58 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009
To chufc phi chinh phu nudc ngoai vdi
.Phoat dong vi giam ngheo d Viet Nam (1996-2008)
CHU THU HA*
C
dng cudc dd'i mdi cfla D i n g va nhan dan ta tien hanh dfldc be ban k h i p nam chau quan tam, thed ddi, ddng tinh, ung hd, cd vu va khfch le. Treng sd' dd cd rat nhieu td' chflc phi chfnh phfl nudc ngoai (TCPCPNN). Cac to chflc nay da tflng cd mat tfl rat sdm d Viet Nam. T r i i qua cac giai doan lich sfl, cac td' chflc nay da cd nhflng ddng gdp nhat dinh vao viec giflp nhan dan Viet Nam giii quye't mdt sd' khd khan ve kinh te - xa hdi d d p cd sd, chung sflc vdi Chfnh phu va nhan dan ta tren mat tran xea ddi giim ngheo va gdp phan vao qua trinh lam doi thay kinh te, xa hdi cho dat nfldc.1. Hoat dong vi giam ngheo va phat trien ben vflng d Viet Nam
Cd the ndi trong giai doan 1996 - 2008, h i u bet boat dgng cfla cac TCPCPNN deu tap trung thflc bien muc tieu xol ddi giam ngheo. Nhflng mIng hdat ddng cd quy md ldn thee nganh (nhfl tap trung vad cdng t i c dad tad va cung d p chuyen gia ky thuat trong linh vflc ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, mdi trfldng, p h i t trien cdng ddng, p h i t trien ndng thdn td'ng hdp...) chd de'n nhflng hdat dgng cd quy md nhd (nhfl vien
trd trflc tie'p tien va hang) cung deu n h l m muc tieu xea ddi giam nghed. Khd cd the khai quat dfldc sfl da dang cua cac phUdng p h i p cung cap vien trd, sd' lUdng cac td' chflc ddi t i c dia phfldng cung nhu trgng diem hd trd thed nganh va thee vflng lanh the cfla cac TCPCPNN. Tuy nhien, cd mgt diem chung treng tat ca cac dfl I n cfla cac TCPCPNN, dd la sfl tfldng ddng trdng binh thflc trien khai dfl an va muc dich hfldng tdi cfla dfl an. Cu the, treng hinh thflc trien khai dfl an d c h lam viec trflc tie'p vdi ngfldi dan (cdn ggi la each tie'p can tfl dfldi len), ludn chfl trgng dad tad va xay dflng nang lUc cua ddi tac dia phfldng, ludn tfnh den sfl ben vflng trong d c dfl an dfldc da p h i n cac td' chflc ap dung. Cdn ndi dung hfldng tdi cfla dfl an la tap trung hd trd vad d c ngudn lflc cd ban n h l m dem lai mdt ke't q u i td'ng hdp ve nhieu mat de d i thien sinh ke che ngfldi dan, giup hg xoa ddi giim nghed mdt d c h ben vflng.
1.1. Phuang phdp gidm ngheo co sU tham gia cda ngifdi ddn
Phfldng phap giim ngheo cd sfl tham gia cua ngfldi dan la mot phfldng phap dfldc nhieu TCPCPNN I p dung de trien khai dfl I n va he cd vai trd tfch cflc trong Ths. Chfl Thu Ha, Khoa Van hoa Dan toe, Dai hoc Van Hoa Ha Noi
viec dfla phfldng phap nay vad ddi sd'ng.
Ddi vdi dfl an vien trd PCPNN, sfl tham gia cfla ngUdi dan dUdc hieu la ngUdi dan triic tiep tham gia trong q u i trinh thiet ke, lap ke hoach, thUc hien va giam sat cac boat ddng cfla dfl an. Vdi tfnh chat la cac td' chflc cd kha nang tai chfnh khdng ldn, cac TCPCPNN thfldng mud'n sfl dung nguon tai trd khdng nhieu cua minh met each cd bieu qui, trflc tiep den dfldc vdi ngfldi hfldng ldi. Chinh vi the, de tranh lang phf nguen tai trd cfla minh, de d i m bid cac dfl an thflc sfl dem lai ldi ich chd ngfldi dan, cac TCPCPNN thfldng tie'n hanh khIo sat trflc tiep d dia phfldng ndi tien hanh dfl In. Khi xay dflng dfl an d mdt dia phfldng mdi, cac TCPCPNN thfldng thu thap nhflng thdng tin cd b i n nhat tfl cac ngudn khlc nhau: thdng tin d cap trung fldng, cap tinh, cap huyen... Sau dd, tren cd sd phan tfch nhflng thdng tin nay, cac TCPCPNN trflc tie'p xud'ng dia phfldng de lam viec vdi cap xa, d p thdn/bin va trflc tiep quan sit, trae dd'i vdi ngfldi dan.
Dfla tren nhflng thdng tin cd dfldc, can bg cfla TCPCPNN se xic dinh nhflng nhdm van de ma ngfldi dan cd nhu d u nhat, can dUdc hd trd nhat. Vdi kinh nghiem heat ddng va kha nang tai chfnh cua minh, hg cd the liia chgn met nhdm hay mdt p h i n cua van de da dUdc xic dinh de tien hanh hd trd. Tiep thee, d c TCPCPNN se tie'n hanh xay dflng dfl an tai trd vdi cac xjhi tiet cu the cung nhfl ke hoach va cac bien p h i p de thflc hien dfl an. Trong q u i trinh nay, phUdng phip tie'p can tfl dfldi len tiep tuc dUdc sfl dung.
Dd la chfnh quyen cd sd va ngUdi dan dUdc tham van triic tiep, gdp y che d c van de cfla du In: dU I n can lam nhflng gi, lam
khi nao? cd nhflng budc nao? lam ra sao?...
Thdng qua each lam nay, nhu clu cfla ngfldi dan dfldc xic dinh chfnh xac nhat va qua dd gdp p h i n nang cad nang liic chd can bd va ngudi dan dia phUdng khi tham gia vad du an.
Trdng qua trinh xay diing va thiic hien du an, nhieu cudc hgp thdn b i n tie'p tuc dUdc td' chflc de lay y kie'n cua ngfldi dan ve nhieu van de lien quan de'n quyen ldi va trach nhiem cfla hg ddi vdi dfl an. Vi du nhu: Cach lua chgn thanh vien tham gia du an nhu the nae va vai trd cfla hg se ra sad? Cdng ddng thdn b i n cd the deng gdp bao nhieu? dfldi hinh thflc nao (sflc ngudi, tien mat, dd vat hay tfn dung...)? Cac giai phip ma du I n dUa ra da thfch hdp chUa?
Ldi fch cfla nhflng hdat dgng nay la gi?
Hdat ddng cfla dfl I n se dfldc phan chia giai ddan nhfl the nae? Thdi gian bad lau thi dfl an ket thflc?...
Cac y kie'n cfla ngfldi dan va chi'nh quyen dia phfldng cd vai trd bet sflc td ldn.
Tren cd sd nhflng y kien ddng gdp dd, ket hdp vdi kinh nghiem thflc te va nguen tai chinh cu the cua minh, cac TCPCPNN se xay dflng dfl I n cu the che phfl hdp nhat vdi nhu cau ciia ngfldi dan va khdIn ngan sach ma hg cd. Qui trinh tham van nhfl vay se cd dfldc y kien khich quan tfl phia dia phfldng ve nhflng ndi dung cfla dfl an va de chd dia phfldng cung ngfldi dan thay dfldc vai trd lam chfl cfla minh trdng dfl an.
L2. Xdy dung ndng lUc cho cdc ddi tdc Thdng thfldng khi trien khai dfl I n vien trd, mdl quan he del t i c la dac biet quan trgng ddi vdi hdat ddng cfla d c TCPCPNN tai Viet Nam. Cic TCPCPNN phdi hdp vdi d p chinh quyen dia phfldng va ngfldi d i n vflng hfldng ldi cua dfl I n de
60 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009 tae thanh cd che ba ben: ngfldi hfldng ldi
(ngfldi dan) - chi'nh quyen dia phfldng - td' chflc tai trd (TCPCPNN). Day la cd che phdi hdp, giim s i t lan nhau rat cd hieu q u i dim bio quyen va t r i c h nhiem cfla d c ben trong dfl an. Trong cd che ba ben dd, cac TCPCPNN ddng vai trd la cd quan dieu hanh. Hg nhan tai trd trflc tie'p tfl nfldc ngeai, sau dd chiu trach nhiem giim s i t dfl an va chiu trach nhiem trfldc nha tai trd. Td' chflc ddi t i c cfla Viet Nam (thdng thfldng la mdt td' chflc nhan dan hdac chfnh quyen dia phfldng) se la cd quan dflng ra thflc hien cac heat ddng dfl an d thflc dia, chiu trach nhiem vdi TCPCPNN dieu hanh.
Chfnh vi the, quan he ddi t i c la quye't dinh ket q u i cua dfl an, lfla chgn ddi t i c dflng la van de quan trgng che thanh cdng cfla dfl In. Cdn ngfldc lai, mdt ddi t i c cd nang lflc yeu se dfla chfldng trinh den that bai. Nhan thflc dfldc vai trd cfla td' chflc ddi tac den ket q u i dfl an, cac can be cfla TCPCPNN ludn chfl trgng tdi cdng t i e xay dflng va phat trien nang lflc chd td' chflc ddi tac. Trfldc khi trien khai met dfl an bat ky tai mdt dia phfldng nad dd, hdat ddng cua d n bd TCPCPNN thfldng dfldc bat d i u bang tap huan chd phfa ddi t i c Viet Nam (trfldc bet la Ban Quan ly dfl an). Muc dfch d i u tien cfla tap huan la de del t i c hieu ve dfl In, cu the nhfl muc dich, muc tieu cfla dfl I n la gi? Hinh thflc trien khai dfl I n nhfl the nao cbo dat hieu q u i cae nhat? Ddi tfldng ma dfl I n mud'n hfldng tdi la ai?... Ngdai ra, Ban Q u i n ly dfl I n cdn dfldc tap huan ve ky nang q u i n ly du In nhu ky nang ra quye't dinh, ky nang phdi hdp vdi d c d nhan va d c td' chflc trdng q u i trinh trien khai dii In, ky nang viet bid d d tai chfnh...; Ben canh
d c ky nang ve q u i n ly dfl In, nhflng can bd chuyen mdn cfla Ban Q u i n ly dfl an - nhflng ngfldi trflc tie'p xay dflng nang lflc cho ngfldi dan cdn dfldc boi dfldng d c ky nang theo chuyen nganh cu the nhfl y te, giad due, ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, nudi trdng thuy sin...
Cd the ndi, qua trinh hdp tac, lam viec vdi d c TCPCPNN da phan nao giflp can bd dia phfldng Viet Nam nang cao ve ky nang chuyen mdn va ky nang q u i n ly Nha nfldc. Hg da cd dfldc ky nang xay dflng, lap ke hdach chd mdt dfl In, q u i n ly va giim s i t dfl I n va day la nhflng kinh nghiem bd' fch cd the ap dung del vdi d c dfl I n tfl ngudn tai trd khlc.
1.3. Ho trd cdc ngudn lUc degidm ngheo Hd trd ngudn nhdn life
D i u tfl hd trd ngUdn nhan lflc chd ngfldi ngheo dfldc d c TCPCPNN dat len bang dau vdi nhflng heat ddng giflp tang cfldng sflc khde che ngfldi dan va hd trd hg d c ky nang de kiem sd'ng.
De thflc hien muc tieu d i thien sflc khee cho ngfldi dan, cac TCPCPNN da tai trd kinh phi de nang cad chat Ifldng he thd'ng cham sdc sflc khde ban dau d tuyen cd sd; md d c k h d i dao tae chuyen mdn chd ddi ngu y b i c sy thdn ban; xay dflng va nang d p d c benh vien, tram xl; cung d p d c trang thiet hi y te, thue'c men; td' chflc kham chfla benh miln phf che ngfldi ngheo; tuyen truyen phdng chd'ng d c can benh xa hdi; Gild due sflc khde gidi tfnh, an tean tinh due; to' chflc k h I m chfla benh miln phf cho nhieu doi tUdng ngheo cung nhu tai trd nhieu chUdng trinh tiem chiing chd tre em; td chflc nhflng bud'i tuyen truyen, giao due cho ngUdi dan nhflng kie'n thflc ve dinh dfldng, ve sinh
phdng benh de ngfldi dan bie't each tfl cham sec sflc khde che minh va cdng ddng.
Ddi vdi viec xay dflng nang lflc tri tue (kie'n thflc, ky nang), cac TCPCPNN thfldng trien khai hai beat ddng chfnh la tap huan va dad tao cho can bd quan ly dfl an va ngfldi dan dia phfldng. Day la cac hdat dgng nham chuyen giao kie'n thflc va ky nang cho d c ddi tUdng hudng ldi ve met Sd' nganh nghe nae dd de hg ce the kiem sd'ng. Qua trinh trien khai du an la qua trinh tap huan day chuyen. TrUdc tien la tap huan che Ban Quin ly du I n va sau dd Ban Quin ly dii an se tap huan de'n ngUdi dan. Qua tap huan, ngUdi dan khdng chi biet them nhieu kie'n thflc mdi ma quan trgng hdn, hg bie't dfldc quyen va nghia vu cfla minh. Day la quyen ldi va nghia vu ddi vdi dfl an ndi rieng va md rgng hdn la quyen va nghia vu ddi vdi nhflng van de khac trong xa hdi ndi chung.
Song song vdi tap huan la boat ddng dao tao. Cd nhflng hinh thflc dao tao chfnh nhfl dao tao chuyen sau cho nhflng d n bd trflc tiep phuc vu ngfldi dan (ddi ngu y t l , giad vien...) va dao tao ky thuat mgt sd' nghe cd b i n chd nhflng ddi tfldng hfldng ldi.
Cac TCPCPNN cdn quan tam hd trd hgc tap va hfldng nghiep day nghe cho con em cac gia dinh ngheo. Nhieu TCPCPNN (ActionAid, ASA, L'APPEL ) da trien khai cac boat ddng nhfl xda mfl chfl chd ngfldi ldn (REFLECT). Muc dfch cfla hdat ddng nay nham giflp hg biet dgc, bie't viet, bie't ti'nh t e l n nhflng phep toin cd ban...
de hg cd cd hdi tiep can vdi d c phfldng tien thdng tin dai chflng nhfl bid, dai, ti vi... n h l m nang cad trinh dd va tad cd hdi tiep can vdi kien thflc khoa hgc ky thuat, chinh sach phap luat cfla Nha nfldc.
Nhieu dfl an cfla cac TCPCPNN cdn trflc tie'p giflp dd ve vat chat che cdn em cfla nhflng ddi tfldng ngheo de con em hg dfldc de'n trfldng va day nghe che hg de cd the tfl kiem sd'ng. Cac TCPCPNN thfldng hd trd ve trang thiet bi hgc tap, cung d p hgc bdng chd cdn em nhflng gia dinh ngbee va cen em ddng bad dan tdc thieu sd' n h l m giflp cac gia dinh ngheo bdt di ganh nang kinh te de hg khdng b i t con em minh nghi hgc, tao dieu kien cho tre em ngheo cd dieu kien bgc cao hdn. Nhflng em nao khdng cd kha nang hgc cao len thi se dfldc bgc nghe de sau nay cd the tu kiem sd'ng (tdchdc PLAN (Anh), SPI, CHOICE (My), CODEV (Phdp) dd hd trd hgc bdng, ddng phuc, sdch ud, do dung hgc tap detre em ngheo cd the de'n trUdng); td chdc COV dd hd trd cho con em cdc gia dinh ngheo dUdc hgc cdc khod hgc nghe ngdn hgn ve nghi ldm vUdn, nghi mgc, nghe dien, kinh doanh nhd hdng khdch sgn ;...).
Su hd trd cua cac TCPCPNN trdng viec hd trd ngudn nhan liic chfnh la sU hd trd true tiep p h i n ndi lUc ben treng cfla ngUdi nghee de dUa hg tbdat ngheo ben vflng.
Hd trd ngudn life thien nhien
0 Viet Nam, ngfldi nghee thfldng sd'ng chu ye'u d vflng ndng thdn va thu nhap chi'nh dfla vad nghe ndng. Tuy nhien sfl suy thoai cfla ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien dang la mdt nguy cd ldn ddi vdi ngfldi ndng dan dd ngudn Ifldng thflc va thu nhap cua hg phu thudc nhieu vae nhflng ngUdn lflc nay.
Thiic chdt cua hd trd ngudn life thien nhien trong cdc dii dn cua TCPCPNN Id ho trd ngUdi ddn bdo ve vd sd dung hdp ly cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien sdn cd, bie't khai thdc cdc the manh ue mdt tU
62 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009
nhien cua dia phUdng minh md khdng ldm tdn hgi de'n moi trUdng. Mgt sd TCPCPNN da rd't tich ciic hogt dgng trong linh uiic bdo ve nguon life tii nhien nhU WWF, Birdlife, FFI, Traffic... Id nhdng td chdc chuyen ui bdo tdn, nhdng tdchdc ndy dang tie'n hdnh mgt so'dif dn nhU bdo tdn cdc uUdn qudc gia (Phu Mdt, Xudn Thuy, Tam Ddo...) ud phdt trien cdc sinh ke ben udng d cdc uung ndy.
C i c T C P C P N N da td' chflc nhflng cudc hdi thao, nhflng cudc hgp cd sd m a n g tfnh c h a t d a n chfl de cflng t r a o ddi k i n h nghiem vdi ngfldi d a n ve t i m q u a n trgng cua ngudn tai n g u y e n t h i e n n h i e n ddi vdi ddi sd'ng cua cdn ngfldi. Q u a nhflng ldp t a p h u a n , t u y e n t r u y e n cfla T C P C P N N , ngfldi dan n h a n thflc dfldc r a n g , b i d ve tai nguyen t h i e n n h i e n la b i d ve n g u e n lflc trdng p h i t t r i e n k i n h te, b i d ve mdi trfldng de phdng chd'ng t h i e n tai. -Qua y kien cua ngfldi dan, cac T C P C P N N se xem xet n h u c l u cfla ngfldi d a n thflc sfl d n gi.
Hd se hd trd ngfldi d a n ve cay cen gid'ng, ve p h a n bdn neu ngfldi d a n c i n . Hg cflng se hd trd chuyen gia de cung d p ve m a t ky t h u a t che ngfldi d a n n e u ngfldi d a n chd la d n thiet (td chflc G R E T da cd dfl I n da n a n g cad t h u n h a p chd ngudi trdng ludng quy md nhd d T h a n h H d i t h d n g q u a md rdng dien tfch t r d n g ludng, ap d u n g cac ky t h u a t mdi, cung cap ven, t h a n h lap cd sd che bien tai chd ).
Khdng chi dflng lai d h d a t ddng giad due t u y e n t r u y e n ve sfl d n t h i e t p h a i b i d ve mdi trfldng, d c T C P C P N N t r d n g dfl I n ciia m i n h deu hfldng tdi mdt m u c dfch la tad lap mdt n g u d n sinh ke chd ngfldi dan phfl hdp vdi dieu k i e n tfl n h i e n cua dia phUdng de giflp ngfldi d a n x d l ddi g i i m nghee, t a n g t h e m t h u n h a p , p h i t
t r i e n k i n h t e tfl n g u e n lflc s a n cd cua dia phfldng. D a y mdi chfnh la b i e n p h a p hflu h i e u de b i d ve t a i n g u y e n mdi trfldng mdt d c h b e n vflng. T C P C P N N d a t h u e c h u y e n gia la d c c a n b e ndng, lam, thfl y cua h u y e n , t i n h h e a c t r u n g fldng de tfl v a n , hd trd ngfldi d a n ve m a t ky t h u a t n h l m p h u c hdi lai d c gid'ng cay trdng, v a t nudi vd'n la dac s i n , ldi t h e cua dia phfldng dd ; c u n g c a p chd ngfldi dan nhflng cay, cdn gid'ng t r d n g trfldng hdp ngfldi d a n k h d n g cd d i e u k i e n m u a de n h a n r d n g r a t r e n dia b a n dfl a n .
T r e n g dfl a n cfla m i n h , cac T C P C P N N cung chu y den t i c ddng cua dfl I n ddi vdi viec d i t h i e n mdi t r u d n g . C i c T C P C P N N t h u d n g m a n h d a n dUa r a nhflng md hinh p h a t t r i e n k i n h te mdi. Nhflng md hinh nay da tflng dfldc thfl n g h i e m t h a n h cdng d mdt sd' nfldc d a n g p h i t t r i e n va dfldc dieu chinh chd p h u hdp vdi dac diem tfl nhien vflng dfl I n d Viet N a m . T r e n thflc te, nhieu md h i n h VAC, md h i n h t r d n g rflng, md h i n h t r d n g cay cdng n g h i e p va cay a n q u i , md h i n h nudi t r d n g t h u y h a i san... da dudc trien k h a i va n h a n r d n g vdi sfl hd trd ky t h u a t cua c h u y e n gia. Cac h i n h thflc s a n x u a t b e n vflng, k h d n g l a m tdn h a i den mdi trudng, sfl d u n g t h a n t h i e n ngudn ldi tfl nhien dfldc k h u y e n khich. Chfnh nhd vay n e n t i n h h i n h dich b e n h giam d i n , sflc khee cua ngfldi d a n dfldc t a n g len, mdi trfldng tfl n h i e n dfldc d i t h i e n .
Hd trd phdt trien ket cdu hg tdng Dfldng s i , d u cd'ng, d a p nudc, trUdng hdc, t r a m xa, h e thd'ng dien nfldc sinh hdat... la nhflng cd sd v a t c h a t vd cung q u a n t r g n g cho sfl p h a t t r i e n da't nfldc ndi c h u n g va chd p h i t t r i e n k i n h te ndi rieng.
Vdi Sd t i e n q u y e n gdp dUdc, n h i e u
TCPCPNN da tai trd dU an giflp dd ngfldi dan xay dflng nhieu ceng trinh ha t i n g quan trgng n h l m d i thien dieu kien sd'ng va dieu kien san xuat cua hg. Nhflng heat dgng dfldc cac TCPCPNN trien khai la giflp ngfldi dan xay dflng nhflng cdn dfldng dan sinh nham giim bdt sfl each biet ve dia ly, ban che nhflng khd khan treng viec di lai dac biet vao mfla mfla lu; giflp ngfldi dan xay dflng trfldng bgc de cen em ngfldi nghed dfldc den trfldng, dfldc hgc tap trdng dieu kien td't hdn. Nhflng benh xa phuc vu ngfldi ngheo cung dfldc mgc len tfl ngudn vd'n hd trd cfla cac TCPCPNN de ngfldi nghed dfldc cham sdc sflc khde td't bdn, thfldng xuyen hdn, t r i n h nhflng rui rd ve tfnh mang khdng ding cd chi vi khdng dfldc chfla tri kip thdi. Ngdai ra, nhieu cdng trinh nhfl tram bdm, he thd'ng kenh mfldng, dap chfla nfldc, cac he thd'ng lgc nfldc, hd' xi hdp ve sinh, gieng nfldc sach cung dfldc xay dflng dfldi sfl giflp dd cua d c TCPCPNN n h l m d i thien, phuc vu sin xuat va ddi sd'ng sinh beat chd ngfldi dan tai nhflng vflng ngheo
Mdt con dfldng d i n sinh, mdt khu chd, mdt ngdi trfldng, mdt tram xl, mdt tram bdm... mdi cdng trinh dd tuy nhd be nhflng cd y nghia rat ldn ddi vdi ngfldi d i n nhflng vflng nghee. Nhflng cdng trinh nhfl vay da gdp p h i n lam cho cudc sd'ng cua ngfldi dan dd cd cflc hdn, giam thieu di nhflng chi phi sinh hdat khdng d n thiet do sfl khd khan ve dia ban tfl dd d i thien phan nao dieu kien s i n xuat va dieu kien sd'ng cua ngfldi nghee.
Hd trd nguon life tdi chinh
Mdt trdng nhflng khd khan ldn nhat cua ngfldi nghed la thieu ngudn lflc tai chinh. Hg khdng cd tien d i u tfl vae d c nhu cau sinh hdat tdi thieu ciia b i n than.
khdng cd tich luy de phdng khi khe khan va khdng cd vd'n de d i u tfl vad s i n xuat.
Xuat p h i t tfl thflc trang nay va tfl nhu clu ve vd'n cfla ngUdi dan, d c TCPCPNN da cd nhieu du an n h l m hd trd ngudn lUc tai chfnh chd ngUdi dan.
Tieu bieu chd hinh thflc hd trd ngudn tai chfnh cua d c TCPCPNN la hinh thflc tfn dung nhd. Hinh thflc tfn dung nay dfldc trien khai vae d i u nam 1990 va cho de'n nay da dfldc gan hai chuc nam. Day la mdt trdng nhflng linh vUc dUdc ghi nhan cd ddng gdp tich ciic vad cdng cudc xea ddi giim nghed d Viet Nam.
Bang viec cung d p met sd' tien de thanh lap quy tfn dung chd ngUdi ngheo vay, cac TCPCPNN mong mud'n bd trd them vd'n s i n xuat che ngUdi dan, nang cad kien thflc cflng cd hdi kiem sd'ng giflp ngfldi dan tang thu nhap, d i thien va nang cao chat Ifldng cudc sd'ng. Dfl In tfn dung cfla d c TCPCPNN da dap flng dfldc nhu clu ve vd'n cfla ngfldi dan ddng thdi can bd cua cac TCPCPNN cdn cd chfldng trinh tap huan giflp ngfldi dan sfl dung ddng vd'n sad chd hieu q u i nhat. Sau khi dfl an cham dflt, sd'tien nay se khdng phii hoan lai cho TCPCPNN tai trd ma dfldc chuyen che ddi tac Viet Nam nham tiep tuc nhan rdng cho nhieu ngfldi vay hdac dflng vd'n dd de thflc hien met dfl an khlc cfla dia phfldng.
Dfl an tfn dung tiet kiem cua d c TCPCPNN dfldc ghi nhan la cd hieu qua bdi dfl sd' vd'n vay tfldng ddi nhd nhflng nd la khdIn dau tfl ban d i u quan trgng trdng hdat ddng tad thu nhap va vdi mgt sd vdn khdng ldn ma cd the giflp dd tai chfnh chd nhieu ngUdi ngbee treng thdi gian dai.
Thu tuc vay lai ddn giin va ngUdi vay tien dudc hudng dan each tiet kiem, hudng d i n
64 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009
d c h d i u tu. C h i n h vi vay, k h d I n tfn d u n g nay dUdc sii d u n g mdt each cd h i e u q u a va ngUdi d a n s a u mdt thdi gian cd t h e t r i lai k h d I n tien dUdc vay va v a n cd dfl vd'n de t i i san xuat. Ngudn ven n a y n g a y cang dfldc n h a n rdng va cd n h i e u ddi tfldng dfldc tiep can n g u d n vd'n vdi gia tri dfldc vay ngay cang t a n g .
A^di tdm Igi, tin dung nho d khu uyCc ndng thdn Id mgt trong cdc Unh uifc ndng dgng nhdt cua cdc TCPCPNN. Ddy Id ngudn udn khdng ldn nhUng kip thdi, ddp iing ngay nhu cdu vay cua ngUdi ddn. Vd ddc biet thdng qua hogt dgng tin dung nhdm, hogt dgng tin dung ciia cdc TCPCPNN dd giup tdng cUdng mdi quan he cgng ddng, di cao tinh thdn trdch nhiem cua cd nhdn vdi ldi ich cua cgng ddng. Hdu het cdc TCPCPNN coi tin dung vd tiet kiem Id mgt phUdng tien thong dung de tdng thu nhdp ud tin dung di kem vdi tiet kiem Id sif bdo ue thu nhdp cho ngUdi ngheo.
Hd trd ngudn liic xd hgi
H i u he't d c T C P C P N N t r e n g q u i t r i n h trien k h a i dfl I n tai trd deu cd d c h e a t ddng n h a m cflng cd' va p h a t h u y mdl q u a n he cdng ddng; giflp n a n g cad vai trd cua d c td chflc xa hdi; xay dflng mdt mdi trfldng xa hdi cd tfnh hd trd va lien ket. Muc dfch cua nhflng b o a t ddng dd n h a m giflp ngfldi nghed tfl vfldn len t h o i t ngheo t r e n g t i n h ddan ket, tfldng trd cua cdng ddng.
Khi dfl a n t r i e n k h a i d dia phfldng t h i d c cudc hgp thdn b i n cung dfldc td chflc.
C i c cudc hgp thdn b a n dd m a n g tfnh c h a t cdng ddng rd net. Tai cudc hgp, ngfldi d a n dfldc cflng n h a u b a n bac, trad dd'i k i n h nghiem vdi n h a u va vach r a phUdng h u d n g chung n h a m g i i i quyet d c v a n de ciia cdng ddng m i n h . Tfl sfl nhsit q u a n ve y
nghi se la sfl thd'ng nha't t r o n g h a n h ddng.
Nhfl v a y tfl t r d n g d c dfl I n dd T C P C P N N t a i trd, n h i e u cau lac be, nhieu n h d m cflng sd thfch r a ddi cd tac dung giflp t h a n h vien cua m i n h k h i hg gap khd k h a n t r o n g cudc sd'ng. T h a m gia vad cac td chflc hdi dd, ngfldi n g h e d se d m t h a y tfl tin hdn, q u y e n ldi ciia hg dfldc b i d ve va hg n h a n t h a y r i n g m i n h k h d n g ddn ddc t r d n g cudc mflu s i n h chd'ng lai n g b e e ddi.
Chd de'n nay, chfla cd td'ng k e t d i n h g i i chi tiet sfl ddng gdp c u a d c T C P C P N N trdng cdng cugc xoa ddi giam ngheo nhflng dieu q u a n t r g n g la Viet N a m da tie'p t h u dUdc n h i e u k i n b n g h i e m c u a d c T C P C P N N t h d n g q u a hdp t a c b d t a m vi md va vi md. N h i e u md h i n h k i n h te cd hieu qua da dUdc n h a n r d n g t r e n nhieu dia b a n trong ca nUdc. Nhflng k i n h n g h i e m va bai hgc quy b a u dd da gdp p h a n n a n g cao chat lUdng, hieu q u a , t i n h b e n vflng cfla cdng cudc xda ddi g i a m nghed./.
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. E. F. S Chumacher(1996), NhUng ngudn life, (Sach tham khao), NXB Luan Ddn.
2. Judy L - Baker (2002), Ddnh gid tdc ddng ciia cdc Dudn Phdt trien tdi ddi ngheo (Sach tham khao), NXB Van boa - Thdng tin. Ha Ngi.
3. Nguyen Phiidng Quynh Trang, Michelle Brown, S u s a n n a h , Hopkins Leisher (1999), Ddi tdc phdt trien: Ddng gdp cho Viet Nam cua cdc TCPCP qudc te.
4. Van ban du an va bao cao danh gia dii an cfla mgt sd TCPCPNN
