T w d i i DIA CHAT, k m A 56 329. r-?i?ni?, trq.|S
I
HE PHirONG PHAP DIA TIN HOC NGHIEN CUtJ DANH GIA T U BIEN LU: AP DUNG CHO PHAN THU^OfNG NGUON SONG
LO, TTT THANH PHO HA GWNG DEN HUYEN BAC QUANG
TRUONG XUAN LUAN'. NGO HUNG LONG' TRLTONG XUAN QUANG'. NGUYEN CHI C 6 N G = 'T - i . „ L y'^^ """^"^ "/"hdi Dong nggcTi Lien,. Ha Noi
TrumgD„hocTa,n^i„vaM6llru6mg.4l.4.D«dngKI. Thi udn Cdu all mUim.HdNol Tom tdt: Cdc phtnmg phdp hien dai noi chung hephuungphdp dia lln hgc (geo,nfarma„cs)no, rieng dd vd dang dugc dp dung rdt hien qud cho nghS, euu ,a, bten lu. Cae tac gtd bdi bdo dd budc ddu dp dgng Id hgp phuang phdp ma chu yeu la he phumig phdp dia lin hoc Ihi Ihdng tm dia ly. viin thdm GPS Tait-i l'-°°"''!i"- " T 7''' '*""« """' "•°^« "«*'™ "™- *"* «'° ™ * bdo lit bien la. ap dgng cho luu vgc,h,mng ngudn sdng Ld
I. PHUONG PHAP LUiJN
Tai biin lu cic loai dang vi se Id mdi quan tdm ddc bift eiia bit ky qufc gia nio trfn tilf gidi, vi khi ning gdy thifl hai vf cimg to ldn ciia ehiing. Vift Nam cOng nhu nhifu nude di quan tdm nghifn ciru nhifu loai tai bifn, trong dd cd lu. Tuy nhien, ehung ta chu yfu dp dung cdc phuong phdp ttuyin thong, cic phuong phdp hifn dai chua nhiiu hoic thiiu ddng bf. Cic tdc gid bdi bdo di budc diu ip diing tf hdp phuong phip mi chu yiu li hf phuong phip dja tin hpc (DTH) trong nghien cliu, dinh gii tai biin lu, dp dung cho luu vye tiiugrng ngudn sdng Lo, noi dd xdy ra nhieu trfn 10.
Dja tin hpe Id mfl ngdnh khoa hoe mdi. Theo ehiing tdi, DTH li khoa hpe sir dimg va phit ttiin tren ca sd ha ting eiia cdng nghf thdng tin, lifn quan din rit nhifu nhinh cua kJ tiiuit khdc nhau; kit hpp phin lich vdi mo hinh hda khdng gian, xiy dimg co sd dir lifu (CSDL) khong gian, tiiift ki hf thing tiifng tin, tuong tic giOa ngudi - mdy tinh vd cdng nghf m?ng cd day vi khdng day. Hifn dang tdn t?i hai tiiuft ngir vi DTH: 1)
Geamglics. nhu djnh nghia d bfn song tiiudng lien quan nhiiu din cie tiidng lin do dac; vi 2) Geglnformallcs. lifn quan chit che hon din khoa hpc dja khfng gian (dja ly, dja chdu...). Dii cd khdc nhau song hf phuong phip DTH dfu sir dung cac edng nghf hf thdng tin dja ly (GIS), vien thim (RS), thiit bj djnh vj loan ciii (GPS), cdc md hinh loan-tin, vi cdng nghe thdng tin (IT). Rit nhiiu phuong phdp trong hf phuang phdp DTH cd thi dp dung. Dudi diy xin ehi dupe tdm lupc mft sd phuong phip m i cic tie gii d i su dilng. phit triin trong nghifn eiiu tai bifn lu.
1.Co'sddi>ljfu
Co sd du lifu li tiidng so diu vdo rit quan trpng. Df tifn ieh trong luu trii qudn ly, khai thdc sir dung, chung toi dd tin hpc hda cde dtt lifu diu vio, ddc bift cdc du lifu bdn do dupe qudn ttj bdng phin mim OlS, cu Uie Id ttong ArcGIS.
Hf Ihdng thdng tin dja ly sir dyng eo so du lifu dia ly (geodatabase). Cac thanh phdn ciia eo sd dir lifu khdng gian bao gdm:
- Tap hop cac dir lieu dang vector (tap cdc difim. dudng va viing)
Tap hop cdc du lieu dang raster (gdm cdc dang diem dnh, thfi hifin cho cac ddi tugng dang diem, dudng, vung.
dnh true giao):
- Tap hgp cde dii" lieu dang mang ludi (dudng giao thdng. mang ludi ihiij' van.
ludi cdp thodt nude, giao thdng ...);
- Tap hgp cac dii lieu dia hinh 3 chieu (DEM. TIN) va bfi mat khdc;
- Du lieu do dgc (thupc tinh);
- Dii lieu dgng dja chi;
- Cac bang dCi- li?u la thdnh phdn quan trpng cua co sd diJ' lieu khdng gian, dugc lien kfit vdi cdc thanh phdn do hga thdng qua nhieu kifiu lien kfit khdc nhau.
Vc khia cgnh cdng nghe, hinh the, v;
tri khdng gian cua cac doi lugng cdn quan ly, ddnh gia dugc md ta bdng cac diJ li?u do hpa. Tfnh chdt cdc ddi tugng nay dugc md la bdng cdc dQ lieu thugc tinh. Md hinh co sd dG li?u khdng gian khdng nhO-ng quy dinh md hinh dir lieu vdi cac ddi tugng do hga. ddi lugng thugc tinh, ma cdn quy djnh lifin kfit gi&a chiing thdng qua md hinh quan he vd djnh nghla hudng doi tugng bao gdm cac tinh chdt nhu thua kfi {inherit), ddng gdi {encapsulation) \a da hinh {polymorphism).
2. Cdng nghf GIS
Dfi khai thdc GIS cd hieu qua, chdng tdi dd khai thdc cac chirc ndng cua GIS: 1) Hdi dap, tim kifim; 2) Phan tich khdng gian. bao gdrn; phan tich thugc tinh va do dac, chdng xep. lan can (tim kifim gdn, dia hinh, ndi suy....), ndi tifip (mang, lan truyen. hudng tim hay ddng). Cdc mo hinh sd dugc sir dyng la md hinh sd dg cao (DEM), hudng ddc - huong ddng chdy
Dfi luan gidi anh vien thdm. ngoai du lieu dnh Landsat mifin phi, trong nghifin cuu, chung tdi cdn sir dung dii li^u ALOS PALSAR va ASTER (do Dgi hpe tdng hgp thanh phd Osaka, Nhgt Ban cung cap) cd do phan giai khd cao ddp img yeu cdu nghifin cuu, dac bi?t Id dnh Alos chup ngdy 7/7/2009 tai thdi difim xa> ra lu rdng khdp d mifin Bdc nude la.
Day la sd lieu quy bau hd trg xay dirng cdc md hinh DEM, hudng ddc-hudng ddng chay,...
4. Cac md hinh toan-tin
Cac tac gia da xay dung la md hiiih xdc suat, mang nhan tgo vd d^c bi?t la md hinh HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Centers - River Analysis System). HEC-RAS la md hinh phan lich he thdng sdng sudi, do Trung tdm Cdng trinh Thuy vdn thupc Cyc Ky thudt Cdng trinh Quan dpi My thifit kfi.
phuc vu phan lich thuy luc cd lien quan tdi ddng chdy sdng sudi; dd la md hinh thuy van tien tifin dugc dp dyng nhifiu trfin thfi gidi, Id h? thdng phdn mfim tdng hgp, dugc thifit ke sir dung trong mdi trudng nhifiu chdc ndng cd dnh hudng dfin nhau. Cac modul trong md hlnh HEC-RAS dfiu dugc xay dung dya tren nh&ng CO sd l^ thuyfit cd lifin quan tdi nhirng kha nang tinh loan khdc nhau, Nhung trong tdt cd cac modul ciia IlEC- RAS deu sii dyng chung hai phuong trinh ca ban Id phuong trinh ndng lugng/thuy lyc va phuang trinh bifin thifin dgng luc. Trong HEC-RAS cdn su dyng c^c phuang trinh bdn thuc nghifim.
Ve ly thuyet, dudng mdt nude trong HEC-RAS dugc tinh toan lien tyc tu mdt cat nay dfin mdt cdt khac bdng vi?c gidi phuang trinh ndng lugng (hay phuang trinh Bernuly):
10
• 2 « ttong dd: Yi, Y, : chiiu sau ddng chdy d cde mft cdt; Zi. Z2: cao dp Idng sdng; V,, V2 : tdc df trang binh; Oi. 02 : hf s i siia chda dfng ndng vd h,: tin tiiit ndng lupng don vj giua hai mat cit.
Phuong trinh ning lupng i p dung tiiieh hop ttong cdc difu kifn ddng chdy ed su P2 - P I - W«
ttong dd: Pi; P,: ip lye Ihuy Itnh d mat cit;
W,: ttpng lye ciia khdi nude tiieo phuong x;
Ff: luc do ma sit giua 2 mil cit: Q : luu lupng nude; p: ttpng lupng rifng eiia nude vi V,: luu lie mdt cit d bif n.
HEC-RAS cung cdp diy dli cie chue ' nang phdn tich 10, dy dodn viing ngap va hodn todn ed tiii lifn kit vdi eac dtt lifu GIS df bifn tfp sd lifu ddu vio vdi cdng eu HEC-GeoRAS ho tto bdi ArcGlS 10.0.
5. Hf chuy£n gia vd chuyen gia m^
Trong td hpp phuong phap, khdng Uii Ulifu kien tiiirc chuyfn gia. He ehuyin gia (Expert system) Id nhttng chuong ttinh may tinh gidi quyil mpt bdi loin binh tiiudng mi cic bii toin dd tiiudng ddi hdi tti tiuie vi l^.\ ning cung nhu kinh nghifm ciia con ngudi. kit hpp nhthig nhdn Id vd kinh n^ifm. Hf chuyen gia cd khd ning ndm bdl eic kinh nghifm dd. luu tttt chiing ttong mdy linh \ a van dung di gidi bdi todn cd su dung nhimg kinh nghifm qiiy bau ciia cie chuyfn gia ed kinh nghifm. Cic tiianh phin CO bin ciia mpt hf chuyen gia Id mft "co sd tti tiiirc KB - knpwledge base" hay KB vd mft "md^ suy dien". Thong tin ttong KB dupe tiiift Ifp. suy luan tu cac nhi chuyen mdn vao ttong mpt tap hpp cic luit, diin hinh li ciu trie "if-tiien". Cic ludt loai ndy dijic gpi li cdc "ludt sdn xuit". Mdy suy dicn lam eho hf chuyen gia ed tiii liy ra dupe cac suy ludn tir cie luft ttong KB. Vi dy neu nhu KB chiia cie luat sdn xuit "if \
bien ddi dan ddn, khdng dot nggt. Tnrdng hgp cd ddng nude mgnh hoac cac khu nhdp luu, phuong trinh tren ap dung khdng phu hgp, thich hgp hon khi ap dung phuong trinh dgng luc xudt phat tir dinh lugt 2 Newton theo phucmg ddng chay cd dgng:
F:= Ip.Q.V,
ttien y" vi "if y tiien z". miy suy difn cd Uif suy ra "if X then z". Hf chuyen gia sau dd cd tilf ttuy vin ngudi dimg ciia nd "Niu X d ttang Ulii true thi ta cd nhin xet gi?" (vi dy nhu: vimg A cd tiii cd iu quel ttong ttidng 8 niy khdng?). vi niu nhu cdu ttd Idi li khing dinh, hf tiling se tifp tyc suy ra z.
Hf chuyfn gia md (fiizzy expert) li mpt he chuyfn gia su dung logic md tiiay vi, logic Boolean. Ndi td hon, hf chuyen gia md Id mft tfp cic him tiidnh phin vi cac ludt dupe dimg df lap ludn xung quanh dtt lifu. Khdng giong nhu cdc hf chuyfn gia Uiong Uiudng khdc, nd li cie miy Ifp lufn bieu tupng li chu yiu; cic hf chuyfn gia md tip Uomg vio hudng xu ly sd.
Cic luft ttong mft hf ehuyen gia md Uiudng cd dang nhu sau:
if X is low and y is high, tiien z = medium (neu x tiiip vi y cao till z = ttung bmh).
Vdi X. y l i cic bien diu vio (tfn cie gii tii du lifu di biit), z li biin diu ra (tfn ciia gii tti dtt lifu ein tinh toin), low li mpt ham tfiinh phin (tap eon md) djnh nghla hen x, high la mft ham Uianh phin dupe djnh nghla ttfn y vd medium Id mdt hdm tiianh phin dupe djnh nghia nfn z. Vai ttd eua luft gitta " i f va "tiien" Id p d tiiuyit vd tifn de eua luaL Ddy Id mft bieu tfidc logic md, md t i tdi miic ma luit ung dyng. Vai ttd cua luit sau "tiien" Id kit luan hay mfnh
dfi kfit qua. Vai trd nay ciia ludt dn dinh mdt ham thanh phdn tdi moi mdt hay nhieu bifin dau ra. Hau het cac cdng cu lam vific vdi cdc he chuyfin gia md cho phep nhifiu hon mdt kfit ludn tren mdi lugt Toan bd nhdm cdc luat tap trung nhu la mgt co sd ludt hay mdt ca sd tri thiic.
Ddi vdi logic md (fuzzy logic), chiing ta coi cdc ddi tugng khdng gian tren bdn do la cdc ham thanh vien cua logic md.
Cdc hdm thanh vifin dd cd gia trj nam ix(x) =
trong mien tir 0 dfin I. Trong nghifin cuu, chiing tdi xay dyng mdt ban dd nhgy cam ciia su hoat dpng trd Igi cua lu ho$c sy hinh thdnh mdi mdt khu vuc cd sy nhgy cam cao ddi vdi lii. Nhung gid tri thanh vien dugc nhan gid tri trong khoang 0 vd 1.
dugc dgt gid tri cho timg difim dnh ho|ic la timg viing cho mdi mpt ddu vao cua Idp thdng tin. Chiing tdi dd tinh toan cac ham thanh vifin p(x) cho mdi mgt ldp thdng tin:
EDF-R EDF-R + EDF-NR Trong cdng thiic ndy, EDF - R la ham
phan bd kinh nghifim ciia nhung vimg da bj hogt ddng trd lai va EDF-NR la hdm so phan bd kinh nghiem ciia nhirng vimg ma khdng cd su hogt ddng trd lgi ciia lu.
Khi ma chiing cd nhifiu ban 2 ldp thdng tin (bdn dd chuyen dfi thanh phdn) vdi hdm thdnh vifin md cho cimg mdt tap hgp, nhu trong tnrdng hgp thdng thudng, cac bien ciia todn hi cd thfi dugc dung dfi kfit hgp nhCmg gid trj cua ham thdnh vifin.
II. K t T QUA NGHIEN C l i u
Trong khudn khd bdi bdo, chung tdi chi dan ra mgt sd kfit qud dgt dugc.
I.Cosd'du'lj^u
Chung tdi da xdy dimg cdc ca sd du lieu: tdn sudt lu Iheo thdn ban, xd phudng (lien quan mat thifit dfin luu lugng mua, thdi gian keo ddi mSi trdn mua); ca sd d& lieu dja hinh, dia chdt, dia mgo, Idp vd phong hda, Idp phii thyc vgt, mat dp dan cu... Cac du lifiu ndy Id tifin dfi rdt quan trgng trong ddnh gid lai bifin lu va tac dpng cua chiing doi vdi kinh tfi - xa hpi cua tinh Ha Giang. Hinh l , 2 I d v i d y c h o C S D L .
Hinh X.Casd du liiu tdn sudt lii theo thdn bdn. xa phudng
i p i ^ E s a ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
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Hinh 2. Qr jrr i/ir liiu nhd ddc lap (mdt dg ddn cu).
2. Cic ban dd nhfy cim tai biin IQ Dia hinh d tinh Ha Giang thufc loai khd phuc tap, cd thi chia Idm 3 viing:
nui dd cao chua phong hoi (chii yiu la cdc thdnh tao carbonat), mii dd cao cd vd phong hod ddy vi vung thung lung song cd muc cao thip. Viing thip gdm thung IDng sdng Gdm (dja bdn huyen Yfn Ninh), sdng Chdy (dia ban cdc huyfn Hoing Su Phi, Xin Min), sdng Ld (dia bin huyfn Bde Quang, Vj Xuyfn va thinh phd Hd Giang), sdng Mifn (khu ngoai d ddng bdc thanh phd Hi Giang). Chiing toi tip trang nghifn euu ehi lift vf tai biin lu thufc luu vuc sdng Ld, trfn dja bin tir tiidnh phi Ha Giang qua huyfn Vj Xuyen din huyfn Eldc Quang. Noi thudng cd itt vd Id noi tfp trung din cu nhil eua tinh H i Giang (Hinh 3) rai Df tii dfe lap cip Nhi nude do GS^. Nguyfn Trpng Yfm chii tri [8] chua de cfp. Ting cfng difn tich vilng nghien ciru li 2.734 km^ t u bin
do ndy, phin tich v i chpn 3 vimg trpng diem de nghifn cuu chi tiit hon, dd li:
thinh phi H i Giang vdi difn tich 171 km^, huyfn Vj Xuyfn vdi difn tich 1467 km vi huyfn Bde Quang vdi difn tich 1094 km^
Tu bin do nhay cim lu trong 3 viing nghien cuu dd nfu, chiing tdi chpn ra cdc khu cd khi ning xiy ra lu cao nhit de nghien euu chi tift hon, dd Ii:
a. Vung thinh phd Hi Giang, gom:
- Doan sdng Mifn, tit Bin Cudm din td 11 phudng Quang Trang (Khu 1);
- Doan sdng Ld, tu t i 3 phudng Quang Trung dfn Ciu Me (Khu 2);
b. Vimg huyfn Vi Xuyfn, gdm 1 khu- doan sdng Ld, tu Ddng Cip 2 den t i 24 tiij trin Ndng trudng Vift Lam (Khu 3).
c. Vung huyfn Bie Quang, gim 1 khu: doan sdng Ld, tit xd Tin Thing den het xd Tdn Tao (Khu 4).
C H O OIAI O/AngqudcK
hhu vijrc nghian i
Trong phgm vi bdi bdo, chiing tdi chi cd the ddn ra vdi bdn dd chuyen dfi vfi lii cua khu 2, lien quan tryc tifip den ngi thanh thanh phd Ha Giang (cac hinh 5, 6).
Cac tham so da sii dyng:
- Chifiu ddi dogn nghifin cuu: 5632 m;
- Sd lugng mgt cdt ngang: 11;
Hinh 3. Bdn do vung nghien cuu.
- Cdc thdng sd thu;^ van vd tdn suat iu su dung theo cac thdng kfi thfi hi^n d B a n g l .
Vdi md hinh do chiing tdi thanh I§p, chi can thay ddi sd li^u ddu vao cd thfi tinh todn kfit qud nhanh chdng- Do v^y, ta cd thfi dl ddng xay d\mg cdc kjch bdn khdc nhau vfi tai bien lu, vd rdt cd y nghTa trong vi?c phdng chdng tai bien lu.
I
C H U G I A t CAc V. I n tih^y ei
Hinh 4. Bdn do nhgy cdm ve tal bien Id vung nghie
Hinh 5. Md hinh 3D, khu 2 (phi ty li).
Bang 1. Bang thong sd cac m|t cat tinh toan khu 2.
OID I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II
ShapeLeng 350 634 451.393 594.754 553.143 440.185 388 935 397.451 412 426 366.934 413.692 511.836
XS2D1D 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17
HydnilD 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
''
ProfileM 13.9577 14.4752 13.2025 12.6240 11.7832 11.3041 10.9406 9.5335 8.1344 6.9045 5,6821
Reach Code Khuvuc2 Khuvuc2 Khiivuc2 Khuvuc2 Khuvuc2 Khuvuc2 Khuvuc2 Khuvuc2 Khuvuc2 Khuvuc2 Khuvuc2
Left Bank 66.3362 81.6650 17.6522 98.5708 71.8552 2.8151 55,8379 25.2084 5.4457 50.6768 94.3207
Right Bank 1.6395 51 8216 105.0613 51.1954 77.1839 44.8641 47.2711 26.3171 7.4087 101.9159 118.6791
Ch Lenglh 54.4435 39.7191 48.0384 25.6997 52.7807 109.1600 55.5181 51.0120 59.1918 24 8545 49.1288
Node Name 4
6
8 9 10 II 12 13 14 III. KfT LUAN VA TRAO D 6 |
1. Kit lufn
a/ v i ly thuyit, cie he phuong phap dja tin hpc tap Uung nghifn ciiu, phat trien vi ung dung cdc chue ning tuyf t vdi ciia GIS: hf chu3;fn gia, chuyfn gia md, md hinh trpng sd vd md hinh s i HEC- RAS. Cic lac gid da dp dung ddng bf cdc phuong phdp nghifn cuu hifn dji kit hop hii hda vdi cac phuong phip truyin thing nghien ciiu vin di rit khd Id tai biin lu va thu dupe nhirng kit qud nhit djnh.
b/ Vf thyc lien, eiing vdi vifc xdy dirag t i hpp phuong phdp nghifn cuu dong bf til miyin thfng den hifn dai, da kft hpp thu thip ling hpp xiy dung duoc bf CO sd dii lifu si, die bift li nhiiu chiing loai bdn dd can thiit quin tri Uong moi uirdng GIS, lifn quan din bii toan
nghifn cilu ddnh gid, dy bdo vi cac kjch bin tai biin Iu.
2. Mot s6 y kiln trao doi
Vdi kit qud nghifn cuu dat dupe, chiing tdi ed nhiJng kiin nghj sau;
a/ Bdi toin vf cdc tai biin mdi trudng dja chdt hifn dai, ddc bift Id tai biin 10 Id rit phiic Ijp, phdi cd sy kit hpp kiin thiic cua nhiiu ITnh vuc mdi cd dupe kit qui diy dli vd xac thye nhit. Trong nghifn eiru, se cd kit qua vi kinh ti hon niu kit hpp nghifn ciiu dong thdi nhifu loai tai bifn. Vi dy, tai biin lu thudng di kem vdi tai biin trupf sjt Id dit dd va ed thi cd sut lun, bao mdn, tich ty rit ddng ki.
b/ Ap dyng t i hpp phuong phip hifn dai, trong dd cd hf phuong phip dja lin hpc df dinh gii, cinh bdo tai bifn Iu, cd hifu qui vd du tin ciy.
C l i - n ™ - . . .
<kaMa.iu^N>ifra
Hinh 6. Bdn dg lu khu 2 theg kich bdn lu ndm 1970.
cl Vdi cdng nghf ban dd hifn dai vd cdng nghf thdng tin nhu hifn nay, hodn loan cd thf xiy dyng chuong ninh d i cap nhft nhanh vdi diu vio li cic tham s i hiy bien df hd Up cho ngudi din cung nhu ldnh dso dja phuong mft each nhanh nhit trong \ lec phdng Uinh vi gidm nhe thien tai ndi ehung, lii ndi rifng. Trude mit, nhanh ehdng xay dyng bdn dfi phdn vung
ttinh IQ, theo nguyfn tie tim dudng di ngin nhdt tu khu ddn eu bj lu lyt din noi an todn (viin^ udnh lu) vd cic ham cinh bio lu. Cie sd lifu diu vdo ciia Tr?m cdn dupe tifu chuin hda, ii de ding tieh hpp vdi eic vf tinh quan ttic moi mrdng khu vuc Chdu A yd thi gidi. Chung toi d i nghi dieo chuin cua Hifp hfi Dja nguin md the gidi vi tinh thdng dung, df truy
cap vi hoin toin mifn phi m i tic gii bii bio da cd nhifu ndm cpng tdc. Df phue vu cfng tdc cinh bio, cdng nghf mang phii dupe phdt huy Uift df nhit
VAN LIEU
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2. Benlhardsen T., 1999.
Geographical information systems: An intioduction. John & Sons Inc.. New York
3. Chi Kwang-Hoo, Park No-Wook, Chung Chang-Jo, 2003. Fuzzy logic integration for landslide hazard m^jping using spatial dala from Boeun, Korea
4. Dewitte 0 „ Chung C-J., and Demoulin. Reactivation hazard mapping for ancient landslide in West Belgium.
5. Ddo Vdn Thjnh (Chu bten), 2006.
Bdo cdo Nghien ciiu dinh gii tai biin dja chit vimg Tiy Bde Vift Nam. Luu IrO DC. HdNgi.
6. Haberler-Weber M, Analysis and interpretation of geodetic landslide monitoring data based on fuzzy systems.
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d i tai viinh trong diim tinh Lio Cai vd kifn nghi cdc gidi phdp phdng tranh giam nhe. Luu Irii Viin Dig chdt. Viin Khoa hgc vd Cong nghi Viet Nam.
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D i lii KC-08-01BS, Phin 2, tdp 3:
Thupng nguon sdpg Gam (huyfn Yen Minh) vd thupng ngudn sdng Chdy (huyfn Hoang Su Phi, huyfn Xi Min) linh H i Giang. Luu trir Viln Dig Chdi
HdNgi.
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GBOInformatIc method system studying and assessing flood hazards: Applying to the upper course of Ld River, extending from Ha Giang City to Bdc Quang IDistrlct
Truong Xudn Lugn. Ngd Hung Long.
Truong Xudn Quang Nguyen Chi Cong Advanced method in general, geoinformatic method system in particular, have been ellectively applied m the study on flood hazards. The authors of the article have been preiminanly applying a method association, the main of them is the geoinformatic system (geographic information system, remote sensing, GPS, mathematic-informatic model, informatie technology), in the study, assessment and forecast of flood hazards, for applying m the basin of upper course of Lo River.
Ngudi biin ldp: TS Trdn Vgn Miin
