CHUYEN MUC
KHOA HOC XA HOl HOC T H t G l d l
T 6 N G QUAN VE "NAN NHAN HOC"
LE MINH T | £ N '
Nan nhan hoc (Victimology) la mdt ITnh vuc nghien ciru lien nganh chi mdi xuat hien tren the gldl vio giira the ky XX. LTnh vuc nghien cu'u nay hudng su phan tich vao mdt thinh phan gin nhu bi bd quen trong cac nghien ciru xa hdi hoc tdi pham va tdi pham hgc, dd la cac nan nhan cua tdi pham (Crime victims), nham lam sang td hgn nira nhirng nguyen nhan cua tdi pham, tir dd giiip hieu dugc mdt each diy dii hgn vi nhirng hau qua ciia cic hanh vi tdi pham doi vol nan nhan cung nhu tinh hinh tdi pham ndi chung Bai viet nay nham muc tieu trinh bay tong quan ve su hinh thanh va oac hudng nghien ciru trong nan nhan hgc nhu la mdt ggl y cho viec nghien ciru ve TTnh vuc nay g Viet Nam trong tugng lai.
Tir khoa: nan nhan hoc, nan nhan, d i i u tra nan nhan hpc, tdi pham hpc Nhan bii ngiy: 8/8/2018; dua vio bien tap: 9/8/2018; duyet dang: 4/9/2018 I.DANNHAP
Tif lau trong ITnh vyc nghien ciru xa hgi hgc tdi pham va tdi pham hpc ndi chung tren t h i gidi cung nhu tai Viet Nam, p h i n ldn cac nghien ciru deu chu trpng d i n mpt thanh phin cua tdi pham dd la ngudi pham tdi (Criminal) va tir dd phan tich nhung dac trung cua nhii'ng ngydi cd hanh vi tdi pham cung n h y nhtfng y i u td tam ly, van hda, kinh t l , chinh trj va xa hgi khiln ' Trudng Dai hoe Md Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
cho ca nhan cd hanh vi tdi pham hay hien tugng tdi pham ndi chung trong xa hdi. Tuy nhien, cdn cd mdt thanh p h i n khac cung lien quan den van d l tdi pham nhung g i n nhu chua dygc chii y nghien ciru dd la nan nhan cua tdi pham (Crime victim). Qua vay, cd le viec tim hieu hien tygng tdi pham se chua d i y du n i u bd qua nan nhan, bdi vi trong nhiiu trudng hgp hanh vi tdi pham da d i l n ra nhung vi mpt sd ly do ma thu pham khdng bj phat hien va xir ly, nhung nan nhan cOa hanh vi tdi pham l y thi v i n hien dien d dd. Do
LE HJINH T I E N - T O N G QUAN VE "NAN NHAN HOC"
vay, nghien ciru nan nhan cua tdi pham la mdt trong nhu'ng each thirc d l lam sang td tinh trang "tdi pham an" (Hidden figure of crime), tire la nhyng hanh vi tdi pham da d i l n ra nhyng khdng phat hien duac thii pham va do dd khdng dugc dua vao trong cac bao cao thing ke chinh thirc v l tinh hinh tdi pham. Viec nghien ciru nan nhan se gdp p h i n phan anh mdt each sat thuc hgn v l tinh hinh tdi pham trong xa hdi. Mat khac, nghien ciru nan nhan hpc cdn gdp p h i n lam sang td ban nguyen nhan cua tdi pham, bdi trong nhilu trydng hgp, nan nhan cung chinh la mdt trpng nhu'ng nguyen nhan tao nen hanh vi tdi pham. Theo Hans von Hentig (1948) thi trong nhilu vu tdi pham, nan nhan lai la nhtrng ngudi n g l m y ung thuan, lap muu k l va khieu khich cho hanh vi tdi pham (Ezzat A, Fattah, 1989:44).
2. VAI NET LjCH SCf CCiA "NAN NHAN HOC"
Theo Ezzat A. Fattah (2000) thi nhu'ng y niem d i u tien v l nan nhan khdng phai do cac nha nghien ciru dat ra, ma la do cac nha van, nha tha va t i i u thuylt gia nhu Thomas de Quincey, Khalil Gibran, Aldous Huxley, the Marquis de Sade Franz Werfel. Trong Tnh vyc hoc thuat, ngydi d i u tien phan tich cd tinh he thong v i cac nan nhan ciia tdi pham dd la nha nghien ciru tdi pham hpc ngudi Oirc Hans von Hentig (1887-1974). Trong cdng trinh The Criminal and His Victim (Pham nhan va nan nhan cua pham
nhan) cdng b l vSo nam 1948, dng da danh ra chuang cudi de phan tich v l nan nhan ciia tdi pham- nhtf la mpt trong nhtrng nguyen nhan tao nen hanh vi tdi pham ngi pham nhan.
Theo dng, m l i quan he pham nhan - nan nhan la m i l quan he cap ddi (dyad) do dd khi nghien ciru v l tdi pham thi khdng nen chia tach hai thanh p h i n nay ma phai xem xet ca hai. Ngydi sang lap nganh nan nhan hpc la nha nghien ciru tdi pham hpc ngydi Phap g l c Israel la Benjamin Mendelsohn (1900-1998). Ong chinh la ngydi dau tien dya ra thuat ngif
"nan nhan hpc" (Victimology, ghep cua hai tir "Victim" va "logos") - khoa hpc nghien ciru v i cac nan nhan ciia toi pham - vao nam 1947 trong mpt bai thuylt trinh trudc cac thanh vien cua Hpi Tam ly tri lieu Rumani (Sarah Ben- David, 2000; 55). Nam 1958, nha xa hpi hoc va tdi pham hpc ngudi My la Marvin Eugene Wolfgang (1924- 1998)'" da cdng bd cdng trinh Patterns In Criminal Homicide (Nhiing khudn m i u ciia tdi pham gilt ngudi) vdn d y g c xem la cdng trinh nghien ciru thuc nghiem dau tien v l nan nhSn hoc. Trong nghien ciru nay, Wolfgang da t i l n hanh khao sat 558 vu g i l t ngudi d i i n ra tai Philadelphia trong giai doan 1948-1952 va nhan t h i y ring cd 26% nan nhan cua cac vu g i l t ngydi la "nan nhan thiic day cho tdi pham" (Victim precipitation/
Victim facilitation)'^', tire la nhii'ng nan nhan nay la nhung ngudi ra tay trydc, nhii'ng ngydi sii' dung vu khi trydc hoac cd hanh vi bao lye trydc chir
IAP_CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl s6 6 (238) 2018 67 khong phai la thu pham'^'. Vao nam
1968, nha xa hpi hoc va toi phann hoc ngu'O'i Hungari la Stephen Schafer (1911-1976) cong bo cong trinh The Victim and His Criminal {Nan nhan va thu pham) va cong trinh nay du'p'c xem fa cu6n giao trinh d^u tien v§ nan nhan hoc
Sau hai hgi nghj qudc t§ ve nan nhSn hpc du'p'c to chLPC vao cac nam 1973 va 1976, viec djnh ch§ hoa viec nghien ciru nan nhan hpc chinh thirc
du'p'c xac lap vao nam 1979 khi c^c nha toi pham hpc nhu* Hans Joachim Schneider, Israel Drapkin va mpt s6 nha toi pham hpc khac cung nhau thanh lap Hiep hoi Nan nhan hoc the giai (the World Society of Victimology) tai Munster (DCrc). Muc tieu cua Hi^p hpi la thtic day viec nghien cij-u n?n nhan hpc va cac hoat dpng thyc tien lien quan d^n cac nan nhSn cua toi pham tren toan th^ giai, khuyin khich cac nghien cii-u lien nganh va nghien Bang 1. Tom tat nhii'ng cot moc chinh cua N^n nhan hpc
Nam Sy ki6n
Benjamin Mendelsohn iJya ra thu§t ngO N^n nhSn hoc
Hans von Hentig cong b6 cong trinh The Criminal and His Victim (Pham nhSn vS nan nhSn cua pham nhan).
IVIarvin Eugene Wolfgang cong bo cdng trinh nghign CLFU thyc nghiem d^u ti6n v^
nan nhSn hpc co nhan dg Patterns in Criminal Homicide (Nhu'ng khuon mau cua tiji pham giet ngu'd'i).
Hew Zealand Id nu'ac diu ti^n ban hSnh D^o luat bdi thwang cho n^n nhSn cOa t^i pham (Criminal Compensation Act).
M? tien hdnh cuoc di^u tra dSu tifin ve cdc ngn nhSn cua to! pham nhu-ng khOng khai bdo cho canh sat
Stephen Schafer cong bo quyen gido trinh dau tien v^ nan nhdn hpc c6 nhan d4 The Victim and His Criminal (Nan nhdn vd thu phgm).
M9 b^t dau tien hdnh cuoc dieu tra quoc gia v6 nan nhdn cua cdc logi t^i phgm (National Crime Victimization Survey).
H6i nghj qu6c te dau tiSn v& nan nh^n hpc diln ra tai Jerusalem (Israel).
Emilio Viano th^nh Idp tap chf Victimology - An International Journal.
Hiep hdi Nan nhan hoc The giai (the World Society of Victimology) du-pc thdnh Idp tai Munster (OLFC). Hiep hpi ndy phu trdch to chCrc cdc hgi nghj quoc te ve nan nhdn hoc (ba ndm 1 lin).
Tong thong Mf Ronald Reagan tuySn bo Tuan li quoc gia v4 quyin cua c^c nan nhSn t0iph?m (National Victims' Right Week).
Ra dpi tgp chi International Review of Victimology (Tap chi Quoc te ve Ngn nhdn hoc) vd hi§n Id tap chf hang diu the gidi ve ngn nhan hpc.
Hi0p h^i N^n nhBn hgc M9 (The American Society of Victimology) du'pc thdnh Idp.
Andrew Karmen. 2012: 14 vd Rahman, Md. 2013.
Nguon:
L6lyllNHTl6N - T 6 N G QUAN V ^ "NAN NHAN HOC"
ciru so sanh trong ITnh vyc nan nhan hpc, thiic d i y s y hgp tac giira cac to chirc d p quIc t l , khu vyc va qudc gia cd quan tam d i n cac v i n de ciia nan nhan'"'. Tir s y ra ddi ciia Hiep hdi, nan nhan hgc da dan dan khang d|nh dugc vj tri cua mdt nganh khoa hpc vdi s y xuat hien cua cac tap chi chuyen nganh va cac hiep hdi v l nan nhan hoc d cac qudc gia. V i tap chi, vao nam 1976 thi nha nghien ciru tdi pham hpc My - Emilio Viano lap ra tap chi Victimology - An International Journal (hien khdng cdn hoat ddng). D i n nam 1989, Tap chi Quoc ti vi Nan nhan hgc (the International Review of Victimology) duac thanh lap va hien nay dygc xem la tap chi hang d i u t h i gidi trong ITnh vuc nan nhan hpc.
3. MUC TIEU NGHIEN Cl>U CClA NAN NHAN HOC
Nan nhan hoc la ITnh vyc nghien ciru tap trung phan tich nhtrng ton hai v l the ly, cam xiic va tai chinh ciia nhtrng ngudi la nan nhan cua cac boat ddng phi phap. Ben canh dd, cac nha nghien ciru trong nan nhan hpc cung quan tam tim hieu nhii'ng phan irng v l mat chinh sach, xa hpi va kinh t l d l i vdi nhii'ng ton hai ciia cac nan nhan (Karmen, 2012: 2). Tuy nhien, viec nghien ciru nan nhan hpc lai dugc phan ra thanh hai trudng phai trong quan niem v i d l i tugng nghien ciru.
Mendelsohn cho ring c i n phai nghien ciru nan nhan mang tinh pho quat (General victimology), tire viec nghien ciru nan nhan hpc khdng nen bd hep vao cac nan nhan cda tdi pham
(Crime victims) ma can nghien ciru d i n mpi nan nhan nhu nan nhan cua tdi pham, t y minh la nan nhan (Victims of oneself), nan nhan ciia cdng nghe, nan nhan ciia mdi trudng xa hdi va nan nhan cua mdi trygng t y nhien.
Trpng khi dd Von Hentig lai cho ring nan nhan hgc la mdt phan nhanh cOa tdi pham hgc, do dd, nghien cuu nan nhan hgc chi nen tap trung vao mpt loai nan nhan dd la nan nhan ciia tdi pham, va vi t h i ma hudng nghien ciru nay dugc gpi la nan nhan hpc hinh su (Penal victimology). Nan nhan hpc hinh s y tap trung phan tich cac mdi quan he tyang tac giua nan nhan va thii pham trong cac vu tdi pham (Miomira Kostic, 2010: 65-78). Dudi day la ba cum ndi dung trong nan nhan hgc ndi chung (Bang 2).
Nhy vay cd rat nhiiu chii d l trong nghien ciru nan nhan hpc va mci chu dk lai dugc nghien ciru theo nhilu hudng khac nhau. Chang ban nhu viec nghien ciru cac kieu loai nan nhan. Von Hentig (1948) phan thanh hai nhdm kieu logi: 1) kieu loai ve mat sinh hgc, dan so hoc bao g I m nhii'ng nan nhan la: tre, phu ni?, ngydi gia, ngudi mac cac chirng benh tam than, ngydi nhap c u , ngudi thieu s i va nhii'ng ngudi cham hilu (Dull normals): 2) kieu loai ve mat tam If bao gdm: ngydi phien mupn, ngudi ham Igi, ngudi phdng dang, ngydi cd ddc, ngydi dang gap dau kho. Trong khi dd, Sellin va Wolfgang (1964) lai phan loai thanh: nan nhan sg d p , nan nhan thir d p va nan nhan thii' ba
l A P ^ H i KHOA HQC XA HOl so 6 (238) 2018
Bang 2. Ba cum npi dung trong nghien CLFU nan nhan hoc Tien trinh tra thdnh nan nhan
cua toi pham (Victimization) - Tien trinh tro- thanh nan nhan - Cac kieu mdu
- ThiSn hu'O'ng tro* thdnh nan nhan
- Tdn sudt tro thdnh nan nhan - Sy phan Ceng tru-Pc nguy co trd thanh nan nhdn - NhCKng h6 qua sau do cua viec tra thanh nan nhan - Noi s p tra thdnh nan nhdn
Nan nhdn - Tinh chon Ipc cua nan nhan - Nhu'ng dac tru-ng cua npn nhan
- Cac kieu loai (Typology) nan nhan
- MOI quan he thu phgm - nan nhan
- V a i tro cua nan nhdn - Cac quan mem vd thai do cua nan nhan
- S y lap lai cua nan nhan (nhi§u ldn Id nan nhdn) - S y bign doi ti> nan nhan thanh thu pham
Nan nhan va he thong tu" phdp - Cdc quan niem cua nan nhan ve he thPng tu' phdp - Cac moi quan he tU'O'ng tac giua nan nhan vPi cdc tdc nhdn cua h§ thong tu- phdp - Tac dong cua nan nhdn vd nhOng dac trung cua ngn nhdn doi vol cac quyet dinh cua he thPng tu" phap - Cac quyen vd nghTa vy cua nan nhan
- Viec d i n bu cho nan nhan - Cac dich vu md nan nhdn CO nhu cdu
- Vai tro cua nan nhdn trong viec ngan ngi^a toi pham Ngudn: Ezzat A. Fattah, 1981. 78.
(Tertiary victim), nan nhan tLrcng hS (Simha F. Landau, Robert E. Freeman- Longo, 1990:268-269).
4. MOT S6 LY THUYET TRONG NAN NHAN HOC
Cung nhu' mpi ITnh vyc khoa hpc khac, nan nhan hpc cung da xay dirng cho rieng minh mot he th6ng cac ly thuyet lam 00" SO" cho cac nghien cu'u thtfc nghiem. Du'ai day la tom t^t ngan v§
mpt vai iy thuyet du'p'c dung trong nghien CLKU nan nhan hpc'^':
Ly thuyet ve loi song (Lifestyle theory). Ly thuyet nay du'cc Hindelang, Goffredson va Garofalo du'a ra vao nam 1978, Theo each nhin cua ly thuyet, viec tro" thanh nan nhan cua toi pham phu thupc vao loi song cua nan nhan, loai ngu'O'i ma nan nhan k§t
giao, cac hoat dpng thu'png nhat cua nan nhan, gia g i i c ma nan nhan lui tpi cac nci cong cpng.
Ly thuyet ve ca hoi (Oppprtunity model theory). Ly thuy§t nay cho rang nhOng ngu'O'i la toi pham co su- li^a chpn duy ly va hp se chpn lya nhu'ng muc tieu mang lai nhieu mpn Ipi nhyng It rui ro nhit. Nhy vay hanh vi tpl pham CO dien ra hay khong se phu thupc vao hai di^u kien: co sy hien dien cua it nh§t mpt ngu'O'i co dpng CP' pham toi va b6i canh thuan Igi de ngu'O'i nay thyc hien hanh vi pham toi.
Nhu' vay, n4u nhu' cac hoat dpng cua con ngu'O'i lam nay sinh ca hpi cho tpi pham, hp se tra thanh nan nhan cua tpi pham.
- Ly thuyet ve nan nhan thuc day cho toi pham (Victim precipitation theory).
Le MINH TIEN - T O N G QUAN V£ 'NAN NHAN HQC Day la ly thuylt do Wolfgang phat
trien vao nam 1958 ma theo dd, trong s y ki$n tdi pham, cd sy ddng chju trach nhiem ciia nan nhan lan thii pham. Nhu vay, viec trd thanh nan nhan ciia tdi pham la k i t qua cua nhiing m l i tuang tac gitpa hai hoac nhilu ngudi chir khdng ban chi tir phia thu pham.
5. K S T LUAN
Nan nhSn hpc la mdt ITnh vyc nghien ciru r i t c i n thilt vi nd giiip hilu rd hgn v l tinh hinh tdi pham, nhiing he qua v l nhiiu mat ma cac nan nhan ciia tpi pham phai chiu dyng, d l tir dd cd nhiing giai phap giam thieu nguy eg trg thanh nan nhan cua tpi pham ndi ridng va tinh trang tpi pham ndi chung trong xa hdi. Tuy nhien, day la mdt ITnh vuc g i n nhu cdn bd ngd d
Viet Nam. Theo chiing tdi, mdt trong nhii'ng nghien ciru mang tinh chit nan nhan hpc dau tien g Viet Nam \i nghien ciru cua Nguyen Xuan NghTa (1999) v l v i n de tre em bj lam dung tinh due d TPHCM. Trong nghien ciru nay, tac gia da t i i n hanh md ta nhii'ng dac diem ciia cac tre bj lam dung tinh due va gia dinh cua cac em, nhting y i u to nguy ca tao d i i u kien cho tre d i bi lam dung tinh due, nhii'ng sy kien lien quan d i n sy kien bj lam dgng (thii pham, bdi canh xay ra...), va nhtJng anh hudng v l mat tam \<i do viec bi lam dung tinh due.
Nhy vay, nan nhan hgc la mdt ITnh vyc nghien ciru d i y hira hen d Viet Nam trong tuang lai xet ca ve mat hpc thuat lan thyc t i l n . •
CHU THICH
*''Wolfgang dugc T^p chi TQI pham hoc Anh (The British Journal of Cnminology) d^nh gid Id nha nghien ciru tpi pham hoc co anh hudng nhat trong the gidi Anh ngii {ngudn: Ellen G.
Cohn, David P, Farhngton. 1994. "Who are the Most Influential Criminologists in the English- Speaking WorW". The British Journal of Criminology, 34, 204-226).
'^* Thudt ngu' "Victim precipitation" hay "Victim faciliation" ma chiing to! tam dich Id "Nan nhdn thuc day cho tpi phpm" Id mpt thu$t ngCr du'pc dung de phan tich cac moi quan hp twong tdc gii^a nan nhan vd thu pham, Thuat ngLr ndy thudng duoc sir dung trong nghien cu'u cdc loai tpi pham nhu' giet ngudi, hiep ddm, hdnh hung, cirdp cua .. bdi hanh Vl trong nhu'ng loai tpi pham ndy co mpt phdn nguyen nhdn xudi phdt td chinh nan nhdn.
'^' Xin xem. https://us.sagepub com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/83271_Chapter_1.pdf '•** Xin xem http://v™w.vi'oridsocietyofvictimology.org/about-us/history-and-overview/.
'^' Xin xem: https://www.academia,edu/26532887/Theories_and_Perspectives_of_Victimology, TAI LIEU TRiCH D A N
1. Ben-David, Sarah. 2000. "Victimology at the Transition From the 20'" to the 2 1 "
Century". X*" Intemational Symposium on Victimology in Montreal, Canada.
2. Cohn, Ellen G. and Farrington David P. 1994. "Who are the Most Influential Criminologists in the English-Speaking World?". The British Joumai of Criminology, 34.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 6 (238) 2018
3. Fattah, Ezzat A. 1981. "La victimologie: entre les critiques epistemologiques et les attaques ideologiques". Deviance et sociele, 1,
4. Fattah. Ezzat A. 1989. "Victims and Victimology: The Facts and the Rhetoric".
Intemational Review of Victimology, 1.
5. Fattah, Ezzat A. 2000. "Victimology. Past, Present and Future".
Criminologie, 1.
6. http://wwvw,woddsocietyofvictimology.org/about-us/history-and-overview.
7. https://www.academia.edu/26532887/Theories_and_Perspectives_of_Victimology.
8. Karmen. Andrew. 2012. Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology. Wadsworth:
Linda Ganster.
9. Kostic, Miomira. 2010. "Victimology: A Contemporary Theoretical Approach to Crime and its Victim". Laiv and Politics, 1.
10. Landau, Simha F.; Robert E. Freeman-Longo. 1990. "Classifying Victims: A Proposed Multidimensional Victimological Typology". International Review of Victimology, 1.
11. Nguyen Xuan NghTa. 1999. So bp tim hieu tre em bi lam dung tinh due tai TPHCM.
TPHCM: Trudng Dai hoc Md - Ban cong TPHCM.
12. Rahman, Md. 2013. "Victimology: Concept and History of Victimology". Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2257668
