SlTTRdl DAV CUn CHU NGHTfl DflN TUV 6 Bfl LAN NHU'NG NfiM GRN D A V
T n n h Quan*
Tom tat: Chu nghia ddn tuy (CNDT) a Ba Lan hinh thanh tir giai doan hgu Cong sdn, sau do tiep tuc phat trien tren ca sd mot so yeu to quan trong la nhiing di sdn cua Chu nghTa Cong sdn, Phong trao Cong doan Doan ket, tien trinh Ba Lan gia nhap EU, he luy ciia cdc van de nay sinh trong qua trinh chuyen ddi nen kinh te, vai tro lich sic cua nguoi ddn vd su de cao ddn too Ba Lan. Ddng Lugt phap va Cong ly cdm quyen Id hinh mau tieu bieu ciia su chuyen hoa tu chien luac ddn tiiy tdiy thuc he ddn tuy. Mac dii cd nhieu diem luang dong vdi cdc ddng ddn tuy d chdu Au vd My nhimg CNDT tai Ba Lan co mot so dgc trung rieng, the hien ro lich su phdt trien cua dat nude, su gdn kit chat che ciia ddn toe Ba Lan vdi Thien Chua gido cUng nhu the hien chinh sdch thuc dung cda ddng cdm quyen trong boi canh dat nude can nhimg ngudn lifC bo sung tit ben ngoai de phdt trien kinh te.
Tir khoa: Chii nghTa ddn tuy, Ba Lan, chdu Au, y thuc he, tang lap tinh hoa, nhdn ddn Abstract: The Populism in Poland has been initialized since the post-Communist period.
Its development bases on important factors including the legacy of Communism, Solidarity Movement, the accesion of Poland to the EU, implications by the economic transition, the historical development and promotion of the Polish values by Poles. The ruling Party of Law and Justice is a typical model of the transition from populist strategy to populist ideology.
Apart from similarities with other populist parties and movements in Europe and the Americas, the Polish populism has unique characteristics, showing the country's history, close connection of the Poles with the Catholic Church as well as demonstrating the ruling party's pragmatic policy in which Poland also needs foreign resources for its economic development.
Key words: Populism, Poland, Europe, ideology, elite, people
* Ths, D^i sii- quan Vif t Nam tai Ba Lan Nhan bdi ngay: 14/12/2018
Phan bien xong 17/1/2019 Chdp nhdn dang 12/2/2019
16 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN SVJ^
Nhimg nam gan day, sir troi day cua Chu nghia dan tuy da tac dgng dang ke tdi trat tu qu6c te von dang dugc dinh hinh bdi Chu nghia tu do thong qua cac m6i lien ket va hgp tac chinh tri, kinh te, thuang mai khu vuc va toan cau. Nam trong xu hudng chung d chau Au, ke tir nam 2014 den nay dang Luat phap va Cong ly (PIS) ciia Ba Lan, la dang canh hixu dan tuy theo duong loi bao thii dan tgc, thiic day giao quyen va hoai nghi chau Au, da Hen tiep gianh chien thang trudc dang Cuang ITnh C6ng dan (PO) - timg cam quyen gan mgt thap ky tai Ba Lan, d6ng thai ciing danh bai t^t ca cac dang phai khac trong cac cugc ban eii Hgi d6ng Nhan dan cac cap cho tdi bau cir Quoc hoi va T6ng thong, tir do chi ph6i toan dien quyen lire chinh tri tai Ba Lan. Tuy lien tuc chiu su chi trich tir gidi tinh hoa va phai duang dau vdi nhieu dgt bleu tinh quy mo d cac thanh pho Idn, hi Lien minh Chau Au (EU) phe phan va tham chi de dga tudc quyen bo phieu, song chinh sach dan tuy cua PIS tap trung tranh thu dai da s6 cir tri tang Idp trung luu va n6ng dan d khu vuc n6ng thon van dang phat buy hieu qua, giup dang PIS cung co viing chac vi the ciia minh d tat ca cac nhanh lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap.
Mac dii CO mgt s6 dac diem khac biet nhung trudng hgp dang PIS nam trong xu hudng chung tai chau Au khi mgt so dang canh hihi theo chii nghTa dan tiiy cung thu hiit dugc sir ung hg cua dai da s6 cvr tri, dien hinh la dang Bao thu Qu6c gia Fidez d
Hungary dudi su lanh dao ciia duang kirn Thii tudng nude nay Viktor Orban; phong trao Brexit tai Anh quoc - bao g6m cac dang phai va chinh tri gia keu ggi hudng tdi ban sac dan toe Anh truyen thong, ban che ngaai nhap cu va phan doi viec chia se Igi ich kinh te vdi cac nude chau Au luc dia; su n6i len ciia nhan vat Marine Le Pen thugc Mat tran Qu6c gia Phap cue huu trong cugc bau cii Ting th6ng Phap 2017; Dang vi Tu do (Ha Lan); dang Nhan dan (Dan Mach)... Ngoai bien gidi chau Au, CNDT ciing la mot trong nhung yeu t6 giup ong Donald Trump tning cur Tong th6ng My nam 2016.
1. Noi ham va mot so dac diem ciia chu nghia dan tuy
Thuat ngii "Chii nghTa dan tiiy" dugc sir dung rpng rai ke tir cu6i the ky XIX, khi phong trao dan tuy ciia My thuc day nong dan theo Dang Dan chu chong lai nliiing ngudi song d do thi theo Dang Cong hoa.
Ciing trong the ky XIX tai Nga, phong trao dan tiiy noi len bao gom cac tri thiic tu ghet bo tang lap minh va d6ng cam vdi giai cap nong dan. CNDT dugc dinh nghTa la mot "he tu tudng mong" trong do mgt dan tgc trong sach chong lai tang Idp tinh hoa. muc nat.
He tu tudng "mong" ciia CNDT co the gan vdi cac he tu tudng "day" vdi nhieu noi dung da dang ban nhu chu nghTa xa hgi, chu nghia dan tgc, tu tudng chong di qu6c, ch6ng phan biet chung tgc... Do do, CNDT dugc xem la
' Cas Mudde (2004). The Populist Zeitgeis, https://doi.Org/10.lIIl/j.1477-7053.2004.00I35.x
Su tfSl dfitj, eufL... 17
mgt y thuc he hep va tap trung, trong do xa hgi dugc CNDT chia thanh hai nhom d6ng nhat va doi khang nhau la nhiing ngudi dan trong sang va tSng Idp tinh hoa tham nhiing.
Viec de cao vai tro ciia "dan chung" dua tren luan diim rang ngudi dan kh6ng chi binh dang vdi nhiing ngudi cam quyen ma ho dugc cho la thuc sir t6t dep hon nhimg ngudi cai tri cua minh. Cac chinh tri gia dugc danh dong voi tham nhiing, trong khi tri thiic thuc sir va thuan khiet nam d dai bg phan ngudi dan. Ben c^nh do t£ti Ba Lan, Chii tich dang PIS cam quyen Jaroslaw Kaczynski, mgt nha dan tiiy dan tgc - ton giao, bo sung them vao noi ham CNDT cac gia tri Ba Lan truyen th6ng va Thien Chiia giad, thiic day Nha thd Thien Chiia giao bao thii gia tang anh hudng len the che chinh tri thay vi chju anh hudng cua gidi tinh hoa co tu tudng tu do^.
Do la mgt khai niem tuong d6i "long leo", cac hinh thai ciia CNDT ciing co nhiing khac biet quan trgng trong noi ham, ch5ng ban nhu su khac biet giiia cac nhom bao triun va phan biet. Theo do, CNDT phan biet (exclusive populism) ph6 bien hon d chau Au va My tap trung vao viec loai trir cac nhom yeu the (nhiing ngudi ti nan, ngudi digan...). Vdi trudng hgp Ba Lan, CNDT v6 hinh trung da kich thich sir troi day cua cac nhom phan biet chiing tpc cong khai nhu nhom keu gpi mot "chau Au da trang" (thang
11/2017)^ Con CNDT bao Xmm (inclusive populism) pho biin ban d khu vuc chau My
Latinh cho rang chinh tri phai dugc md rgng cho cac nhom yeu the (ngudi ngheo, cac nhom thieu s6...).
Nhiing dac diem co ban ciia CNDT' la:
(i) Chinh quyen dan tuy theo du6i nhiing chinh sach dugc dan chung iing hp trong ngan ban nhung kh6ng ben vung trong dai ban, thuong la nhimg chinh sach xa hoi nhu trg gia hang hoa, tang luong huu, mien giam phi y te; (ii) Dinh nghia ciia CNDT ve "nhan dan", nen tang cho tinh chinh danh cua che dp, thuong mang nghia hep. Nliieu che dp dan tiiy khong coi "nhan dan" la toan bg dan so ma chi co mot s6 nhom sac toe hoac chiing tpc dugc coi la nhan dan "thuc thu".
Dac tinh quan trgng cua CNDT nhan manh vai tro cua "dan chiing" d muc do toan the va thong nhat va dugc xem la gia trj quan trgng nhat d6i vdi mgt quoc gia. Tuy nhien tren thuc te, "dan chung" trong noi ham ciia CNDT thuong khong dugc hieu la toan bp nhan dan ma co the la mgt nhom ngudi cu the hoac mgt trong s6 cac nhom thudng dan, ngudi ngheo, "cac n^n nhan" ciia tang lop lanh dao hay ca qu6c gia; (iii) Cac nha lanh dao theo CNDT co khuynh hudng phat triin hien tugng siing bai ca nhan, tuyen b6 hp
How the Catholic Church ties in to Poland's judicial reform,
https://www.dw.coni/en/how-the-catholic-church-ties- in-to-polands-judicial-reform/a-398Q9383
' The Wall Street Journal, Thousands march for 'White Europe' in Poland,
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/tens-of- thousands-of-polish-nationalists-ratiy-in-capital-2017- 11-12, Nov 13,2017.
* Francis Fukuyama, Political Order and Political Decay From the Industrial Revolution to llie Globalization of Democracy, 2014.
18 NGHIEN cau CHAU AU - EUROPEAN S-
dugc giao su menh nam giu: quyen lire, khong phu thugc vao cac thiet che nhu dang phai chinh tri. Hp c6 gang phat trien m6i quan he true tiep, kh6ng qua trung gian, vdi
"nhan dan" ma hg tu xung la ngudi dai dien, hudng nhiing niem hy vgng va noi sg hai ciia ngudi dan vao mgt hanh dgng tuc thdi nhu thudng chi trich gidi tinh hoa hien tai v6n dinh liu sau sac vao chinh quyen cii. Cach tiep can nay khien nhimg ngudi dan tiiy trd thanh mdi de dga doi vdi cac thiet che dan chii, do cac nen dan chii tu do hien dai dugc xay dung vdi sir chia se va kiem soat quyen luc, do do deu CO the trd thanh trd ngai d6i vdi nha lanh dao dan tiiy. Ban chat ca nhan cua chu nghTa dan tiiy khien no trd thanh moi de dga doi vdi cac thiet che tu do.
Mot s6 nguyen nhan khien CNDT troi diy trong nhiing nam gan day^ la: (i) Su tri tr? ve kinh te, Men tugng gia hoa dan s6 va muc thu nhap khong tang d Ba Lan va chau Au khien ddi s6ng ngudi dan, nhat la cua nhiing ngudi yeu the, khong dugc cai thien va lam gia tang su bat man; (ii) Toan can hoa dan den nghich ly cong nghe san xuat phan Idn dugc dua tir cac qu6c gia phat trien sang cac quoc gia cham hay dang phat trien, va hang hoa dugc chuyen theo chieu ngugc lai.
Do do, Igi ich chu yeu mang lai cho cac c6ng ty Idn hoac da qu6c gia, trong khi do nhiing ngudi lao dgng thieu viec lam hoac tay nghe
^ V5 van Thuong, Chu nghia ddn tiiy vd nhiing canh bao ddi vdi Vigt Nam, http://www.sggp.org.vn/chu- nghia-dan-tuy-va-nhung-canh-bao-doi-voi-viet-nam- 520023.html, 15/5/2018.
thip m^t viec nhung kh6ng c6 kha nang d^
tim viec mdi, gay bat binh trong tang Idp lao dgng; (iii) Cac chinh sach "that lung buoc bung" ve kinh te de nang len ddi song von da kho khan ciia khong it ngudi dan va gay birc bi trong xa hgi; (iv) Su quan lieu, xa rdi va thieu gan gui vdi nhan dan ciia gidi cam quyin da tao ra khoang each Idn giiia Igi Ich va tiing noi ciia ngudi dan hoac cua mgt s6 tang Idp vdi gidi cam quyen va nhiing nguoi CO quyin lire trong xa hgi; (v) Cac dgt di dan va lan song nhap cu quy mo Idn, tham chi dan tdi khimg hoang nhu tai chau Au da tro thanh thach thirc doi vdi cac chinh phii, khoet sau mau thuan giiia nhom ngudi mcri den vdi ngudi ban dja ve moi mat, nhat la cac CO hoi tim viec lam, kha nang thich nghi, hoi nhap vdi xa hgi sd tai.
2. Ba Lan va sy troi day cua Chu nghia dan tiiy
Chil nghTa dan tuy noi len d Ba Lan tir chien dich tranh cir T6ng thing nam 1990, la cugc t6ng tuyen cir pho th6ng va true tiep dau tien ke tir nam 1930 tai nude nay. Mgt thang trudc bau cir, doanh nhan khong co tieng tam s6ng d Canada, Stan Tymlnski ve nude tranh cd va bat ngd vugt qua dugc cuoc bo phieu vong mgt de canh tranh tnic tiep vdi thu ITnh Phong trao C6ng doan Doan kit (CDDK), Lech Walesa, trong cuoc bau cir vong hai. Nguyen nhan la sau nam 1989, CDDK mat dan su iing hp cua ngudi dan do ciing khong giai quyit dugc cac kho khan kinh te trong nude va he luy tir qua Irinh
Sif tmi dAij, eua.... 19
chuyen doi kinh te - chinh tri giai doan hau Cong san. Trong khi do, Stan Tyminski dugc xem la nhan vat tiin than ciia CNDT tai Ba Lan khi tranh thu cir tri vdi ky thuat va chien luge tranh cir mdi dua tren cac cugc van dgng tranh cir Tong th6ng My chua timg xuat hien d Ba Lan, thong qua viec lien he va van dpng true tiep cac nhom cd tri, dua cir tri dong vai tro trung tam trong cu6c bau cir va de cao nhiing nhdm ngudi dugc xem la diing ngoai xa hgi Ba Lan. Ban than Tyminski ciing cho rang minh la "ngudi dung ngoai"
cac nen tang cua xa hgi Ba Lan do khong lien quan den che dg Cong san va ciing khong CO moi lien he nao vdi CDDK , do do 6ng nhan dugc sy d6ng cam ciia mot bp phan dong dao cir tri. Cung trong giai doan nay, CNDT d Ba Lan khong chi xuat hien vdi tu each cac ca nhan rieng le ma ca cac nhom chinh tri, dien hinh la phong trao n6ng dan Tu ve Cong hoa Ba Lan (SRP), ket hgp giiia mo hinh cong doan, chinh dang va phong trao xa hgi khong chinh th6ng, ban ddu chi dai dien cho nong dan nhung nhanh chong nhan dugc su iing hg cua cac nhom khac trong xa hgi v6n that vgng vdi qua trinh chuyin dii nhu nhirng ngudi that nghlep, ngudi him tri, mot bg phan vien chiic nha nude, nhom bi quan ve ket qua tien trinh hgi nhap EU. SRP tiin hanh cac cugc bleu tinh
eye doan chong chinh quyen th6ng qua viec phong toa duong pho, biiu tinh trudc tru sd chinh phu, tuy nhien lai gianh dugc 10,2% so phieu trong cugc bau cir Quoc hgi nam 2001.
Khku hieu ciia SRP la "dang duy nhk d Ba Lan len tieng dai dien cho tat ca ngudi dan",
"tat ca bgn hp da th6ng tri va cudp boc dat nude nay, vi vay bay gid chi chiing toi co the dam bao rang phai cham diit viec an cudp" . Thu ITnh SRP, Andrzej Lepper, cho rang dan chu dugc xay dung tren co sd dai dien va xa hgi dan su, chii truang hanh dpng bat tuan dan su va su dung cac thong diep dan tiiy manh me hudng den dai bp phan cong chiing va khu vuc n6ng th6n. Do do trong giai doan nay, SRP dugc xem la dang duy nliat d Ba Lan boat dgng tren co sd y thuc he va cuong ITnh dan tiiy. Nhu vay, CNDT d Ba Lan da CO mam m6ng hinh thanh tir giai doan hau Cong san. Nhiing yeu to quan trgng trong viec xay dung noi ham CNDT tai Ba Lan la di san Chii nghia Cong san, Phong trao CDDK, tien trinh gia nhap EU, he luy ciia cac van de nay sinh trong qua trinh chuyen d6i nen kinh te, vai tro lich sir ciia ngudi dan va su de cao dan tgc Ba Lan.
Dang PIS cam quyen hien nay la hinli mau tieu bieu ciia su chuyen hoa tii' chien luge dan tuy tdi y thuc he dan tiiy. Ki thira Dang Thoa thuan Trung tam hinli thanh tir nam 1990, PIS dugc chinh thirc thanh lap
^ Charles T. Powers, Politics : An Outsider Shafces Up Race in Poland : Millionaire businessman bursts upon scene, challenging Walesa and Mazowiecki, http://articIes.latimes.com/1990-lI-23/news/mn-
^ 0!ga Wysocka, Populism in Poland. In/visible Exclusion, hrtp://www.iwm.at/publications/5-junior- vtsiting-fellows-conferences/vol-xxvi/populism-in- poland/, 2009.
20 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN ETL=i;="S t
nam 2001 bdi hai anh em sinh doi Lech va Jaroslaw Kaczynski, dugc xem la dang bao thu chong Cong san va chong tham nhiing.
Dang nay sir dung khai niem "mang ludi"
ciia Stan Tyminski de phat trien khai niem
"mang ludi" ciia minh la mgt thoa thuan giiia gidi tinh hoa giai doan hau Cong san, cac doanh nghiep Idn va truyen thong, dugc PIS xem la he thong cac Igi ich kmh te co anh hudng to Idn d6i vdi nen tang chinh trj va xa hgi Ba Lan nhung khong phii hgp vdi Igi ich phat trien cua dat nude^. CNDT ban dau dugc Kaczynski sir dung de hien thuc hoa y tudng xay dyng mgt dang trung buni, sau do md rgng thanh dai dien ciia "nhan dan"
ch6ng lai "mang ludi", dung nap CNDT vao chuong trinh hanh dgng va phat trien thanh khai niem y thirc he ciia dang. Tien trinh nay dugc the hien ro trong cugc bau cu Hoi dong nhan dan cac cap nam 2006, theo do khau hieu tranh cir ciia PIS la "Gan gui hon vdi nhan dan", "Tao dung trat tu xa hgi d Ba Lan phan biet dugc dieu gi la t6t, dieu gi la xau", xa hgi ly tudng cua Nen cong hoa thii Tu ciia Ba Lan la "Se cd luat phap va trat ty vi day la Igi ich ciia dan chiing binh dan. PIS la dang ciia nhirng ngudi dan binh thudng"^
Qua viec ap dung chien luge dan tiiy de xay dung mgt dang Idn theo khuynh hudng bao thii
Andrzej Kumor, Andrzej Kumor: Wywiad ze Stanislawem Tyminskim,
http://www.goniec.net/goniec/inne- dzialy/wywiady/andrzej-kumor-wywiad-ze- stanis%C5%82awem-tymi%C5%84ski.html, 12, maj 2012.
' Historia Partii, http://pis.org.pl/partia/historia- partii#2006, tai ng^y 20/11/2018.
trung huu thanh dang cue him dan tuy h-ong nhiing nam tiep theo, PIS da dua dan tiiy tir ciilen luge trd thanh y thuc he ciia mmh.
Trong cac cugc tranh cir tir nam 2014 den nay, cuong ITnh tranh cir dan tuy ciia PIS tiep tuc de cao vai tro cua ngudi dan thong qua viec cao bugc chinh quyen ciia dang PO tham nhiing tran lan va phiic Igi xa hgi thap, khien dai da so ngudi dan n6ng th6n khong dugc hudng thanh qua phat trien cua dat nude ma su thjnh vugng chi tap trung vao mgt so khu vuc thanh thi. D6ng thdi, ban s5c Ba Lan can dugc cimg co tren co sa ton trgng cac gia trj truyen th6ng va Thien chiia giao. Ve d6i ngoai, PIS cho rang Ba Lan qua phu thupc vao EU va nhan nhugng vol Nga . Dang chii y trong qua trinh tranh cir, PIS cQng sii dung chien thuat van dgng cii tri theo nhdm nhd va rgng khap, la yeu to giup img cir vien cua dang Andrzej Duda da gianh chien thang trong cugc bau cir Tong thong nam 2015 trudc chinh trj gia ky cuu Komorowski, nhan vat qua ty tin vao kha nang thang cir nen hau nhu kh6ng tien hanh cac dgt van dpng tranh cir tryc tiep d dia phuong.
Sau khi nam quyen luc chinh tri tai Ba Lan, PIS trien khai manh me cac chinh sach CO the tranh thii dugc dai bp phan ngudi dan Ba Lan, cu the la thuc day trd thanh nen kinh te CO toe do tang trudng cao nhat chau Au
Sojusz Europejskich Konserwatystdw ' Reformatorow (ACRE), http://pis.org.pl/partia/sojusz- europejskich-konserwatystow-i-reformatorow-acre, tai ng^y 20/11/2018.
Su fi'fil tLnij, eua... 21
giai doan 2017 - 2018, ti le tang GDP hang nam trung binh dat 3 - 5%, trong khi mat bang chung ciia EU phat trien cham hoac van dang trong giai doan giai quyet khiing hoang; uu tien ngan sach phuc Igi xa hgi, hang thang trg cap bang tien mat cho tre em theo mo hinh cac nude Tay Au (Chuong trinh 500+) va tuyen bo se trien khai chuong trinh h6 trg nha d cho ngudi dan; tiep tuc uu tien phat trien nganh khai tbac than da truyen thong, du kho mang lai hieu qua ve kinh te va gay 6 nhiem, de tranh thu tang Idp lao dgng trong nganh nay; ciing co vai tro ciia Nha thd Thien Chiia giao trong xa hgi Ba Lan va de cao cac gia trj truyen thong ciia dan tpc Ba Lan; tan dung tam ly ciia ngudi dan Ba Lan von nghi ky Nga do nhirng mau thuan sau sac trong lich su quan he song phuang de the hien lap trudng cung ran vdi Nga, di dau khu vyc D6ng Au trong trien khai chiin luge cua NATO va My ran de va kiim chi Nga; khang djnh vi the ciia dat nude Ba Lan khi iing cu thanh cong Uy vien khong thudng true Hgi ddng Bao an Lien hgp qu6c nhiem ky 2018 - 2019 va thi hien vai tro dgc lap hon trong quan he vdi EU, nhit la kien quyit phan dii chinh sach phan bi ban ngach ngudi nhap cu... Vi vay, mac dit chiu sue ep trudc sy chi trich ciia gidi tinh hoa, tri thiic va hang loat cugc bieu tinh d nhiing thanh pho Idn tren pham vi toan quoc giai doan 2016 - 2017 do ke hoach cai each tu phap va Toa an Hien phap, kiem soat truyen th6ng va thanh Ipc bp may vien chirc nha nude, nhung PIS vin gianh dugc su iing
hp cita da s6 cir tri khu vyc nong thon va da gianh chiin thing trong cugc bau cir Hgi ding Nhan dan cac ckp thang 10/2018 vira qua, tham chi kit qua vang dpi hon ca cuoc bau cu nam 2014. Day la tiin de quan trpng de PIS tiep tuc triin khai cac chinh sach dan tiiy ciia minh va chuan hi cho cac cugc bau cu Quoc hgi, Nghi vien Chau Au nam 2019 va bau cir T6ng thong nam 2020''
3. Mgt so dac diem cua Chii nghTa dan tiiy dBa Lan
Thii- nhdt, CNDT tai Ba Lan c6 lich sir hinh thanh kha dac biet khi xuat hien sau khi che do Cong san tai Ba Lan sup do. Sau nam 1989, mgt bg phan dang ke ngudi dan trong xa hoi Ba Lan ty nhin nhan minh la nan nhan cda thdi ky chuyen d6i hau Cong san hoac cho rang con duong phat trien ciia Ba Lan giai doan hau Cong san la hoan toan sai lam. Su chuyen d6i chinh trj va kinh te vdi t6c dp nhanh chong da gay ra cam giac mat an toan d6i vdi mgt so nh6m dan chimg, la nhirng ngudi thudng hoai niem ve thdi ky thinh vugng cua che do Cong san nhung chinh ban than hp la nhung ngudi chong Cong. Hp ciing bugc toi Thoa thuan Ban tron Ba Lan giup gidi tinh hoa va nhung ngudi
Everyone's a winner? Political landscape ajler local elections, https://www.tvn24.pl/tvn24-news-in- english, 157,m/results-of-local-e!ections-in-poland- pis-wi[is-voivodeships,878614.html
Ba Lan la mot trong nhung nude dSu lien xay dung Hien phdp mdi thong qua mot hoi nghj ban tron. Mo hinh nay sau do duoc ap dung rpng rai 6 nhieu nude Dong Au va My Latinh. Tii giua nam 1988, Chinh quy^n Cong san va dai dien Cong doan Doan k^t tiC-n hanh dam phan bi mat 6 thang \h tfl chiic mot Jioi
22 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN *
timg egng tac vdi che do Cong san khong nhiing khong bj trimg phat ma con chuyen hoa dugc rihiing anh hudng chinh tri ciia minh thanh Igi ich kinh ti. Do do, CNDT cua dang PIS d Ba Lan dau tranh vdi tat ca nhiing van de nay.
Thu hai, noi ham ciia CNDT d Ba Lan mang yeu to t6n giao khi mgt trong nhung tru cot la dau tranh vdi vi?c ban sac Ba Lan bj mai mgt do khong t6n trpng cac gia trj truyen thong va cac gia tri Thien Chiia giao. Y tudng
"each mang dao diic" trong xa hoi Ba Lan khong chi nham chong tham nhiing ma con thuc day mot nha nude simg dao, co khuynh hudng bai ngoai va quan he d6ng tinh.
Thu ba, viec trien khai cac chinh sach dan tuy ciia PIS dugc xem la tuong d6i cue doan va ciing co hinh thai ciia mgt "cugc dau tranh giai cap". Muc tieu cua PIS la xoa bo toan bg giai cap chinh tri "cii" va thay thi bang mgt the che mdi, md rgng "cugc dau tranh giai cap" nham vao nhihig nhan vat PIS cho la chju trach nhiem vi tinh trang tham nhiing giai doan hau Cong san. Hon nira, PIS eon ch6ng lai tat ca nhiing nhan vat phan d6i PIS va nhiing al kh6ng ung hp Chinh phii cua PIS se bj loai trir. Dang chii y,
nghi ban tron ban ve con dudng phia trudc cho Ba Lan. Hoi nghj ban tr6n duoc trieu tap vao thang 2/1989. Dau thdng 4/1989, thoa thuan v6 con duong phia trudc duoc hoan thanh. Ngay 7/4/1989, v&i ngay trudc khi Thoa thuan Ban tron hoan tit, Quoc hdi do Dang cong san ki^m soat thong qua Hi6n phap sua doi. Cac thoa hiep dat du(?c thong qua Hoi nghi Ban tr6n md ra con dudng cho nhUng ihay doi tiip theo tai Ba Lan.
PIS ciing cho rang y chi cua da so dan chiing can dugc the hien bang phap luat va muon the che hoa chu nghia dan tiiy, do do nghi ngd vai tro cua Hien phap va Toa an Hien phap dudi thdi chinh quyen dang PO vdi cao huge day la san pham cua giai doan hau Cong san.
Thic tu, mac dii ciing chii truong bai ngoai nhu cac dang dan tiiy khac d chau Au nhung tinh chat bai ngoai ciia Ba Lan tuong d6I khac biet so vdi cac nude khac, do la kien quyet chong ngudi nhap cu Hoi giao nhung tao dieu kien cho ngudi nhap cu tir nude lang gieng Ukraina, tir chau A (Vie!
Nam, Trung Qu6c, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh...) sang Ba Lan lao d6ng va lam giay to cu tni hgp phap. Dang chu y theo thong ke cua Ba Lan trong giai doan 2016 - 2017, Ba Lan da cip ban 10.000 the tam cu cho ngudi mang quoc tjch Viet Nam' Nguyen nhan la Ba Lan ngay cang thieu nhan c6ng lao dgng do do bugc phai b6 sung nguon nhan luc lao dpng nude ngoai de phat trien san xuat. Tuy nhien trudc nhiing lo ngai ve an ninh va khiing b6, Ba Lan chu truong han che ngudi nhap cu tir nhiing nude H6I giao, trong khi cdi md vdi ngudi lao dpng chau A v6n dugc xem la thuan tiiy den Ba Lan vi muc dich kinh te.
Ket luan
Xu hudng tr6i day ciia CNDT tai Ba Lan va chau Au ciing nhu tren binh dien
https://www.bbc, com/Vietnam ese/forum-42 992^52
Su /*•«« anij, euii... 23
quoc te rgng hon, dudi nhieu hinh thai khac nhau va tuong dii "long leo", da tac dgng dang ke tdi trat ty quoc ti ma trong nhung thap ky qua van dugc djnh hinh bdi Chil nghia ty do thong qua cac mil lien kit va hgp tac chinh tri, kinh ti, thuong mai khu vyc va toan cau. Dang chii y, sy chia re sau sac trong xa hgi nude Anh da dan tdi cugc trung cau dan y lich su ngay 23/6/2016 chinh thiic dua Vuong qu6c Anh khdi dgng tien trinh Ii khai khdi EU. Trong khi do, viec Ba Lan va cac nude phuang Tay theo du6i chinh sach dan tiiy vdi muc dich tranh thii t6I da sy ung hg ciia mgt bg phan dan chiing da nuoi duong chii nghTa dan tgc eye doan, lam gia tang mau thuan trong noi bg EU, suy yeu cac thoa thuan qu6c te nhu Hiep dinh Paris, Hiep dinh Doi tac Xuyen Thai Binh Duong, kich dgng phong trao phan biet chung tgc va chong ngudi nhap cu... Ke tir cuoi nam 2018, tang Idp ngudi lao dgng dugc xem la yen the trong xa hgi Phap da phat dpng phong trao bat tuan dan sy "ao vest vang" to chiic hang loat cuoc dinh cong, bieu tinh bao loan dai ngay tai trung tam thii do Paris nham gay siic ep lat do chinh quyen T6ng th6ng E.Macron vdi cao bupc chinh quyen chi quan tam tdi tang lop thugng luu giau CO. Nhu vay, tinh hinh chinh tri bien doi sau sac, tinh trang bat binh dang gia tang, nhiiu v^n de kinh te - xa hgi chua dugc giai quyit t6t, Igi ich cua so dong ngudi lao dgng chua dugc quan tam giai quyet hieu qua... khien ngudi dan bat man trong mgt thdi gian dai, vugt qua gidi ban chju dyng
ciia hg ma khong co nhirng giai phap dong bp vi chinh trj, kinh ti va xa hgi phii hgp la diiu kien thuan Igi din den sy troi day cua CNDT d Ba Lan va chau Au. Mat tich cue ciia CNDT la bupc gidi tinh hoa phai thao luan ve cac van de ma hg muon bo qua, tuy nhien niem tin cua CNDT rang dai bg phan ngudi dan luon luon dung thi mau thuan hai yeu t6 ciia nen dan chu tu do la quyen ciia cac nhom thieu s6 va nguyen tac phap quyen.
Doi vdi Ba Lan, Ijch sd phat trien ciia CNDT the hien sy chia re sau sac trong xa hgi, giiia Chii nghTa Cong san vdi phe doi lap, giira hau Cong san vdi cac phong trao hau Cong doan Doan ket. CNDT tai Ba Lan thuc day y tudng th6ng nhat va lam trong sach dat nude, doi lap vdi mgt dat nude Ba Lan dugc cho la bi chi phoi bdi tang Idp tinh hoa tham nhiing, it t6n trgng cac gia tri truyen thong, ton giao va cugc song cua cac thanh phan yeu the, trong do dang PIS da chuyen h6a CNDT tii' mgt chien luge trd thanh y thiic he "mong" ciia minh. Mac dii co nhieu diem tuang dong vdi cac dang dan tiiy d chau Au va My nhung CNDT tai Ba Lan cung co mgt si net dac trung rieng, the hien ro Ijch sir phat trien ciia dat nude, sy gan ket chat che ciia dan tgc Ba Lan vdi Thien Chiia giao ciing nhu the hien chinh sach thuc dung ciia dang cam quyen trong b6i canh dSt nude can nhirng ngu6n lye bi sung tir ben ngoai de phat triin kinh ti. Day la nhiing vSn di can tiep tuc nghien cim de thuc diy quan he Viet Nam - Ba Lan trong thdi gian tdi.
