Vai tro cua he thong bao lanh tin dung dSi vol su* phat trien cua doanh nghiep nho va vira
D$ng Thdi Binh'
' Vien Nghien ciiu An Dp v^ Tay Nam A, Vien Hin Lam khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nh§n ngiy 2 thdng 11 nSm 2019. Chip nhan dang ngiy 5 thang 12 nam 2019.
Tom tat: Doanh nghiep nhd va vira (DNNVV) chiem sd lugng Idn va ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec tao vi?c lam va su phat trien cua moi qudc gia. Tuy nhien, DNNVV cGng gap phai nhieu kho khan, thach thiic nhat la khd khan Uong viec tiep can v6n. Dl giup DNNVV vupt qua kho khan nay, nhieu qudc gia Uen th§ gidi sir dung bao lanh tin dung nhu la cdng cu huu hi^u dl hd trp DNNVV de dang han trong vi?c tiep can von va thuc day phat trien. Do do, nhan thirc dirpc dilu nay bdi bao nay tap trung phan tich vai trd cda h? thdng bao lanh tin dung trong vi?c hd trp DNNVV vupt qua rao can vl tiip c§n tai chinh cung nhir thong qua do thuc day DNNVV va nen kinh te phattrien.
Tir khda: Doanh nghi?p vira vd nhd, he thdng bao lanh tin dung, tai chinh, tiep can vdn, hd trp.
Phan loai nganh: Kinh te hpc
Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for a large proportion and play an important role in the generation of jobs and the development of each country. Yet, they also face many difficulties and challenges, especially the difficulty in accessing capital. To help SMEs overcome this problem, many countries in the world use credit guarantees as an effective lool to support them wilh an easier access to capital and promote their development. Therefore, being aware of this, the paper focuses on analysing the role of the credit guarantee system in assisting SMEs to overcome barriers to financial access, and, thereby, promoting their and the economy's developmenl.
Keyivords; Small and medium-sized enterprises, credit guarantee system, finance, capital access, support.
Subject classification: Economics
Khoa hoc xa hpi \'i^t Nam, sd 1 - 2020 1. Gidi thieu
D N N W la thdnh phan quan Upng va dinh hudng cho sy phat trien ciia mdi qudc gia trong dd cd Viet Nam [I]. Tuy nhien, trong qud trinh phat trien DNNVV phai ddi mat vdi nhieu khd khdn va thach thiic nhu cdng nghe, kT ndng quan Iy, van de thdng tin bdt ddi xiing, chat Iugng ngudn Iao ddng, cgnh tranh, thi trudng, khiing hodng \ e kinh te vd tdi chinh... Trong dd mdt trong nhirng khd khdn chinh ciia DNNVV la tiep can vdn tir cdc ngdn hdng vd cdc td chiic tin dung. Mdt trong cdc nguyen nhdn khien cdc DNNVV khd tiep can vdn tir ngdn hang Id thieu hut ldi sdn ddm bdo. Hcm nira cdc ngdn hdng vd cdc td chiic tin dung gap nhieu khd khdn trong vipc ddnh gid mirc dp lin nhiem ciia DNNVV. Ngoai ra, DNNVV gap nhiiu khd khdn trong viec da dang cdc ngudn lai chinh va phy thupc chinh vdo cdc ngan hdng dia phuong. Ben canh do, DNNVV bj gidi hgn Uong vipc tiep can vdn la do rao cdn tin dyng ciia cac ngdn hdng va cdc dilu kien khi vay vdn. De gidi quyet cdc vdn d l Uen, cdc qudc gia tren the gidi da sir dung cdc cdng cu ldi chinh khdc nhau de giiip DNNVV de dang hon uong viec tiep can vdn. Mpt Uong cdc cdng cu tai chinh hieu qua dugc dp dpng tgi nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi la bdo ldnh tin dimg. Vd nd dugc dp dung dudi nhieu hinh thirc khac nhau nhu cac chuong trinh bdo Idnh tin dung, quy bao lanh tin dung, cdng ty bao ldnh tin dung...
Bao lanh tin dung cd the cung cap djch \TJ bao ldnh cho DNNVV khi cac DNNVV khdng du tdi san ddm bao Uong qua trinh vay vdn ngdn hang vd cd the gidm van d l thdng tin bat ddi xiing. Bang nhieu phuang thirc dugc dp dung, myc lieu chinh ciia bdo
ldnh tin dung Id ho tx(? DNNVV de ddng han Uong vi6c tiip can tdi chinh, tir dd thiic ddy sy phdt triln ciia DNNVV ciing nhu sy phdt trien cua n i n kinh t l .
Tgi nhieu qudc gia, bdo lanh tin dung da tdn tai tir ddu t h i ky XX [1]. Theo nghien ciiu ciia Green cd hon 2.250 chuong trinh bdo lanh tin dung dang hogt dpng tgi hon 100 qudc gia tren t h i gidi [8]. Pombo chi ra rang mdt vdi dgng ciia dich vu bao ldnh tin dung tdn tai hdu het cac qudc gia tten the gidi ngoai trir mpt vai qudc gia tai Chdu A, Bde va Tay Au, Trung My [21], Ddc bipt, cdc to chuc bao lanh tin dung ddng vai trd quan trgng trong he thdng tdi chinh ciia nen kinh te Chau Au [20]. He thdng bao lanh tin dung boat ddng khd hieu qud tgi mdt so qudc gia tren the gidi nhu Nhdt Ban, Hdn Qudc, Italy, Bd Ddo Nha vd Hungary, An Dp... Bai viet nay de cap muc tieu vd vai Ud ciia cac chuong trinh bdo lanh tin dung ddi vdi cdc DNNVV.
2. Muc tieu ciia cac chiroTig trinh bao lanh tin d u n g doi vdi doanh nghifp nhd va vira
DNNVV ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi mdi qudc gia tren thi gidi, chiim tir khoang 90 din 9 9 % trong long s6 doanh nghiep (OECD, 2006). Theo nghien cim cua Nitani & Riding, DNNVV ddng vai trd quan Upng trpng viec tgo viec Iam, phat Uien cdc nganh nghe va sdn phdm mdi [17]... Tuy nhien, DNNVV thudng gdp phdi khd khan trong viec tiip can vdn lir ngdn hdng vd cdc td chiic tin dung. Dl gidi quyel van d l tren nhiiu qudc gia tren thi gidi da thiit lap cdc chuong trinh bao lanh
Bjing Thai Binh tin dyng de ho Ug DNNVV de dang tiep
cgn tdi chinh tir phia ngan hdng va thdng qua dd thiic diy phdt trien nen kinh te.
Theo nghien ciiu bdi Beck chi ra rdng cdc chuong trinh bdo ldnh tin dyng bdt ddu xuat hipn tgi Philippine tir nam 1952 vd sau dd xuat hipn tai Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Hdn Quoc... vdo nhimg ndm 1970; xuat hipn d Chile, Columbia, An Dp vd Thdi Lan vdo nhiing ndm 1980. Cdc chucmg trinh bdo lanh lin dung ddu tien dugc thiet lap tai Chau Au vdo nhihig ndm 1840. Theo Green tren thi gidi tinh din ndm 2003 tdn tgi 2.250 chuong trinh bdo ldnh tin dyng hoat ddng tai 100 qudc gia tren the gidi [8]. Ddc biet nhieu qudc gia hen the gidi dd lya chpn bdo lanh tin dyng nhu la mpt cdng cy tdi chinh de ddi mat vdi khiing hodng tdi chinh ndm 2008. 19 trong 23 qudc gia OECD sii dyng cdc chuang hinh bdo Idnh tin dyng de hd trg DNNVV tiep can tdi chinh de ddng hon vd ddi phd vdi khung hodng tai chinh [25].
Cac chuang trinh bdo lanh tin dung dugc dp dyng d nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi vd myc tieu ciia nd ciing khdc nhau giiia cdc qudc gia [17]. Tuy nhien, muc tieu chung ciia cdc chuong trinh bdo lanh tin dung la giup cdc DNNVV vugt qua Ud ngai Uong vi^ tiep can tai chinh tir dd ho trg vd thiic day sy phdt triln cua cdc DNNVV. Tir dd cac chuang trinh bdo lanh tin dyng gian tiep thiic day sy phat trien va dn dinh cua nen kinh te, tgo cdng dn vipc Iam, v.v.. Beck va cpng sy da thyc hien mdt cudc khao sat vdi quy md la 76 chuang trinh bao lanh tin dyng tgi 46 qudc gia, ket qua ciia nghien ciiu nay chi ra rdng muc tieu chinh ciia cdc chuang trinh bdo lanh tin dung Id ho trg cac
DNNVV [2]. Yd hdu hit cdc hpc gid ddng y rdng cdc chucmg trinh bdo lanh tin dung cd nhieu muc tieu va cdc muc tieu ciia nd dugc phan logi thanh hai cap dp sau:
O cdp do VI mo, cdc chuong trinh bao lanh tin dung nhdm thyc hien cdc muc tieu cua qudc gia nhu:
- Phdt trien kinh tl vd dn dinh xd hpi [8], [9], [10].
- Gidm thdt nghiep, tao them vipc ldm [4]J10],[12].
- Gidm ngheo [24].
- Cdi thien thi trucmg cho vay cho cdc DNNVV [6].
Ngodi ra, cac chucmg trinh bdo Idnh tin dung hogt ddng hudng tdi cdc myc tieu qudc gia khdc nhu ho Ug vd thiic ddy sy phdt uien ngdnh ndng nghiep [5], phdt triln cdng nghiep hodc tgo mdi trudng thugn lgi cho dautu [U]...
d cdp do vi mo, cac chucmg trinh bdo ldnh tin dung ddng vai trd trung gian vdi muc lieu hd trg cho ngudi vay vd khuyen khich ngudi cho vay. Ddi vdi cac DNNVV, cdc chucmg trinh bdo lanh tin dung ho trg hp bang cdch:
- Ho trg DNNW de dang tiep can vdn hcm vd tdng khd nang vay vdn [17].
- Giam chi phi lai vay (Beck vd cdng sy, 2010).
Thdng qua cdc dich vu bdo lanh tin dung, cdc chuang trinh bdo lanh tin dung giup cdc DNNW phdt trien va md rdng sdn xuat va kinh doanh [13], [24].
- Hd trg cac DNNVV bang each dua ra Idi khuyen vd tu van ve qudn ly tdi chinh, bdo cao tai chinh, v.v.
Ddi vdi ngudi cho vay, chuang trinh bao lanh lin dung dugc thiet ke vd xay dung vdi cac uu dai de:
Khoa hpc \a hpi Vi^t Nam, sd I - 2020 Khuyen khich cdc ngan hdng vd td chiic tin dyng cho \ay ddi vdi cdc DNNV\"
bdng cdch bao ddm tien \ a\- uong trudng hgp ngudi vay khdng tra dugc ng [ 18].
- Chuyen riii ro vd da dgng hda rui ro, ciing nhu hd trg gidm thieu thdng tin bdt ddi xung giu:a ngan hang vd cdc DNNVV [15].
- Khdc phuc thdng tin bat ddi xiing bdng viec tham gia ciia td chiic bdo ldnh trong qud trinh bdo ldnh vd gidm sdt cho vay.
3. Vai tro ciia cac chiroTig trinh bao lanh tin dung doi vol doanh nghiep nho va vua
CJ nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi, chuong trinh bao ldnh lin dyng cd mpt vai trd quan trpng vd dugc coi la mpt cdng cy tdi chinh hieu qua. Hau het cdc qudc gia da xdc dinh rdng cac DNNVV cd vai trd chinh trong su phdt uien cua nen kinh te. Do dd, de phdt trien kinh le, ddu tu vd phdt trien cho cdc DNNVV phai Id uu tien hang ddu. Vi vay, chuang trinh bdo lanh tin dung da dugc lya chpn Idm cdng cu hd trg cho sy phdt trien cua cac DNNVV thdng qua viec giup hp vugt qua nhflng trd nggi Irong viec tiep can tdi chinh. Thuc te cho thdy rdng cdc ngdn hang \a id chiic lin dung khdng sdn sdng cho cdc DNNVV vay vi mdt sd ly do nhu rui ro cao, thieu tai sdn the chap, chi phi quan ly cao, thdng tin bat can xung, v.v.
Do dd. nd lao ra hien tugng dugc gpi Id khodng cdch tai chinh ma cac DNNW phdi ddi mdt. Nghien cim ciia Green chi ra rang cac chuong Uinh bdo lanh tin dung cd vai ud thiic ddy cac DNNVV bdng each ho trg hp tiip can vdi cac ngudn tin dung chinh thiic [8]. Ddng thdi, cdc chuang trinh bao
ldnh tin dung cung cd vai Ud quan trpng trong viec hd Ug cdc doanh nghiep khdi nghiep. nu: doanh nhan.
Cdc chucmg trinh bdo ldnh tin dung giup tgo ra \ iec Idm, gidm that nghiep; va thdng qua cdc dich vy va chuang trinh ddo tao, gdp phan phdt triln vdn nhan luc [8], [23].
Vi cdc DNNVV cd Ihl tiip can tdi chinh thdng qua cdc chuong trinh bdo Idnh tin dung, dilu nay giiip hp cd dilu kipn tdng quy md san xudt kinh doanh, vd cdi thipn ndng luc lai chinh. Dieu ndy dan den sy dn dinh \ a tdng trudng ciia cac hogt ddng kinh doanh ciia cdc DNNVV vd viec lao ra viec lam dn djnh hon. Han nu:a, se thu hut nhieu Iao dpng hon de dap iing nhu cau lao ddng cua vipc tdng quy md, gdp phan tdng thu nhdp cho ngudi lao ddng trong cdc DNNVV. Ben canh cdc hoat dpng tu van cho cdc DNNVV de chuan bj cdc dieu kien cho cac khodn vay bdo lanh, cac chuang Uinh bdo lanh lin dung da giiip cdc DNNVV dieu chinh vd tang ndng Iuc ciia cac nha qudn ly trong hogt dpng kinh doanh, hoat ddng lai chinh, cung nhu quan ly sdn xuat. Thdng qua cac boat dpng lu vdn, cdc chuang trinh bao ldnh lin dung ho trg va thiic ddy cdc DNNVV tudn thii tdt hon cac quy djnh va lieu chuan vl kl loan va tdi chinh, gdp phan nang cao nang lyc quan Iy tai chinh. Dieu nay la do ndu cdc DNNVV mudn dugc vay vdn bao lanh, hp phdi cd du an ddu tu, kl hogch kinh doanh tdt, cam ket trd ng, quan ly quy tdt, v.v.
Cdc doanh nghiep vira vd nhd cung phdi tuan thu cac quy dinh ve bdo cao tai chinh ke todn; hp phdi cd mdt dpi ngu quan ly chuyen nghiep de chudn bj tdi lieu, lap kl hogch du an theo quy dinh vd cd linh
Dang Thai Binh Ihuyet phuc de cd the vay vdn tir cdc td
chuc tin dyng.
Cdc chuong trinh bao Idnh tin dyng ciing cd vai trd trong viec thyc hien cdc muc tieu cdng nhu gidm thieu cdc vdn de xd hpi, kiem che di cu ndng thdn - thdnh thi (chuong trinh bdo lanh tin dyng cho ndng ddn, ndng nghiep vd phdt trien ndng thdn). Vd cdc chuong trinh bdo lanh tin dyng nhdm muc dich thiic ddy vd phdt trien cdc doanh nghiep xudt khau thdng qua vipc thdnh lap quy bdo lanh lin dung cho xuat khau.
Ddc biet, trong cudc khiing hodng tdi chinh ndm 2008, cac chuong trinh bao lanh tin dung cd vai trd quan trpng trong viec giiip cdc qudc gia vugt qua khung hodng.
Bdng chiing la hau het cac nudc Chdu Au da chpn bao ldnh tin dung lam cdng cu de ddi phd vdi cupc khiing hoang tdi chinh.
Ddng thdi, cdc chinh phu da sii dung bao lanh tin dyng de giiip cac DI^INVV vugt qua khimg hodng tdi chinh bdng cdch ddm bdo rdng each hp cd the tiep can vdn tu ngan hang de dam bao hogt ddng kinh doanh va san xual dn djnh.
Mat khac, bdo lanh tin dung cung ddng mpt vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi ngdnh ngan hdng. Dau tien, cac chucmg trinh bdo lanh tin dung dugc djnh hudng Iheo hudng that bgi cua thi trudng bdng cdch giam tdn that tai chinh md cac td chiic tin dung phai chju trong trudng hgp khdng thu hdi dugc khodn vay. Theo nhieu nghien ciiu, mac dii cdc ngdn hdng cd thanh khoan qua cao, nhung hp khdng the cung cap tin dung cho ngudi vay vi riii ro cao cua ngudi vay. Do dd, bdo lanh tin dyng ddng vai trd la kenh trung gian de gidi phdng tin dung tir ngan hang cho ngudi vay.
Bao lanh tin dung cung dugc coi Id mdt kenh cung cap tin dyng cho nen kinh te vd id cdng cy hihi hieu Uong viec thay ddi hdnh vi ciia ngudi cho vay [7], [13]. Thong qua hgp tdc vdi cac ngan hang trong djch vy bdo lanh cho vay, cdc chucmg trinh bao ldnh tin dung giiip cdc ngdn hang hieu them vl cdc DNNVV, dac diem va thach thuc cua cdc doanh nghiep, yeu cau tdi chinh vd de thuc su kiem tra rdng phan khiic thj trudng ndy khdng phdi la riii ro. Tir do chuang trinh bdo Idnh tin dyng ciing cd mdi quan he giu'a ngdn hang va cdc DNNVV, tgo dieu kien cho cac ngan hang gidi phdng tin dung vdi nii ro tin dung ihap bang each da dgng hda va chuyen nii ro cho td chirc bao lanh. Khi mdi quan he giiia cac DNNVV dugc ciing cd vd ben vimg, dieu dd ddn den viec cho vay ddi vdi cdc DNNVV cd bao lanh tin dung se Id mdt phdn khiic thi trudng mdi vd mang lai nhiiu Igi nhuan hon cho cdc ngan hang. Hon nira, bdo ldnh tin dung ciing ddng mdt vai trd trong viec giiip gidi quyet cdc vdn de vd giam thieu van de thdng lin bat ddi xirng giira ngan hang va cdc DNNVV [4], [8].
Mdt nghien cuu cua Beck va cdng su da chi ra rang lgi ich ndy cd the xay ra neu ngudi bao lanh cd thdng tin tdt hcm ve ngudi vay.
Ben canh do, bao lanh tin dung Id mdt kenh hd trg cac ngan hdng cd them thdng tin ve cdc DNNVV, nd cung giiip cac ngan hang gidm thdi gian theo doi vd thu thap thdng tin. Ngoai ra, khi thuc hien bao lanh cho vay, bdo lanh tin dung gidm gdnh nang cho ngan hang ve van de tdi san the chap va giiip ngan hang giam chi phi lien quan den viec qudn Iy tai sdn the chdp.
Khoa hpc xd hpi Vigt Nam, so I - 2020 4. Ket luan
DNNVV dugc coi Id dpng lyc quan trpng Uong qua trinh phdt trien cua moi quoc gia.
Do dd vipc thiic ddy DN^'VV vupt qua cdc rdo cdn ddc biet la khd khan trong tiep can vdn Id cdch thuc thuc ddy DNNVV phdt trien ciing nhu gian tiep thiic day nen kinh tl. Qua phan tich Uen cho thay bdo lanh tin dyng Id mpt Uong cac cdng cy hihi hieu giup phdt triln D N N W khdng chi la vugt qua rdo can ve tiep can vdn ma cdn gidi quyet van d l thdng tin bat ddi ximg, cung cap cdc djch vy hd trg, v.v.. Do dd can cd nhieu nghien ciiu hcm ve tdc dpng, thyc trang, cac van de ve he thdng bdo Idnh tin dung cho DNNVV cua cdc qudc gia Uen the gidi ddc bipt la cac qudc gia dang phdt trien nhu Vipt Nam.
Tai lifu tham khao
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