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Mot so yeu to tdc dong den khd ndng di ca cue lao dong Viet Nam: phdn tfch thiic nghiem bo dCr lieu dieu tra lao dong - viec Idm ndm 2014
LUtJ BICH NGOC PHAM NGOC HtTNG
'Mdi viii phdn tich mpt so'yeu to (nhdn khau, trinh dp chuyen mon ky thuat, tiin lUdng 'thi trudng, viing cUtru hiin tai...) tdc dpng de'n cdc trgng thdi: khdng di cUhay di cU ngdn hgn vddi cU ddi hgn cua lao dpng Viet Nam hien nay.
Tfl khoa: di cU ngdn han, di cU ddi han, dpng lUc di cU, khd ndng di cU.
S
au Ddi mdi, che dp bao c^p dfla t r e n dang ky cfl t r u theo hd k h a u dfldc xoa bd, kinh t l thj trfldng dfldc l u n h t h a n h va phat t r i l n da khien cho di cfl trong nfldc da bung phat d Viet Nam. Hien nay, di cfl trong nfldc v i n dang t i l p tuc gia tang, n h a t la trong bra canh nfldc t a hdi nhdp sau cfli^ cac nUdc trong khu vflc va t r e n t h e gidi. Viec tham gia cdng ddng kinh t l cac nfldc ASEAN (AEC) vao thdng 12 - 2015 eung dem lai nhieu ed hdi song eung dat r a nhieu t h a c h thflc ddi vdi ngUdi lao ddng Viet N a m . Kha nang di ehuyin d l cd viec lam, co t h u n h a p ddi hdi ngudi di cfl phai ed nhflng ngudn vdn fi kem nhfl v i n eon ngfldi, von t a i chfnh, voh xa hdi... Cac dac trflng n h a n k h a u hpc cua i ^ d i di cU cung se a n h hfldng d i n k h a n a n g di chuyin khi ma di cfl m a n g b a n chat la mdt qua trinh chpn lpc.Di cfl trong nfldc .mang lai ea nhflng tac dong tich cflc l l n anh hfldng tieu cflc. Cu the, di cfl giup giai quylt dfldc van de viec lam cho lao ddng dfl thfla va xda ddi giam ngheo b ndng thdn, chuyin dich cd c^u lao dong 3 adng thdn, bd sung va t r e hda lflc Ifldng lao dpng 5 thdnh thi ddng gdp vao t a n g trfldng kinh t l cua cac thanh pho (Nguyen Nfl Doan Vy, 2015). Ben canh nhflng tac ddng tieh cflc tren, bien tfldng di cfl ndng thdn r a t h a n h tlu din d i n thilu hut lao dpng 5 khu vflc nong
thdn, ngfldi lao ddng tfl ndng thdn r a t h a n h thj lam p h a t sinh t h e m nhflng van de phflc t a p d dd thj nhfl gia t a n g cac t e n a n xa hdi (nghien hut, m a i ddm, trpm cfldp...) gay t h e m sflc ep v l q u a n 1;^ t r a t tfl xa hpi cho cac cap chinh q u y l n t h d n h pho. Ngfldi di cfl d i n cac t h a n h pho da t a o sflc dp len viec cung cap cac djeh vu xa hdi nhfl n h a d, nfldc sach, y te, cd sd h a t i n g , giao thdng, dac biet la d cae do thj ldn nhfl H a Ndi, t h d n h pho Hd Chi Minh, D a N l n g (Lflu Bich Ngpc va cdng sfl, 2015).
1. L y t h u y e t v i m o v e d i ctf
Cdc ly thuyet vi md ve di cfl quan tam p h a n tich cac ludng/ddng di cfl va xu t h i di cfl trong mdt q u l c gia. Khdi d i u eae ly t h u y l t di cfl vi md tdn cd dien giai thich di cfl nhfl la mdt p h i n cua sfl p h a t trien Vinh t l . Di cfl trong nfldc xay r a do sfl khac biet ve eung vk cau lao dpng gifla cac viing dja Mnh te, ehu yeu la gifla k h u vflc ndng nghiep d ndng thdn va cac ngdnh cdng nghidp san xuat 6 cac dd thi. Cae md hinh ed ban (Lewis, 1954) da p h a t trien cac ly t h u y l t md lunh hai khu vUc, gia (Enh thj trfldng lao ddng cdn bang tbi mot Ifldng dfl thfla lao dpng trong nganh ndng nghiep truyen thd'ng dfldc ha'p t h u bdi cac k h u cong nghiep. Cac k h u cdng nghiep phat
Luu Bi'ch Ngpc. PGS.TS.; Pham Ngoc Hung, ThS., Trudng dai hoc Kinh t^ quffc dan.
figt^n cAi Kinh lg$gl (464) • TtOi^ 1/2017 8 5
Mgt sd'yeu to tac dong ,
t r i l n thdng qua vide tich luy voh vk lao ddng tfl khu vflc ndng nghiep. Lao ddng ndng thdn bi t h u h u t bdi sfl khde bidt tien Ifldng luon eao hdn d khu vflc t h a n h thj va di chuyen d i n cac khu vflc dd thi. Di cfl tfl ndng thdn r a thdnh thj ludn xay r a n l u mflc t h u n h a p thflc t l d t h a n h thj cao hdn va di cfl tie'p tuc gia tang n l u t i l n cdng t r a eho ngfldi lao ddng tai cac do thj van cdn cao hdn d ndng thdn hoac tang viec lam d eae dd thj.
Ly t h u y l t thj trfldng lao ddng kep thfldng bd qua cdc quyet djnh d c^p vi md nhfl pbSn tich chi phi va ldi ich eua mdt ca nhSn. Thay vao do, cac n h a nghien cflu ly thuye't nay tdp trung p h a n tich nhg.p cfl nhfl mdt "he qua tfl nhien cua toan c l u hda k i n h t l va thdm nhap thj trfldng qua eae bien gidi q u l c gia"
(Massey va cdng sfl, 1994:432). L^ thuyet thj trfldng lao ddng kep cdn giai thich di cfl nhfl la k i t qua eua y l u to' keo t a m thdi, n h u c l u lao ddng cu t h i cd sfl phdn biet ro d cac nfldc phat trien (Piore, 1979). Theo each t i l p c&n nay, di cfl chiu a n h hfldng m a n h bdi sfl p h a t trien va mfle Ifldng cung nhfl t m h chat cdng vide cua khu vflc ehinh thflc va k h u vflc phi chinh thflc.
2. Ly t h u y l t v i m o v e d i ctf
Ly thuyet vi md v l di cfl p h d n tieh nhflng ye'u td' tac dpng d i n k h a n a n g va q u y l t djnh di chuyen cua cac ca n h a n , dd la cac n h a n to ddng lflc di cfl. Lee (1966) Id ngfldi d i u tien nghien cflu di cu theo each tie'p can cac yeu td' tac ddng d i n h u t (nhap cfl) vd eae y l u to' tae dpng de'n d i y ( x u i t eu) t r e n mflc dp ca n h a n tfl ca hai phia cung va e l u cua di eu. Cach tie'p cdn 'Vd'n eon ngudi" la ly thuye't di cfl d ca'p vi md tan ed dien. Dfla t r e n nghien cflu ciia Sjaastad (1962) di cfl dfldc coi la mdt quyet dinh d i u t u ed n h a n d l t a n g n a n g su^t cua vd'n con ngfldi. Ca n h a n thflc hidn viec tinh toan chi phi-ldi ich, n l u ldi n h u a n k j vpng khdng dfldc cai thidn thi di cfl dfl k i l n se giam theo cdc khoang thdi gian trong tfldng lai, hp ehi di cfl khi ldi n h u a n ky vpng dUde cai thien. Cac ly t h u y l t nhan m a n h rang di cfl cd the d i n d i n viec ndng cao tay
n g h i . Tudi cua ngfldi di cfl ro r a n g ddng mdt y l u t l quan trpng, do dd ldi fch k j vong giam k h i tudi cua ngfldi di cfl cao. Md h i n h ndy ed t h i dfl bao dfldc ngfldi di cfl cdn t r e va dfldc dao tao. Tuy nhien, md h i n h n a y bi chi trich vi dfla t r e n cde gia dinh ly t h u y l t (gia dinh khdng thflc te). Do do Fischer va cpng sfl (1997) da d l x u i t mdt phfldng p h a p cai t i l n md h i n h n a y t r o n g trfldng hdp khdng cd rui ro va gia djnh cac t h d n g tin b i t dm xflng giam.
3. Phtftfng p h a p n g h i S n cijfu Nghien cflu n a y da sfl dung md hinh hdi quy logistics da thflc (multinorminal logistics regression) va Bd so h e u D i l u t r a lao ddng - vide lam n a m 2014 d l thflc h i l n eae phan tich. Viec tao cac b i l n s l dfldc thflc hidn nhfl sau:
Trong Bd so h d u Dieu t r a lao ddng - viec ldm n a m 2014, mdt eSu hdi dfldc dat r a Id:
"Anhychj khdng di chuyen h a y chuyen tfl xa/phfldng/thj t r l h k h a c d i n day dfldc bao lau?". Bdn phfldng a n t r a ldi dfldc ghi nhdn, gdm: (1) dfldi 6 t h a n g , (2) tfl 6 t h a n g den dfldi 12 thang, (3) t r e n 12 thang, (4) khdng di chuyin. Theo djnh n g h i a dfldc n e u trong dieu t r a , "ngfldi di cfl la nhflng ngfldi da di chuyen khdi ndi cfl t r u thfldng xuyen d i n ndi d mdi sinh song thfldng xuyen tfl 1 t h a n g tcb len d l h het 5 n a m trfldc thdi diem dieu tra".
Nhflng ngfldi dia phfldng hoac nhflng ngfldi da chuyen d i n ndi cfl t r u hien t a i va s i n g d dd qua 5 n a m (hay tfl 60 t h a n g trd len) dfldc gpi la ngUdi khdng di cfl (Td'ng cue Thdhg ke, 2015).
Mdt bien so mdi dfldc tao r a vdi t e n b i l n la
"dieu" ed 3 t r a n g t h a i : (1) b a n g 0 vdi ngfldi khdng di chuyen (trang t h a i t h a m chilu); (2) bang 1 vdi ngfldi di chuyen trong vdng 12 t h a n g (hay cdn gpi la di cfl n g i n han);(3) bang 2 vdi ngfldi di c h u y i n t r e n 12 t h a n g va dfldi 60 t h a n g (hay cdn gpi \k di cfl dai han).Day chinh la b i l n p h u thupe dfldc dfla vao md hinh hdi quy.
Cac b i l n doe lap dfldc dfla vao md hinh gdm:
Mpt Sd'yeu to tac fldng.
- Gidi t i n h feioitinh): muc dich sfl dung bien nay n h i m xem xet sfl khac bidt gifla nam va nfl trong k h a n a n g di cfl. B i l n n a y dfldc sfl dung trong md h i n h nhfl mdt bien gia.
- Tudi (tuoi); mue dich sfl dung b i l n n a y xem xdt khi tudi eua ngfldi lao ddng t a n g len se lam t a n g hay giam k h a n a n g di cfl.
- Dan tdc (dantoc): mue dich sil dung b i l n nay n h a m xem xet sfl khac bidt gifla d a n tpe kinh va dan tpe k h a c trong k h a n a n g di eU.
Biln ndy dfldc sfl dung trong md hinh la b i l n gia.
- "Riih t r a n g hdn n h a n (honnhan): mue dich sii dung b i l n n a y n h a m xem xet sfl khae bidt gifla ngfldi cd vd hoac chdng (hay cdn gpi la nhflng ngfldi cd r a n g budc hon nhan) va nhflng ngfldi khdng cd vd chdng (hay cdn gpi la nhflng ngfldi khdng cd r a n g bupe hdn nhan, nhfl: chfla ket hdn, ly hdn, ly thdn, gda) trong k h a n a n g di cfl. B i l n nay dfldc sii dung trong md h i n h la b i l n gia.
- Caiuyen mdn ky t h u a t (CMKT): muc dich sfl dung b i l n n a y n h i m xem xet sfl khac biet BANG 1: M o t a b i e n s o ' v a c a c g i a t r i c u a
gifla nhflng ngfldi dfldc dao tao (sd cap nghe, t r u n g cap n g h i , . . . , den dai bpe trd len) vk nhflng ngfldi chfla q u a dao tao nghe trong k h a n a n g di cfl
- Tien Ifldng (luong): n h a m danh gia tac ddng cua tin hieu t h i trfldng v l di c h u y i n lao ddng, tien Ifldng t h i trfldng dfldc xem xet nhfl la yeu to d i n k h a n a n g h u t hoac d i y lao dpng gia n h a p ho^c thoat khdi mdt thj trUdng (e£p tinh). B i l n t i l n Ifldng thj trfldng dfldc xac djnh b l n g t i l n Ifldng binh qudn trdn moi dia.
bdn eua mdt t i n h cua nhflng ngfldi dang lam cdng hfldng Ifldng t r e n t h i trfldng dd.
- Thdnh thi - ndng thdn (TT_NT): mue dich sfl dung bien imy n h a m xem xdt sfl khac biet gifla ngfldi d i n tfl phfldng/ thi t r a n (thanh thi) va d i n tfl xa (ndng thdn) trong k h a nang di cfl. B i l n n a y dfldc sfl dung trong md hinh la bieh gia
- Vung cfl t r u hien t a i (V): muc (Hch sfl dung edc b i l n n a y n h i m xem xet sfl khac biet gifla cfl trii d cae vung khae n h a u trong k h a n a n g di cfl. Cac b i l n nay dfldc s^ dung trong md hinh la cac b i l n gia.
b i l n d o c l a p t r o n g m o h i n h h o i q u y T£n
dieu
gioitinh
tuoi
dantoc honnhan
Giai thich bien Dieu
Gi6iimh Tuoi
Dtotpc Tmh trang hon nhSn
NhOng gia tri cua bJen 0:di cu tren 60 thang hoac khdng di cu l:di ca trong vong 12 thang 2: di cu tCr tren 12 thang A6n 60 th^g 1: nfl;0: nam
I:t0rl5dgn24 2: tilt ti«n 25 dgn 49 3:tilf50cr6ien
1: dan tflc ldnh;0: dan tpe khac 1: CO vcr/ch6ng;0: khflng cd vp/ch6ng Nhom biSn ve chuyen mon ky thuat hay bSc dSo tao (chira qua dao tao nghS dupe sil dung Iim tham chigii) CmKTl
CniKT2 ChiKT3 CmKT4 CmKTS
1: sa c£p nghS;0: khdng so cSp nghd 1: tnmg cap ngh6;0: khdng trung dp nghd 1: trung cip chuyen nghiep;0: khOng trung cJp 1: cao dang ngh6;0; khflng cao dang nghi 1: cao dang chuyen nghiep;0: khflng cao dang
Nghien cdu Kinti tisd 1 (464) • Thing 1/2017 8 7
Mot so yeu to t i c dAng .
Ten CmKT6 luong Tr_NT
Giai thich bien
Loga CO s6' e ciia tidn luong trung binh Thanh thi - nflng thfln
Nhihig gii tri ciia bien 1: dai hoc trd ien;0: khflng dai hoc trd len Bidn lien mc nhfln gii ui tCt 6,14d6i 9,31 0: thanh thi; 1: nflng thfln
Nhflm bign viine cir tni hien tai (VI: ddng bang sflng H6ng duoc sit dung Iim tham chitfn) V2
V3 V4 V5 V6
1: TVung du midn ndi phia bic; 0: khflng cf viing nay 1: Bic Trung BO va duydn hai midn Trung; 0: khflng i: Tiy Nguyen;0: khflng d viing nay
1: Dflng Nam Bfl;0: khflng b viing nay 1: Tay Nam Bfl;0: khflng b khu v«c nay Phfldng trinh hdi quy
. p .
+ X a.|CniKT.+ 2 g.|V.
Trong d6:p, =P{inig = j) vdi j = 0, 1, 2
i - 1 , 2
ft=
l + | p 5 ) | |3,j+pi,GMfa+ PjA^+p^EBntoc+PgMmed + p , ™ ^ + p , U b a n + 2 X Q * i ; + i j 3 X |
P i = -
exp p„+fc,Gcnder+ pi5,A^+p.,E6rtoc+|J„Mimed+ Parage +p^Uban + Ys^CnKI^ + | > „ V ,
l+|)Jp,j+P,(Snfa-H3,Ag5+p^|Etatoc+p^Mmed + p^ragp +p,Uban + i X ° ^ + i j ' s X
exp p,j+fe,G3ider+p,2As:+p^Iiintoc+Ps,Ntaied + p^«age+P„Uban + £ < i t , ( M ! ^ + 2 j i ! X
l + j p t J P|,+p,Q:nda'+ p,Ag;+p,Iiiiiloc+^N6nied + P^™gs+p,Uban+5j:^CMa;+2jyjX
4 . K^t q u a v a t h a o l u a n
Tii ket qua iJ6c ludng t h u dudc cl bang 2 va bang 3, co the thay;
He s6' u6c lUdng cua bi^n gidi t i n h d^u dudng 6 ca hai nhom di cU n g i n h a n va di cu dai b a n dong thdi co y nghia thong ke 6 mflc 1%. Ket qua nay cho biet co sU khac biet gifla
n a m va nfl trong quyet dinh di cU; nfl gidi CO xu hudng di cU cao hdn so vdi n a m , dieu nay p h u hdp vdi xu t h e nfl h d a cac dong di cU da dUdc ghi n h a n trong k e t qua cua T^ng dieu t r a dan so va n h a b n a m 2009 va Dieu t r a dan so' va n h a 6 gifla k j nSm 2004 va n i m 2014. Dong thdi, nd cflng p h u hdp vdi mot
Mot SO yeu to tdc ddng..
thflc te la cd n h i l u phi^ nfl den cac t h a n h pho sdc b e n h n h a n d cac b e n h vien ldn, lam trong ldn lam cae cdng viec dap flng vdi c l u lao cac cdng ty may mac, cac cdng t y c h l bien ddng nhfl: giflp lam vide n h a , trdng tre, cham t h u y h a i san...
BANG 2: K i t q u a m o h i n h h o i q u y p h a n t i c h k h a n a n g d i cii t r o n g v o n g 12 t h a n g C d i cvt n g a n h a n )
Bien so ddc lap Giditinfa
Tuoi DantOc Tuih tiang hdn nti^
So c£p ngh£
Tnmg cip nghfi Tnmg c£p chuyen nghiep Cao d^g nghd Cao ding chuyen nghigp Dai hoc trd len Ti^n luong thi tnioing llianh dli - ndng thdn Tmng du m i ^ ndi phia B&c Bic Trung Bo va duyen hai m i ^ Trang Tay Nguyen
Ddng Nam Bd Tay Nam Bd
H e s j 0,3778638 -U73022 -0,3208757
0,7280543 0,4630937 0,2448778 U88176 1,060586 1,671997 1,38993 0,1031154
^),5537526 0,2928346 0,8207905 0J685035 1,256702 0,671784
Std.Err.
.1079526 .1085717 ,1828107 ,1338476 ,1442297 J901446 2098035 J977935 3001483 ,1636387 ,1875591 ,1203547 3097175 .1846611 2893286 .1836512 204947
z 3S0 -12,65
-1,76 5,44 321 0,41 6,14 1,77 8J5 8,49 055 -4,60 1,40 4.44 196 6M
p value 0,000 0.000 0,079 0,000 0,001 0,678 0,000 0076 0,000 0,000 0J82 OfiOO 0.163 OfiOO 0,049 OfiOO 328 \ 0,001
He so" fldc Ifldng eua bien tud'i d nhdm di cfl ngan b a n ia-1,373022 eho bie't nhiing ngfldi tuoi eao thi k h a n a n g di cfl n g a n h a n giam. Ket q u a n a y cd t h e 1;^ giai nhfl sau:
mpt trong nhiing 1^ do di cfl n g i n b a n la de tim viec lam thi nhflng ngfldi tudi cao se it di tim viec S ndi k h a c ma hp cd t h e cha'p n h a n cdng viec da cd hoac tim viec mdi tai ndi cfl t r u hien tai. Tuy n h i e n he so' fldc lfldng cua bien tuoi 6 nhdm di cfl dai b a n la 0,079174, cho biet nhiing ngfldi tuoi cao t h i kha n a n g di cU dai b a n tang. Cd t h e nhflng ngfldi eao tudi cd k i n h nghiem va tay nghd*
thi hp thfldng di cfl ddi b a n vi da tim dfldc viec lam dn dinh.
He so fldc Ifldng cua bien tinh t r a n g hdn n h a n cua ca h a i nhdm di cfl ngan b a n va di cfl dai b a n deu mang gia tri (+), cho bidt nhiing ngfldi cd vd ho5c chdng cd k h a n a n g di cfl cao hdn nhiing ngfldi chfla cd vd hoac chdng. Nd cd t h e dfldc giai thich la sflc ep cd viec lam hoac t a n g t h u n h a p de chi tieu, t r a n g t r a i cho gia ddnh ciia nhflng ngfldi hien cd vd/chong da d^y nen hp cd k h a n a n g di cfl cao hdn. Day la d i l m khac biet so vdi ket qua cua mdt sd* nghien cflu trfldc day.
Nghien cdu Kinh tisd 1 (464) - Thdng 1/2017
Mot sfi'yeu to tac ffong
BANG 3: Ket qua mo hinh hoi quy phan lich kha nang di ctf trfen 12 thang (di ctf dai han)
Bi^n 50 ddc l^p Giditiiih
Ta6\
Dan tdc Tmh trang hdn nhan So cip ngh^
Trang c£p nghe Trung cSp chuyen nghiep (Dao d ^ g nghS Cao dang chuydn nghiep Dai hoc tier len Tien luong dii tratffig Thanh thi - ndng thdn Trang du mien ndi phia B i c Bic Tnmg Bd v l duydn hai mien Trung TayNguyen
Ddng Nam Bd TayNamBbd
BisS 0,5859317
0,079174 -0,4526091 0,8076171 0,2596443 0,5783689 0,6279419 0,2428134 0,3892033 0,5415997 0,3381276 -0,6201267 0,42599 0,2852739
1,819959 0,9294854 0,3351842
Sld.Err.
,0225087 ,017801 ,0348352 ,027408 ,031398 ,0849152 ,049833 ,1766137 ,0699075 ,0402959 0369831 B245869 .0334995 10381397 ,0454654 ,0377881 .0402445
z 26.03
4,45 -12,99 29.47 827 6,81 12,60 137 537 13,44 9,14 -2522 11,06 7,48 40,03 24,60 SJ3
p value 0.000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 OfiOO 0,000 0,169 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Trinh do cua ngudi lao ddng anh hudng rat ldn den quyet dinh tii cut. Thuc te, trinh do cua ngudi lao dong se giup ngudi lao dong cd nhieu thong tin, nhan thflc dUdc quyet dinh di cu hay khdng di cu. Trinh dp cflng la yeu to' giup hg bi^t dudc cd cd hoi viec lam d nhflng ndi mdi hay khong. Ket qua nghign ctiu cho thay nhflng ngUdi qua dao tao d hau bet cac b|ic dAo tao d^u cd kha nang di cu cao hdn so vdi nhdm chtla qua dao tao. Tuy nhien, ket qua nghien cflu cflng cho thily nhom ngudi co bang cao dang nghe khdng tac dong tdi ca nhdm di cu ngSn han va dai ban d mttc y nghia 5%, ly giai cho v& de nay do so'Ueu ve nhom ngudi cd dao tao cao dang nghe qua it quan sat so vdi cac nhom cdn lai.
Tien lUdng tren thi trudng ludn la yeu to ha'p din thu hiit ngudi nhip cU. Ket qua cho tha'y, he so Udc luong cua bien tien luong thi trudng d nhdm di cU dai ban la 0,3381276, cho big't ngudi di cu thudng d^n ndi cd thu nh^p cao hay cd ti^n ludng binh quan cao.Viec quyet dinh di cfl hay khdng phu thuoc nhieu
vko ky vong cua ngfldi lao dong, dSh ndi mdi cd thu nhgip cao hdn.
Ket qua h$ so'Udc Ifldng bien thanh thi - nong thon deu mang gia tri (-) 3 ca hai nhdm di cU ngan ban va di cu dai han. Ket qua nay cho biit ngudi thanh thi cd kha nang di cU cao hon ngudi nong thdn. Thuc te cho thay hiSn ty le tha't nghiep d thanh thi cao hdn so vdi khu vflc ndng thon (3 khu vile ndng thon cd tinh trang thieu viec, cdn nghe nghiep chi'nh la lam ndng nghiSp), do v4y ap luc ve tim viec lam ludn dat ra vdi ngudi lao ddng thanh thi.
Mat khac, ngudi lao ddng cflng khong thi ii cu tfl thanh thi ve ndng thdn d^ tim viec (do cong viec d khu VUc ndng thdn cho thu nhap thft'p, khong tim dupe cdng viec phu hop 3 khu VUc ndng thdn,..), ngudi lao ddng thaiih thi se di cu tfl thanh thi sang thanh thi, ho tim de'n cac khu cong ngbiSp, cac thanh phd'ldn.
- H$ so'Udc lupng cua tSTt ca cac vung 3 ca hai trang thai di cu ngSn han va di cu dai han d«u mang gia tri (+) va hSu het cac he sd' udc lupng nay deu cd y nghla thd'ng ke 3 liflc 1%
Mdt so yeu tfi'tac dong.
dieu do cho thsiy k h a n a n g di cfl dd'n cac vung khac ddu cao hdn k h a n a n g di cfl de'n vflng Dong b a n g Sdng Hdng. Ndi cd sflc h u t m a n h nhat ddi vdi di cu n g a n b a n la Ddng N a m Bd va ndi cd sflc h u t m a n h nha't doi vdi di cfl dai han la Tdy Nguyen.
5. H a m y c h i n h s a c h
Di cfl la mdt xu t h ^ khach q u a n trong q u a trinh p h a t trien k i n h t e - x a hpi, dieu tiet ngudi lao ddng di cfl tot se l a m cho t h i trfldng lao ddng linh boat hdn, t a n g k h a n a n g canh tranh t r e n t h i trfldng, giup xa hdi t d n dung dfldc ngudn n h a n lflc doi dao mdt each hieu qua. Do vay, c i n coi lao ddng di cfl Id mdt p h i n khdng t h e thieu cua lflc Ifldng s a n x u a t tai ndi den vi hp cung l a mdt Iflc Ifldng q u a n trpng gdp phan trong p h a t trien k i n h te cua dia phfldng. Can cd chinh sach de khdng phdn biet ngfldi di cfl hay ngfldi dia phfldng, k h i dd ngfldi lao ddng di cfl mdi ed cd hdi ti^p cdn mdt each cdng bang vdi t ^ t ea cac dich vu xa hdi cd ban tihu giao due, y td', n h a d, nfldc sach, mdi trfldng sd'ng. Tfl nhiing t h a y doi ve quan diem dd, cac ehinh sach vi md cua N h a nfldc ciing can di theo hfldng hd trd, tao didu kien t h u a n ldi cho mpi t a n g Idp d a n cfl tiep can hieu qua va cdng bang vdi cae ye'u to" nhfl eae dich v u cdng (thu tuc h d n h ehinh, dich vu y t^, giao due, hd trd thdng tin p h a p ludt, k i n h te...).
Vdi nhiing ngUdi ed n h u cau dn dinh va cfl tni lau ddi tai ndi den t h i N h a nfldc can cd nhiing chinh sach hd trd hp, n h u : nen cd Id t n n h ndi Idng nhflng r a o can ve t h u tuc h a n h chinh (hd khau) de hp ed t h e yen t a m lam viec va sinh sd'ng.
Di cu vdi nhflng dac trflng eua ngfldi di cfl va cac dpng lflc di cfl can dfldc xem xet can trpng trong qua t r i n h hoach dinh ehinh sach phat trien 5 moi dia phfldng h a y cua toan qudc. Ben canh nhflng chinh sach ho trd ngfldi nhap cfl thi cung c£n ed nhflng chien Ifldc phat trien k i n h te' - xa hdi vflng dam bao cac quyen cua ngfldi di cfl, dam bao cudc sdng lau dai cho ngudi lao ddng, giam thieu viec di chuyen lao dpng, t r a n h lang phi khi di cfl va tan dung toi da cac ngudn n h a n luc trong bdi
canh hdi n h a p ve m a t k i n h te - xa hdi v a bdi canh dfl ldi ve m a t n h d n kh^u./.
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