NHAN THtTC CA NHAN, CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA VA HANH VI KHOfI NGHIEP
Tran Van Trang Truang Dqi hoc Thuang mqi Email: lranvolrang@lmu.edu.vn Ngay nhan: 21/4/2020
Ngay nhan ban sira: 27/4/2020 Ngay iduy?t dang' 05/6/2020
T o m t a t :
Nghiin cuu ndy kiim dinh moi liin he giua cdc yiu to nhdn thuc vd hdnh vi khai nghiep. Dua trin dir lieu khdo sdt lir 2000 nguoi Viel Nam tnrang thdnh. nghien ciru lim thdy Id cdc yiu to nhdn thirc cd nhdn bao gom hinh mdu kinh doanh, khd ndng khai sir kinh doanh vd ca hoi kinh doanh co dnh huang co y nghTa thong ki tai hdnh vi khai nghiip. Nhqn thirc vi cdc gid tri vdn hod khai nghiip bao gom nhin nhdn khai su nhu lira chon nghe nghiep ddng ma uac.
doanh nhdn thdnh cong co vi tri xa hoi cao. truyen thong tich ci^c vi kinh doanh khong co dnh huang riing re din hdnh vi. Tuy nhien. cdc yiu to ndy khi dirac phoi hpfp trong mot chi so long hap - ham y cdc cd nhdn nhan thirc duac day du cdc gid tri nd\. thi co tdc dong co y nghia thong ki lai hdnh vi Tir cdc kit qud ndy. bdi bdo dua ra mot so thdo luan vd khuyen nghi chinh sdch.
Tu khoa: Nhan thiic ca nhan, gia tri van boa, hanh vi khdi nghiep, Viet Nam M a J E L : M 1 3
Individual perceptions, perceived cultural values and entrepreneurial behaviour Abstract:
This study addresses the link between individual perceptions, perceived cultural values and entrepreneurial behavior Based on swvey from 2000 Vietnamese adults, the study found that individual perceptions including role model, perceived ability and opportunities have u statistically significant impact on entiepreneiirial behavior Moreover, comprehensive perceptions of cultural values such as starting a new business as desirable career choice, high social status of successful entrepreneur and positive communication about new businesses have a statistically significant impact on entrepreneurship behavior. Based on these results.
the discussions and policy recommendations were mentioned in the article.
Keywords- Individual peiceplions, perceived cultural values, entrepreneurial behavior, Vietnam
JEL code: MB
1. Md diu cpng su, 2011). Mitchell & cpng sy (2002, 97) dinh Hanh vi khoi nghiep (entrepreneurial behavior) "ghia "nhan thirc khdi sy kinh doanh la cac tri thirc la kit qua ciia sy tuong tac giira cac thupc tinh ca ^^ con ngudi sir dung dl danh gia, phan doan hoac nhan va cac ylu td moi trudng ben ngoai (Bygrave q^Y^t djnh lien quan tdi ca hdi kinh doanh, tdi thanh
& Hofer, 1991). Trong nbilu each tiep can nghien 'ap va phat triln doanh nghiep mdi".
cuu, each tiap can tu duy (entrepreneurial cognitive Ca cha anh hudng ciia nhan thirc tdi hanh vi noi approach) duoc thira nhan mgt each rpng rai de giai chung da dugc giai thich bdi cac nghien ciiu trong tbicb banh v i khdi nghiep d cap do ca nhan (Krueger, ITnh vyc tam ly hgc xa bdi nhu ly thuyet nhan thirc 2000). Cach tilp can nay coi trgng ylu td nhan thiic \a hdi (social cognitive theory) cua Bandura (1989) va nghian cim anh hudng cua nhan thiic tdi y dinh hay ly thuyet hanh vi dy kian cua Ajzen (1991).
va hanh vi khai nghiep (Krueger, 2000; Linan & Trong ITnh vyc khdi nghiep. nhieu nghien cim da Sd 276 thang 6/2020 60 kJBhld'hal Iheil
kiem dinh anh hudng cua cac ylu td nhan tbiic tdi y dinb khdi ngbiep (Linan & cdng sy, 2011; Tran, 2011; Guerrero & cgng su, 2006). Tuy nhien, cac yeu to nhan thiic dugc d l cap frong cac nghien ciru khong hoan toan giong nhau. That vay, cac nghian ciiu dya tren mo hinh cua Ajzen (1991) chii ylu kiem dinh anh hudng ciia ba biln s6 nhan thuc bao gom thdi do, chuan chu quan va kiim sodt hdnh vi tdi y dinh khdi nghiep (Tran, 2011; Fayolle &
Linan, 2014). Cac nghian cuu dya tren mo hinb cua Shapero & Sokol (1982) thi de cap tdi anh hudng cua hai yeu t6 nhan thiic la mong mudn va khd thi tdi y dinh khdi nghiep (Krueger & cgng sy, 2000;
Guerrero & cdng sy, 2006). Cac nghien ciru dya tran md hinh cua nghien ciiu chi s6 khdi nghiep toan cSu (Reynolds & cgng su, 2003) thi de cap tdi hai nhom yau to nhan thirc, bao gim nhdn thirc cd nhdn (hinb mau, kha nang khdi nghiep, ca hdi kbdi nghiep, noi sg that bai) va nhdn thuc ve cdc gid tri vdn hod h6 trg khdi nghiep (khdi nghiep la lua chpn nghi nghiep dang ma udc, doanh nhan thanh cdng co vi tri xa hdi cao, truyan thong tich cyc ve kinh doanh) (Tominc & Rebernik, 2007; Linan & cgng sy, 2011), Nau nhu anh hudng ciia nhan thirc tdi y dinh khdi nghi?p da dugc de cap nhiau trong cac nghien ciiu trudc day thi moi lien he giiia nhan thuc va hanh vi khdi nghiep con it dugc dc cap, dac biet la trong cac nghian ciiu thuc nghiem. Arenlus & Minniti (2005) da tim thay sy tuang quan co y nghia thong ka giira cac bian sd nhan thirc nay vdi viec thanh lap doanh nghiep mdi. Kautonen & cgng sy (2013) da nghian ciiu tbyc nghiem loan bd mo binh ciia Ajzen (1991) doi vdi hanh vi khdi nghiep va chi ra la tat ca cac moi lian he trong mo hinh cua Ajzen dau dugc kiam dinh, trong do c6 moi lian he true tiap giira yau to nhan thirc ve kiam soat hanh vi vdi banh vi khdi nghiep.
Dya tran kat qua tong quan nghien cim d tren, nghian ciru nay muon ddng gop vao viec tbu hep khoang trong nghien ciiu ve moi lien be giua cac yeu td nhan thiic va hanh vi khdi nghiep, Theo goi y ciia cac nghien ciru trudc day (Arenius & Minniti, 2005, Linan & cpng sy, 2011), chiing toi di kiem djnh anh hudng ciia cac yau td nhan thiic ca nhan ve khdi nghiep (bao gom hinh mau, nhan thiic ve kha nang va ca hdi kinh doanh); va nhan thiic ve cac gia tri van boa khdi nghiep (bao gom nhin nhan khdi nghi?p nhu mdt lua chgn ngha nghiep dang ma udc, vi tri xa hoi cao ciia doanh nhan va truyan thong tich cue va kinh doanh) tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep, Cung theo each tiap can cua nghien ciru chi sd khdi nghiep toan ciiu (Reynolds & cpng sy, 2003; GERA, 2018), ca nhan cd hanh vi khai Mr khi bat dau dan than vao
kinh doanh, dugc ggi la cac doanh nhan khdi nghiep (nascent entrepreneurs). Cac ca nhan bSt d§u n6 lyc tao ra boat ddng kinh doanh mdi va thye hien nhirng hanh ddng cy thi nhu nghien ciiu thj trudng, tim kiam dia diem kinh doanh, dSu tu thdi gian, tiln bac hay cdng sire cho viec khdi su kinh doanh.
Bai bao dugc kat cau nhu sau. Sau phkn lud dSu, bai bao se trinh bay ca sd ly luan vl nhan thiic va mdi han he giiia cac yeu td nhan thirc vdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Cac gia thuylt nghien ciiu se dugc lin lugt phat bieu di theo viec tdng quan nghian cim.
Phan phuong phap nghian ciiu se gidi thieu chi tiet bg dir lieu sir dung va thang do cac bien nghian cim.
Phan ket qua se trinh bay thong ka mo ta mau va kat qua phan tich hoi quy binary kiem dinh cac gia thuyet nghien ciru. Cuoi ciing la cac thao luan va khuyan nghi tir ket qua ciia nghien ciru va kat luan cua bai bao.
2. Cu sd ly luan va gia thuyet nghiSn cuu 2.1. Cdc ly thuyet nen tdng gidi thich moi liin h§
giua nhqn thdc vd hdnh vi
Theo Krueger (2000), Linan & cgng sy (2011), cd hai ly thuyat tam ly hgc xa hdi dugc coi la nan tang trong viec giai thich moi lian he giira nhan thiic va hanh vi, do la ly thuyat nhan thirc xa hgi (social cognitive theory) ciia Bandura (1989) va ly thuyet hanb vi du kian (theory of planned behavior) ciia Ajzen (1991).
Theo Bandura (1989), su hgc hoi ciia moi canhan dien ra trong mgt mdi trudng xa hdi vdi su tuang tac qua lai ciia ba nh6m yau to nhan thiic (cognitive factors), hanh vi (behavioral factors) va moi tnrdng (environmental factors). Ca ba yau to nay tuang tac qua lai vdi nhau, dinh hinh va giai thich vi sao mgt ca nhan cam ket thye hien mot hanh vi cu tha nao dd. Ly thuyat hanh vi du kien cua Ajzen (1991) giai thicb moi lian he giiia cac yau to nhan thtic (perceptions), y djnh (intention) va hanh vi du kian (planned behavior). Theo Ajzen (1991), hanh vi dy kian CO tha dugc dy bao hoac giai thich bdi y dinh.
Y dinh lai la la bam so ciia ba yau to nhan thirc: thai do va hanh vi, chuan chu quan va nhan thtic va kiam soat hanh vi. Mgt khi nhan thiic cua ca nhan diing vdi thye ta, yeu to "kiem soat hanh vi" cdn tnrc tiep tham gia vao giai thich hanh vi dy kian.
Ngoai hai ly thuyat tran, trong ITnh vuc nghien ciiu va khdi nghiep, ly thuyat sy kien khdi nghiep (entrepreneurial event) ciia Shapero & Sokol (1982) giai thich mdi hen he true tiap giiia nhan thirc va banh vi khdi nghiep. Theo Shapero & Sokol (1982), phan Idn cac "sy kien khdi nghiep" cua cac ca nhan cd khdi ngudn tir cac yau td boan canh. Cac yau td
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hoan canh nay bao gom nhiing thay doi tiau cue (negative displacements) nhu nhap cu, mat viec lam, ly di...; cac yau to trung gian (between things) nhu ddi quan ngu, tdt nghiep ra trudng, ra bi; va nhung thay ddi tich cyc (potitive displacements) nhu gap gd dugc doi tac lam an, phat hien ra ca hgi va khach hang tiem nang, co dugc mgt khoan tian dau tu...
Tuy nhien, tir khi cac yeu to hoan canh xuat hien lam nay sinh y dinh den khi thanh lap doanh nghiep tbyc su, cd hai nhom yeu to trung gian tham gia vao quyet dinh ciia doanh nhan tiem nang: mong muon (desirability) va kha thi (feasibility). Ca hai yeu to nay dau tiiy thudc vao nhan thirc (perceptions) cua m6i ca nhan va din tir moi trudng van hda, xa hgi, kinh te cua hg. Noi each khac, m6i ca nban phai cam nhan hanb vi khdi nghiep la mong muon va kha thi tbi hp mdi di dan quyet dinh khdi sy doanh nghiep tbyc sy.
2.2. Nhqn thdc cd nhdn vd moi lien he v&i hdnh vi kh&i nghiep
Nhu da de cap trong phan md dau, trong nghian ciiu nay, chiing tdi lya chgn tap trung vao 3 yeu td nhan thiic ca nhan bao gom hinh mau, nhan thiic ve kha nang kinh doanh va nhan thirc va co hgi kinh doanh. Sy lya chgn nay la theo ggi y cua cac nghian ciiu trudc dya tran each tiap can ciia nghien ciru chi so khdi nghiep toan cau (Arenius & Minniti, 2005;
Tominc & Rebernik, 2007; Linan & cgng su (2011).
Sy tac dpng ciia binh mau (role model) den hanh vi da dugc giai thieb kha ro rang trong nghien ciru CLia Bandura (1989). Theo Bandura, trong qua trinh hoc tap xa hgi, cac ca nhan hgc hoi ngudi khac thong qua viee quan sat hg thuc hien diau dd. Trong linh vyc khdi nghiep, Arenius & Minniti (2005) da lap luan hinh m^u chinh la ly do giai thich vi sao cac ca nhan co cha me la doanh nhan se co xu hudng trd thanh doanh nhan. Wyrwich & cpng su (2015) chi ra la hinh mau cd hai anh hudng cu tha tdi hanh vi ciia ca nhan khdi nghiep. Thir nhat la giiip lam giam sy ma ho ve khdi nghiep, cac ca nhan hpc hoi "binh mau" da hiau \t cac nhiem vy khi khdi nghiep. Thir hai la hinh mau giiip cac doanh nhan tiem nang biet each xac dinh cac nguon luc can thiet de bit dSu khdi nghiep.
Tiap theo, yau to nhan thirc vl kha nang kinh doanh cd tha co anh hudng tryc tiep tdi hanh vi (Kautonen & cgng sy, 2013). Day la ylu td tuong br vdi khai niem nang lyc ban than ciia Bandura (1989) hoac kiem soat hanh vi ciia Ajzen (1991). Khi ca nhan ty coi minh co kha nang thye hien thanh cong nhu mdt doanh nhan thi hg se co xu hudng trd thanh doanh nhan cao hon hoac it nhat la cd y djnh khdi
nghiep (Krueger & Brazeal, 1994).
Cudi cung, nhan thiic vl co hdi kinh doanh luon dugc coi la yeu to quan trpng co tha kbdi phat qua Mnh khdi nghi6p (Shapero & Sokol, 1982; Shane
& Venkataraman, 2000). Shane & Venkataraman (2000) cho rang myc tieu cua cac nghien cuu ve khdi nghiep cd tha tom luge la mong muon di tim sy giai thich tai sao, the nao, khi nao va d dau cac ca nhan phat hien va khai thae co hgi kinh doanh. CJ cap dp ca nhan, cac ca nhan se the hien y dinh khdi nghiep va tbyc hien hanb vi nay tiiy thupc vao qua trinh tu duy va nhan thiic cua hg VQ sy tdn tai ciia cac ca hdi kinh ta (Arenius & Mirmiti, 2005).
Tir cac lap luan neu tren, gia thuyet nghian cuu dugc dat ra nhu sau:
Gid thuyit HI: Cdc nhdn thuc cd nhdn vi khdi nghiip bao gom Met din hinh mdu khdi sir kinh doanh, nhqn ra khd ndng khdi su vd ca hoi kinh doanh co dnh huang tich cue lai hdnh vi kh&i nghiep.
2.3. Nhqn thirc ve cdc gid tri van hod khdi nghiep vd moi lien he v&i hdnh vi khoi nghiep
Nhiau nghian ciiu trudc day da de cap tdi anh hudng ciia van hoa tdi hoat dgng khdi nghiep (Davidsson, 1995; Hayton & cdng sy, 2002). Tuy nhian cac yau to cu tha ciia van hoa va cae moi lien he dugc khai thae trong cac nghian ciru la kha da dang. Davidsson (1995) de cap tdi cau tnic van hoa va mdi lian he vdi miic do khdi nghiep cua vimg.
Hayton & cgng sy (2002) ggi y la cac gia tri van boa ca nhan (individuaHst values) cd lien b? rat ro rang vdi y dinh va banh vi khdi nghi?p. 0 cac nudc CO ciing trinh do phat trien, nudc nao co van hoa ca nhan (individuaHstic culbjre) cang manh thi cac ho^t dgng khdi nghiep cang cao (Pinillos & Reyes, 2011).
Liao & Welsch (2003) da nghian euu mdi quan he giua ba khia canh cua von xa hgi (nhan thiic, quan he va cau triic) va khat vpng cua cac doanh nhan d giai doan dau ciia qua trinh khdi nghiep. Khia canh nhan thirc cua vdn xa bgi cd lian quan tdi cac chuan myc dugc chia se (shared norms) trong xa bgi. Liao
& Welsch (2003) lap luan rang cac gia tri chia se va khdi nghiep nay khong cbi lam tang kha nang tiep can cac ngudn lyc cho doanh nhan trong giai doan dau ma cdn tao thuan Igi cho vi^c diau hanh doanh nghiep ciia bg. Cac tac gia nay da chiing minh rang von xa hdi d khia canh nhan thiic cang ldn, khat vgng khdi nghiep cua doanh nhan cang cao. Mgt so nghien ciru c6 lien quan khac cimg chi ra la mgt miic dgng lyc khdi ngbi?p cao dugc tim thay d cac xa hpi ma cbi phi ca hgi tham gia \ao khdi sy kinh doanh d muc thap (Verheul & cgng sy. 2002); hay cac ylu td van boa co tha djnh hinb cac quylt dmh lya chgn
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Bang 1: Thang do lu^rag cac bien so nghien cihi
Bien so Chi s Thang do
Ban c6 biet ngudi nao mdi bat dau kinh doanh yong vong 2 Hinb mau kbdi sy nam vua qua khong?
Co =1; Khong =0 Nhan thirc ca Nhan thirc ca bgi kinh
nhan doanh
Trong vong 6 thang tdi. c6 ea hpi kinh doanh mdi nao d khu vuc ma ban sinh song khong?
Co =1; Khong-0
Ban CO kien thiic, ky nang va kinh nghiem can thiet de b Kha nang kinh doanh dau kinh doanh khong?
Co =1; Khong-0 Nghe nghiep dang ma
udc
Gia tri van Vi tri xa hpi cao ciia boa doanh nhan
Truyen thong tich cue ve kinh doanh
6 Viet Nam, hau bet mpi ngudi nghi rang kinh doanh la mpt sy lya ebon nghe nghiep dang ma udc
C o - 1 ; Khong =0 ^
0 Viet Nam, nhirng ngudi kinh doanh thanh cong co vi tri xa hpi cao va dugc kinh trpng
Co =1; Khong =0
O Viet Nam, ban hay duoc nghe ve cac cau chuyen kinh doanh thanh cong tren cac phuong tien thong tin dai chung C o - 1 ; Khong-0
Dang CO gang bat dau boat dong kinh doanh mdi (bao gom ea No lyc ty tao viee lam cho minh)?
^_^__ Co =1; Khong =0 ^ ^ Da thue hien cac boat dgng cu the trong 12 thang qua de bat
Thye hien hoat dpng dau boat dpng kinh doanh mdi nhu tim dia diem, trang thiet kbdi sy cu the bi, nhan sy, chuan bj tien bac. ke hoach kinh doanh?
' Co =1; Kliong =0 Hanh vi khdi
nghiep
nghe nghipp (lakovleva & Solesvik, 2014) va thuc day hoac tri hoan boat dpng kbdi nghiap (Kreiser &
cgngsy, 2010).
Trong nghien ciiu nay, cbiing tdi 6e cap tdi nhan thirc cua cac ca nhan ve cac gia tri van boa khdi nghiep. Theo ggi y ciia cac nghian cuu trudc (Linan
& cgng sy, 2011; GERA, 2018), cac gia tri van boa nay bao gom nhin nhan khdi sy la mgt lya chgn nghi nghiep dang mo udc doanh nhdn thdnh cong CO vi trixa hQi cao, va truyen thong lich cue ve kinh doanh.
Tu cac lap luan neu tren, tac gia dat ra gia thuyet nghian cuu sau:
Gid thuyet H2: Nhin nhqn lich cue vi cdc gid tri vdn hod co hen quan tai khai nghiip nhu khai nghiep Id lyra chon nghe nghiep ddng ma ir&c, doanh nhdn thdnh cong co vj trixa hoi cao, truyin thong tich cue ve kinh doanh co dnh huang thudn chieu loi hdnh vi khai nghiep.
3. FhuoTig phap nghien cuii
Nghian cim nay sir dung bg dir lieu dieu tra Chi s6 khdi nghiep nam 2017/2018 ciia Vien Phat trian Doanh nghiep hire thugc Phong Thuang mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam*. Mau dilu tra la mlu ngau nhien bao glim 2000 ngudi Viet Nam trudng thanh
tir 18 tdi 64 moi.
Thang do cac bien so nghian ciru dupc trinh bay trong Bang I, Cac thang do nay la dya han mo hinh nghian cihi chung ciia nghien ciiu chi so kbdi nghiep toan QZn (GERA, 2018), ap dyng tbdng nhat doi vdi tat ca cac nudc tham gia diau tra. Tat ca cac cau hoi dau c6 chung lya chpn tra Idi la "co" hoac "khong".
Cbiing toi tien banh phan tich dii lieu vdi phan mIm SPSS 20. Phan tich chinh de kiem dinh cac gia thuyat nghian cim la phan tich hoi quy binary logistic.
4. Ket qua nghien cuu
4.1. Thong ke mo td mau vd cdc bien so nghien cdu
Thong ke cac dac diam nhan khau hpc ciia mau diau tra dugc trinh bay trong Bang 2.
Mau dilu tra bao gim 2000 ngudi trudng thanh, CO phan b l kha dIu ben cac tieu cbi bao gom gidi tinh, do tu6i, b-inh dp hgc vkn, thu nhap hg gia dinh, khu vyc va noi d. Ve khu vyc, Lam Dong c6 ty le ngudi tham gia m§u dieu fra thap nhat (5.4%). day cung la cbii y ciia cudc dieu tra \ i can cir theo mat do phan bo dan so chung giira cac viing mien ciia Viet Nam. Nhu vay. miu dilu tra nay mang tinh dai dien kha tdt cbo ngudi trudng thanh d Viet Nam.
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Bang 2: Cac dac diem nhan khau hoc mau di^u tra D?c diem
1 Giai tinh 2. Do tuoi
3. Trinh do hoc van
4. Thu nhiip ho gia dinh/nam (VND)
5. Khu vuc
6 Noi 6 Tong so
Nam Nii 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Tieu hoc Trung hoc CO so Trung hoc pho thong Cao dang Dai hoc Sau dai hoc Tir choi trd Icri 0 toi 25.000.000 25.000.000 toi 50.000.000 50.000.000 toi 100.000.000 100.000.000 to 150.000.000 150.000.000 to 200.000.000 Hon 200.000.000 Tie choi trd lai Thai Nguyen Ha Noi Da Nang Lam Dong Ho Chi Minh Can Tho Thanh thi Nong thon
Tan suat 971 1029 462 528 458 374 178 63 430 612 435 432 24 4 451 295 391 359 255 245 4 249 463 412 107 358 411 505 1495 2000
Tylf(%) 48.6 51.4 23.1 26.4 22.9 18.7 8.9 32 21.5 30.6 21 8 21.6 1 2 2 22.6 14.8 19.6 18.0 12.8 12.3 .2 12.5 23.2 20.6 5.4 17.9 20.5 25.3 74.8 100 4.2. Kit qud kiem dinh gid thuyet nghien cdu
Da kiam dinh gia thuyet ngbien euu, chung toi tien banh phan tich theo trinh tu nhu sau: cac bian kiem soat quan trgng cd the anh hudng tdi hanb vi dugc dua vao phan tich trudc tian (mo hinh I), tiap theo cac bian sd nban thirc dugc dua vao phan tich vdi cac chi so riang (md hinh 2a) va chi so tong hgp (mo hinh 2b). Tuong ty, cac chi sd rieng va tong hgp ciia gia tri van hoa dugc dua vao phan tich (mo hinh 3a va 3b). Cuoi mo hinh tong tha gom tat ca cac chi so nhan thiic va gia tri van boa dugc dua vao phan rich (4a va 4b).
Cac chi so phan anh do phii hgp cua cac mo hinb phan tich nay deu dat yau cau (bang 3), trong dd ty la dy doan diing ciia cac mo hinh nay la 83.8%.
Ket qua kiam djnh cac gia thuyat dugc trinb bay tong hgp trong bang 4. Theo kat qua cua mo hinh 1 lien quan tdi cac bien kiem soat, giai tinh khong cd anh hudng co y nghTa thong ka tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Mgt each dian giai kbac la khdng co sy khac nhau ve hanh \ i khdi nghiep giiia nam gidi va nir
gidi, Dieu nay ciing dugc khang dinh d cac mo hinh phan tich khac khi co them cac bien tham gia vao giai thich hanh vi khdi nghiep.
Do tuoi CO anh hudng co y nghTa thong ka tdi banh vi khdi nghiep, diau nay dugc khang djnh 6 md hinh I cung nhu tat ca cac mo binh sau do. Cac nhom tudi 18-24,25-34 va 35-44 dau co sy khac biet CO y nghTa thdng ka va hanh vi khdi nghiep so vdi nhiing ngudi con lai. He so B cao nhat roi vao nhdm tuoi 25-34 (B>0.9), day la nhdm tudi cd kha nang thuc bien kbdi nghiep nhieu nhat, tiap theo la nhom tuoi 35-44 va nhdm tudi tre 18-24 tuoi.
Trinh do hoc vdn co anh hudng co y nghTa thong ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep, dieu nay cung dugc khang dinb d tdt ca cac md hinh phan tich. Tuy nhien, cbi co hai mirc hoc van la "tieu hpc" va "cao dang" tbyc sy co sy kbac biet co y ngbia thong ke so vdi cac miic hpc van khac (md hinh 1). Xem xel tat ca 6 md hinh phan tich, chi cd trinh dp "tieu hgc"
la cd sy kbac biet ve hanh vi vdi cac mirc trinh dp khac.
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Bang 3: Sy phii hop ciia cac mo hinh phan tich T i e u cbi
Mo h i o h 1
Mo h i n h 2a
M o h i n h 2b
Mo hinh 3a
Mo hinh 3b
.Mo hinh 4a
M o hinh 4b Omnibus Tests (mirc y
nghTa)
Cox & Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square
% du bao dung
.000 .034 .057 83.8
.000 .067 .115 83.8
.000 064 .108 83.8
.000 .040 .067 83.7
.000 .039 .066 83.7
.000 .069 .118 83.7
.000 .066 .112 83 7
Nai a (thanh thj hay ndng thdn) ciing co anh hudng CO y nghia thong ke doi vdi hanh vi khdi nghiep (md hinh 1, 4b). Nhung ngudi thanh thi c6 xac suat khdi nghi?p cao han nhimg ngudi d nong thon,
Ve cac yeu to nhqn ihirc cd nhdn, ca ba yau td thanh phan la hinh mau, nhan tbiic va kha nang va ca hdi deu co anh hudng c6 y nghia thong ka dan hanh vi kbdi nghiep, Diau nay dugc khang dinh ca khi phan tich rieng re (mo hinb 2a) va khi phan tich trong mo hinh tong hgp (mo hinh 4a). Cac cbi so thanh phhn va chi s6 t6ng hgp vl nhan thirc ca nhan dIu CO tac ddng co y nghTa thong ka tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep (mo hinh 2b va 4b). Trong 3 yau to nhan tbiic ca nhan thi ylu to "nhan thirc co hgi kinh doanh"
d6ng vai fro quan trgng nhdt (B= .740, mo hinh 4a), tilp theo la "hinh mlu" (B= .669, mo hinli 4a) va
"nban thuc ve kha nang kinh doanh" (B= .320, md hinh 4a).
Va nhan tbii'c cac gid tri vdn hod, trong 3 yeu to thanh phan, chi cd "truyen thong tich cyc" la co anh hudng CO y nghTa thdng ke tdi hanh vi kbdi nghiep khi phan tich neng (mo hinb 3a) Khi dat cac ylu to nay vao mo hinh ting hgp (mo hinh 4a) thi ca 3 yau t6 thanh phan ciia gia tn van hoa deu khong c6 anh hudng CO y nghTa thdng ke. Tuy nhien, cbi sd tdng hgp ciia 3 ylu to van hoa lai co tac dgng co y nghTa thdng ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep (mo hinh 3b, 4b) Nhu vay, khi mgt ca nhan nhan thiic dupc day dii va cac gia tri tich cue ciia khdi nghiep thi gia tri van boa mdi tbyc su anh hudng tdi hanh vi ciia hg.
5. Thao luan va khuyen nghi 5.1. Thdo luan
Tir cac kit qua nau tran da iing bg bai gia thuyat ciia nghien ciai. Cac nhan thirc ca nhan ve khdi nghipp bao g6m hinh mhx, kha nang khdi su va CO hpi kinh doanh dIu cd anh hudng cd y nghTa thdng ke tdi hanh vi, Trong dd nhan thirc ve ca hgi kinh doanh dong vai b:6 quan trgng nhat, Ket qua nay hoan toan phii hgp vdi cac nghien ciru coi co bgi kinh doanh la ylu td quan trgng nhSt cua qua trinh khdi nghiep (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000;
Reynolds & cgng sy, 2003)
Doi vdi nhan thiic ve cac gia tri van hoa xa hgi lien quan tdi khdi ngbiep. Theo ly thuyat, cac gia tri nay deu c6 tac dyng hd trg hoac thiic day hanh vi khdi nghiep (Kreiser & cgng sy, 2010). Kat qua cua nghien ciru cho thay, nhan thirc ve mot gia tri rieng re (nghe nghiep ma udc hoac vi tri xa hpi doanh nhan hoac sy lan toa cua kinh doanh tren buyan thdng) kliong co anh hudng cd y nghTa thdng ka tdi hanb vi. Nhung khi mgt ca nhan c6 nhan thiic mpt each day dii ve cac gia tri nay tbi nhqn thirc long hop se CO anb hudng tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep ciia hg. Day la mgt ket qua kha thii vj, theo chu quan ciia ngudi nghien ciiu.
v l cac biln so nhan kliau hgc, gidi tinh khong co anh hudng tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Kat qua nay c6 thi khac so vdi hilu bilt thong thudng cbo rang nir gidi thudng tham gia vao kinh doanh d muc do thap han so vdi nam gidi. Dp tuoi, trinh dp hoc van deu CO anh hudng cd y ngliTa th6ng ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Trong do, ngudi trudng thanh cua Viet Nam c6 xac suat khdi nghiep cao nhat la dp tuoi 25-34 tuli. Day cung la kat qua phii hgp vdi cac boi canh van hoa xa hgi khac (Reynolds & cgng sy, 2003),
5.2. Khuyen nghi
Cac kit qua cua nghien cuu nay co the gpi y mpt so khuyin nghi chinh sach quan trpng. Da thiic day hanh vi khdi nghiep, chiing ta can n6 lyc nang cao nang lyc khdi nghiep va kha nang phat hien co hgi cho m6i ca nhan thong qua dao tao. Cac khoa dao tao cSn trang bi cho ngudi hgc cac kien thirc, ky nang khdi nghiep c^n thilt va klia nang danh gia va phat hien co hgi kinh doanh hi tbi irudng. Dac biet, cac khoa dao tao cSn nhSm tdi nhirng ngudi tre tuoi va nhung ngudi co xu hudng khdi nghiep cao d do tu6i 25-34 tudi.
Han nira. ca hgi kmh doanh dan tir moi tnrdng kinh doanh ban ngoai Mpt nen kinh ta nang dgng va duy tri tang trudng sa tao ra co hgi khdi nghiep cho mgi ngudi. Va khi co nhieu ngudi trong cpng ddng tham gia khai nghiep. no se tao ra sy lan toa
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Bang 4: Ket qua phan tich hW quy binary (hanh vi khoi nghiap)
Gidi tinh Do tuoi
"l 8-24(1) 25-34 (2) 35-44 (3) 45-54 (4) Trinh dg hgc van
Tieu hgc (1) Tmng hgc CS (2) Trung hpc PT (3) Cao dang (4) Dai hpc (5) Nffid
Nhan thuc ca nhan Hinh mau Kha nang Ca hgi kinh doanh Tong hgp Nhain thirc gia trj
Nghe nghiep mo ude
Co vj tri xa hgi Tmyen thong tich eye
Tong hgp
Mo hinh 1 -.177 (,838) .652'
***
(1.920) .982"
(2.669) .813*
(2.255) -.014 (.986)
• * *
-1.736"
(.176) -.728 (483) -.299 (.742) -1.041"
(.353) -.633 (.531) 307"
,1.359) Mo hinh 2a -.209 (812) .743"
***
(2.101) .969""
(2.635) .754"
(2.125) -.105 (.900) -1.774"
***
(.170) -.367 (.693) .061 (1.063) -.790 (.454) -.326 (.722) .273 (1.314) .711"""
(2.036) .319"""
(1.375) .787"
(2.198) Mo hinh 2b -206 (.814) .729"
***
(2.074) .966"
(2.627) .770""
(2.161) -.078 (.925) -1.778"
***
(.169) -.351 (.704) .079 (1.082) -.794 (.452) -.305 (.737) .338"
(1.402)
.614""
(1.848) Mo hinh 3a -.147 (.863) .622*
***
(1.863) .931"
(2 536) .772""
(2.165) -.040 (.961) -1.799*
***
(.165) -.797 (.451) -.335 (.715) -1.068"
(.344) -.703 (.495) .299"
(1.348)
.163 (1.177) .240 (1.272) .434""
(1.543) Mo hinh 3b -.143 (.867)
* * •
.630"
(1.877) .939""
(2.557) .781"
(2.183) -.030 (.971) -1.793"
***
(.166) -.807 (.446) -.340 (.712) -1.067"
(.344) -.692 (.501) .324"
(1.383)
.275""
(1.317) Mo hinh 4a -182 (.833) .704"
***
(2.021) .928"
(2.529) .715"
(2.044) -.124 (.883) -1 866"
***
(.155) -.449 (.638) .009 (1.009) -.823 (.439) -.388 (.678) 274 (1.315) .669'""
(1.951) .320"
(1.377) .740""
(2.095)
.105 (1.111) .173 (1.189) .287 (1.332)
Mo hinh 4b -.173 (.841) .694"
***
(2.002) .929""
(2.533) 734"
(2.084) -.092 (.912) -1.878"
***
(.153) -.450 (.638) .015 (1.015) -.827 (.437) -.367 (.693) .351"
(1.420)
.578""
(1.783)
.216"
(1.241) Chu thich •
Biin phu thudc: Hdnh vi khai nghiep (no luc khdi sir vd thirc hien hdnh dong cq the: phoi hap 2 cdu hoi ban ddu. co = 1. khong = 0}
Md biin kiim sodt trong phdn tich. Gioi tinh nam = 1; Cdc mirc tuoi (1). (2), (3). (4) ldn lugt =1.
Cdc muc hqc vdn (I). (2), (3). (4). (5) lan luai =1; Nai a thdnh thi =1: md cdc bien dgc Iqp: Co = 1; Khong = 0:
Cdc con so trong bdng la hi so B vd (trong ngodc dan) Id Exp(B); P-value: * <0.05. ** <0.01.
*** <0.00}
Chi so tdng hap ldn luat dirge hinh thdnh cho "nhqn thuc cd nhdn " vd 'gid tri van hod " dua trin 3 chi so ban ddu. Cdc gid tri: "0" : trd loi "khong" cho cd 3 cdu hdi; "I" trd lai "co" cho 1/3 cdu hdi: "2 " trd lai "co " cho 2/3 cdu hoi: vd "3 " trd lai "co " cho cd 3 cdu hdi.
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tdi ngudi khac vi chinh hg se tao ra hinh mlu kinh doanh cho nhiing ngudi xung quanh. Hinh mau kinh doanh theo nghien cuu nay la ylu t l quan trgng thii 2, tac dgng tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep.
O mgt gdc do khac, cac gia tri van boa xa hdi ve khdi nghiep cd tac dgng tdi hanh vi khi ca nhan iihan thirc dugc day dii ve cac gia tri nay, Vi vay, can CO chien luge tac dgng va nang cao nhan tbiic cua ngudi dan v l khdi nghiep. Chinh phu cin thong qua cac ca che khac nhau ckn tilp bic thira nhan va khang dinh vi tri quan trgng cua doanh nban ddi vdi nln kinh ta va xa hgi. Cac tru'dng hpc va cac to chiic chinh tri xa hgi cua thanh nian can khuyin khich sinh vien va ngudi tre lya chgn khdi sy kinh doanh nhu mdt lua chgn ngha nghiep tot. Cac ca quan truyen thong can tich cyc thong tin vl khdi ngbiep va cac cau chuyen kinh doanh thanh cong.
Khi chien luge nang cao nhan thiic ve cac gia tri van boa nay du hieu qua, nd se cd anh hudng tich cyc tdi lua chgn khdi nghiep cua ngudi dan.
6. Ket Iu3n
Nghien ciiu nay di tim mdi lian he giii-a cac nhan thiic ca nhan, nhan thiic ve cac gia tri van hoa va hanh vi khdi nghiep. Cac yau to nhan thiic ca nhan dugc de cap bao gom hinh mSu kinh doanh, nhin nhan ve kha nang khdi sy kinh doanh ciia ban than va cac CO hgi khdi sy kinh doanh trong moi trudng sdng. Cac gia tri van hoa dugc de cap bao gdm coi khdi su kinh doanh nhu mgt lya chgn nghe nghiep dang mo udc, doanh nhan thanh cong cd vi tri xa hgi cao va va truyan thdng tich cyc ve doanh nban. Day la cac gia tri van boa c6 tinh hd trg va thira nhan tinh hgp phap ciia khdi nghiep,
Dua Iran dii lieu khao sat tii mau 2000 ngudi trudng thanh Viet Nam vdi phan tich hoi quy binary.
Kat qua nghien ciiu chi ra la ca ba yeu to nhan thirc ca nhan deu cd anh hudng cd y nghTa thong ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep, trong do thir ty quan trgng
cua cac yeu td trong viec tac dgng tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep lan lugt la nhan thiic ca hgi kinh doanh, hinh mau kinh doanh va nhan thiic vl kha nang khdi sy kinh doanh. Ve anh hudng cua cac gia tri van hoa, bing gia tri khong cd anh hudng c6 y nghTa thing ke tdi hanh vi, nhung khi ph6i hpp lai trong mgt biln s6 tong hgp lai cd tac dgng co y nghTa thdng ka tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Cudi cimg, trong cac yeu to nhan khau hpc, do Uioi, trinh do hpc v4n va noi d (thanh thi hay nong thon) c6 anh hudng c6 y nghTa thdng ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Nhung ngudi trudng thanh CO do tuoi tir 25-34 tuli c6 xac sudt thye hien khdi sy kinh doanh cao nhat.
Dya tran cac kat qua nay, cac khuyin nghi chinh sach da dugc nau ra nhu tang cudng dao tao vl khdi nghiep cho ngudi tra tuoi; duy tri mgt nen kinh t l nang dgng de tao ra cac co hgi khdi nghiep va tbyc hien mgt chien luge truyan thong phoi hgp da nang cao nhan thirc ciia ngudi dan ve cac gia tri tich cyc ciia doanh nhan va con dudng khai sy kinh doanh.
Ban canh cac ket qua nau tran, nghian cim nay co mdt so ban che lien quan den dii lieu su dung, Cac chi sd nghien cuu trong co sd du lieu cua GEM deu diing thang dinh danh (0 = khong, I = c6). Dang dii lieu nay khdng cho phep thuc hien cac phan tich dinh lugng chuyen sau (ngoai hoi quy binary), Hon niia, vi nghien ciiu dua vao ca sd dii lieu ciia GEM nan cac chi so nghian ciiu ve nhan thuc ca nhan va gia tn van hoa bi dong khung trong nhirng yeu to ma nghian cuu GEM da tbyc hien dieu tra. Nhiing ban cha nay co the ggi y cac hudng nghien ciiu tiap theo nhu phat tnen them mgt so cac yeu to mdi ve nhan thiic ca nhan va gia tri van boa va kiam dinh moi lian he ciia cac yau to nay vdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Hon nira, ngoai cac yeu to nhan thirc, mo hinh nghien ciiu CO the md rong sang cac yau to khac nhu y dinh khdi nghiep va anh hudng cua y dinh den hanh vi khdi nghiep.
Ghi cbu:
I.Chung toi duoc VCCl cho phep sir dung bo dii lieu nay bang van ban, vi vay chiing toi dam bao sy trung thuc cLia bp dir lieu cung nhu cac chuan myc ciia dao diic nghien ciiu,
T^i lieu tham khao
Ajzen, 1.(1991), The theory of planned behavior'. Organizalionai Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Arenius, P , & Minniti, M (2005), 'Perceptual vanables and nascent entrepreneurship". Small Business Economics.
24(3). 233-247,
Bandura A. (1989), 'Social cognitive theoi"y' In R. Vasta (Ed,). Annals of child development. Six ilieones of child development, 6. 1-60, JAI Press: Greenwich, USA.
Bygrave, W D. & Hofer. C VV (1991). "Theorizing about entrepreneurship'. Enirepivneiir.ship Tlieoiy and Practice.
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Bang 4; Kit qua phan tich h6i quy binary (hanh vl khoi ughifp)
Gioi tinh Do tuoi
'l 8-24(1) 25-34 (2) 35-44 (3) 45-54 (4) Trinh do hoc van
Tieu hgc (1) Trung hgc CS (2) Trung hgc PT (3) Cao dang (4) Dai hoe (5) Nffi d Nhain thuc ca nhan
Hinh mau Kha nang Co hpi kmh doanh Tong hgp Nhan thirc gia tri
Nghe nghiep mo uac
Co vi tri xa hgi Truyen thong tich cye
Tong hgp
Mo hinh 1 -.177 (.838) .652'
***
(1.920) .982"
(2.669) .813"
(2.255) -.014 (986) -1.736'
***
(.176) -.728 (.483) -.299 (.742) -1.041' (.353) -.633 (.531) .307' ,1.359)
Mo hinh 2a -.209 (.812) .743'
***
(2.101) .969"
(2.635) .754' (2.125) -.105 (900) -1.774'
***
(.170) -.367 (.693) .061 (1.063) -.790 (.454) -.326 (.722) .273 (1.314) .711"' (2.036) .319'"
(1.375) .787' (2.198)
Mo hinh 2b -.206 (.814) .729"
***
(2.074) .966"
(2.627) .770"
(2.161) -.078 (.925) -1.778'
***
(.169) -.351 (.704) .079 (1.082) -.794 (.452) -.305 (.737) .338' (1.402)
.614"' (1.848)
Mo hinh 3a -.147 (863) .622'
***
(1.863) .931"
(2.536) .772"
(2 165) -.040 (.961) -1.799'
***
(.165) -.797 (.451) -.335 (.715) -1.068"
(.344) -.703 (495) .299"
(I 348)
.163 (1.177) .240 (1.272) .434""
(1.543) Mo hinh 3b - 143 (.867)
.630"
***
(1.877) .939"' (2.557) .781"
(2.183) -.030 (.971) -1.793'
***
(.166) -.807 (.446) -.340 (.712) -1.067' (.344) -.692 (501) .324' (1 383)
.275""
(1.317) Mo hinh 4a -.182 (.833) .704"
***
(2.021) .928""
(2.529) .715"
(2.044) -.124 (.883) -1.866'
***
(.155) -.449 (.638) .009 (1.009) -.823 (-439) -.388 (.678) .274 (1.315) .669'"
(1.951) .320' (1.377) .740'"
(2.095)
.105 (1.111) .173 (1.189) .287 (1.332)
Mo hinh 4b -.173 (.841) .694'
**.
(2.002) .929"
(2.533) .734' (2.084) -.092 (.912) -1 878'
***
(.153) -.450 (.638) .015 (1.015) -.827 (.437) -.367 (.693) .351' (1.420)
.578'"
(1.783)
.216' (1.241) Cluiltiich-
Bien phu thudc: Hdnh vi khai nghiip (no luc khoi su vd thuc hiin hdnh dong cu the: phoi hgp 2 cdu hoi ban ddu. cd == /; khong = 0)
Ma hiin kiim sodt trong phdn tich: Giai linh nam =/.- Cdc mice tudi (I). (2). (3), (4/ lan lu0 =/;
Cdc mirc hoc vdn (1), (2), (3). (4). (5) ldn lu0 =1; Nai a thdnh thi =1; md cdc hien ddc Iqp: Co = 1; Khong = 0;
Cdc con so Irong bdng Id hi sd B vd (trong ngodc dan) Id Exp(B), P-value: * <0.05. •* <0.0}.
***<0.00I
Chi sd long hop ldn lugt dugc hinh thdnh cho "nhdn thuc cd nhdn " vd "gid tri vdn hod " dua trin 3 chi so ban ddu. Cdc gid in: "0 " • ird l&i "khong " cho cd 3 cdu hdi; "1" ird Idi 'c6 " cho I 3 cdu hot: "2 " trd lai "co " cho 2/3 cdu hdi; vd "3 " trd l&i "co " cho ca 3 cdu hdi.
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tdi ngudi khac vi chinh hg se tao ra hinh mau kinh doanh cho nhirng ngudi xung quanh. Hinh mau kinh doanh theo nghian cuu nay la yau td quan trpng thu 2, tac dpng tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep.
O mdt gdc dp khac, cac gia tri van hoa xa hgi va khdi nghiep cd tac dgng tdi hanh vi khi ca nhan nhan thiic dugc day du \e cac gia tri nay, Vi vay, can CO chien luge tac dgng va nang cao nhan thuc cua ngudi dan ve khdi nghiep. Chinh phii can thdng qua cac co che khac nhau can tiep tuc thira nhan va khang dinh vi tri quan trgng ciia doanh nhan ddi vdi nen kinh ta va xa hgi. Cac trudng hgc va cac to chuc chinh tri xa hgi ciia thanh nian can khuyen khich sinh vien va ngudi tre lya chgn kbdi su kinh doanh nhu mdt lua chgn ngha nghiep tot. Cac co quan truyan thdng can tich cyc thdng tin ve khdi nghiep va cac cau chuyen kinh doanh thanh cong, Khi chian luge nang cao nhan thiic ve cac gia tri van boa nay du hieu qua, n6 se co anh hudng tich cue tdi lya chgn khdi nghiep ciia ngudi dan,
6. Ket luan
Nghian ciiu nay di tim moi lien he giira cac nhan thiic ca nhan, nhan thirc va cac gia tn van hoa va hanh vi khdi nghiep. Cac yau td nhan thiic ca nhan dugc de cap bao gom hinh mau kinh doanh, nhin nhan vl kha nang khdi sy kinh doanh cua ban than va cac ca hdi khdi sy kinh doanh trong mdi trudng sing. Cac gia tri van hoa dugc da cap bao gom coi khdi su kinh doanh nhu mgt lua chpn ngha nghiep dang mo udc, doanh nhan thanh cdng cd vi tri xa hpi cao va va truyin thong rich cyc va doanh nhan. Day la cac gia tri van boa c6 tinh ho trg va thira nhan tinh hgp phap cua khdi nghiep.
Dya tran dii lieu khao sal tii' mlu 2000 ngudi trudng thanh Viet Nam vdi phan tich hdi quy binary.
Ket qua nghian cim chi ra la ca ba yeu to nhan thiic ca nlian dlu co anh hudng cd y nghTa thong ka tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep, trong do thu ty quan trpng
cua cac yeu td trong viec tac ddng tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep lan lugt la nhan thirc ca hpi kinh doanh, hinh mau kinh doanh va nhan thiic ve kha nang khdi sy kinh doanh. Va anh hudng cua cac gia tri van hoa, timg gia tri khong co anh hudng co y nghTa thong ka tdi hanh vi, nhung khi phoi hgp lai trong mpt bien so tong hgp lai c6 tac dgng co y nghTa thdng ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Cuoi ciing, trong cac yau to nhan khau hgc, do tuoi, trinh do hgc van va noi d (thanh thi hay nong thon) co anh hudng co y nghTa thong ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Nhiing ngudi trudng thanh CO dd tuoi tir 25-34 tuoi c6 xac suat thuc hien khdi sy kinh doanh cao nh§t.
Dya tren cac ket qua nay, cac khuyan nghi chinh sach da dugc nau ra nhu tang cudng dao tao ve khdi nghiep cho ngudi tre tuoi; duy tri mgt nen kinh te nang ddng de tao ra cac co hoi khdi nghiep va tbyc hien mdt chian luge truyen thong phoi hgp de nang cao nhan thuc ciia ngudi dan ve eac gia trj tich cye ciia doanh nhan va con dudng khdi sy kinh doanh.
Ben canh cac kat qua neu tren, nghien ciru nay c6 mgt so ban che lian quan dan du lieu sir dung. Cac chi so nghien ciru trong ca sd dii lieu ciia GEM dau diing thang dinh danh (0 = khong, 1 = c6). Dang dii lieu nay khong cho phep tbyc hien cac phan tich dinh lugng chuyan sau (ngoai hoi quy binary). Hon nua, vi nghien ctiu dya vao co sd dir lieu ctia GEM nen cac chi so nghian ciru ve nhan thirc ca nhan va gia tri van hoa bi dong khung trong nhimg yeu to ma nghien ciiu GEM da tbyc bien diau tra. Nhimg ban cha nay c6 tha ggi y cac hudng nghien ctiu tiep theo nhu phat trien them mot so cac ylu to mdi va nhan thiic ca nhan va gia tri van boa va kiem dinh mdi lien he cua cac ylu to nay vdi hanh vi khdi nghiap, Han nua, ngoai cac yeu to nhan thuc, mo hinh nghien cim CO the md rong sang cac yau to khac nhu y dinh khdi nghiep va anh hudng cua y dinh den hanh vj khdi nghiep.
Ghi chu:
1 -Chiing toi duac VCCl cho phep sir dung bo dir lieu nay biing van ban, vi vay chiing toi dam bao sy trung thirc ciia bp du lieu cung nhu cac chuan myc ciia dao dire nghien ciru.
Tai lieu tham khao
Ajzen, I. (1991), The theory of planned behavior". Oiganizalional Behavior and Human Decision Pmcesses. 50(2), 179-211.
Arenius, P.. & Minniti. M (2005), 'Perccpmal variables and nascent entrepreneurship". Small Business Economics.
24(3), 233-247.
Bandura A. (1989), 'Social cognitive theory' In R. Vasta (Ed ). Annals of child developmem. Six theories of child development. 6. 1-60. JAI Picss Greenwich, USA
Bygrave. W.D, & Hofer. C.W. (1991), Theonzing about entrepreneurship". Eniiepreneurship Theoir and Practice.
Sd 276 thdng 6/2020 67
litcJIiiil Irien
Bang 4: Kit qua phan tich hoi quy binary (hanh vi khoi ngbifp)
Gidi tinh D9 tuoi
18-24(1) 25-34 (2) 35-44(3) 45-54 (4) Trinh do hoc van
Tieu hoc (1) Trung hoc CS (2) Trung hpc PT (3) Cao dSng (4) Dai hoc (5) Nffiff
Nhan thue ca nhan Hinh mau Kha nang Co hpi kmh doanh Tong hgp Nhan thijc gia trj
Nghe nghiep mo ude
Co vi tri xa bgi Tmyen thong tieh eye
Tong hgp
Mo hinh -.177 (838) .652"
***
(1,920) .982"
(2.669) .813"
(2.255) -.014 (.986) -1.736'
***
(.176) -.728 (483) -.299 (.742) -1 041'
(.353) -.633 (.531) .307' ,1.359)
Mo hinb 2a -209 (.812) .743'
***
(2.101) .969"
(2.635) .754' (2.125) -.105 (.900) -1.774"
***
(.170) -.367 (693) .061 (1.063) -.790 (.454) -.326 (.722) .273 (1.314) .711""
(2.036) .319'"
(1.375) .787' (2.198)
Mo hinh 2b -.206 (.814) .729'
***
(2.074) .966"
(2.627) .770"
(2.161) -.078 (.925) -1 778'
***
(.169) -.351 (.704) .079 (1.082) -.794 (.452) -.305 (737) .338' (1.402)
.614"' (1.848)
Mo hinh 3a -.147 (.863) .622'
***
(1 863) .931"
(2.536) .772"
(2.165) -.040 (.961) -1.799'
***
(.165) -.797 (.451) -.335 (.715) -1.068' (.344) -.703 (.495) .299' (1.348)
.163 (1.177) .240 (1.272) .434"
(1.543) M6 hinh 3b -.143 (.867)
+ * *
.630' (1.877) .939"
(2.557) .781"
(2.183) -.030 (.971) -1.793'
***
(.166) -.807 (.446) -.340 (.712) -1.067' (.344) -.692 (501) .324' (1.383)
.275"
(1.317) Mo hinh 4a -.182 (.833) .704'
***
(2.021) .928"
(2.529) .715' (2.044) -.124 (.883) -1 866'
***
(.155) -.449 (.638) .009 (1.009) -.823 (.439) -.388 (.678) .274 (1.315) .669'"
(1.951) .320' (1.377) .740'"
(2.095)
.105 (1.111) .173 (1.189) .287 (1.332)
Mo hinb 4b -.173 (.841) .694'
***
(2.002) .929"
(2.533) .734' (2.084) -.092 (.912) -1.878'
***
(.153) -450 (.638) .015 (1.015) -.827 (.437) -.367 (.693) .351' (1.420)
.578'"
(1.783)
.216' (1.241) Chu thich:
Bien phu tliuoc: Hdnh vi khai nghiep (no lire khai su vd thuc hiin hdnh dong cu the. phot hgp 2 cdu hdi ban ddu. cd = I; khong = 0)
Md bien kiem sodt trong phdn tich: Giai linh nam -1; Cdc mirc tuoi (1). (2). (3). (4) ldn lu0 =1:
Cdc mirc hoc vdn (1), (2). (3). (4). (5) ldn lucrt =1: Nai a thdnh ihi =1; md cdc bien dgc Iqp: Co = 1: Khong = 0:
Cdc con so Irong bdng Id lie so B vd (trong ngodc dan) Id Exp(B): P-value: * <0.05. ** <0.01.
***<0 00}
Chi so tong hem tdn lirgi dirac hinh Ihdnh cho "nhdn thirc cd nhdn " 1 d "gid tri vdn hod " dua trin 3 chi so ban ddu. Cdc gid tri: "0 " : Ird l&i "khong " cho cd 3 cdu hot; "I" trd lai "co " cho 1 3 cdu hdi, "2 " Ird l&i "co " cho 2/3 cdu hoi; vd "3 " trd l&i "cd " cho cd 3 cau hdi.
So 2 76 thdng 6/2020 66 ^ klflh I f A l IrJCI
tdi ngudi khac vi chinh hp se tao ra hinh mlu kinh doanh cho nhiing ngudi xung quanh. Hinh mlu kinh doanh theo nghien cuu nay la yeu to quan trgng thii 2, tac ddng tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep
O mgt gdc do khac, cac gia tri van hoa xa hgi ve khdi nghiep co tac ddng tdi hanh vi khi ca nhan nhan tbiic dugc day du ve cac gia tri nay, Vi vay, can CO chien luge tac dgng va nang cao nhan thuc cua ngudi dan ve khdi nghiep. Chinh phii can thong qua cac co cha khac nhau can tiep tuc thira nhan va khang dinh vi tri quan trgng cua doanh nhan doi vdi nen kinh te va xa hgi. Cac trudng hgc va cac to chiic chinh tri xa hgi ciia thanh nian can khuyan khich sinh vien va ngudi tre lya chgn khdi sy kinh doanh nhu mgt lya chgn nghe nghiep tot. Cac co quan truyen thong can tich cyc thong tin ve khdi nghiep va cac cau chuyen kinh doanh thanh cdng.
Khi chian luge nang cao nhan thirc ve cac gia tri van hoa nay dii hieu qua, no se co anh hudng tich cue tdi lua chgn khdi ngbiep cua ngudi dan.
6. Ket Iu3n
Nghien cuu nay di tim moi lian he giiia cac nhan thirc ca nhan, nhan thirc ve cac gia tri van hoa va hanh vi khdi nghiep. Cac yau to nhan thiic ca nhan dugc de cap bao gom hinh mau kinh doanh, nhin nhan ve kha nang khdi sy kinh doanh ciia ban than va cac CO bgi khdi sy kinh doanh trong moi trudng s6ng, Cac gia tri van hoa dugc da cap bao gom coi khdi sy kinh doanh nhu mdt lya chgn ngha nghiep dang mo udc, doanh nhan thanh cong co vi tri xa hgi cao va va truyan thong tich cyc va doanh nlian. Day la cac gia tri van hoa co tinh hd trg va thira nhan tinh hgp phap ciia khdi nghiep.
Dya tren dii lieu khao sat tir mlu 2000 ngudi trudng thanh Viet Nam vdi phan rich hoi quy binary.
Kit qua nghian cuu chi ra la ca ba yau td nhan thirc ca nhan dlu co anh hudng co y nghTa thong ka tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep, trong do tbii ty quan trpng
ciia cac yau to trong viec tac dgng tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep lan lugt la nhan tbiic co hgi kinh doanh, hinh mau kinh doanh va nhan thiic ve kha nang khdi sy kinh doanh. Ve anh hudng cua cac gia tri van hoa, timg gia tri khong co anh hudng c6 y nghTa thong ka tdi banh vi, nhung khi phoi hgp lai trong mgt bian so tong hgp lai co tac dgng c6 y nghTa thong ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep. Cuoi ciing, trong cac yeu to nhan khau hgc, dp tuoi, trinh dp hpc van va noi d (thanh thi hay nong thon) c6 anh hudng co y nghTa thong ke tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep, Nhung ngudi trudng thanh CO do tuoi tir 25-34 tuoi co xac suat thuc hien khdi su kinh doanh cao nhat.
Dua tren cac kat qua nay, cac khuyan nghi chinh sach da dugc neu ra nhu tang cudng dao tao ve khdi nghiep cho ngudi tre mdi; duy tri mgt nen kinh te nang dgng da tao ra cac co hgi khdi nghiep va thye hien mdt chien lupc truyen thong phoi hgp da nang cao nhan thirc cua ngudi dan ve cac gia tri tich cyc cua doanh nhan va con dudng khdi sy kinh doanh.
Ban canh cac kat qua neu tren, nghien cim nay co mgt so ban cha lian quan dan dir lieu su dyng. Cac chi so nghien ciru trong co sd dir lieu ciia GEM dau dimg thang dinh danh (0 = khong, 1 = cd). Dang du lieu nay khong cho phep thuc hien cac phan tich dinli lugng chuyan sau (ngoai hoi quy binary). Hon niia, vi nghian cuu dua vao co sd du- lieu cua GEM nen cac chi so nghian ciru ve nhan thiic ca nhan va gia tri van boa bi dong khung trong nhiing yau to ma nghian cim GEM da thye hien diau tra, Nhiing han cha nay co the ggi y cac hudng nghian ciiu tiep theo nhu phat trian them mgt so cac yeu to mdi ve nhan thirc ca nhan va gia tn van hoa va kiem dinh moi lian he ciia cac yeu to nay vdi hanh vi khdi nghiep, Hon niia, ngoai cac yeu to nhan thiic, mo hinb nghien ciiu cd the md rong sang cac yeu to khac nhu y dinh khdi nghiep va anh hudng cua y dinh dan hanh vi khdi nghiep.
Ghi chii:
1 .Chiing toi dugc VCCl cho phep sit dung bo du lieu nay bing van ban, vi vay chiing toi dam bao sy tmng thye cua bo dir lieu eung nhu cac chuan myc ciia dao diic nghien ciru
T^i lieu tham khao
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Arenius, P.. & Minniti. M. (2005). 'Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship'. Small Business Economics, 24(3). 233-247,
Bandura A. (1989), 'Social cognitive theory' In R. Vasta (Ed.). Annals of child development. Six theories of child development. 6. 1-60. JAI Press: Greenwich. USA
Bygrave, W.D. & Hofer, C W (1991"). Theorizing about entrepreneurship". Entrepreneurship Thcoiy and Practice,
So 276 thdng 6/2020
kiiililrJ'liiillm
Winter, 13-22,
Davidsson, P (1995), 'CulUire, stmcUire and regional levels of entrepreneurship', Entivpreneurship and Regional Development, 7(1), 41-62,
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67(5), 663-666.
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Guerrero, M,, Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2006), 'The impact of desirabihty and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions:
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