vt chinh sich nhi nu6c mua hB qua nghiSn ciiu tai Vi^t Nai
VE CHINH SACH NHA NLfdC MUA KET QUA NGHlftN CUtT TAI VIET NAM
Cao Thi Thu Anh' Vien Chien luoc vj Chinh sach KH&CN
Mua ket qud nghien ciru Id mot chit de nghien ciru hdp ddn. khi co rdt nhieu ly ludn vd kinh nghiem thuc tien tren the giai chi ra nhimg uu viet cita chinh sdch nay trong viec thtic ddy doi mai. Chinh sdch Nhd nu&c mua kit qud nghien ciru (KQNC) cdng duac dua ra gdn ddy trong cdc vdn bdn chinh sdch khoa hoc vd cong nghe (KH&CN), cu the trong Nghi quyit so 46/NQ-CP ciia Chinh phi ve KH&CN, Luat KH&CN nim 2013 vd Nghi dinh so 95/ND-CP ngdy !7 thdng 10 nim 2014 ve dau tu vd tdi chinh cho KH&CN Tuy nhien. di thiet ke vd thuc thi chinh sdch Nhd nuac mua KQNC thi can gidi quyit cdc van di nhu:
Mua KQNC Id gi?Muc tteu cda chinh sdch ndy Id gi? Nhihig bdt hoc rut ra tir viec ban hdnh chinh sich Nhd nuac mua KQNC? O Viet Nam co cin thiit phdi ban hanh chinh sdch NN mua KQNC hay khong? Niu co thi quan diim, muc tieu vd cdc ddi tuang tham gia trong chinh sdch Nhd nuac mua KQNC Nhd nuac mua Id nhu thi ndo?.... Trong khudn khd bdi bdo ndy, nhom tdc gid dua ra cdu tri lai cho cdc cdu hoi neu tren vd dat ra mpt so vdn di cho vice ban hdnh chinh sich Nhi nuac mua KQNC a Vict Nam.
Ttr khoa: Tdi chinh; Khoa hgc vd cong nghe; Chinh sich; Mua kit qud nghien cim Ma so: 16120801
1. Mua ket qua nghien cihi va vifc Nha nu*c mua kit qua nghien cihi Ll. Mua ket qua nghien cim
Theo cac nghien ciiu, cac chmh sach nhJm thuc day d6i mai dugc chia thanh nhom cac chinh sach hucmg cung va nhom cac chmh sach huong cSu (Edler: 2007a: Georghiou. 2007). NSu nhu cac chinh sach huong cung giup dinh huong hoat dong thi cac chinh sach huong ciu dmh huong cac liCt qua dju ra cua hoat dong khoa hoc, cong nghe va d5i mai sang tao. Ly do CO ban cho vice ban hanh cac chmh sach huong cung nhim hd tra cho doi moi ciia doanh nghiep la nhiing that bai c\la thi truang lien quan tdi thuc day dau tu cho NC&PT, do nhiing nii ro cua hoat dgng NC&PT nen doanh nghiep thudng diu tu duoi nguong cho hoat dpng NC&PT, trong khi tac dong lan toa ciia NC&PT lai rit Ion nen Nha nuoc cin co su can thiep nhim thiic diy diu tu cho NC&PT. Muc tieu ciia cac chinh sach
' Lien h? iac giS: [email protected]
JSTPM Tdp 6, Sd 3,2017
hudng cung la nham tang cudng no luc ciia doanh ngbiep trong boat ddng ddi mdi thdng qua viec gidm cdc chi phi ddu tu. Cdc cdng cu chinh sach nhdm hudng cung dupe chia thdnh 2 nhdm Id cac ehinh sdeh tdi chinh vd cdc chinh sdch ve dich vu bao gdm: ho trp ve vdn thdng qua cac quy, bd tro cho cdc boat dpng nghien cuu cua khu vuc cdng, hd tra cho boat ddng ddo tao vd lim chuyen can bd, hd tra cho boat dpng NC&TK cua doanh nghiep, bd trp ve thi trudng, mdi gidi va cac bien phap ve mang ludi. Chinb sdch ddi radi hudng cdu la chinh sdch nham muc dich tang eudng nhu cdu de thiic ddy vd lan tda ddi mdi (Edler, 2007b), ddng thdi dinh hudng ket qud ciia boat dpng ddi mdi. Cdc chinh sdch ddi mdi hudng cdu cd the phdn thdnh ba nhdm chinh gdm cac chinh sdch he thdng, cdc chinb sdch ve quy dinh va tieu chudn, chinh sdch mua sam cdng thiic ddy ddi mdi (Blind vd cong su, 2004; Edler, Georghiou, 2007b). Cdch phdn chia nay chi la tuang ddi vi chinh sach la dan xen vd nhieu chinb sdch la su ket hap ciia cdc chinh sdch don le.
Mua sam edng dinh budng ddi radi dien ra khi rapt co quan nha nudc thuc hi6n hoat dpng mua hoac dat hang mpt san phdm hdng hda, dich vu hoac rapt b? tbdng chua timg tdn tai nhung cd the phdt trien trong mot khodng thdi gian nhdt dinh dua tren cdc boat ddng ddi mdi nhdm thuc hien chdc nang hoac cdc muc tieu cu the ciia Nhd nudc (Edquist vd cong ste, 2000).
Mua sam cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi dugc chiing minh Id cd nhung diem uu viet va duac coi Id cdng cu manh lihdt khi Nhd nudc ddng vai trd Id "ngudi tidu dung ddn ddu" di kich thich ddi mdi, dieu phdi de tao ra thi trudng trong nude, gidm chi phi ban ddu ddi vdi cdc gidi phdp ddi mdi vd do dd thiic day qua trinh lan tda ciia ddi mdi (von Hippel, 1986; Edquist vd cong sie. 2000; Edler vd Georghiou, 2007). Tren thuc te, chmh sach KH&CN vd ddi mdi cua cac nudc vdn ehii yeu Id cac chinh sdch budng cung (Rigby vd cgng Sif, 2005). Dieu ndy cung phu hop khi cdc nhd nghien cuu chi ra rang, khi cd bai phuong thiic mua sdm cdng dinh budng ddi mdi vd tdi tra cho boat dpng NC&PT ket hpp vdi nbau se cd tdc ddng ddi vdi boat ddng ddi mdi ldn ban rdt nhieu.
1.2. Muc tieu ciia chinh sdch "Nhd mr&c mua kit qud nghien cmi"
1.2.1. Mua kit qud nghien am nhdm thuc day doi m&i
v i mat ly ludn chinh sdch, mua sdm cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi giiip thiic diy ddi mdi mpt cdch true tiip vd gian tiip. Nhiing dnh hudng nay deu duge thuc hien thdng qua viee mua sam nhimg bang hda/dich vu ddi mdi.
Nhd nudc khi mudn khuyen khich ve ddi mdi cd the chi tien de trd gia cao hon hoac chiu tdn that ve hieu qud (McCrudden. 2004; Edler vd Georghiou,
vt chinh sdch nh^ nUdc mua kit qud nghien cHu tgi Viit Nam
2007), ban than khu vuc cdng cd the Id "ngudi su dung thii nghipm" ket qua dii mdi (Malerba et al: 2007).
B% tac dung true tiip tdi ddi mdi, chinb sdch mua sam cdng thiic ddy ddi radi cdn phdi dnh hudng tdi dinh hudng hoac tdc dp thay ddi cdng n^he, hoac ca bai yiu ti tren (Edquist vd cong, sir, 2000; Geroski, 1990). Anh hudng tdi tic dp thay ddi cdng nghe cd the bao hdm hoac la tang dau tu eho NC&PT, hoac la tang cudng ung dung cac kit qud NC&PT trong kbi dnh hudng tdi dinh hudng bao hdm viec lua chpn cdc phuang dn cdng ngb$ nhdt dinh.
Cabral vd cong su (2006) da cho rang, nhan dang nhirng dnh hudng gian tiip ciia chinh sdch mua sdm cdng tdi ddi mdi do la dnh hudng tdi quy md va cdu tnic ciia tbi trudng^, thiit lap cac tieu chudn vd cae quy dinh (tu do nang cao nhdn thuc eua ngudi ddn ve ddi radi) vd bang cdch thay ddi ca cdu canh tranh cua thi trudng trong cd ngan ban vd ddi ban (OFT- 2004).
Theo Edquist (2000), raua sdm cdng dinh hudng ddi radi cd the phdt huy d trong cd ba trudng hop nhu sau: "monopsony" (chi cd mpt ngudi mua tren thi trudng), "oligopsony" (sd lupng ngudi mua tren thi trudng it), vd
"polypsony" (sd luong ldn ngudi mua tren tbi trudng khdng nam giii thi phdn ldn). Trong trudng hgp chi cd mdt ngudi mua tren tbi trudng thi "nhu cau day" dupe chii trpng thdng qua viec chmh phu thara gia vao mua sam de tao ra quy md ddi mdi du ldn. Trong trudng hop "oligopsony", chinh phu cd the ddng vai trd Id ngudi tieu dung dan ddu nham kich thich viec tao ra ddi mdi vd dieu phdi viee tao ra cac tieu chuan. Trong trudng hpp
"polypsony", mua sdm cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi cd the ddng vai trd xiic tac cho khu vuc tu nhdn, chang han nhu thdng qua trinh diln nhiing im diem eiia cac ddi mdi, chinh phu cd the khuyen khich nhu cau cua khu vuc tu nhdn ve ddi mdi.
1.2.2. Mua kit qud nghien cuu mang lai lai ich doi v&i cdc ben tham gia Thdng qua cae chinh sach mua sdm cdng, khu vi^c cdng cung cd thi giiip tao ra nhiing tieu chudn hoac thuc ddy su hpi tu vdo mpt tieu chudn don nhdt, do vdy khuyin khich truyen bd doi m&i. Khi mua sdm hang hda/dich v^ ddi mdi vdi quy md ldn, cdc td chiic cdng cd thi cd dnh hudng ldn tdi ket qud ciia qua trinh dp dung cdng nghe bdi quyit dinh li^a chpn cdng nghe
Quy mo cua cau la dac bifi quan trpng doi vdi nhftng ngaah dugc dgc trung bdi nhu c5u NC&PT cao, tiet ki$m hon khi quy mo san xuit \<m, co su nhay vgt vk cong n ^ e hojic raiic dp bat djnh cao (Porter 1990), nhu cSu cong Ion se giam bdt nhimg nii ro thi tru6ng oho dam b i o m§t lugng doanh s6 nhAt djnh, t^o kha n5ng cho nhftng doanh nghiep doi mdi sdm phSt tn^n Iheo quy mo, tSng nang suit va gi^m chi phi. Ngoii ra, chinh s i c h mua s i m cong dmh huong doi mdi c6 thg giiip v?ch ra nhung nhu cau mdi khi nhihig nha cung c i p vS khdch h ^ g tiSm nang khong y thiic dugc nhu cau ngudi diing ciing nhu nhiing ddi mdi san phim/djch v\i nao th) trudng nen cung cap (Edler vd Georghiou. 2007)
JSTPM T4p 6,563,2017
mdi eua minh hoac mdt tieu chudn phuong dn ddc thii cua cdng nghe (Cabral et al, 2006).
Chmh sdch mua sam cdng cd tdc dung cdi thien chinh sdch vd dich vw cong thdng qua viec cdc chinh sdch mua sam se giup hodn thien cac chiic nang ciia Nha nudc va gdp phan hoan thanh tdt cac nhiem vu cdng. Mua sam ddi mdi cd the dugc lien ket vdi mue tieu chinh sdch thdng thudng, chang ban nhu phdt trien ben viing hoac ndng cao bieu nang, muc tieu nay cd the dat dupe sdm hon vd hieu qud han thdng qua ddi mdi. Ben canh dd, thdng qua mua sam cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi cdc ca quan nhd nu&c se cdi thiin moi quan hi tuang tdc doi vcd cdc nhd cung cdp (hoac trong trudng hpp cac co quan nha nudc khdng phdi la ngudi tiSu dung cudi cung, thi giup cdi thien mdi quan he giiia ngudi su dung va nha cung cap; trong trudng hgp cd nhieu nha cung cdp, se giiip cdi thien mdi quan he tuong tac giiia cdc nhd cung cdp).
Nhimg qudc gia di ddu trong viec sir dung chinh sdch raua sdm cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi la cdc nudc chdu Au. Trudc kbi thuc hien chinb sdch mua sdm cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi, EU chu yeu dp dung cdc bien phap chinb sach hudng cung nhu tdi trp cho hoat ddng NC&PT nhdm thiic day cac ngdnh cdng nghiep, chi tien thuc hien cdc boat ddng NC&PT cd lien quan den lpi ich cdng. Cdc nhd lam chinh sdch ciing nbu gidi nghien euu cua EU thdy rdng, neu nhu cd su cdn bdng tdt ban giira nhu cdu cdng va co che cung NC&PT tbi ed tbi cdi thien su hdp thu cdc y tudng sang tao vdo khu vuc thi trudng cdng. Mua sdm edng dinh budng ddi mdi cd the giiip raang
\3.\ gid tri ciia boat ddng NC&PT nhanh ban tdi thi trudng. Thdng qua viec ddng vai trd la khdch hang tiim nang ddu tien dua ra ede ITnh vuc ung dung cu thi ddu tiSn ddi vdi cdng nghe mdi, khu vue edng cd the giiip phdt trien cdc y tudng nhanh bon tu giai doan khai niem den cdc giai doan phat trien sdn phdm radu vd thu nghiera tren khdch hdng.
Tren thuc ti, chinh sdch mua sdm cdng dinh budng ddi mdi da dugc thuc hien ddc lap d mpt sd nudc chdu Au nhu Nauy, Ao, Italia, Bi, Anh, Hd Lan trudc khi cd su ra ddi ciia chmh sdch ehung trong Lien minh chdu Au. Tuy nhien, din nam 2009 mdi ra ddi ehinh sdch raua sdra cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi d tdm khu vuc, md trong dd mdi quan he giua cdc ben mua vd ban cd tinh xuyen qudc gia. EU xdy dung vd trien khai chinh sdch mua sdm cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi trong bdi canh mua sdm cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi cd tiim ndng chiim tdi 19% GDP cua khu vuc ndy. Chinh sdch mua sam cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi dugc thiit ke nhdm cdi thien chat lugng cung cap dich vu cdng vd ddi phd ddi vdi nhirng thach thuc ma xd bdi dang gap phdi.
' Vi^c ap d\fag nhung nhu cSu cdng ngh? d]nh hudng vao doi mdi (rong quy trinh dau thau co the khuyen khich su dyng nhimg cong ngh? mdi van chua duoc thucmg mai hda. Vice nay cd the thiic day dau tu vao NC&PT de hoan thien nhung cdng n ^ e n i y hoiic phil hien nhftng cdng ngh? mdi, t?o ra hieu img khuay dpng rong khap nen kinh te
W chinh sdch nh& nUdc mua kit qud nghien cHu t^t Vi^t Nam
Ddng thdi, sir ra ddi cua chmh sach ndy cung dugc ky vpng se tao dieu kien vd thiic ddy su phat triin cua thi trudng cac giai phap ddi mdi. Ben canh dd, chinh sdch ndy cung nhdm thuc ddy thi trudng EU nham raang lai lgi ich cho cpng ddng doanh nghi?p d chau Au (chu yiu ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep nhd vd vua).
Ngudn : EU, 2014
Hinh 1. Mua sdm ddi mdi tiin thuang mai vd mua sdm gidi phdp ddi mdi 1.3. Bdi hgc rut ra trong vi^c ban hdnh vd thtrc thi chinh sdch mua sam cdng thuc day doi m&i
Tir kinh ngbifm ciia chdu Au cd the thdy, chinh sdch mua sdm cdng djnh hudng ddi mdi dugc thiit ke nham tun kiem su can bang tdt hon giua nhu cdu cua khu vi^c cdng va co che eung ket qua hoat ddng NC&PT nham dua kit qud boat dpng NC&PT nhanh ban tdi thi trudng. Nhd nudc vdi tu each ben mua se ddng vai trd Id khach hang tiem nang ddu tien dua ra cac liiib v\rc ling dung cu thi ddu tien ddi vdi cdng nghe mdi, giiip phdt trien cac y tudng nhanh ban tu giai doan khai niem den cdc giai doan phdt trien sdn pham mdu vd thu nghiem tren khdch hdng. Nhu vay, vdn de ddt ra ddu tien la phdi rd muc tiSu khi thiet ke chinh sach mua sam cdng thiic ddy ddi mdi, dua ra mpt phuang thuc ddu tu mdi cho boat dpng NC&PT vd ddi mdi, bd sung cho cac chinh sdch da cd thdng qua viec mong raudn Nhd nudc trd thanh ngudi tieu dung, ddn ddu vd kich thich ddi mdi lan tda sang cac ddi tupng khdc trong nen kinh te. Chinh sdch mua sam cong thuc day doi m&i nin duac ddt trong tong the chinh sdch ve khoa hgc, cong nghi vd doi m&i chir khongphdi Id mot chinh sdch riing le.
Khi Nhd nudc ddng vai trd la "ngudi tieu diing dan ddu" di khuyin khich ddi mdi ciing cdn chii y t&i boi cdnh cua timg quoc gia vd khu vyc. Thyc te cho thdy, cd nhihig qudc gia ma ngudi dan cd xu hudng mua sdm vd ung dung nhimg ddi mdi nhieu ban so vdi nhiing nai khdc. Nbu vdy, day cung la mdt diem Itm y de dam bao thdnh cdng cho chinh sach mua sam cdng thiic day ddi mdi.
JSTPM T4p 6, Sd 3,2017
Khdi niem ngudi tieu diing ddn ddu ed the md rdng thdnh thi trudng di ddu khi ngudi tieu diing ndy tao ra tbi trudng dii ldn ddi vdi sdn pham/dich vu raua sdra. Nhung yeu cau vS thi trudng ddn ddu dat ra nhu cdu thiet ke chinh sdch mua sdm thuc day doi m&i phdi chgn duac nhimg sdn pham/dich vw phii hgp diia trin ddnh gid nhu cdu thuc te.
Ngoai ra, khi thiet ke vd thuc thi chinh sdch mua sam cdng thuc day ddi mdi, mgt trong nhimg muc tieu Id thu hut su tham gia cua cdc doanh nghiip/to chirc trong nu&c trong lien ket mang ludi, bdi vdy, cung phdi tinh den trudng hop kbi cac doanh nghiep nudc ngodi gidnh dugc ede hgp ddng mua sam edng trong khi cdc doanh ngbiep/td chue trong nudc khdng du dieu kien de tham gia cung cdp hdng hda/dich vu ddi mdi. Dieu nay ddi bdi nang luc cua co quan chiu trdch nhiera ve thuc thi chinh sdch mua sam edng. Vi du, trong trudng hpp mua sam he tbdng chieu sang tien tien ciia chinh quyen Bang va Lien bang cua CHLB Dire, co quan chiu trdch nhiera da thuyet phuc nhiing ngudi ra quyet dinh vd ngudi dan ve nhiing lpi ich kinh ti cua viec mua sam he thdng nay tu nudc ngodi, ben canh lpi ich ro rdng ve tiet kiem ndng lugng, nhd vdy tdng dupe hieu qua vdng ddi cua nd (Pinnau, 2005).
Mdt loat nhiing van de ve dam bdo mua sdn phdm vd dich vu NC&PT a muc gid thi trudng gdn v&i quyen s& him tri tue ciing Id nhirng diem cdn luu y khi thiit ki vd ban bdnh chinh sdch mua sdm edng thiic ddy ddi mdi. Dd la nhiing vdn de lien quan den dinh gid sdn phdm md san phara dd vdn cdn tiip tuc vd phdt triin va chua cd thi trudng, raiic bu dap ve tdi chinh can phai trd cbo viec khdng ddi hdi quyen sd hiru tri tue khi cung cdp gidi phdp di khai thdc md rdng tbi trudng.
Chinh sdch mua sdm cdng dinh hudng ddi mdi ddi hoi phdi co hdnh lang phdp ly cho cdc hoqt dgng mua bdn. Hien nay, ede nudc chdu Au ciing lam kha tdt vd rdt chii trgng den vdn de phdi ddnh gia dupe nhu cdu ciia cdc co quan nhd nudc nhu uu tien mua cai gi, loai nhu cdu ndo phu hpp vdi phuong thuc mua KQNC. EU cung da dua vdo Horizon 2020 nhiing quy dinh vi cac ben tham gia trong boat ddng mua sdra cdng nhu ddi tugng thii budng, nhdra mua, td chiie ddng vai trd chii tri vd quyen lgi, trach nhiem ciia cac ben. Nhu vay, diiu kien niia de cd the thuc hien chinh sach ndy dd la cdn cd cac quy dinh ro rdng vi eac ben thara gia, quyin lpi vd ngbia vu ciia cac ben.
Van di dat ra cho Viet Nara dd Id viec dp dung nguyen mdu kinh nghiera nudc ngoai tbi cd phu hgp bay khdng? khi mdt sd dieu kien de ban banh vd thuc thi chinh sdch mua KQNC la cd nhung ciing tdn tai mpt sd diem khdc biet cdn phdi chu y- Nhiing phdn tich dudi day ve chinh sach mua KQNC d Viet Nam giiip sdng td dieu dd.
Wchinh sich nhi nuic muakitqui nghiin ciuttit VietNam
2. Su- can thiet phai ban hanh chinh sach Nha niro'c mua kit qua nghien ciJTi a Viet Nam
2.1. Cdc quy dfnh chinh sdch hi^n hdnh co lien quan toi vi^c Nhd nif&c muakh qud nghien cmi khoa hpc va cong ngh^ & Vi^t Nam
Theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh s6 95/ND-CP ve co che dau tu va tai chinh cho KH&CN thi noi dung chi ngan sach nha nuoc cho KH&CN bao gom chi cho diu tu phat trien KH&CN va chi su nghiep KH&CN. Chi dau tu phat tri^n nham muc dich trang bi co so ha tang phuc vu nghien ciiu cho cac to chiic KH&CN cong lap, trong khi do, chi su nghiep khoa hpc bao gom chi hoat dong thuong xuyen, ckc nhiem vu thuang xuyen theo chuc nang cua to chiic KH&CN cong lap va chi cho cac nhiem vu KH&CN. Nhiem vu KH&CN CO the do cac to chiic KH&CN, cac ca nhan hay doanh nghiep dam nhiem thuc hien. Nhiing chinh sach ve ho trg cho doanh nghiep thuc hien cac nhiem vu nghien ciiu khoa hoc ciing dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 31, Luat KH&CN nam 2013. Di6u 57, Luat KH&CN nam 2013 quy dinh vS cac bien phap khuyen khich doanh nghiep ling dung KQNC khoa hpc va phat trien cong nghe thong qua cac hinh thiic tai trg, cho vay voi lai suit mi dai, hd trg lai suat vay, bao lanh de vay von.
Tit khau &i xuit giai phap-san xuit vat miu-san xuit thir nghiem, Nha nuoc da ban hanh hang loat cac chinh sach uu dai vl tai chinh cho chuyin giao cong nghe trong nuoc, ngoai cac ho trg kmh phi tir ngan sach nha nugc cho viec thuc hi$n nhiem vu KH&CN dugc quy dinh trong Luat KH&CN nam 2013 thi cac du an cua doanh nghiep ilng dung kit qua thuc hien nhiem vu KH&CN dS tao ra san pham moi hoac nang cao nang suit, chit lugng va siic canh tranh cua san phim co thi dugc hS trg v6n diu tu. Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep ciing c6 thi nhan tai trg tir Quy D6i moi cong nghe qu6c gia cho cac du an KH&CN va d6i moi. Cac doanh nghiep thanh lap va boat dpng theo phap luat Viet Nam dugc trich t6i da 10% thu nhap tinh thui dl lap Quy phat triin KH&CN (Dilu 17, Luat Thui thu nhap doanh nghiep) nham chi cho cac hoat dgng dii moi cong nghe cua doanh nghiep. Ngoai ra, theo Dieu 65 cua Luat KH&CN nam 2013 cac t6 chiic, ca nhzin hoat dpng KH&CN Cling dugc hudng mpt loat cac chinh sach uu dai vl tin dung cho KH&CN. Hien nay, chua co ca chi khuyin khich cu thi cho cac doanh nghiep san xuat hong viec ung dung cong nghe, thiit bi, vat to, hang hoa dugc nghien ciiu che tao ttong nuoc, do do, ciing han chi viSc tilp can thi trudng cua cac san pham nghien ciiu.
Nhu vay, co the noi cac chinh sdch diu tu thiic diy d6i moi hien hanh chii yeu thugc nhom cac chinh sach huong cung ma chua c6 nhiiu bien phap thiic day doi mdi tir phia ciu. Trong khi thuc tl dat ra la co chi thuc hien nhiem vu KH&CN ddi voi cac nha khoa hpc dugc phan anh la cdn rit nhiiu
JSTPM Tap 6, S6 3,2017
bat cap, kinh phi tu NSNN chi cho viec ung dung vd trien khai KQNC cdn rdt ban che. Thire tien nay ddi hdi can cd nhiing chinh sdch nham huy ddng tdi da mpi ngudn luc xd hdi ddu tu cho cac nhiem vu KH&CN, ddng tbdi
"day" nhanh KQNC gdn vdi thi trudng, giiip cac doanh nghiep cd the "tiep can" vdi cdc KQNC cd tinh kha thi de dp dung vdo sdn xudt, vd co che Nhd nudc mua KQNC ky vpng cd the gidi quyet dugc cdc vdn de neu tren. Tuy nhien, cdc quy dinh ve mua KQNC hien nay trong Nghi dinh sd 95/ND-CP radi chii y den muc tieu Id phuc vu muc dich tieu dung cua Nhd nudc (tieu dung ndi bd hoac phuc vu rauc dich cdng ich), ma chua quan tam den viec neu ngudi su dung kit qua NC&PT khdng phai la Nhd nudc ma Id mot ben thii ba dupe hudng lpi tu viee Nba nudc raua ket qud ndy.
2.2. Nhu cdu thtrc tien cua viec sw dung kit qud nghien cim cua doanh nghiep vd co quan qudn li nhd ntr&c
De phuc vu nhu cau quan ly nhd nudc ddi vdi hoat ddng KH&CN vd ddi radi, cac co quan nhd nudc cung cd nhu edu sii dung cdc KQNC rad khdng phdi thdng qua binh thiic tdi trg cho cdc nhiera vu KH&CN. Dd Id trudng hgp eiia Sd KH&CN Thanh phi Hd Chi Minh khi mudn cd ngay cac kit qua de iing dung vao sdn xudt kinh doanh, tiet kiem thdi gian va cdng siic cho cdc nhd khoa hpc khi thuc hien cdc che dp tai chinh theo ca che cdp kmh phi cho nhiem vu KH&CN. Trudng hpp ciia Sd KH&CN Ddng Nai la nhiing yeu edu vi viec can "raua" ngay nhiing giai phap dp dung vdo thuc tiln nhdm gidi quyit cdc vdn di phdt sinh tai dia phucmg phuc vu rauc tieu cdng ich (ve gidng trong ndng nghiep vd giii nudc tudi tieu trong raua khd) ma khdng cdn pbai thuc hien co che cap kinh phi cho de tai nghien ciiu vdn rdt nhiiu nii ro vi mat khoa bpc hay cdng nghe ddng thdi, ciing nbu huy ddng dupe ngudn luc xa hpi cho boat ddng nghien ciiu. Tuy nhien, cho tdi hien nay, mong mudn vi co che mdi chua dupe giai quyet d Tp. Hd Chi Minh vd "niu cd KQNC diing theo nhu cdu thi chiing tdi ciing chua biet phdi "raua" nbu thi nao" (trich phat bieu ciia dng Pham Van Sang, Gidm ddc Sd KH&CN Ddng Nai).
Viec chuyin giao KQNC true tiep vao sdn xudt va kinh doanh d Viet Nara cdn rdt ban chi. Trong nghien cuu cua tac gia Nguyen Quang Tudn (2013) cho thdy, ty le thuang mai hda KQNC chi dat d raiic 10%. Thuc trang tren chu yiu nam d cac nguyen nhdn sau; (i) thieu tdi trp cho nghien ciiu thu"
nghiem vd hodn thien cdng nghe; (ii) thiiu chinh sach Nhd nude thiic ddy thuang mai hda kit qua NC&PT; (iii) thiiu vin ddu tu mao hiem; (iv) thiiu su bd trp ciia td chiic cbii tri vd (v) nhu cdu cdng nghe ciia doanh nghiep thdp. Theo bdo cao vi cdc chuang trinh KH&CN trgng diem cdp Nhd nudc giai doan 2006-2010 (Bg KH&CN, 2011) cho thay^ ty le iing dung vd thuang mai hda cdc KQNC da dupe cdi thien nhung vdn cdn cac cdng nghe
W chinh sich nhinUicmuaUtqui nghiSn citu tai Vt^Nam
va thiit bi dugc tao ra vdi kha nang thuang mai hoa cdn han chS do gia thanh con cao, dp dn dinh cdn chua cao. Ngoai ra, vi chua co co che khuyin khich cu thi cho cac doanh nghiep san xuit trong viec ling dimg cong nghe, thiit bi, vat to, hang hoa dugc nghien curu chi tao trong nudc do do cung han chi viec tilp can thi trudng cua cac san pham nghien ciiu.
Nhiing khd khan trong viec tim vdn ddi tog, nii ro vl su thanh cong va thi ttudng, dac biet la khoan kinh phi thu hdi cua cac du an da khdn| khuyin khich dugc cac nha khoa hpc tilp tuc diu to de hoan thien cac ket qua da nghien cuu. Bdi vay, viec dat len vai cac nha khoa hpc ttach nhiem phai dip tuc hpan thi$n cac KQNC dl dua ra thi ttTidng la rit khd khan.
Theo tac gia Phiing Viin Quan (2013) to ket qua cua mdt cupc dieu tta thi trudng cdng nghS, tten 50% sd dcanh nghiep tta ldi cd qua it cac td chuc KH&CN frong nudc cung cap cdng nghe cho thi trudng va neu co thi thudng chi la cac cdng nghe nhd le, it tao thanh cac day chuyen cdng nghe dong bp, dil siic t^p ra san pham hdng hda canh tranh vdi nuoc ngoai. Mdi nam sd hgp ddng chuyen giao quyen so hiiu, quyen sir dung thuc hiSn thanh cdng chi khoang 20-30 hgp ddng (neu ke ca cac khai thac theo thda thuan giiia cdc nhom nghien ciiu vdi cdc doanh nghiep khdng qua cdc hgp ddng chuyen nhugng thi cung chi cd khodng vai ttam KQNC khai thac thdnh cong), ttong khi dd, con sd KQNC tiim nang khoang 20.000 KQNC nhu ciu ddi mdi cdng nghS rndi nam len tdi 13.000 nhu ciu, viec khai thdc thuong mai KQNC, sang chi ttong nuoc la qua nhd so vdd tiim nang. Dl thuc diy doanh nghiep sir dung KQNC dugc tao ra to frong nudc thi su sin sang dl ling dung cua KQNC Id dilu kien tiSn quyit. Tuy nhien, ngay cd khi KQNC CO the tog dung vdo san xuit thi ciing cin hd ttg cdc doanh nghiep ttong viec tiep can cac KQNC khi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam gap khd khan ttong viec tiep can cac ngudn tai chinh cho hoat ddng ddi mdi sdng tao.
Khi ndi vl ngudn cung cdng nghe cho cdc doanh nghiep ttong nudc, bao cdo cua CIEM (2013) cho biit, phin ldm su chuyin giao cdng nghe cho doanh nghiep ttong nudc din tir doanh nghiep ttong nude khdc (khoang 66%). Dieu nay hdm y chuyin giao cdng nghe dugc thuc hien chu yiu giiia cdc doanh nghiep npi dia. Chi cd 10,2% dpanh nghidp nhdn dugc chuyin giao cdng nghe to cdc khach hdng ttong nudc (mdu quan sat la 7.174) va nhan dugc chuyen giao to cdc khdch hang la doanh nghiep nudc ngodi cOng chi la 11,9% (mau quan sat Id 2.760). Dilu nay chiing td cac chinh sdch chi ttpng viec chuyen giao cong nghe giua cac doanh nghiep ttong nudc vdi doanh nghiep nuoc ngodi chua chdc cd hieu qud, bdi vay, cin chii ttpng tdi mdi hen ket ve cdng nghS giQa cac doanh nghiep frong nudc. Ngoai ra cdc van de ve cdng nghe se de dang dugc gidi quyit nlu cac doanh nghiep lien ket de day juy md Ion han, do vay, vdn dl hgp tdc giOa cdc doanh nghiep de giai quyet van de cong nghe la hit site cin thiit.
JSTPMTGP 6, S6 3,2017
Nhung phdn tieh d tren cho thdy, Nhd nude cdn cd nhiing chmh sdch mua KQNC de cung edp cho doanh nghiep nhiing bien phdp khd tbi nhdm hd trp ve tdi chinh cho cac doanh nghiep, cung nhu gan ket nhu cdu cdng nghe ciia nhieu doanh nghiep vdi nhau. Khi dd, Nhd nudc se cd vai trd xuc tac, hd trg cdc doanh nghiep dap iing nhu cau cdng nghe nay thdng qua cdc hgp ddng mua sdm cdng; nhd khoa hpe trong vai ngudi ban KQNC ra tbi trudng; cdc nhd qudn li, vua ddng vai ngudi mua, ngudi su dung vd ngudi trung gian trong boat ddng raua KQNC vd cdc doanh ngbiep, trong vai ngudi mua vd ngudi sii dung KQNC.
3. Quan diem, muc tieu va cdc d6i tirong tham gia trong chmh sach Nha nirdc mua kit qua nghien cihi d Viet Nam
Tdm quan trpng ciia su ddi mdi va phat trien cdng nghe ddi vdi rapt nen kinh te dang tren dd tdng trudng la khdng the phu nhan, dac biet, trong bdi cdnh thuc tiln hien nay cho thdy, viec dua vdo ngudn tdi nguyen vd cdng lao dpng re khdng edn Id lgi the eiia cdc doanh ngbiep Viet Nam, canh tranh dua tr6n nen tdng dp dung KH&CN vd doi mdi la bet siic quan trpng. Ve mat chinh sach, cdc doanh nghiep dang duge Idy ldm trung tdm cua boat ddng khoa bpc, cdng nghe vd ddi mdi, do vdy, cdn cd cac bien phap khuyen khich doanh nghiep dp dung tien bd khoa bpc ky thudt vdo san xudt va thuc hien cae boat dpng ddi mdi.
Hien nay, Nha nudc dang su dung rat nhieu cdng cu tai chinb nhdm khuyen khich doanh ngbiep ddu tu cho NC&PT vd ddi radi nbu:
Tai trp cbo cdc td chiic KH&CN cdng lap vd cdc trudng dai hpc de cd cdc KQNC cd the ap dung vdo sdn xudt kinh doanh;
Tdi trg cho cac nhiem vu KH&CN theo cdc hinh thiic dat hang vd tuyen chpn hay giao true tiep;
Miin gidm thue cho cac boat ddng KH&CN vd ddi mdi;
Hd trg vdn ddu tu mao hiem vd vdn mdi;
Tuy nhien, cac chinh sdch neu tren deu ndm trong nhdm chinb sdch trgng cung md chua hudng tdi nhu cdu ve KQNC. Bdi vay, can thiet phdi ban hdnh cac chinh sdch hudng cdu, tuy nhien, viec dua ra rapt chinb sdch mdi cdn can nhdc di tranh chdng cheo vd tning lap vdi cac chinb sdeh dang cd va hudng tdi cdc muc tieu ddi ban ma chinb sach Nhd nudc mua KQNC vdi dinh hudng thiic ddy ddi mdi cd the la rapt gidi phdp bleu qud. Ben canh su ling hd ciia nhieu nhd khoa hpc va nhd qudn ly cho chitsh sdch Nhd nudc raua KQNC ciing van cd nhiing y kiin phdn ddi vdi lap ludn rdng Nhd nudc li?u cd khd nang irng dung KQNC dd khdng hay chi mua vi di ddy, cd biet rd gid tri cua KQNC bay khdng? Nhd nudc chi nen mua KQNC khi ddm
vt chinh sdch nhd nU&c mua Mt qud nghiSn cilu tq,i VietNam
bdo Nhd nude ed khd nang phdt tnen va se sii dung cd hieu qua KQNC dd chii khdng phdi dung ngdn sdch nha nudc de mua KQNC nhara gidi quyet tinh trang de tdi "bd ngan keo". Tuy vdy, tir thuc te cdc chinb sdch hudng cung vd hudng cdu nham thiic day boat ddng KH&CN, nbu cdu ve viec mua KQNC ndy sinh tu nhiing bat cap eiia co che trong thuc bien nhiem vu KH&CN, nhu cdu iing dung KQNC vao ddi sdng va trong boat dgng san xudt, kinh doanh cung nhu y kien cua cdc nhd khoa hge, co quan quan li tii nhiing phdn tich d tren cho thay su cdn thiet phdi ban hdnh mdt chinh sdch ve mua KQNC bang ngdn sdch nba nudc d Viet Nara hien nay. Chinh sach ndy nhdm vao cdc rauc tieu:
Chinh sdch Nha nude raua KQNC vira bd sung cbo chinb sach tdi trp, hd trp cho nghien ciiu vua cd tinh ddc lap tuong ddi so vdi cdc ehinh sdeh ddu tu khdc cua Nha nudc cho khoa hpc, cdng nghe va ddi mdi;
Chinh sdeh Nhd nudc mua KQNC dap iing dupe nhiiu muc tieu: Hd trg ben ban (td cbiic, ca nhan cd KQNC); Hd trg ben mua (cdc ca quan nhd nudc, cac doanh nghiep ddi radi sdng tao, ndng ddn,...) vd kit noi cung cdu ddi vdi KQNC; Giiip kich thich ddi mdi, diiu phdi di tao ra thj ttudng trong nudc, gidm chi phi ban ddu ddi vdi cac gidi phdp ddi radi va do dd thiic ddy qua trinh lan tda ciia ddi mdi.
Tuy nhien, do su ban hep cua ngudn ngan sdch nhd nudc nen kmh nghiem qudc ti cbo thdy Nba nudc chi nen:
Mua KQNC dudi dang gidi phdp, sdn phdm da gdn nbu ra dupe tbi tnrdng hoac da cd lugng nhd khach hdng sir dung sdn phdm ndy nhung van chua ddp iing dugc yeu cdu vi gia vd chdt lugng ma sdn xudt quy md ldn ddt ra;
Mua dich vu nghien ciiu phdt triin di tiip tuc biin cdc KQNC thdnh cdc gidi phdp, sdn phdm theo yeu cdu cu thi ciia ben mua.
Kinh nghiem qudc ti cho thdy, di cd tbi thuc tbi chinh sach Nha nudc raua KQNC cdn cd cdc diSu kien sau day:
Miic do sdn sdng cua cdc chii thi tham gia vdo boat dpng raua ban Hdnh lang phap ly: phdi co cdc quy dinh dk td chiic thuc bien hoat dons mua KQNC; ' ' • • ^ Xdc dinh dugc cbii thi dai dien cbo Nhd nudc thuc hien raua KQNC tt-en thi trudng la ai?
Ca ehi tdi chinh di raua KQNC: Idy hi ngudn ndo, ki hoach mua phu hgp vai nbu cau cua Nhd nudc (cd ve nhu edu tieu dung tnjc tiip vd mua cho ben thii ba su dung);
JSTPM Tdp 6, S33,2017 53
Danh gia dugc nhu cdu ve mua KQNC: uu tien gi, loai nhu cau ndo phu hgp vdi phuang thiic mua KQNC;
Cac quy dinh ve hop ddng mua bdn KQNC; sd hiiu tri tue; dinh gia;
qudn ly nii ro.
4. Kit luan
Van de mua KQNC da dupe dua vdo thdnh cbii tmong ehinh sdch. Nba nudc da ban hdnh mpt loat cac vdn ban nham tdng ngudn cung KQNC, tang ling dung KQNC vao ddi song vd ndng cao bieu qud boat ddng sdn xudt kinh doanh, tuy nhien, ket qud ehua cd nhieu net tieh cue. Viec ban hanh chinh sdch Nhd nudc mua KQNC hy vpng se gidi quyet dupe cdc bdt cap trong thue tien vd ciing vdi he thdng cdc chinh sdch lien quan da ban hanh se gdp phdn hodn thien he thdng cdc cdng cu tdi chinh cho khoa hpc, edng nghe va ddi mdi d Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, cac loai hinh KQNC khdc nhau d cdc linh vuc khdc nhau cd nhieu diem khde biet, bdi vdy, trudc khi ban hdnh rapt chinh sdch chung ve mua KQNC KH&CN cdn phdi cd co che thi diem de thuc bien, dae biet mua KQNC Id mdt phuang thiic ddu tu tdi chinb mdi d ViSt Nam nSn cdn than trpng trong trien khai thirc hien nham muc tieu gia tang cac KQNC khoa hpe va phdt trien cdng nghe, huy ddng ngudn lire xa bdi dau tu cho boat dpng nghien ciiu vd trien khai, dan dat cdc thi trudng mdi, khuyen khich boat ddng nghien ciiu trong doanh nghiep, ndng cao hieu qud iing dung KQNC vdo hoat dpng san xudt, kinh doanh va thuc ddy boat ddng ddi mdi sdng tao./.
TAI L1$U THAM KHAO Tieng Vi^t:
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kit qud dieu tra 2012-2013.
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Vi chinh sdch nhd nU&c mua kitqud nghin cHu tai Vi$tNam
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Tgp chi Tia sdng,
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