda thudn
62 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP L Y SO 1/2012 tfoiig \ ice x;ic hiip quyC'ii va ngliTa vi,i diin sir
dugc phap hiat bao dam" neu cam kcl, thda thuan do khong \ i pham tlicu cam cua phap luat, klidng trai tiao chic ,\a ligi.^
Ben canh cac chuc nang neu Ircn, cac nguyen tiie eo ban ghi nhan trong Hien phiip eung nhu eae dao Uiat edn eo ehirc niing la rao chan ddi vdi vice ap dtjng phap luat nude ngoai eiing nhu trong vice cdng nhan va cho thi hanh cac ban an, quyet dinh ciia tda an hay trong tai nude ngoai thdng qua sir bao luu tint tu cdng egiig. () Viet Nam, su bao luu trat tir edng egng dugc the hien trong phap luat diin su va thu(7ng mai dudi dang quy dinh: " I'rong trudng hgp Bg luat nay, eae van ban phap luiit khac cua ( o n g hda xa hdi chii ngliia Viet Nam hoac dieu vxoc quoc tc ma Cdng hda xa hoi chii nghia Viet Nam la thanh vien dan chieu den vice ap dung phap luat nude ngoai thi phap luat cua nude dd dugc ap dung, neu vice ap dung hoac hau qua ciia viec ap dung khong trai \ di cac nguyen tac ca ban ciia phap luat Cdng hda xa hoi chii nghla Viet Nam'V hay
"Cac ben trong giao dich thuang mai ed yeu td nude ngoai dugc thda thuan ap dung phap luat nude ngoai, tap quan thuang mai qudc te neu phap luat nude ngoai, tap quan thuang mai qudc te dd khdng trai vdi cac nguyen tac ca ban ciia phap luat Viet Nam" ' 3. Quyen tu do kinh doanh va trat ty cong CQHg
Trong phap luat Viet Nam, quyen tir do kinh doanh ciia cdng dan la mot quyen tir do hien dinh; va theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi, cac quyen tu do ndi chung va quyen tu do kinh doanh ndi rieng cQng la cac nguyen tac co ban cua phap luat.'" Nhung
' Xem Di^u 4 Bp luat Dan su 2005.
* Khoan 3 Didu 759 Bp luat Dan sir 2005.
' Khoan 2 Dieu 5 Luat Thuang mai 2005.
'" ECJ (nay la CJEU) ciing nhin nhan cac quyen co ban cua cong dan EU la thuoc ve cac nguyen tac co ban ciia phap luat EU. Xem: Case C-36/02, Omega, [2004] ECR-I 9609, doan 33.
theo Hi6n phap thi noi ham ciia quyen tir do kinh doanh dugc xac dinh theo "quy dinh cua phap luat" Iheo quy dinh ciia Luat Doanh nghicp 2005 thi ''Kinh doanh la viec thue hien lien tyc mot, mot sd hoac tat ca cac edng doan cua qua trinh dau tu, tir san xuat den tieu thu san pham hoac cung img djch vu tren thj truang nham muc dich sinh Igi" (khoan 2 Dieu 4). Nhu vay, hoat dong thuang mai cung la kinh doanh, bdi vi Luat Thuang mai 2005 dinh nghia "hoat dong thuang mai la boat dgng nham muc dich sinh Igi, bao gom mua ban hang hda, cung ung dich vu, dau tu, xuc tien thuang mai va eae boat dgng nham muc dich sinh Igi khac" (khoan I Dieu 3 j . Ca hai luat nay deu nhiim cu the hoa quyen tu do kinh doanh hien dinh, nhung khdng chi bao gdm nhimg gi cdng dan (\a cac hinh thirc td chuc ctia hg) dugc lam, ma ca nhiing dieu hg khdng dugc lam hoac chi dugc lam dudi nhimg dieu kien nhat dinh. Vay can cu ctia nhung quy dinh cam doan hay dat dieu kien dd la gi? Phai chang cac thiet che lap phap (Qudc hdi) \ a lap quy (Chinh phii) dugc tu do hanh ddng, bdi vi ho dugc trao eho cac quyen do'.' Phai chang tu do kinh doanh (chi) la dugc lam tat ea nhung gi phap luat khdng earn? Phai ehang dieu cam theo quy dinh ctia luat va van ban dudi luat la luon luon dung, vi nha nude la thiet che dai dien cho nhan dan \ a luon luon hanh dgng vi Igi ich eiia nhan dan?
Theo cluing tdi thi ke ca trong mot nha nude thuc sir "eua dan, do dan va vi dan"
thi hanh dgng ciia nha nude cung khdng the luon luon diing, vi nha nude hanh dgng thong qua nhiing con ngudi cu the, ma con ngudi thi luon cd th6 sai l§m. Bdi vay, cSn cd nhiing tieu chi, nguyen tac cho hanh dgng cua nha nude, hay ndi each khac tinh dung dan cua hanh dgng ciia nha nude luon phai dugc do bing thudc do la cac nguyen
tic ca ban ciia phap luat. Nhu da 6h cap, y^ tinh hgp hien ciia cac bien phap ciia cac viec xac dinh ndi ham cua mot quy§n tu thilt che nha nude. Ban than cac ca quan do thuc chat la viec xac dinh cac gidi han, lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap khi thuc ngoai le ciia nd. Bdi vay, viec nha nude bao hien chtic nang, nhiem vu cua minh luon dam quyen tir do chinh la viec nha nude dat phai xem cac nguyen t k ca ban ciia phap ra khudn kho ma trong kliudn khd dd chu luat hay trat tu cdng cdng la kim chi nam thi ciia quyen tu do dugc tu do phat huy tdi cho hanh dgng cua minh.
da quygn dd. Va vi vay viec dat ra khudn Dudi day chung tdi dh cap dSn phan quyk khd cho mot quyen tir do khdng phai cai gi Omega'- ciia Tda an Tu phap chau Au (ECJ, khac ngoai sir han che quyen tu do dd. nay la Tda an tu phap ciia Lien minh chau Cau hdi Idn dugc dat ra la ea sd nao dc Au [CJEU]) lien quan din q u y k tu do cung han che mot quyln tu do ciia cdng dan? cAp dich vu trong EU va tinh phu hgp ciia Theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi, mot quyen cac bien phap han chi ciia cac nude thanh tir do chi dugc gidi han mot each phii hgp vien vdi cac quy dinh cua Hiep dinh ciia EU.
vdi ban chat ciia nd trong chung muc su Cac trinh bay va phan tich vc phan quylt thuc thi quyin tu do dd klidng xam pham nay nh^m cung ckp kinh nghiem cho chiing din cac quyen tu do (quyin con ngudi hay ta trong viec tuang tu la xem xet tinh hgp quyin ca ban) khac. Viec dh ra cac nguyen hiln hay tinh phii hgp vdi cac nguyen t k t5c ca ban cua phap luat chinh la each thuc ca ban ciia phap luat cua mot bien phap nha ma nha nude dam bao cho cac quyin tu do nude tac ddng din quyin tu do kinh doanh dugc tdn tai ben nhau va cung phat huy. cua cdng dan Viet Nam.Vu viec Omega cd Vay, khi dat ra gidi han ddi vdi mot quyen thi dugc tdm tSt nhu sau:
tu do, chii the de ra gidi han dd phai xem Nguyen dan (Cdng ty Omega Spielhallen- xet den mdi tuang quan giira bien phap gidi und Automatenaufstellungs GmbH, qudc han va cac nguyen tac ca ban ciia phap luat. tich Diic) van hanh mot he thdng trd chai Tuy nhien, y thiic hanh ddng phu hgp vdi cd ten "trudng bin laser" He thdng nay cac nguyen tac ca ban cua phap luat khdng trang bi loai thiet hi dugc su dung cho "the hoan toan loai bd dugc thuc te la cac bien thao laser", trong dd cd mot thiet bi bao phap han che quyen tu do dugc de ra van cd gdm may ban tia laser giong nhu loai siing the trai vdi mot nguyen tac ca ban nao dd va may va thiet bi cam bien cd the dugc dung xam pham den hat nhan cua quyen tu do dd. tren cac dudng ban hoac gan tren cac ao Nhu da de cap, con ngudi la chu the hanh khoac ma ngudi chai mac vao. Vi thiet bi dong nhan danh mot thiet che nha nude luon nay td ra khdng dap ung dugc yeu cau ciia CO the mac sai lam. Bdi vay, can cd mot thiet trd chai nen Nguyen dan da sii dung mot che kiem soat cac bien phap han che quyen thiet bj do cdng ty Pulsar Advance Games tir do hien dinh ciia cdng dan. Ngay nay, System Ltd (cdng ty Pulsar), qudc tjch Anh, gidi khoa hgc phap ly d Viet Nam dang ban cung c4p. Tuy nhien mot bd phan dan cu da luan kha soi ndi ve mot thiet che bao hien [gn tilng phan ddi trd chai nay. Dau nam dudi hinh thuc tai phan hiln phap." Nhung 1994 Bj dan (Thi trudng thanh phd Bonn, theo chiing tdi, tai phan hien phap (chi) la Due) da yeu cau Nguyen dan cung cap mot tai phan tdi cao, la budc kiem tra cudi cung ban md ta chinh xac dien bien trd chai bang ii~rZ n ~ ' u- • - • 1 - ^„or. trr>nci- V3n hc thdng thiet bi "trudng ban laser" nay va
iham khao cac bai viet lien quan trong. van "v & . t> J phong Qudc hpi - Tap chi Nghien curu lap phap, Bdn '2 C-36/02, Omega, [2004] ECR1-9609.
64 TAP CHi KHOA HQC PHAPLtSO 1/2012
sau do, vdo ngay 22/2/1994, da thdng cho khdng cdo phuc thim cua Nguydn don tdi Nguyen don bdng van ban vc y djnh ring Tda dn hanh chinh thugng tham cua bai^
sc ra quyet djnh cim trong trudng hgp dd Nordrhein-Westfallen cung bj tda dn ndy la melt "tid chai gict ngudi" Vdo ngay bdc bdng bdn dn ngdy 27/9/2000. Tidp do
18/3/1994 Nguyen dan tra ldi Bi dan rang Nguydn don da dp don xin xdt lgi bdn dntoi a trd chai nay ngudi choi chi nham bdn Tda dn hdnh chinh Lidn bang (Diic). Lap triing vdo thiet bi cdm irng dugc gdn chat luan cho don xin xet lai bdn dn, bdn canh trdn dudng bin ma thoi. Sau khi Bj dan xdc mgt loat cdc ly do xet lgi bdn dn, Nguydn djnh ring d trd choi nay myc dich cua trd don cdn neu rdng quylt djnh bj khilu nai chai trong "trudng bin laser" ciing la nhim vi pham ludt phdp cua EU, ddc bi$t Id vi bin trung cac thi CM bi cdm irng gin trdn do phgm quydn ty do cung cip djch vy dupe khode ma ngudi choi mgc vdo thi vdo ngdy quy djnh tgi Dilu 49 TEC (nay Id Dieu 56 14/9/1994 Bi dan da ban hdnh quyet dinh Tl EU), bdi vi trong "trudng bdn laser" se cim nguyen dan td chirc trd choi theo cdch sir dyng thilt bj ciing nhu ky thudt do cdng thiic ndy va de doa phat nguyen dan 10.000 ty Pulsar ciia Anh cung cdp.
DM doi vdi moi lin trd choi dugc td chiic Sau khi thy ly don xin xdt lgi bdn an ma d dd cdc dien bicMi trd choi dugc nham ciia Nguydn don, Tda dn Hdnh chinh Lien bin vdo dich la con ngudi bang tia laser bang (Dure) da trinh Tda dn Tu phap chau hoac bang thidt bi ky thudt khdc (vi dy nhu Au vd ydu cdu tda dn ndy cho quan diem tia hdng ngoai), vd qua dd tao ra mgt trd (preliminary ruling) ddi vdi edu hdi: Lipu choi gilt ngudi. vide cam td chiic mgt hogt ddng kinh doanh
Quydt djnh ciia Bj don cdn cii quy dinh nhdt djnh theo ludt qudc gia - nhu frong tai khodn 1 Dieu 14 Ludt vd Co quan giir trudng hgp ndy Id cam van hdnh mgt he gin trdt ty cua Bang Nordrhein-Westfallen thdng thidt bj trd choi ggi Id trudng bdn laser (CHLB Diic) cho phep "co quan giu gin vdi sy md phdng cdc hdnh vi gidt ngudi - vi trdt ty cd the dp dyng cdc bipn phdp can vi phgm cdc gid frj co bdn cua hidn phdp, la thidt nhim ngdn can cdc nguy co ddi vdi cd phii hgp vdi cdc quy djnh cua Hipp djnh an todn vd trdt ty cdng cgng trong nhirng TEC (nay Id Hipp djnh TFEU) ve ty do djch trudng hgp cy the" Theo Quydt djnh ngdy vy vd ty do hang hda hay khdng?
14/9/1994 thi cde trd choi dugc choi trong Theo quan didm cua Tda dn Hdnh chinh
"trudng bin laser" eua Nguydn don thi Lien bang (Diic) thi dan xet lgi bdn dn se
hidn mdt mdi nguy hidm ddi vdi trgt ty bj bdc bd khi dp dyng luat Due. Tda dn nay
cdng cgng, bdi vi hdnh vi md phdng vipc cho rdng Tda dn Hdnh chinh thugng tham
gidt ngudi vd cimg vdi dd Id sy cd vii bgo da cd can cii khi cho rdng vide td chiic kinh
lyc la xdm phgm ddn cdc gid trj cdng cgng doanh "trd chai gidt ngudi" frong "tnrdng
CO bdn. Sau dd Nguydn don da khilu nai bdn laser" ciia nguyen dan vi pham nguyen
quydt djnh ndy, nhung vdo ngdy 6/11/1995 tac tdn frgng pham gid con ngudi dugc ghi
chinh quydn khu vyc Koln da bdc dan nhgn tgi cau 1 khodn 1 Dilu 1 Hiln phap
khidu nai ciia Nguydn don. Nguydn dan Dire. Phdm gid con ngudi la mdt nguydn tac
khdi kidn quylt djnh gidi quylt khilu ngi hiln phdp, no cd thd bi vi pham bdi hdnh vi
cua chinh quyln khu vyc Koln tdi Tda dn ddi xu hg thap nhan phim ciia ddi thii trong
hdnh chinh Koln, nhung bj tda dn ndy bdc trd choi, hoac bdi sy tao nen hoac khuyin
don kidn bdng bdn dn ngdy 03/8/1998. Don khich thdi do coi thudng cdc gid tri co ban
cua con ngudi d chii thd tham gia frd choi, eua chiing (nguydn tic can bdng-hgp ly).'^
nhu trong trudng hgp ndy Id sy md phdng Vipc cdc qudc gia thdnh vidn khdc nhau ban cdc hdnh vi bgo luc ldm myc tidu cua trd hdnh cdc quy djnh bdo vp lgi ich cdng "cgng choi. Mdt gid trj tdi cao cua Hiln phdp nhu J^^hdc nhau khdng dnh hudng tdi sy ddnh gid phim gid con ngudi ciing khdng dugc phdp ^^^^ ^^^ *^*^^ ^^ *^"^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^
gat bd di cd trong phgm vi mOt frd choi gidi P^^P" ^^^ ^" "^'^^ '^^^^^ ^'^^ ^^"8 ^'^'^
, , ^ , X u ' l u ' xxr - ^ cdn muon hdi rdng cd ddi hdi phdi cd mdt fri. Cac quyen co ban khac ma Nguyen don ^.. , , ,, . , x , ,
.„ .Ti ~ , , « ,A , ^X. , , quan diem phdp ly chung a tat cd cdc nudc vipn dan cmig khong the thay doi sy nhin ^^^^^ ^.^^ j ^ ^..^ ^.^^ ^ . ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^
nhan ndy tii gdc dg lugt phdp qudc gia (ciia ^^. ^..^ ^^^^ ^^ ^.^ ^^^. ^.^^ ^^ ^^^^
Diic). Nhung ciing theo Tda dn Hdnh chinh ^j^^^ dugc EU bdo v$ hay khdng, vi trong Lidn bang (Diic), lidn quan din vipc dp dyng trudng hgp ndy khdng khdng djnh dugc sy luat cua Cgng ddng chau Au (nay Id EU), thi t6n tgi m^t quan dilm phdp ly chung d cdc quylt djnh bj franh chip da hgn chl quyln nude thdnh vidn trong vipc ddnh gid tinh tu do cung ling dich vy dugc quy djnh tgi chit cua cdc trd choi gidi tri md phdng cdc Dilu 49 TEC. Do Nguydn don da ky kit vdi hdnh dgng gilt ngudi.
cdng ty Anh mdt hgp ddng nhugng quyln Ve cdc cau hdi dugc Tda dn Hdnh chinh tiiuong mai, ndn quylt dinh dd cdn frd cdng ^i^n bang (Diic) dgt ra, ECJ da phdn quylt ty ndy cung iing djch vy cho khdch hdng ^^^g P ^ P *"^* ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ? ° S ngan cdn vide rv, , > i . * _ I U - *, -A mdt qudc gia thdnh vidn cdm mgt hoat ddng Due cua mmh, frong khi cong ty nay dugc , .', \ ; , .A _, ,_ ._> _i _• .• „ * cung ling dich vu tuong ty tgi Anh. Ngodi ra
kinh doanh cd td chiic trd choi vdi sy md -.A- u^'^ ' ' *^' *, ^ 1 .w^ P^°^g ^^"^ ^^ng gidt ngudi md bidn phdp quyet dinh fren con can fro tu do luu thong i ^ , * , 1.-1,1.^ u ' - * - * < . ,
^ -^ • ^ cam do duoc ban hanh nham bao ve trat tu hdng hda, bdi vi Nguydn don cd y djnh nhgp ^. ^g ^^^g ^^ ^ j ^ ^ ^ ^^^g ^^^ ^^oi dd cd cdc thidt bj cho "tiudng ban laser", dac bipt ^^ ^j ^^^^ ^gn nguydn tdc tdn frgng phim la cdc thidt bi bdn tia laser, tur Vuong qudc gj^ con ngudi.
Anh. Tda dn nay cho rdng, vu kidn Id mdt Tda dn ndy lap luan rdng quylt djnh cim djp dd Tda dn Tu phdp chau Au gidi thich cua Bj don da hgn chl quyln ty do cung thdm vd cdc dilu kidn theo phdp luat cua iing djch vy dugc Dilu 49 TEC bdo ddm EU ddi vdi vide ban chl cung umg mgt dich eho bdn cung iing djch vy cung nhu bdn siir vu nhit dinh hay vide nhdp khiu mdt hdng dyng djch vy cd try sd tgi mdt nudc thdnh hoa nhit djnh. Nhu" quan dilm xet xir cua ^^^n khdc. Tuy nhidn, theo quy djnh tgi Toa dn Tu phdp chau Au thi nhimg cdn trd ty do cung ung djch vu bdi cdc bidn phdp
Didu 46 TEC thi cdc hgn chl ty do djch vy Id dugc phdp, neu su hgn chd dd cd thd bidn . ^ , , , . , , minh dugc bdi ly do bdo vp siic khde, an cua cac quoc g.a thanh v,en ch. du^rc co. la ^.^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ hvp phap, n«u c6 the bi$n minh dugc: (.) ^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ „ ^^„ ^.^^ Bi don da nhung bidn phdp nhu vgy Id vi cdc ly do bat
bude nhim bdo vd cac loi icb cdng cdng, " Nguyen tic can bdng-hpp ly dupe xem xet tren 3 (ii) neu cac bien phap nhu v | y l i p h i hpp de ^ ^ S ^ t J ^ t w t T S ' i ^ r J p S thyc hipn cdc myc dich dugc theo dudi bdi portionality.s<ricto.sewsM). Xem them XavierGroussotvd
^Ar, u - u ' >' ' /••\ -,i„ ^A^ ui&^ ^UA^ Nguyin Thanh Tu, "Nguyen tic can bdngr-hpp ly trong
cac bipn phap do, va (111) neu cac bipn phap ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ thuong m ^ . r ^ chi Khoa hoc Phdp ly, sd 5,
nhu vdy khdng vugt qud phgm vi can thidt 2006, tr. 3-14
66
TAP CHi KHOA HQC PHAP LY Sd 1/2012ndu rd trong phan lap luan ciia quyet djnh
cam rang, hoat dgng kinh doanh trd choi dd la mgt moi nguy hicm doi vdi trat ty cdng cgng. Quy djnh lgi Dieu 14 Luat ve CO quan giir gin trgt ty ciia Bang Nordrhein- Westfallen cung cho phdp co quan nay dp dyng cdc bipn phap can thiet de chong lai mdi nguy hilm doi vdi trdt ty cdng cgng.
Tuy nhidn, vice mgt nudc thdnh vidn vipn dan quyen dp dyng cdc bipn phdp hgn che doi vdi ty do cung cap djch vy khdng cdn trd ECJ xem xet tinh hgp phdp ciia cdc bipn phdp nhu vay. Ngodi ra khdi nipm "trgt ty cdng cgng" theo phdp ludt ciia EU, ddc bipt khi nd dugc vidn dan dd bipn minh cho mgt bidn phdp ban chd ty do cung iing djch vy, can phdi dugc hidu mgt cdch hpp, bdi vgy moi qudc gia thdnh vidn khdng thd dugc phdp xdc djnh pham vi eiia nd ma khdng cd sy xem xet lai ciia cdc co quan cd tham quydn ciia EU. Nhu vdy chi dugc phep vidn ddn ddn trdt ty cdng cdng ndu tdn tgi mgt
f t f
mdi nguy hidm thyc td vd d miic nghidm trgng ddi vdi mdt lgi ich ca bdn ciia xa bdi.
Tuy nhidn cdc tinh hudng cu thd cd thd bipn minh cho vide vidn dan tdi frgt ty cdng cgng d mdi nudc vd trong cde khodng thdi gian khdc nhau Id cd thd khdc nhau. Trong chirng myc dd cde co quan cd thdm quydn cua cdc nudc thdnh vidn ed mgt khodng ty do eho vide suy xdt cua minh trong phgm vi edc gidi ban md Hipp djnh TEC (nay Id TFEU) ddt ra.
Trong vy vipc ndy cdc ca quan nhd nudc cd tham quydn da nhin nhgn rdng hogt dgng bj cdm thd hipn mgt mdi nguy hidm ddi vdi trdt ty cdng cgng, vi vide td chiic vdi tinh chat kinh doanh cdc trd choi gidi tri vdi sy md phdng cdc hdnh ddng gilt ngudi theo quan didm phd bidn trong xa hdi Id vi phgm mdt gid frj ndn tdng dugc ghi nhan trong hiln phdp qudc gia, dd Id phdm gid con ngudi. Theo cdc trinh bdy ciia Tda dn Hdnh
chinh Lidn bang Dire thi cdc tda dn quoc
gia gidi quylt vu dn ndy ddu chia se vd xac
nhdn quan diem vd sy cin thilt bdo vp phim
gid con ngudi ma quydt djnh cdm da vipn
dan, bdi vdy quan didm ndy cdn phdi dugc
nhin nhan Id phii hgp vdi Dgo ludt co bdn
ciia Dire. Trong mdi quan he ndy can dugc
nhdc lai rdng, theo quan didm xdt xu ciia
ECJ thi cdc quyen co bdn Id bg phgn cua cac
nguydn tdc co bdn cua phdp ludt md ECJ c6
nhidm vu bdo vd. Khi ldm didu dd Tda dn se
dua vdo truyin thong hiln phdp chung cua
cdc nudc thdnh vidn ciing nhu cdc hipp djnh
qudc td vd bdo vd quydn con ngudi md cac
nudc thdnh vidn da tham gia ky kdt hogc
gia nhdp. Trong dd Hidp udc chdu Au \t
bdo vd quydn con ngudi vd edc quydn ty do
CO bdn (ECHR) cd y nghTa ddc bidt. Khdng
thd chdi cdi rdng he thdng phdp ludt ciia EU
nhdm bdo ddm sy tdn trgng phdm gid con
ngudi vdi tu cdch Id mgt nguydn tdc co ban
cua phdp ludt. Nhu vdy, cdc bidn phdp co
muc dich bdo vd phdm gid eon ngudi deu
Id phii hgp vdi ludt phdp eua EU, frong
chirng myc dd khdng can phdi xem xdt den
thyc td Id d Diic nguydn tdc tdn frgng pham
gid con ngudi cd vj tri dgc bidt vdi tu each
Id mgt quydn co bdn ddc lap. Bdi vi cdc
quydn co bdn phdi dugc cdc co quan cua
EU ciing nhu cua cdc nudc thdnh vien tdn
trgng, ndn vide bdo ve cdc quydn ndy the
hidn mdt nhu cdu chinh dang md nhu cau do
phu hgp de bidn minh cho mdt su hgn che
cdc quydn ty do theo phdp lugt cua EU, ke
cd mgt quydn ty do co bdn dugc Hipp djnh
TEC bdo ddm nhu quydn ty do cung iing
djch vy. Tuy nhidn, chi cd tbl bidn minh
cho cdc bidn phdp hgn chl tu do cung iimg
djch vy bang vide vidn ddn tdi frat ty cdng
cdng, nlu cdc bidn phdp dd Id cin thilt de
bdo vd cdc lgi ich ma chiing nhdm tdi, va
ciing chi trong chiing myc cdc myc tidu do
khdng thd dgt dugc bdng cdc bidn phap it
hgn chd quydn ty do cung iing djch vy hon.
Nhung d day khdng ddi hdi cdc bidn phdp ma cdc co quan nhd nudc cd thim qUyIn ciia mdt nudc thdnh vidn phdi phii hgp vdi mdt quan didm chung ndo dd ciia tit cd cdc nudc thdnh vidn vd cdch thiic bdo vd quyln co bdn hay lgi ich chinb ddng lidn quan. ECJ ciing luu y rang, theo quan dilm cua Tda dn Hdnh chinh Lidn bang (Diic) tbi frong trudng hgp vu vide ndy quy djnh cim td chiic vdi tinh chit kinh doanh trd choi gidi fri vdi sy md phdng hdnh ddng bgo lyc chdng lgi con ngudi mgt mat Id phii hgp vdi ydu ciu bdo vd phim gid con ngudi md Dgo luat CO bdn ciia Diic ddi bdi. Mat khdc ciing cin khang djnh rdng, quylt djnh cim bj ki^n nay ciing chi cim mdt dang trd choi bin vdo dich Id con ngudi vd qua dd choi frd choi gidt ngudi, ndn khdng vugt qud phgm vi can thidt de dgt dugc myc tidu md quydt djnh dd theo dudi.
w
Phdn quydt cua ECJ frong vy vide Omega cho thay khi ban hdnh quydt djnh cam td chiic vdi tinh chit thuang mgi dang trd choi gidi fri md phdng hdnh ddng gidt ngudi - vd Id bidn phdp ban chd quydn ty do kinh doanh - chinh quydn thdnh phd Bonn khdng chi vidn ddn mdt cdch chung chung tdi frgt ty cdng cgng, ma vidn dan mdt cdch cu thd tdi nguydn tdc tdn frgng phdm gid con ngudi dugc ghi nhgn frong Dgo ludt co bdn (Hiln phdp) cua Diic. Qua dd ddng thdi cd thd nhdn thdy rang theo quan didm phdp ly cua hg, trdt ty cdng cdng hdm chiia cdc nguydn tdc co bdn cua phdp ludt, bao gdm cdc quyln co bdn biln djnh. Cd co quan gidi quydt khilu ngi quylt djnh dd, ciing nhu tda an cip so thim, phiic thim hay cip xem xdt lai (cip gidm ddc thim) ciing diu can cii nguydn tdc tdn trgng phim gid con ngudi vdi tu cdch la mdt quydn co bdn hiln djnh.
Cac CO quan nay xem xdt tinh hgp phdp cua quy djnh cim, bdi vi quylt dinh dd nhdm
ban che mdt quydn ca bdn khdc Id quydn ty do kinh doanh. ECJ khi xem xet de phdn quylt vd edu hdi dugc Tda dn Hdnh chinh Lidn bang Diic ndu ra ciing xem xet tinh phu hgp ciia quylt djnh cim dd vdi phdp lugt cua EU trdn co sd cdc nguydn tic co bdn ciia phdp ludt EU. Thdm nua, Tda dn ndy cdn xem xdt tinh hgp phdp cua quylt djnh dd trdn co sd ydu cau ve tinh cdn thidt vd tinh cdn xiing cua bipn phdp cim doi vdi myc tidu md nd theo dudi trdn co sd nguydn tac lap lugn hgp ly.
Chiing tdi cho rdng, cdch thiic md co quan bdo vd frat ty ciia Diic vidn dan co sd phdp ly cho quydt djnh ciia minh ciing nhu cdch thurc md co quan gidi quydt khilu ngi cung nhu tda dn cdc cdp ciia Diic ciing nhu ECJ xem xdt tinh hgp phdp ciia mdt bidn phdp hgn chd mdt quydn ty do co bdn theo phdp ludt qudc gia cung nhu theo phdp luat ciia EU cd thd dugc xem Id mdt kinh nghidm tdt cho chiing ta khi xir ly nhirng van de tuong ty. Cdc bidn phdp hgn chd quydn ty do kinh doanh dudi hinh thiic cdm dodn hoac ddt ra cdc didu kipn se trd ndn thuydt phyc cdc ddi tugng chju dnh hudng ciing nhu thuydt phyc cdng ludn ban ndu chiing dugc vidn ddn tdi frat ty cdng cdng bdng cdc lap luan vd tinh cin thilt bdo vd cdc quyln co bdn khdc.
4. Quyen ty do kinh doanh, tur do hgp dong va quyen canh tranh
Ty do giao kit hgp dong Id mdt trong
nhiing ylu td cy thd cua quydn ty do kinh
doanh. Hilu theo nghTa rdng, nd bao gdm
quyln ty do lya chgn ddi tdc, ty do ddm
phdn vd xdc lap hgp ddng, ty do quy djnh
ndi dung hgp ddng vd ty do lya chgn ludt
dp dung ciing nhu co quan gidi quylt tranh
chip phdt sinh. 6 Viet Nam, quydn ty do
giao kit hgp ddng dugc khdng djnh frong
68 TAP CHi KHOA HQCPHAPL'JSd 1/2012
Bg lugt Dan sy vd Lugt Thuang mai."' kinh te, chinh frj, xa hgi vd thidt chl lien Tuy nhidn, cung nhu tit ca cac quyln ty do quan ciia mgt quoc gia thay ddi.
khdc, ty do giao kit hgp dong khdng phdi Mgt frong nhirng cdng cy dd gidi hgn quy^
Id quyln ty do tuypt doi, khdng co gidi ti; do kinh doanh ndi chung vd quydn tudo hgn. Khi vugt qua mgt gidi hgn nhit djnh, giao kit hgp dong ndi ridng Id lgi ich chung quyln ty do ndy cd the vi phgm, dnh hudng thdng qua phdp ludt cgnh franh nhdm bdo dam din quyen ty do cua doanh nghipp (ngudi) quyen ty do cgnh tranh. Phdp ludt cgnh ti^
khdc. Do dd, nhd nudc cd tbl can thipp, hgn vl bdn chit. Id mgt trong nhimg cdng cy can chl quydn ty do ndy thdng qua cdc quy djnh thipp cua nhd nudc vdo hogt dgng kirih doanh phdp ly nhdm ddm bdo cdc gid trj lidn quan cua doanh nghipp, cd tbl dnh hudng din quyln din trgt ty cdng cgng, dgo dire xa hgi, hay ty do giao kit hgp dong cua doanh nghidp, phiic lgi chung dugc tdn trgng vd bdo vd. Tuy nhidn, myc dich ciia phdp luat cgnh ti:anh Vipc hgn chl d mgt mire nhit djnh quyln ty la thilt Igp vd duy tii tiij trudng cd tinh canh do giao kit hgp dong cd thd dugc gidi thich tranh nhdm ddm bdo quyen tij do kinh doanh, bdng chinh quyln ty do dd: hgn chl quyln ty do cgnh franh ciia doanh nghipp, qua dd bao ty do ciia doanh nghipp (ngudi) ndy nhdm ddm lgi ich chung cho cd xd hgi.
ddm bdo vd thuc diy quyln ty do cua doanh CJ EU, nguydn tdc co bdn ciia mgt nen kinh nghipp (ngudi) khdc. '^ td thj trudng tu do, bao gdm quydn ty do canh Nhu vdy, trong ndn kinh tl thj trudng ddn franh vd quyen ty do giao kdt hgp ddng dugc chu, doanh nghidp vd rtiid nudc phdi xdc thira nhdn.'^ Quydn ty do canh tranh dugc quy djnh dugc hai gidi hgn cho hogt dgng ciia djnh frong Hipp djnh TEC. Didm g khodn I hai chii thd ndy lidn quan ddn quydn ty do Didu 3 vd khodn I Didu 4 TEC khdng djnh cac giao kdt hgp ddng. Thii nhit, gidi hgn ciia boat dgng ciia EU ciing nhu ciia cdc qudc gia quydn ty do giao kdt hgp dong md doanh thdnh vien phdi tuan thu nguydn tic ty do cgnh nghidp vugt qua nd thi doanh nghidp vi franh, nhdm ddm bdo viec cgnh tranh frong tiii phgm phdp ludt. Thii hai, gidi ban cua vide trudng chung EU khdng bi bdp meo. Trdn co can thipp vdo quyln ty do giao kit hgp sddd, Didu81 vd82TEC(nay IdDilu 101 va ddng ciia doanh nghidp md nhd nudc vugt 102 TFEU) la hai didu ludt thilt lap ndn phap qua nd thi quydn can thipp ciia nhd nudc frd lugt canh tranh ciia EU.
ndn bdt hgp phdp.'^ Nhung vipc xdc djnh Ddi vdi quyen ty do giao kit hgp d6ng, hai gidi hgn ndy khdng phdi dd ddng. Hai mac du quydn ndy khdng dugc ghi nhdn frong gidi hgn ndy cd thd thay ddi khi dilu kidn TFEU hay trudc day la TEC, quyln ndy dugc
'^ Xem Dilu 4,50, vd 389 Bp luat Dan s\r 2005; Dilu Q^V ^i^h rd frong phdp ludt cua cdc qudc gia 11 Luat Thuong m^ 2005. Phin 4 nay dupe phdt triln thdnh vidn. Khdng nhung thd, quyln ty do dua tren Nguyen Thanh Tu vd Phan Huy Hdng, "Phdp giao kit hgp ddng duoc tflira nhdn bdi phap luat canh tranh vd quyen t\r do giao ket hpp ddng cua i c* T-.TT *i-» . " . , « , ' , A u u- " T L'xn. < ' ' ni.' I -; - -./lim lugt EU thong qua cac an Id cua nd, giu vai
Qoamn^v^,Tap chl Nha nuac va Phap luQt,soZ{2i9), ® ^ »^ « " iv »'"«"", gu*
2008, IT. 34^5. tro quan frgng frong ti^t tu phdp ly cua EU."
" Ton Hartlif, "Freedom and Protection in Contem- Chinh vi vdy, khi dp dyng phdp ludt canh tranh porary Contract Law", 27 Journal of Consumer Policy EU, CO quan cd tiidm q u y l n v l canh franh 253,254(2004). u ' - u i ^ A x j . ' . A .
- Giuliano Amato, Antitrust and the Bounds of phai can nhac den quyen tu do giao ket hop
Power: The Dilemma of Liberal Democracy in the " Alrosa v. Commission, doan 49.
History of the Market, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 1997, „ ' ' ^ ^ « T-41/96, Bayer v. Commission, [2000] ECR . 2-4 11-3383, doan 180; Y kien cua Jacobs - ngudi tu van
phdp ly (Advocate General) cho ECJ trong Case C-7/97, Brvnner, [1998] ECR 1-7791, doan 53.
TFEU (Didu 82 TEC) khdng thd dugc gidi vd khdng kinh doanh san phim cgnh franh thich theo hudng mac nhidn coi cdc hgp ddng trong hgp ddng phan phoi sdn pham giira dugc giao kdt giiia mdt doanh nghidp cd vj nhd sdn xuit Grundig d Diic vd nhd phan tri tiidng ITnh thj trudng vdi doanh nghiep phdi Consten d Phdp bj ECJ cho la vi phgm khdc la vi phgm phdp lugt cgnh franh EU vi khodn I va klidng dugc midn trir theo khodn Dilu lugt nay chi cim cdc hdnh vi lgm dung 3 Dieu 81 TEC vi thda thuan dd da phan chia vj tii thdng ITnh thj trudng cy thd md thdi. thj trudng chung Chau Au. Tuy nhien, dilu Ddi vdi tiida thuan hgn chl canh tranli, chi nay la chua chinh xdc vi ECJ da khdng can khi tiida thudn dd thda man 4 didu kidn quy nhdc din quyln ty do giao kit hgp dong vd djnh tai khodn 1 Didu 101 TFEU (Didu 81 lgi ich ciia hgn chd cgnh tranh dd. Vide hgn TEC) thi mdi bj cam. Nhung ndu thda thuan chl nhu vdy vdi sy ddng thuan ciia hai bdn do dem lai cdc lgi ich kinh td ldn ban cdc drtii trong quan he cung cap-phan phdi se giiip hudng tidu cyc ddn cgrtii tranh thi thda thudn cho bdn phdn phdi tap trung diu tu vdo kdnh do dugc midn trir theo djnh tgi khodn 3 Didu phdn phdi nham dgt ddn hidu qud cao nhdt.
101 TFEU. Cy tiid, dd dugc midn trii, thda tiiuan Bdn cgnh dd, nhd sdn xuit se an tam diu tu, do phdi (i) mang lai lgi ich kinh td qua vide thiic hd trg nhd phan phdi trong hogt dgng phan diy sdn xuat, phdn phdi sdn phdm hay khuydn phdi sdn phdm.
khich cdc tidn bd kinh td, ky thudt; (ii) cho phdp Vy vide Consten & Grundig thd hidn vide ngudi tidu diing dugc hudng mgt phdn ddng kd can thiep qud sau vdo boat ddng kinh doanh cac lgi ich ndy; (iii) khdng dugc dp ddt cho cdc cua doanh nghidp cua Tda dn tu phdp Chau doanh nghidp lidn quan cdc hgn chd vugt qud Au. Tuy nhidn, EU da cd sy thay ddi rd net miic can thidt de dat dugc muc tidu Id dem lai vdo nhirng nam cudi thd ky XX khi cdc phan lgi ich kinh td ndu frdn; vd (iv) khdng dugc tridt tich vd lgi ich kinh td cua cdc thda thudn hgn tidu canh ti:anh ddi vdi phan ldn sdn phdm frdn chd canh tranh dugc nhdn manh. Didu ndy ihj tiudng lidn quaiL'^ dugc thd hidn trong cdc nghj djnh midn trir
Nhu vay, mdt nguydn tdc dugc thira nhan chung ban hdnh gan day.
frong phdp ludt EU la quydn ty do giao kdt Ddi vdi vide tir chdi giao kdt hgp ddng hgp ddng khdng thd dugc lam dyng dd vi cua doanh nghidp giii vj fri ddc quydn, thdng pham phdp ludt cartii franh. Nhung frong qud ITnh thj trudng, EU dang dp dyng phdp luat trinh dp dyng phdp ludt cgrtii trartii phdi xem cartii franh mdt cdch ciing ran. ECJ thira nhan xet din quydn ty do giao kit hgp ddng. tim quan frgng ciia vide bdo vd quydn ty do
Tuy nhidn frong giai doan ddu dp dung kirtii doanh, ty do giao kdt hay khdng giao phdp ludt cgnh franh, Uy ban Chdu Au vd Tda kit hgp ddng cua doartii nghidp. Didu dd an Tu phdp Chdu Au thudng qud nhdn manh cd nghTa Id dii doanh nghidp cd vj fri thdng din ydu ciu bdo vd mdi trudng canh frartii ty ITttii thj trudng, vide doanh nghidp khdng do, khdng bj bdp meo d EU md it tinh din giao kit hgp ddng vdi ddi tdc khdng ldm cho lgi ich ciia cdc ban chl canh tranh cd dugc doanh nghidp dd mac nhidn vi phgm Didu 82 tii cac thda thudn dd frdn co sd ty do thda TEC.^' Tuy nhidn, frong vy vide Bronner,^^
thuan giua cdc bdn. Trong vy vide Consten ECJ khdng djnh frong nhirng trudng hgp dac
& Grundig,^" thda thuan vd cam xuat khdu
• 21 Xem Case 27/76, United Brand v. Commission,
" Jonathan Faull & Ali Nikpay (ed.). The EC Law [ 1978] ECR 207, doan 182-191; Bayer v. Commission, of Competition, Oxford, 2007, tr. 300-312. chu thich s6 18, doan 180.
'" Cases 56 & 58/64, Consten & Grundig, [1966] ^^ Case C-7/97, Bronner, [1998] ECR 1-7791, doan ECR 299. 38-44.
70 T4P CHi KHOA HQC PHAPLfSd 1/2012 bipt, mgt doanh nghipp cd vj tri thdng ITnh dn it dnh hudng nhit din quydn ty do ndy thj trudng phdi tiln hdnli giao kit hgp ddng cua doanh nghipp." Dilu ndy dugc khdng vdi doi tdc khi doi tdc dd ydu ciu. Trudng djnh lgi trong vy vi$c Alrosa v. Commission hgp dgc bipt dd Id khi bon dilu ki^n sau ddy trong nam 2007. Trong vy vide ndy, De Beer ddng thdi dugc thda man: (i) sdn phim md vd Alrosa lin lugt Id doanh nghipp thdnh doanh nghidp cd vj tri th6ng ITnh thj trudng l^p d EU vd Nga, gifl' vj tri sd mgt vd sd hai nim giu: Id diu vdo rit quan frgng, khdng tbl trong sdn xuit vd phdn ph6i kim cuong dgng thilu cho hogt dgng kinh doanh cua d6i tdc thd trdn tbl gidi. Vdo nam 2002, Alsora va frdn thj trudng khdc (thi trudng thir hai); (ii) De Beer da thdng bdo cho Uy ban Chau Au khdng cd cdc khd ndng hgp 1^ dl tim kilm ve hgp ddng giiia hai bdn nhdm ydu ciu Uy sdn phim dd d doartii nghipp khdc hay ti^ ban Chdu Au miln trir dp dyng phdp luat sdn xudt ra sdn phdm dd do cdc hgn chd vd cgnh tranh EU cho hgp ddng ndy. Ndu dugc kinh tl, ky tiiudt, hay phdp \</; (iii) vipc tir Uy ban Chdu Au mien trir, Alrosa cam kit chdi giao kit hgp ddng cung cip sdn phim se bdn cho De Beer vd De Beer cam kdt mua dd ldm tript tidu cgnh franh frdn thj trudng tir Alrosa hdng nam, trong vdng 5 ndm, so thir hai thj trudng dung sdn phdm dd ldm lugng kim cuong thd gid trj tir 700 ddn 800 nguydn lipu ddu vdo; vd (iv) vide tir chdi tridu USD. Sd lugng kim cuomg ndy chidm giao kdt hgp ddng nhu vdy Id khdng cd ly mgt nira sd lugng kim cuang md Alrosa sdn do chinh ddng. Ddc bidt gdn day, trong vy xuat hdng ndm vd chidm todn bd sd lugng vide Microsoft v. Commission," Tda dn so md Alrosa xudt khau ngodi Cdng ddng cac thdm chdu Au (CFI) ciing da thira nhdn qudc gia ddc lap (CIS). Uy ban Chdu Au phdp lugt cgnh tranh cd thd dugc sur dyng cho rdng thda thudn nhu vay Id vi phgm trong nhu'ng trudng hgp ddc bidt de budc phdp ludt cgnh tranh EU. Sau mdt thdi gian chu sd hihi quydn sd huu tri tup phdi chuydn ddi trao ddi, dau nam 2006 Uy ban Chau giao quydn sir dyng quydn sd huu tri tup dd Au da ra quydt djnh chap thudn dd xudt don cho ddi tdc nhdm duy tri thj trudng cd tinh phuang tir De Beer dd chdm diit vy vide cgnh tranh, ddm bdo phiic lgi cho ngudi tidu cgnh franh Id gid frj kim cuomg thd md De tiling. Beer mua tir Alrosa se gidm tir 600 tridu vao
Mac du ludn de cao phdp lugt cgnh tranh, nam 2006 xudng 400 tridu USD vdo nam sdn sdng dung phdp ludt cgnh franh de can 2008, vd sau dd se ngiing mua kim cuong tir thipp vdo quydn ti^ do giao kdt (hay khdng Alrosa. Alrosa da khidu nai quydt dinh nay giao kit) hgp dong ciia doanh nghidp, nhu cua Uy ban Chau Au ldn CFI. Mdt frong dd de cap, tda dn vd co quan cd tham quydn nhirng Igp lugn cua Alrosa la quylt djnh nay vl cgnh tranh trong EU hidn nay ludn cdn da tude bd quyln tu do giao kit hgp ddng giua nhic din quyln ty do ndy trong qud trinh Ah-osa vd De Beer, bao gdm cd hgp ddng ddi dp dyng phdp ludt cgnh tranh. Trong trudng vdi tijrng giao dich cu thd. Dilu nay ciu tiianh hgp cd rtiiilu phuang dn dh lya chgn trong sy tiy chay ciia De Beer ddi vdi sdn phim qud trinh dp dyng phdp ludt cgnh tranh, co cua Ahosa. l*»Jliu vay, quylt djitii ndy vugt qud quan cd thim quydn ludn lya chgn phuang nguydn tdc can bdng-hgp ly (proportionality)
r- frong phdp luat canh franh.
-pseT-201/M,MJm^y?v C.mm™xw ^FI cho rdng myc dich cua vide dp dung
vu V19C nay, xem Nguyen Thanh Tu, Che dfnh ve hgn che , , , ^ i i. '
cgnh tranh trvng Hi?p dinh TRIPS vdphdn quyit Micrv- phap lugt canh franh frong VU vipc ndy (muc
soft V Commission- Kinh nghidm cho n?t Nam, Tap chi ^ Case T-24/90, Aulomec v. Commission, [1992] ECR Khoa hpc Phdp ly, sd 5,2007, tr. 11 -22. U-2223, doan 45,51 -52.
dich ciia quydt djnh ciia Uy ban Chau Au) la nham cham diit cdc hdnh vi can trd Alrosa trd thdnh mdt ddi thii canh tranh trdn thj trudng cung cap kim cuong thd, qua dd cho phep ben thii ba tiep can ngudn cung cap khdc ngodi De Beer ngudn kim cuong xuat khdu ciia Alrosa. Tuy nhidn de dat dugc muc tidu ndy, chi can dp dyng bien phdp it hgn chd ban, dd la chi can budc hai bdn khdng giao kdt hgp ddng cho phep De Beer cd quydn mua todn bd hay phin ldn lugng kim cuong xuat khau ciia Alrosa. Ngodi ra, nhu da dd cap, Dieu 82 TEC khdng bdt budc doanh nghidp cd vj tri thdng ITnh thj trudng tir bd mgi giao ket hgp ddng kinh doanh ciia nd, midn la cdc hgp ddng dd khdng giiip nd tang cudng vj tri thdng ITnh thj trudng, ban chd cgnh tranh." Chinh vi vdy, quydt djnh ciia Uy ban Chdu Au da vi phgm nguydn tac can bdng-hgp ly, can thiep qud miic quydn ty do giao kdt hgp ddng ciia doanh nghidp.
5. Mot sd nhan xet
Tuong ty quan didm phdp ly cua cdc tda an cua EU thd hidn trong cdc phdn quydt dugc phan tich trdn day, ciing cd thd xem la chung ta da dat dugc mdt nhdn thiic chung, theo dd mdt quydn co bdn cua con ngudi cd thd bj hgn chd bdi mdt hay cdc quydn co ban khdc. Didu dd cd nghTa Id quydn ty do kinh doanh, mac dii Id mdt quydn co bdn, quyen hidn djnh dugc quy djnh trong Hien phdp 1992, van cd thd bj han chd vi lgi ich chung hay trdt ty cdng cdng nham bdo vd cac quydn ca bdn khdc ciia cd cdng ddng.
Tuy nhidn, cdc tda an ciia EU da phdt tridn dugc mot each cd he thdng phuang phdp xem xet tinh hgp phdp ciia cdc bidn phdp hgn chd hay gidi ban quydn co ban, bao gdm quydn ty do kinh doanh. Theo dd, vide gidi hgn mdt quyen cobdn ndi chung hay quydn ty do kinh
doanh ndi ridng phdi dugc xem xet, can nhac ve tdng thd trdn ca sd cac nguydn tac co bdn cua phdp luat, dya trdn nguyen tac can bdng-hgp ly. Be xem xet tinh hgp phdp ciia mdt gidi ban ddi vdi quydn ty do kinh doanh, ba ydu cau sau day can phdi dugc kiem tra: (i) tinh phu hap, tiic cd mdi quan he nhan qua giiia bidn phdp ban chd hay gidi ban ddi vdi quyen ty do kinh doanh dugc dp dyng va myc tidu cua vide hgn che/gidi ban dd dd; (ii) tinh cdn thiet, tiic bien phdp hgn chd hay gidi ban dugc dp dyng cd can thidt nhdm dgt dugc myc tidu hudng ddn hay khdng, ndi each khdc bidn phdp hay gidi hgn dugc dp dyng phdi la
r f r \
bidn phdp it hgn chd nhdt ddn quydn ty do kinh doanh; va (iii) tinh cdn bdng cdc lai ich khdc nhau co lien quan, tiic tdng lgi icb udc tinh ma vide ban chd quydn ty do kinh doanh dd mang lai phai ldn ban hay cd khd ndng ldn ban (tham chi ldn ban nhidu) cdc chi phi, thidt hai ma nd gay ra ddi vdi chu thd bj han chd quydn ty do kinh doanh.
Vdi nhan thiic phdp ly tuong ty, theo dd mdt quydn co ban ciia con ngudi cd thd bj ban chl bdi mdt hay cdc quydn ca bdn khdc, chiing ta cung can phdi phdt tridn dugc mdt phuang phdp khoa hgc dd xem xet tinh hgp phdp cua cac bidn phdp gidi hgn quyln co ban ndi chung, ciing nhu quydn ty do kinh doanh ndi ridng. Theo quan didm chiing tdi, phuang phdp ma cdc tda dn cua EU dp dung Id kinh nghidm tdt cho Viet Nam. Nhu vdy, cdc ca quan lap phap, hdnh phdp vd tu phdp cua Viet Nam ciing ndn xem xet cd ba ydu cdu ndu trdn khi ban hdnh cdc bidn phdp gidi hgn, ngogi Id ddi vdi quyln ty do kinh doanh, ciing nhu khi gidi quydt khidu nai, xdt xu khilu kidn cdc bidn phdp nhu vay. •
^ Case T-170/06, Alrosa v Commission, doan 128, 146.
