Tap chi sd 32. thang 10-2018, trUdng Dai hoc Tay Nguyen ISSNI859-46U PHAN U>JG CUA VOI KHI PHAT HIEN VA TIE? XUC V 6 l KI^N VANG
(OECOPHYLLASMARAGDINA FABRICIUS)
Trin Thi Le Tra', Cao Thi Ly^ Pham Duy Man' Ngay nhan bai: 01/9/2018; Ngay phan bifln thdng qua: 15/9/2018; Ngay duyet dang: 30/9/2018
TOM TAT
Mdt trong nhirng hudng giai phap ngan ngiia su xam nhap cua voi vao khu vuc canh tac, nham giam thieu thiflt hai eho eay trdng, tai san ciing nhu tinh mang ciia ngudi dan d cac dia phuong cd xung dot Voi - Ngudi (HEC). do la dua vao tap tinh ban nang khdng thich, ngai va tranh mgt sd Ioai ddng thuc vat ciia voi. Vdi phuang phap tham khao kfl thira, xac dinh thuc te thdng qua diflu tra phdng van, thao luan nhdm vdi cac ddi tugng cd kinh nghiem hoac da tiing tiflp xiic vdi voi, kflt hgp vdi thuc hien cac thir nghiflm dfl xac dinh kifln vang (Oecophylla sinaragdina Fabricius) cd phai la l o ^ ddng vat voi khflng thich hay khdng. Kflt qua cho thay 72,7% ngudi dugc phdng van khang dinh voi so kifln va cd cac phan ling xua dudi, tranh ne khi gap kien. Bfln canh dd, kflt qua thu nghiera eiing ehi ra rang voi cd phan ling rd ret nhu tranh ne, diing cac nhanh cay xua dudi kifln tham ehi khdng dam di qua doan dudng ed sir xuit hien ciia nhiing dan kifln vang. Diflu nay cd thfl nhan dinh rang kifln vang (O. smaragdina Fabricius) la mpt trong nhiing loai ddng vat voi khong thich.
Tic khda: Xung dpt Voi - Ngu&i (HEC), kien vdng, thuc nghiem.
1. M 6 DAU
Theo WWF, Xung dot Voi - Ngudi (Human Elephant Conflict - HEC) la kflt qua cua viec mdi trudng sdng cda voi bi mat hoac bi chia cat gay ra su xung dot tir viec voi rimg pha cay trdng, gay thuong tich va tir vong cho con ngudi, va voi bi con ngudi giet chflt vi nhirng Iy do khac ngoai ng^
voi va su suy thoai mdi trudng sdng.
Tai tinh Dak Lak, HEC dien ra ngay cang phiic tap va nghiem trgng. Trong nhirng nam gan day, HEC da gay tdn that vfl hoa mau cua nhieu dia phuong tai cac xa vung dem, xung quanh VQG Yok Ddn. Mdt sd khu virc dit ray canh tac ndng nghiep ciia dan, voi thudng xuat hien hang nam, nhieu hfl dan cd dat nhung khdng the canh tac, thiflu ngudn sinh kfl thay the dit ndng nghiep.
Dieu nay khdng chi gay anh hudng dfln ddi sdng con ngudi va tai san ma cdn tac ddng manh tdi quan the voi rung. Do dd, viec tim ra giai phap gdp phan giara nhe xung dot la vin dfl cip bach nhim dn dinh cudc sdng cho cpng ddng dan cu song gin rirag vira la dam bao cho viee bao tdn voi chau A.
Xuat phat tir nhiing ly do dd, quan diera nghifln Cliu la hudng dfln ngan ngira su xara nhap eiia voi, dfl giam thiflu thiflt hai do voi gay ra cho cay trong trfln dat ray, dua vao tap tinh cua voi, cu thfl la nhung loai dflng thuc vat voi khdng thich. Trfln co sd tham khao tai lieu ve tap tinh "sg kifln" ciia voi, nghien cim thuc tfl thdng qua diflu tra phdng vin.
thao luan nhdm vdi cae ddi tugng cd kinh nghiflm hoac da timg tiflp xiic vdi voi, kflt hgp vdi thii nghiem phan img ciia voi khi cd sir xuat hifln ciia kifln vang Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius. Vdi ky vpng, ket qua nghifln ciiu se lam sang Id nhan dinh vfl tinh ky nhau giira voi va kien vang, tii do xae dinh kifln v^ng la mpt trong nhiing loai sinh vat ed thfl ddng gdp cho giai phap hang rao sinh hpe ngan ngira voi, gdp phin giam thiflu HEC.
2. NOI DUNG VA PHU"aNG PHAP NGHIEN CUTJ
2.1. Muc tieu
Xac dinh dugc bieu hien va phan ling thuc te cua voi khi gap va tiep xiic vdi kifln vang (Oecophylla smaragdina), kiem chiing va khang dinh dugc tap tinh ky kifln vang eiia voi.
2.2. Ddi tuang
Tap tinh ky kifln vang cua voi Chau A (Elephas maximus) thudc hg Voi (Proboseidea), bfl co voi (Proboscide).
2.3. Npi dung
- Dieu tra hieu biflt va kinh nghiflm ciia can bp va ngudi dan dia phuong ve phan img cua voi vdi kifln vang.
- Theo doi phan ling ciia voi vdi kifln vang thdng qua cac thu nghiflm.
2.4. Phuangphdp nghiin cdu 2.4.1. Phuangphdp tiep can 1 ThS., Khoa Nong ldm nghiep. Truang Dai hgc Tdy Nguyen;
2 PGS. TS, Khoa Nong ldm nghiep. Truang Dgi hgc Tdy Nguyen;
3 Chl ciic Kiim Idm Ddk Ldk:
Tdc gid lien he: Trdn Thi Le Trd, DT 0974741770; Email [email protected] 44
Tap chi sd 32. thang 10-2018. trildng Dai hpc Tay Nguyen ISSN 1859-4611 Nghien ciiu tiep can tir cac ngudn thdng tin
tham khao, sd lieu thir cap tai VQG Yok Ddn, Trung tara Bao tdn voi Dik Lik, UBND huyen Budn Ddn; thao luan nhdm vdi can bd ky thuat, kiem lam, ngudi nai voi va nhirng ngudi dan sdng trong khu vue cd HEC kflt hop theo ddi voi ciia VQG Yok Ddn va Trung tam Bao tdn voi Dik Lak de biflt dugc thdi quen sinh boat, tap tinh cua voi; phdng van chi tiet vdi kiflm lam, can bd vudn qudc gia va ngudi dan cd tiflp xiic vdi voi; thir nghiflm xac dinh phan img eua voi vdi kien vang O. smaragdina Fabricius. Tdng hop dir Heu tir cac kflt qua dieu tra, phdng van, thii nghiflm va thao luan dfl xac dinh duge cac mirc phan img ciia voi vdi kifln.
2.4.2. Phuangphdp triin khai cu the 2.4.2.1. Ke thira cdc kit qud md td vi tdp tinh ky kien cua voi
Kfl thiia kflt qua md ta cua Todd Palmer ciing dflng nghiep thudc Trung tara nghifln ciiu Mpala d Kenya va Dai hgc Florida nara 2010 ve thir nghiflm kha nang bao vfl cay trdng ciia kien trudc tac dgng eiia voi rimg.
2.4.2.2. Dieu tra hieu biit vd kinh nghiim eiia edn bp vd nguai ddn dja phuang ve phdn irng ciia voi v&i ktin vdng
Trao ddi va phdng van ban eau tnie vdi 22 ngudi thudc 4 nhdm ddi tugng la can bd ky thuat (2 ngudi), kiflm lam VQG Yok Ddn (5 ngudi); nai voi (5 ngudi) va ngudi dan sdng trong khu vuc cd HECcdhieubifltva tiflp xuc vdi voi (10 ngudi) ve phan ling eiia voi vdi kien vang.
2.4.2.3. Thu nghiim phdn img cua voi vai kien vang
Tifln hanh thu nghiflm dfl xac dmh phan ung cua voi khi tiep xiic true tiflp vdi kien vang O.
smaragdina a eac mirc dp khac nhau. Cu thfl:
Thu nghiera vfl su tiflp xiic qua thirc an bang each sir dung thuc an yflu thich ciia voi bao gdm cay chudi va cay raia. Sau dd, thuc hien cac thir nghiem sau:
- Thu nghiem 1 (TNI): dat cac td kifln vang O.
smaragdina Fabricius vao thiic an va cho voi an.
- Thir nghiflm 2 (TN2): khdng cho kifln vang vao thiic an ciia voi.
Thir nghiera cho voi thiy true tiflp kifln vang:
- Thii nghiera 3 (TN3)' Thiflt kfl mdt Idi di tren eon dudng ma voi hay di, cd chiflu rdng khoang 2 m dat cac td kien vang 0. smaragdina Fabricius tren cac eanh eay cd dp cao tir 1,5 - 3 m hai ben dudng. Sau dd, din voi di qua.
- Thii nghiem 4 (TN4): lua chpn con duong voi thudng dl qua, loai bd het cac td kifln vang rdi cho vol di qua.
Mdi thii nghiflm dugc lap lai 2 lan, mdi lan each nhau 1 gid, dugc thue hien tren 4 ca thfl voi do VQG Yok Ddn quan ly, bao gdm Thdng Khara (22 tudi), Budn Kham (42 tuoi), Y Khun (59 tuoi) va radt ca the voi do Trung tam Bao tdn voi Dik Lak quan l;y la Thdng Ngan (22 tudi) vdi su diflu khifln Clia cac nai voi. Phan irng ciia voi duoc ghi nhan va danh gia theo thang phan cap mire do ky vdi kifln nhu sau:
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Kit qud tham khdo liin quan den tap tinh ky kiin cua voi
Mirc do ky kien cua voi Nhung bieu hien cua voi khi tiep xuc kien vang Ma so Thtr nghiem vdi thiJc an Thu nghiem cho kien vang trfln loi di,
ua thich cua voi tiep xiic true tiflp vdi voi Khdng sg
it so (De phdng) Sg (E ngai) R i t s g
Voi an binh thudng Voi di chuyfln binh thudng Dimg vdi giu, dap thiic Van di qua nhung tranh eac td kifln an truoc khi an
Voi khdng an thuc an cd Diing vdi, nhd cac eay nhd, be cac nhanh kifln cay dfl dudi kifln
Voi khdng chiu di qua con dudng cd kifln Ket qua thir nghiflm cua Todd Palmer cimg ddng
nghiep thudc Trung tam nghifln ciiu Mpala d Kenya va Dai hoc Florida nam 2010 ve kha nang bao vfl cay Clia kien tnrdc tac ddng ciia voi rimg nhu sau:
Dfl xac dinh sv bao vfl thuc vat ciia loai Keo cd anh hudng den viec tac ddng ciia voi Ifln cay Keo, Palmer tifln hanh thi nghiera loai bd cac td kifln trfln
cac cay Keo trong vdng 12 thang vdi ban kinh 2,5 km. Sir phong phii cua kifln giam dan trfln cay chii lin luot la 100%, 60%, hoac 30%. Sau dd danh gia raiic do thiflt hai cua voi tren nhung cay nay so vdi cay khdng dugc quan ly sau I nam. Kflt qua cho thay sir tac ddng ciia voi giam dang kfl va cd lifln quan dfln sir phong phii cua tap doan kifln.
Tap chi so 32, thang 10-2018, tntdng Dai hpc Tay Nguyfln ISSN 1859-4611 Dfl nghifln ciru sau hon vfl su bao ve cua kifln
trfln cay Keo tnrdc su tac ddng cua voi. Palmer da tien hanh eac thir nghiflm tren 6 ca thfl voi 8 tudi tai Trung tam Vudn qudc gia Tsavo, Kenya bang each cho voi an tu do cd su lira chgn vdi cac nhdm thiic an bao gdm: (1) Cac canh Keo khdng ed kifln, (2) cac canh Keo cd kifln. Ket qua chi ra rang, thiic an khdng cd kifln vfl co ban la ngon mieng ddi vdi voi. Diflu nay chiing minh rang kifln cd thfl ngan
chan voi tac ddng vao cae cay Keo.
3.2. Hiiu biet vd kinh nghiem cua cdn bp va ngu&i ddn dia phuffng ve phan ung cda voi vdi kiin vdng
Qua qua trinh thu thap cae thdng tin thii cip, ket hgp vai phdng van mgt sd can bg ky thu|t, kiflm lam va nhiing ngudi nai voi, ngudi dan co tiflp xiic vdi voi cho ra kflt qua dugc trinh bay 6 bang sau:
Bang 3.1. Hieu biet ve phan irng cua voi vdi kien vang O. smaragdina Fabricius Hieu biet vfl phan ung cua voi vdi kien vang O. smaragdina Fabricius Doi tuoTig
phong vin
Khdng ro ve phan irng cua voi vol
kien
, . . Voi dung vdi Voi tranh , , . giu sach kien cac to khong so ° \ L ' - , -- .^ - , .r trong thuc an kien tren kien . , . , . . - - ,
truac khi an dirong di
Khi dyng phai to kiln vang, voi dui dau vao cac bui cay hoac lao
dau xuong niro'c 1 Can bd ky thuat
2 Kiflm lam vifln 3 Nai voi 4 Dan dia phuong
Tdng 18,2% 9,1% 45,4% 18.2% 9,1%
Tdng hpp ket qua danh gia hieu biflt eua can bg va ngudi dan dia phuang vfl phan ling ciia voi vdi kien vang O smaragdina Fabricius, nhan thiy trfln 70 % sd ngudi tham gia phdng van eho ring voi phan ling ro ret khi gap kifln vang. Cu thfl 45,4
% sd ngudi cho biflt voi diing vdi giii sach thiic an dfl tranh kifln trudc khi an, 18,2% cho biflt voi se tranh cae td kifln trfln dudng di ciia chung va chi CO 9,1 % cho rang voi sfl phan ling dir dpi nhu dui dau vao eae bui cay hay lao xudng nude khi bl kien bd Ifln ngudi. Bfln canh dd, chi ed 9,1 % sd ngudi cho rang voi khdng ky kifln va khdng cd phan ling gi khi gap kien,_18,2% ngudi thara gia phdng van khdng rd vfl biflu hien ciia voi khi tiep xiic vdi kifln.
Nhu vay, qua cae thdng tin diflu tra cho thiy, hau hflt nhirng ngudi tiflp xiic nhiflu vdi voi dflu khang dinh voi sg kifln va se tim each tranh xa nhung nai cd su xuat hien cua dan kifln. Bfln canh do. nhiing ngudi it lien quan den voi hon se khdng nam ro thdng tin nay. Do vay, nghifln ciiu tiflp tuc tifln hanh thii nghiflm dfl lam sang td han ngudn thdng tin da diflu tra.
3.3. Thir nghiem phdn ung cua voi v&i kiin vdng Kflt qua ghi nhan biflu hien ciia 04 ea thfl voi thuan dudng cd dp tudi tir 22 - 59 tudi, qua 02 lin lap cua 04 thii nghiflm, cho tirng ca thfl voi tiep xiic gian tiflp vdi kien vang thdng qua diirc an va
true tiflp tren dudng di, duoc md ta d bang 3.2.
Qua kflt qua thu nghiflm phan ung ciia voi vdi kien vang nhan thay, ea 4 ca the voi dflu cd biflu hien gidng nhau d thir nghiflm 1 va 2 trong ca 2 l§n lap, dd la dflu diing vdi giii sach thiic an trudc khi an. Diflu nay cd thfl giai thich do voi sg cac loii cdn triing dac biet la kifln bi lan trong thirc an, cac loai cdn triing nhd nay se chui vao vdi va chich phan thit mflm trong vdi. Do do, phan xa diing voi giu thirc an difln ra nhu mpt thdi quen trong khi an Clia voi.
Ci thii nghiflm thii 3, tai lin lap I chi cd I ca thfi voi la Budn Kham (42 tudi) biflu hien d miic dp 3 tiic la khdng ehiu di qua con dudng phat hifln thay cd kifln, 3 ca thfl voi cdn lai dflu di qua nhung co biflu hien tranh ne eac canh cay cd kifln. Tai lan lap 2, cd 2 ca thfl voi la Thdng Ngan (22 tudi) va Buon Kham (42 tudi) khdng chiu di qua con dudng co kifln, I ca thfl voi la Thdng Kham (22 tudi) di qua nhung tranh td kifln va 1 ea thfl voi la Y Khun (59 tudi) be eac nhanh cay bfln dudng dfl phiii kien.
Nhu vay, cd thfl thiy tai lin lap 2, hiu hflt cac ca the voi dflu biflu hifln phan img d miic dp cao hon lan lap I. Cd the giai thieh do lin lap 1 voi chua cd su dfl phdng, cac td kifln ehua bi tac ddng nfln chua canh giac. Them vao dd, khi voi di qua can mdt thdi gian de kien tda ra, bd Ifln ea the dfl chui vao cac hoc mat, mieng va trong vdi de can.
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Tap chi sd 32. thang 10-2018, trUdng Dai hgc Tay Nguyfln ISSN 1859-4611 Dfl kiem chiing lai nhirng phan img nay, chiing
toi thuc hien thii nghiflm 4 va kflt qua cho thay d ca 2 lan lap, ca 4 ca the voi dflu di qua con dudng khong cd kifln mgt each binh thudng.
Nhu vay, kflt hpp vdi ket qua ke thiia tir nghifln Cliu cua tifln sT Todd Palmer (2010) ve phan ling
Bang 3.2. Ket qua thir nghiem phan irng cua voi vdi kien vang
cua voi khi an ihiic an cd hoac khdng cd kifln va Cling vdi kinh nghiflm ciia kiem lam, can bd bao tdn d VQG Yok Ddn ngudi dan dia phucmg, cd the khang dinh rang phan ling ciia voi khi phat hifln thay hoac bi kifln vang tiep xiic true tiep la kha rd ret
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Thii nghiem
TNI TNI TNI TNI TNI TNI TNI TNI TN2 TN2 TN2 TN2 TN2 TN2 TN2 TN2
Lan lap 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
r^. ..i Mu-c do . . . Cathe vol , .;; . , / Stt
bleu hien Thong Ngan
(22 tu6i) Thong Kham (22 tu6i) Buon Kham (42 tuoi) Y Khun (59 tuoi) Thong Ngan (22 moi) Thong Kham (22 hi6i) Buon Kham (42 tuoi) Y Khun (59 tu6i) Thong Ngan (22 tu6i) Thong Kham (22 tuoi) Buon Kham (42 tuoi) Y Khun (59 tuoi) Thong Ngan (22 tu6i) Thong Kham (22 tuoi) Buon Kham (42 tuoi) Y Khun (59 tuoi)
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Thir nghiem
TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN3 TN4 TN4 TN4 TN4 TN4 TN4 TN4 TN4
Lan lap 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Ca the voi Thong Ngan (22 tu6i) Thong Kham (22 tu6i) Buon Kham (42 tuoi) Y Khun (59 tuoi) Thong Ngan (22 ni6i) Thong Kham (22 ni6i) Buon Kham (42 Uioi) Y Khun (59 tuoi) Thong Ngan (22 tu6i) Thong Kham (22 tu6i) Buon Kham (42 tuoi) Y Khun (59 tuoi) Thong Ngan (22 tu6i) Thong Kham (22 tu6i) Buon Kham (42 tuoi) Y Khun (59 tuoi)
MITC do bleu hien
1 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
47
Tap chi sd 32, thang 10-2018. trddng Dai hpc Tay Nguyen li.SN 1859-4611
Hinh 3.1. Y Khun tranh cac to kien trfln dudng di
Hinh 3.2. Y Khun gm thirc an trtrdc khi an
Hinh 3.3. Buon Kham giu thirc an trudc khi an
Hinh 3.4. Y Khun va Buon Kham Hinh 3.5. Thong Kham giu Hinh 3.6. Thdng Ngan khdng giu thuc an trudc khi an thiic an trirdc khi an chiu di qua con dirdng co kien 4. KET LUAN
4.1. Kit lugn
Kflt qua trao doi, phong van: cd 72,7% sd ngudi dugc phdng van cho ring voi sg kifln vang va cd phan ling biflu hifln d cac miic do khac nhau khi cd su tiflp xiic vdi kien vang; 9,1 % sd ngudi cho rang voi khdng so kifln vang; 18,2 % cdn lai khdng ro vfl cac phan img ciia voi vdi kifln.
Kflt qua thit nghiem vfl phan ling cua voi khi tiep xiic vdi kifln vang cho thay:
- Khi tiep xiic gian tiflp vdi kien vang qua thiic an ua thich: Voi cd thdj quen dfl phdng cac loai cdn triing dinh trong thiic an nfln ludn giii, dap sach cac loai thiic an trudc khi dua vao miflng. Tat ca 04 ca thfl voi dflu khflng cd phan ling khac biet khi an thiic an cd kifln vang va thiie an khdng ed kifln vang.
- Khi phat hifln va tiflp xiic true tiflp vdi kien vang trfln dudng di: Voi cd cac phan ung ro rang nhu tranh ne, diing cac nhanh eay xua dudi kien, tham ehi khdng dam di qua doan dudng cd su xuat hien cua nhiing dan kifln vang.
Nhan dinh: Kifln vang (O. smaragdina Fabricius^ la mot trong nhiing Ioai edn triing ma voi khdng thich va se tim each de tranh ne khi phat hien thay hoac tiep xuc true tiflp.
4.2. Kien nghi
- Can trao ddi, phdng van thflm d nhiflu dja phuong cd voi khac nhau dfl so sanh; ciing nhu tang so lupng ca thfl voi thu nghiflm, d cac do tuoi khac nhau dfl cd the khang dinh chic chin hon ket qua phat hifln.
- Can cd nghifln ciiu ve tap tinh va theo doi phan ling "Voi - Kifln" ddi vdi quan the voi ning.
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Tap chi so 32. thang 10-2018, trUdng Dai hpc Tay Nguyen ISSN 1859-4611 REACTIONS OF ELEPHANTS WHEN DETECTING AND EXPOSING TO WEAVER ANTS
(OECOPHYLLA SMARAGDINA FABRICIUS)
Tran Thi Le Tra\ Cao Thi Ly^ Pham Duy Man*
Received Date: 01/9/2018; Revised Date: 15/9/2018; Accepted for Publication: 30/9/2018 SUMMARY
One of the solutions to prevent entry of wild elephants into farming areas, to mitigate daraage of crops, assets and human life of the people in areas that have Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) is to rely on elephant instinctive behaviors of dislike, shyness and avoidance against some plant and animal species.
By the methods of inheritance reference, reality investigation via group discussion and deep interview with merabers who had experiences or direct contact with elephants, combined with carrying out experiraents to learn whether weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) is a species that elephants dislike. The results showed that 72,7% of the interviewee agreed that elephants were afraid of ants and usually had reactions such as driving ants away or avoiding upon contact with ants. Additionally, the test results also showed that elephants had clear reactions such as avoiding, using branches to drive ants away, and even did not dare to walk on paths that had sign of weaver ants. Therefore, it can be said that the weaver ant (O smaragdina Fabricius) is one of the species that elephants dislike.
Keywords: Human Elephant Conflie (HEC), weaver ants, experiment.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Bg Khoa hpc, Cdng nghe va Vien Khoa hpe & Cdng nghe Viet Nam (2007), Sdch Dd Viit Nam- Phdn Dpng vdt. NXB Khoa hpc tu nhifln va Cdng nghe. Ha Ndi.
Cao Thi Ly, Nguyen Cdng Tai Anh, Nguyen Van Doan, Dd Khanh Dang (2016), Xung dot Voi - Nguai a Viet Nam - Thuc trgng vd khuyen nghi. Bao cao tu van, WWF Viet Nam, Ha Ndi.
Jacob R. Goheen, Todd M. Palmer (2010), Defensive Plant-Ants Stabilize Megaherbivore-Driven Landscape Change in an Afi-ican Savanna, eunent-biology Publish, Volume 20, Issue 19, pl768- 1772; http://www.amusingplanet.com.
4 MSc, Faculty of Forestry Agriculture, Tay Nguyen University;
5 Assoc Prof Phd. Faculty of Forestry Agriculture. Tay Nguyen University, 6 Dak Lak Forest Protection Department,
Corresponding author. Tran Thi Le Tra, Tel: 0974741770, Email- [email protected].
