s i 9 (239)-2015 NGdN N G f & Bin S 6 N G 59
T(r LAY NHlT NHITNG TlTOfNG DlTOfNG CUA DQNG Tf P H 6 N G CHIEU TRONG DJCH THU^T ANH - Vlf T
REDUPUCATTVES AS THE EQUIVALENTS OF PROJECTING VERBS IN ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION
NGUYEN THJ XUAN T H C Y (ThS; TnriUg Bt/i hpc Quy Nhon)
Abstract: liie study is about tiie equivalent whidi is not of one-to-one lelations^p between tiie projecting verbs of verbal processes in English and those in Vietnamamese in the Ught of Functional Grammar. The reduplication mentioned in this article presents the distinctions in the aspect of language, helping to make the translation &om English to Vietnamese, and vice versa gain the accuracy and flexibility.
Key words; projection; reduplication.
l . D ^ t v l n d l
"Ngdn ngit cia loii ngudi cd sy tuong ding rit CO bin, vi cich con ngudi nh^n thftc thl gidi, vi dd li cich hp tu duy vl cii thl gidi ay, vl ca bin chi cd mOt, cho nOn nhiing dilu hp cin ndi vdi nhau, nhftng y nghia mi hp cin bilu d^t - tftc cii mit sd bilu cua ngdn ngft - dau dau cung chi li mpt.
Nhung nhftng phuong tiOn mi mSi ngdn ngft dung dl diin d^t cii sd bieu ay cd thl rit khic nhau ..." (Cao Xuin Hjo, 1998:8-9).
Bii vilt niy dl c|p sy khic nhau tiii vj d dOng tft phdng chilu trich nguydn cia qui trinh phit ngdn trong hai ngdn ngft Anh - Viet tiOn quan dilm cia ngtt phip chftc ning.
2. Phinmg phip nghiln ciiu Phuong phip ddi chilu dupc sft dyng dl tim ra nit tuong ding vi khic biOt trong hai ngdn ngO. Chftng tdi tiln hanh nghien cftu
cia cic tic gii Hoing PhO, Cao Xuin H^o, V.V..
3. Cic khii niem li thuyet
3.1.Phdng chieu vd d^ng tir phdng chiiu Ngft phip chftc ning giii thich cic mli quan hO gifta cic cu theo thinh phin logic cia hO thing ngdn ngft dya trOn hai binh diOn: phy thupc Ian nhau (System of interdependency) v i logic - ngft nghta (Logical-semantic relation). Binh diOn thft hai, theo quan dilm cia Halliday (1994) gIm cd hai tilu loji: Sy binh trudng (Expansion) vi Phdng chilu (Projection), trong dd phdng chieu giinh nhilu sy quan tim die biOt cia cic nhi ngft phip chftc ning bdi 16 nd dupc xem la ndt khu biOt ciia qui trinh phit ngdn (Verbal process) vi qua trinh tinh thin (Mental process).
Phdng chilu li mli Hen hp logic- ngft nghia trong hai ci, trong dd eft niy phdng dpng tft phdng chilu trich nguyin cua qui chilu eft cdn 1^ theo ngUa: hoJc l i tudng trinh phit ngdn trong hO thong chuyin tic
bing viOc khio sit d^ing liy d nhdm dOng tft niy trong tilng Anh vi tilng ViOt thdng qua cic bin djch. Dft lipu mi chiing tdi chpn li cic tniyOn ngin song ngft Anh - ViOt vi ViOt - Anh. Vi v|y, hiu bet cic vi dy khio sit se
thuft lai mpt cich gian tilp (Reporting) hoic trich nguyin (Quoting) ldi ndi hay y nghi cia mOt ai dd. Martin (1997, ti-.172) djnh nghla: "Phdng chilu l i mli liOn hp gifta mpt qui tiinh tinh than hay qui trinh phit ngdn mi nd trich ngyOn hay thdng bio 1^". Qui li nhftng cip ciu cia hai ngdn ngft. MOt sl tiinh tinh tiiin phdng chilu mOt 'j tudng' vi dy minh hpa khic dupc tiich tft ty diin hay mOt 'y nghi chua dupc ndi tiiinh ldi'
60 N G 6 N NGff & Bin S6NG Sl9(239)-2015 (unspoken thought), cdn qui trinh phit ngdn
phdng chilu mpt ldi ndi (locution). Vi dy:
[1] Ddng thi Ihdo: - Mdy cd sg khdng ...? Tao sg... (Ddng whispered: "Are you afraid? lam...") [6,75].
3.2. Dgng tit trich nguyin cia qud trlnh phdtngdn
Bhih diOn ngft nghia cd thl phin biOt hai hinh thftc phdng chilu trich nguyen vi phdng chilu thdng bio lai nhd vao kilu quan he thft bic: dong ding hay phy tiiudc. Trong vi dy [1] nOu trOn, 'Ihi thdo'(whisper) dupc gpi li d$ng tit phdng chiiu trich nguyin (Quoting verb) cua qui trinh phit ngdn.
Halliday (1994: 229) cho ring dOng tft trich nguydn bao gom:
(1) Ndi (say), thanh vidn khii quit cia nhdm.
(2) Cic dpng tu die thft cho (a) nhin djnh vi (b) ciu hdi. Vi dy: (a) tell (tiio), remark (nhin xit), observe (nhin xdt, quan sit), point out (chi ra), report (bio cio), announce (thdng bio); (b) ask (hdi), demand (ydu cau), inquire (hdi), query (thic mic).
(3) Cic dpng tft kit hpp 'S£Q>' (ndi) vdi mOt thinh phin chu cinh, vi dy, reply (tik ldi/ dip = ndi trong khi phin ling), explain (giii thich = ndi trong khi giii thich), protest (phan dli = ndi vdi sy dd dit), continue (tilp tyc = tilp tyc ndi), interrupt (ngit ldi = ndi theo lupt), warn (cinh bio = ndi: hau qui khdng mong muon).
(4) Cic ddng tft cd ndt nghia bilu niOm khic nhau, vi dy, /resist (ndi mOt cich nhin manh), complain (ndi mOt cich bvic tftc), cry, shout (ndi to), boast (ndi mpt cich ty bio), murmur (ndi gipng thi thlm), stammer (ndi vdi gipng lung ting).
3.3. Tit Idy vi hi$n tugng Idy & d^ng ting phdng chiiu trich nguyin cia qud trinh phdt ngon
3.3.1. Cd rat nhilu djnh nghla vl tft liy.
Theo quan niOm cua D 5 Hftu Chiu (1999, ti-.27), tft liy li "tft dupc cau t?o flieo phuong thftc liy, dd li phucmg thftc hda
phli ngft im bing cich 1 ^ l^u mOt bO phli hay toin bO hlnh thftc ngft im ciia tilng glc".
- CSn eft vio cich hda phli ngft im tiii phuong thftc liy gom liy hoin toin ( M redupUcation): oang oang, khdng khdng, v.v.
vi liy bO ph$n (partial reduplication). Liy bO p h ^ chia lim hai lopi: liy phy im diu (Uu lo, thi thdm, xi xdo, thu thl) vi liy phin vin (bip xip, idm bdm)
- Cin eft vio s6 lin tic dpng cua phuong tiiftc tft liy cd till phin biOt: tft liy hai im tilt (thl tiiio the thi, ndn nl), iky ba Im tilt (ding ding dung), liy bin Im tilt (tdn ngdn ldn ngdri)
3.3.2. Tft liy trong tilng ViOt rit phong phft. Chung mang 1^1 sic thii bilu cim, sic thii giim nhp ho$c sic thii nhln mpnh vi xuit hiOi vdi tin sl cao hon tilng Anh, d$c biOt l i 6 ddng tft phit ngdn. Vi dy:
[2] Ldp tic tdi sd lin cdnh tay vg Idi vi hdi eione bdi rdi - Em sao vdy?
[3] Tdi nga ngdc: - Hgnh ndo Id Hgnh ndo?
[4] Thdi ding Idm bgl - Gigng vg tdi rit lin the thi.
[5] Tdi nhdn nhd: - Em ditng ndi can cho anh
[6] Vg tdi vdn khdne khdne: - Anh ditng cd gid bg ngdy thai
[7] Khdng biit lam sao, cudi cung toi ddnh cudi gid Id: - Chiiu nay cdng chuyin bit ddu, khdng cdch gi rit ra md di ddn em dugc.
[8] Vg tdi cudi duvtn ddng: - Khdng!
Anh cd ldi gi ddu!
[9] Ting qud, tdi bin ngdi xudng qudng qua vai vg tdi, gigng ndn nl: - Thdi cho anh xin ldi nghen
[10] Vg tdi cii xudng dd tdi ddy, miing ldp bdo: - Trdi ai, cd sao khdng anh?
[11] Tdi chua kip vdn vdi nude mdy M thdng con tdi d ddu chgy do Idi, miing labM
Sl9(239)-2015 NG6N NGC & Bdi S6NG 61
hdi: - Ba oi ba, me dit lay chdy mdu titm lum&nhdkia
[12] Tdi cii xuong tren nhiing ngdn Ury cia vg tdi, hdp ldp hdi: - Ddu? Ddu? ChS ndo ddu? Chi anh bdng cho.
[14] Toi ddne hdne: - Tudn tdi ca quan anh bdn vdi
[15] Tdig^^: - Trdi, cdu ndi chill!
[16] TTi^g em vine vine: - Ba nhdc hodi con khdng chiu ddu.
[17] Bdy gid Ihi la di chcri thd sic, chdng ai vdn veo: "Anh di ddu? Bao gid vi?" [5, 92].
Nhu viy, chiing ta cd thl thiy chi trong mOt truyOn ngin thdi, cd thl taich dupc gin 20 ehl liy trong nhdm dOng tft phdng chilu phit ngdn vi cin ngdn. COng tft chuSi vi dy trin cd thl nh|n ra ring hlOn tupng liy hiu nhu nim trong nhdm dOng tft phdng chilu trich nguydn. Nhiing trudng hpp liy d dOng tit phdng chilu d tin so nhu v$y khd mi tim thay trong tilng Anh.
Kit qui cia viOc khio sit hem 500 ci phftc truyOn tilng Anh cho thiy ring dOng tft phdng chilu tarich nguydn cfta qui trlnh phit ngdn thudng xuit hiOn H ndi (say), bdo (tell), hdi (ask), tif hdi (wonder), yeu cdu (demand), enquire (feii), ...chilm din 89%
vdi 445 liiL Dilu niy cd nghla li dOng hi phdng chilu phit ngdn trong tilng Anh chft ylu li dOng tft thuOc hai nhdm diu tidn:
DOng tft khii quit say vi cic dOng tii die thft (tiieo HalUday). Tuy nhidn, viOc phin tich 500 cu phdng chilu trong nhftng tmyOn song ngft mang 1^ kit qui ding Itm •$: hiOn tupng liy th|t sy phong phft vi phi biln 6 dOng tft phdng chilu trich nguyOn trong tilng ViOt Nhftng cym dOng tii niy cd nhftng ndt chung vied thl dupc chia thinh 3 nhdm nhd.
4. Cic nhim dOng tii dirprc djch thinh tit liy
4.1. Nhdm Ofng tit dufc dfch thinh lit liylheot^tlin
Hiy xem cic vi dy sau diy:
[18] C6 cho vdo miing cdn Cd xuitxoa ren rl: - Trdi ai, vdng thdt ddy rdi... (She put them into her mouth and bit them "Good heavens, it's real void." she sasaed) 16.631.
[19] Cd Diiu hdn hin: - Vdo ddy... vdo ddy ...Cdi thdng chd con gidu cd...("Come in here, come in here, you rich little puppy,"
Miss Dieu panted) [6,64].
[20] "What's the matter, Rache?" I beeeed her, catching her wrists and shaking her. "Rache, what's the matter?" (Em Idm sao thi, Rache? - Tdi UAikhodn hoi, nim idy hai cd tay ndng vd Idc mgnh - Rtiche, em Idm saa thi?) [ii, 93].
[21] Corald eroaned: "You know not what you say! It Is forever and ever impossible!"(Corald idm bdm:"Cht khdng biit chi ttdi gl cd! Mdi mdi vd mdi mdi, chigiindy khdng thi dugc") [9,36].
[22] Chi Phio Urn dim mdt, rin rl:- Tao cM liiu chit vdi bd con mdy ddy th6l.( Chi Pheo, eyes half-closed, moaned: - May you tmdyour son kill nte!) [4,15].
Khdng khd dl nh$n ra ring nhftng dOng tft trich nguyOn trong tit ci vi dy trdn diy diu cd nghta lly tft ty diin. Vin dl tiiu vj d chi li mil mOt ddng tft tilng Anh diu cd chim nghta li tft liy trong tilng Vipt Vi dy nhu ddng tft gtisp cd nghta hdn hin, hd hdc, khdi khao, u&c ao,...diu li nhiing tft liy.
Sau diy li mOt sl minh hpa trich ra tft ty diin.
Gasp (v): hdn hin (thd), hd hdc (vi Mnh nggc), khdi khao, udc ao (tif do)
Pant M: khao khdt, thiet tha (mong mudn), hdn hin (thd)
Whisper(v): khe khi, thl thdm, thu thl, xi xdo,xixdm
Beg (v): ndi nl, thiit tha khdn cdu Grotm (v): mong mdi, ren rl ki li, idm bdm
Moan (v): than van, rin rl
Tilng ViOt qui li phong phft vi sinh dOng. Chua xit din ylu tl thft ph^ vin hpc, nOi sy da d^g thdi cung mang doi sy uyIn
NGdN N G f & Bin S 6 N G Si9(239)-2015
chuyin linh ho^t trong ngdn ngft niy. ViOc thong ke vi phin tich ciing mang lpi mOt phit hiOn ting whisper Ik dpng tft phit ngdn xuat hiOn vdi tin sl cao nhit, ci trong truyOn Anh - Viet vi ViOt - Anh vdi tuong duong hit sftc da d^g khe khi, xi xdm, thi thdo, Ihi thdm, thiu thdo vd thi thi. Dudi diy li chiim vi dy vl ding tii phdng chilu niy.
[23] "Bill!" He whispered, once and twice: "Bill!" (BillI - Anh goi khe khi. rdi Igi ggi ldn nOa, BUU) [11,11].
[24] And this is what the whisper said:
"The lady Constance has given birth lo a child!"( Ngttdi ta xi xdm nhu sau: "Cdng nttang Constance mdi sinh con!") [9,37].
[25] "Raise the shttde, please. 1 want to see." Johnsy said in a whisper. ( "Chi Idm an ndng cdi mdnh len. Em mudn nhin", Johnsv thi thdm ndt) [11,60].
[26] - Clin ndy, mdy dd ldn rdi... Tao sdp chit rdi... - Ldo Hg tidu thdo bdo Cin.
("Curt, you've grown tq). I'm about to die."
Old Ha whispered weakly) [6,58].
[27] Tdi thiu thiu ngi vdng vdng ldi chi dang thu thl sv Uch cdc thdnh Irin thiin ddng: Ngdy xua ngdy xua d xi Jeruxalam cd mdt con ngudi( 1 dozed of to sleep, vaguely aware of the story Tham whispered about the saints in paradise: "Once upon a time, in Jerusalem, there was a man ... ")[6,15].
4.2. Nhdm I0ng tit dupc djch thdnh tit Idy theo vdn cdnh
Ci trong truyOn song n ^ Anh - ViOt vi ViOt - Anh, chftng tdi bit gip rit nhilu ttujmg hpp cd cich djch ddng tft phdng chilu trich nguydn thinh tii liy dya vio vin cinh. Vi dy, trong [28], tii shout dupc djch sang tilng ViOt li bvK tic, hay phan ndn l(u cd tuong duong li say (ndi) taxing [30], vi ciroi sdng sdc chi cd thl l i laugh (cudi) nhu trong [29]. Vidy:
[28] "No, it hasn't." my father shouted.
"and I'm hungry. "("Khdn^ th&i ddu cd".
Vuachabuctitc. "Tdi ddi Idm rdi") [8,68].
[29] Cd cudi sdne sdc: - Ndi di... Bdy gid may mudn cdi gl?("Now! I'll bargain. Ok?"
Miss Diiu lauehed) [6,64].
[30] Rdi via xdc Chi Phio, cy via phdn ndn: "Khd qud! Gid cd tdi d nhd tM ddu dm ndi. "(While helping Chi Pheo stand up, he said: "What a pity! Ifl had bin at home thi things would not have happened ") [4,25].
[31] - Mdy sao the? Thu nga ngdc.("Why are you doing that?" Thit screamed scared In horror) [6,17].
Phuong phip djch niy vi cich djch d 4.1 dupc Peter Newmark (1984) gpi li djch giao tilp (communicative translation) vi djch ngit nghta (semantic translatioti). Dilu dd cd nghta li dft dupc djch theo phuong phip nio vi theo chilu nio (tft Anh sang ViOt hay ti ViOt sang Anh) thl dOng tft phit ngdn Wig ViOt vin thudi^ xuyOn xuit hiOn d d^g %' Trong hai phuong tiiftc liy hoin toin vi liy bO ph$n thl dOng tft phdng chilu dupc tim thiy xuit hiOn chft ylu dudi hlnh thiic liy bO phin, die biOt li liy phy Im diu. MOt chuli dOng tft phit ngdn liy phy im diu cd thl dupc hO thing trong suit qui trinh khio sit li ndi nl, thiit tha, khdt khao, thu tM, thi thdm, xi xdo, ra rd, tim Um, nggng ngiu, Uu lo, mta mat, ... Nhitng dOng tft cd liy vin nhu bip xip, idm bdm, li nhi hoic liy hoin toin nhu oang oang, khdng khdng, v.v.. xuit hiOn vdi tin sl rit fli^, chi 5%.
Tft liy tilng ViOt cd dO dii tli tiiilu li hai tilng, tli da li bin tilng vi cdn cd lofii ba tilng. Tuy nhidn, lo^ Sta tidn li lo$i tiSu bilu nhit cho tft liy v i phucmg thftc liy cia tilng VIOL Liy 6 dOng tft phdng chilu cia qui trlnh phit ngdn cung khdng phii ti tiirdng hpp ngoji 10. Nhftng trudng hpp liy mi ching tdi tim dupc hiu hit l i liy N tilng. Tft liy ba tilng dya trdn ca ehl liy hoin toin, hay tft liy bin 1^ dvia tirOn co chi liy bO phin nhu diing ding dung, llnh tinh lang tang, bSig nha bdng nhdng, ndi bdy nil bg, bdng nhdng hdng nhdng ... rit hilm.
Sl 9 (239)-2015 N G 6 N NGtr & Bin S 6 N G
4.3. Nhdm d^ng tit dugc djch vdi tit Idy li Ihinh phin bi nghta
Nhu di dupc trinh biy, trong hai nhdm diu, dpng tft li tft liy chilm mdt phin khdng nhd trong dOng tft phdng chilu phit ngdn.
Tuy nhiOn, cym dpng tft cd thinh nhln phy bl nghta li tii liy cung hit sftc pho biln khi gift vai trd niy. Cd thf bit gip nhieu tauimg hpp nhu rdu rdu ki li, Ignh ling hdi, chua chdt dip Igi, cttdi thdn then, v.v. trong eft trich nguydn.
[32] Tdi da lin khdc nic nd. Xung^ quanh song nude nhda dl. Bd cv ldi do vdn done rdu rdu ki li: "Khdn ngn!... " (Tears welled up in my eyes. The blurred waters of the river ran on The ferry woman continued in a melancholy tone: "It is wretched ...") [6, 16].
[33] Cd Ldi cuoi thdn thin: "Chd phdi Mg mdi xinh nhdt"( Miss Lai laughed gently: "No, I'm not. Your mother Is the prettiest.') [6,40].
[34] "Couldn't you draw In the other room?" - asked Johnsv. coldlv.f Gidn-xi lanh line hdi: - Chi khdng thi vS d buSng khdc dugc d?)[ii,93].
[35] "/ wish you would tell it to someone in the poolroom." replied Bryson sourly.
("Tdi mong anh si ki chuyin dy cho id dd trong phdng bi-da nghe". Bryson chua chdt dip lai) \ll.AOl
Chi xuit hiOn li phin phy taxing nhdm dOng tft nhung tft liy mang lpi gii tr) vl tlnh tupng hlnh, tupng thanh cao: binh tinh ndi, hdng hdi phdt biiu, dn tdn trd ldi. Chftng tdi nh|n ra iing nhftng dOng tft trich nguydn cfta qui trlnh phit ngdn d dpng niy thudc nhdm culi theo cich chia cfta Halliday (trong 3.2).
Cha dd cfta Ngft phip chftc ning vilt: "MOt ph^m vi rOng ldn cic dOng tft khic nhau cd thl dupc xip vio nhan dl culi ciing, cic dOng tft khdng phii li dOng tft phit ngdn nhung, die biOt trong thl lopi vin trin thu^t, dupc diing dl gpi thii dO, tlnh cim hoic eft chi tlnh cim kim theo hinh dOng ndi, vi dvi.
sob (khdc thftt tiift), snort (khyt khjt tiid), tinkle (kdu lanh canh), ..." (Halliday, 1994:
229).
5.Kltlu|n
Khdng gilng nhu qui trlnh tinh thin phdng chilu -j tudng thudmg d hlnh thftc thdng bio 1^, qui trlnh phit ngdn tfaiOn vl phdng chilu trich nguydn. Nhdm dOng tft phdng chilu trich nguydn phi biln trong cic truyOn ngin ci tilng Anh vi tilng ViOt mang nhilu nit nghta bieu niOm. D$c biOt trong tilng ViOt lo^ dpng tft phdng chilu niy cia qui trinh phit ngdn trong hO thing chuyin tic cing M ndn sinh dOng vdi hiOn tupng liy kim tiieo hinh ddng ndi. Tilng ViOt qui thit phong phft vi uyIn chuyin trong phuong thftc ciu t^o tft vi cich sft dyng tft theo tftng vin cinh.
TAI L I ^ U THAM K H A O Tilng ViOt
1. Cao Xuin Hjo (2003), Tiing Viit: Mdy vdn di ngfi dm, ngU phdp, ngti nghla, Nxb Giio dye.
2. D3 Hftu Chiu (1999), Ti vyng ngd nghta tilng Viit, Nxb Giio dpc.
3. Hoing Phe (Chi biin) (1992), Tiir diin tiing Viit, Trung tim Tft diin ngdn n^, Hi Ndi.
4. Nam Cao (2002), Ttuyin ngdn chgn Igc (Chi Pheo and Ottier Stories), Nxb VSn hpc.
5. Ngiq^ Nhit Anh (2003), Chuyin cd Uch ddnh cho ngudi ldn, Nxb Tli.
6. Nguyin Huy ThiOp (1999), Tudng vi huu vd nhdng Iruyin khdc (The General retires and other stories), Nxb VSn hpc.
Tilng Anh
7. HalUday, MAJC (1994), An introduction tofimctional grammar, London: Arnold.
8. Leonard Spencer (1994), The throne of lave (Ti bd ngai vdng vi tinh yiu), London:
Arnold.
9. Mark Twain (2009), Short stories (TniyOn ngin Mark Twain), Nxb Tp Hi Chi Minh.
10. Martin, J.R, Mattiiensen, C.M.I.M and painter, C. (1997), Working with fimctional grammar, London; Arnold.
11. O.Heniy (2004), The most Interesting short stories in the world, Nxb Hii Phdng.
