MOT SO TEL^Y DOI
BAJ^GG m NHAJV
\ T : TELIATH FBINDICH HAI LUA TRONG 30 NAM (1976 - 2005) 6 \TET N.-VM
Nguyin Van DTnli* Biii ST Doanh**
* TrUdng Dai hoc Nong nghiep Hd Noi
** Cuc Bdo ve thiic vdt
1. Gidfi t h i ? u c h u n g
Trong 30 nam 1976 - 2005, Viet N a m da thu difgc t h a n h tich to ldn ve kinh te xa hgi. Rieng ve m a t ndng nghiep, t h a n h tich ldn nha't dd la ttf mgt nifdc thie'u doi lifang thgc tram trgng trd t h a n h nifdc xua't khau gao ldn thd 2 the gidi. Tren khia canh sinh thai mdi tru'dng, 30 n a m qua cung la 30 n a m vdi nhiifng thay ddi to ldn. Do la he thdng thuy lgi difgc xay dgng, bie'n nhieu vung tnfdc day chi gieo cay difge 01 vu Ida nay co the lam difgc 2 - 3 vg lua/nam, nhieu vung sinh lay t h a n h vung trong Ida nang sua't cao, hoac bie'n nhieu vung kho b a n nay da cd nifdc tifdi canh tac Ida thuan lgi. Theo sd lieu eua Tdng cge thd'ng ke (2007), dien tich Ida tang lien tge td nam 1976 va dat cao nha't la 7,67 trieu ba vao n a m 2000, sau dd giam dan, cdn 7,32 trieu ha. Thay ddi thd 2 la gid'ng Ida, so vdi n a m 1976 thi eho de'n nay ea eau gio'ng Ida tai cac vung Ida trgng diem cd nhieu thay doi ldn. Cac gid'ng Ida dia phifang, p h a n dng vdi anh sang, hay dd, nang sua't tha'p difge thay bkng cac gid'ng tha'p cay, chiu t h a m canh va nang sua't eao. 0 Dong bkng Sdng Hong, theo ke't qua nghien cdu cua Trung t a m Khao kiem nghiem gid'ng cay trong Trung ifOng, trong khoang 10 n a m lai day, gid'ng Ida thuan va Ida lai Trung Qud'e ngay cang chie'm ty le ldn, lam cho gid'ng Ida ngi dia giam td 40%
nam nam trifdc (2005) va nay (2009) ehi con 12% vdi 2 gid'ng la Xi23 eua Vien Khoa hgc ky thuat Viet Nam va IRRI 352 eua Vien nghien edu Ida qudc te. (J Dong bkng song Cdu Long xu the rd r e t la t a n g dien tich cac gid'ng cd chat lifgng eao.
Ve m a t canh tac ky t h u a t , t h a y ddi bao t r u m la viec sd dgng p h a n bdn hoa hgc, don nguyen to' va da nguyen to' va thud'c bao ve thgc vat (BVTV) t a n g m a n h . Theo sd heu thd'ng ke td n a m 1991 de'n 2007 t h i thud'c t r d sau cd xu the giam dan td 83.3% (1991) cdn 37.0% (2007), t r o n g khi dd, thud'e t r d ed cd xu the t a n g dan, td 4.1% (1991) len 29.8% (2007), lifgng thud'e tieu thg d Viet N a m trong 10 n a m trd lai day t a n g d a n g ke, xap xi mdc tieu thg d T h a i Lan, Indonesia, Malaysia... nhutig tha'p b a n nhieu so vdi eac nifdc N h a t Ban, H a n Qud'e.
Hien tifgng phd bie'n la p h a n bdn (chu ye'u la p h a n dam) thufdng du'gc sd dgng qua mdc va thud'e BVTV k h d n g difge sd dgng theo "4 dung". Day la nguyen n h a n sau xa lam t h a y ddi da d a n g s i n h hgc va lam m a t can bkng sinh hgc trong sinh quan rudng Ida.
Cd't ldi eho sg t h a y ddi trong n d n g nghiep la "chinh sach ddi mdi" cua n h a nifdc nam 1986, cho p h e p ndng hg t g chu trong s a n xua't, da huy dgng td'i da cac nguon lgc thuc day s a n xua't.
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QLOC VE BVTV L.VN THll' 3 •:*
Nhd nhu'ng thay ddi tich cge dd da du'a n a n g sua't Ida lien tge t a n g , tu'ang dng cho cac n a m 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 la 2,18 ta'n/ha, 3,69 ta'n/ha, 4,24 ta'n/ha va 4,89 ta'n/ha (Tdng cge thd'ng ke, 2007).
Mac du con mgt sd b a n ehe, nhif chifa cd n h d n g n g h i e n cdu m a n g t i n h chien lifgc ve dg t i n h dg bao sau b e n h hai, p h a t t r i e n cac bien p h a p va s a n p h a m bao ve thgc v a t m a n g t i n h sinh thai, n g a n h Bao ve thgc vat da k h a chu dgng va t h a n h cong trong phdng chd'ng cae loai dich h a i Ida.
2. Phufofng p h a p thu thap so' li^u
* Sd heu thd'ng ke ve mdc do phd bie'n, tinh h i n h gay h a i cua cac loai dich hai tren Ida du'gc tap hgp theo tdng vung, tdng nam, va tdng giai doan 10 n a m (1976 - 1985), (1986 - 1995), (1996 - 2005) eua Cge BVTV, cac Trung t a m BVTV vung cua Cge BVTV qua eac n a m va 64 chi cge BVTV tinh. Sd heu dieu t r a dg t i n h dg bao dufgc eac can bg ky thuat (ed t r i n h do td trung cap trd len) thgc hien, t a p hgp td cac t r a m huyen gdi len chi cge BVTV tinh. Cae chi cge BVTV tinh t a p h g p sd heu gdi eho cac Trung t a m BVTV vung. Cae trung t a m BVTV vung tap hgp sd lieu gdi Cge BVTV. Mdc do phd bie'n, du'gc danh gia bkng chi tieu t a n sua't bkt gap vdi eac ky hieu:
+++: Rat phd bie'n (tan sua't bkt gap > 50%); -i-+: P h d bie'n ( t a n sua't b a t gap 25 - 50%) ; +: it pho bie'n (tan sua't bkt gap 5 - 25%).
* Dgt dich: Difge Bg Ndng nghiep va P T N T edng bd t h a n h dich
* Chi sd k h a c biet ve sd lifgng cac loai dich h a i giufa 2 h o a c 3 giai d o a n dufgc tinh theo cdng thdc Odum (1971).
3. Ket qua va t h a o l u a n .
3.1. Cdc vu dich tren lua
Td n a m 1976 de'n nay ea nifdc da xua't h i e n 11 dgt dich sau h a i Ida (bang 1).
Trung binh cd 2 - 3 n a m lai ed 1 vg dich.
Trong sd dd cd 7 dgt dich do edn t r u n g , 1 dgt do vi s i n h vat, 1 dgt do nhuyin the (dc bifcfu vang), 1 dgt dich do dgng v a t (chugt) va 1 dgt do ca cdn t r u n g va vi sinh vat gay nen.
Trong 11 dgt dich t r e n thi 2 dgt dich do r a y nau gay r a ( n a m 1978 - 1980) va r a y nau vdi b e n h vang lun, lun xoan la (2007) la khd'c liet h a n ca, de doa nghiem t r g n g de'n an n i n h lifang thgc.
Bang 1 . Dgft djch hai tren cay lua trong thofi gian 1976 de'n nay
sn
1 2 3 4 5 6
Dich hai Ray nau
Sau nan Bo xit si/ng Sau duc than Bp xit dai Sau cuo'n la nho
Ndm xay ra dich 1978 - 1980 1979- 1981 1978 - 1980
1984 1986- 1987 1990 - 1991
Dia phifcfng x^y ra dich Dong bSng song CCfu long
Mien Trung (Binh Tri Thien - Phu Khanh) Ha Bac
Cac tinh mien Bac va khu 4 Nghe an, Ha TTnh va Thanh Hoa Ca nude
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QLOC VE BVTV LAN THLi 3
STT
10 11'
Dich hai Benh dao on ChuOt Oc bUdu vang Sau cuon la nho Ray nau, B?nh vang lun, xoan la
Nam xay ra dich 1S92 - 1995 1995 - 1997 1995 - 1997
2001 2006 - 2009 (tam tinh de'n 2009)
Dja phtfJng xay ra dich Cac tinh mien Bac
Ca nude Ca nude Cac tinh Bac bo Cac tinh f^am bo
Ghi chii: * Vu miia nam 2009 dich lun lui gay hai nang d mdt sd tinh mien bac (Nghe An vd Nam Dinh...) dugc xdc dinh li do lodi virus mang ten Lim soc den phuang nam hay cdn ggi Id lun lui (SRBSDV) gay nen. Loai benh ndy truyen gua ray lung trdng Sogatella furcifera vd ray ndu nhd Laodelphax striatellus, nhdng khdng truyen gua ray ndu Nllaparrvata lugens (Zhou et al. 2008).
Trong 3 mien, sd lifgng cae vg dich h a i Ida khdng deu nhau (Bang 2). Mien Bae va mien Trung dien tieh Ida it, chi b a n g k h o a n g 1 nda (2,5 trieu ha) so vdi mien Nam (5,0 trieu ha), n h u ^ g cd sd lifgng cac dgt dich nhieu b a n mien Nam.
Being 2. So lu'gfng cac dtft djch tren lua & mien Bic, mien Trung va mien Nam cac giai doan tif nam 1976 de'n n3m 2006
Cac giai doan Giai doan (1976-1985) Giai doan (1986 - 1995) Giai doan (1996 - 2005) Tdng
Mien Bdc 2 4 2 8
Mig'n Trung 2 4 1 7
Mien Nam 1 3 2 6
Khdng chi cd vay, ty le dien tieh Ida bi h a i do 9 nhdm dich h a i trong 5 n a m 1999 - 2003 p h a n theo 2 mien, mien N a m va mien Bkc, thi ty le bi h a i d mien Bkc eao ban r a t nhieu so vdi mien Nam. Chi cd 2 dich h a i la de bifau v a n g va lem lep h a t dien tieh bi h a i d mien N a m eao b a n m i e n Bae (Bang 3).
B^ng 3. Dien ti'ch lua bj hai ii mien Nam va mien Bdc, bj hai n^ng (Na) va m§'t trdng (MT) c i ni/(Jc trung binh trong 5 n3m 1999 - 2003 (ha)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Nhom loai Cuo'n la nho B?nh kho vjn
Ray nau & ray limg trdng Oao on la & CO bdng ChuOt
Sau dye than Oc baou vang B^nh bac la Den lep hat
Mien Bic 706974 561526.2 213208.8 76301 90011.8 183304.8 28055.25 86429.2 25287.25
Mien Nam 231669 146028.4 195699.6 222676 99016.2 81827.8 100347 22262.2 55235.75
Ca nifdc 938643 707554.6 408908.4 298977 268076 265132.6 128402.3 108691.4 80523
Na 182950.8 47391.8 34287.4 6802 9880 23144.2 1338 15676 2434.25
MT 272.25 50 179.175 156.1 209.5 245.2 80
(Ngudn: Nguyen Van DM, 2005)
HQI NGHJ KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TO.\N QLOC VE BVTV LAN THLf 3 • 239^
o.ii. may uoi ve inann pnan, van xuui xuui men vu /nuc uu guy ngi cua cac lodi thiidng gap
3.2.1. Thay ddi ve thdnh phdn vd tdn xudt xudt hien cua cdc lodi thiidng gdp Theo cac bao cao dieu t r a t i n h h i n h dich h a i Ida cua cua Cge BVTV, trong 3o n a m (1976 - 2005) da thu t h a p difgc 27 loai con t r u n g h a i va 16 loai b e n h hai va 3 loai dgng vat khac gay hai pho bie'n t r e n cay Ida (Bang 4).
Bang 4. Thanh phan va mu'c flp xua't hien cua cac loai sau benh hai chinh tren cay lua of Viet Nam & cac giai floan tif nam 1976 - 2006
sn
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22- 23 24 25 26 27 Jl
1 2 3
Ten khoa hgc
Con triing
Scirpophaga incertulas Walker Chilo suppessalls Walker Chllotraea auricilia DuDGEOfJ Nymphula depunctalis Guenee Cnaphalocrocis medlnalls Guene Sesamia Inferens Walker Mythlmna separate Walker Mythlmna venabba?
Mythlmna toreyi Duponchel Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval Naranga aenescens Moore Parnara guttata Bremer & Grey Dicladispa armigera OLIVIER Leptocorisa acuta Thinb.
Cletus trigonus Thumb.
Scotinophora lurlda Burmeister Nezava viridula Linnaeus Nilaparvata lugens Stal Sogatella furcifera Horvoth Nephotettix apicalis Motschulsky Parabemisia sp
Aphis sp
Pachydiplosis oryzae Wood-Mason Hydrellia Philippine Ferino Chlorops sp.
Oxya chinensis Thunberg Baliothnp biformis Benh hai
Piriculaha oryzae Cav.
Trichoconis padv>'ickl Ganguly Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan
Ten Vi§t Nam
Sau dye than budm hai cham Sau duc than 5 vach dau nau Sau duc than 5 vach dau den Sau phao
Sau cudn la nho Sau duc than cu meo Sau cSn oie
Sau can gie Sau cjn gie Sau keo Sau do xanh Sau cudn la I6n Sau gai Bo xit dai Bo xit SL/ng Bo xit den Bo xit xanh Ray nau Ray iLfng trSng Ray xanh duoi den Bo phan
Rep re Sau nan Ruoi den Ruoi vang Chau chau Bo tr?
Benh dgo on BQnh vet nau xam Benh tiem lua
GD 1 (1976 - 1985)
+-I-+
+ + +
-I-+
+
-I-+
+ + + ++
+ +++
++-!•
++
+ +++
++
+ + +++
•¥
+ ++
++
++ + +-f
++
GO 2 (1986 - 1995)
-i-h-h
+ + +
+-h
+ + + + + ++
-f
++^- ++
++
+
-!•++
-I-
+ + +
-H+
-^
+ ++
++
+-I-+
++
+
GD3 (1996- 2005)
+++
+ + + +++
+ + + + ++
++
++
++
+++
++
+++
+ +++
++
++
++
++
+ ++
++
+++
+++
+++
++
++
V HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TO.\N QLOC VE BVTV L.XN THL' 3 <' 240
sn
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 III 1 2 3
Ten khoa hgc Ten Vi?t Nam
Curvulana lunata (Wakker) Boedijn Benh ddm nau Nigrospora or/zae Fetch
Fusanum moniliforme Seldon Sclerotium oryzae Cattaneo Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
Neovossia horrida Padwick & A. Khan Ustilaginoidae virens
Xanthomonas campestns pv oryzae Xanthomonas campestns pv oryzicola Pseudomonas glumae Kurita and Tabel Rice tungro bacilliform Virus
Rice Ragged Stunt Virus Rice Grassy Stunt Virus Strain 2 Dong vat khac
Rattus argentlventer Robinson & Kloss Rattus losea Swinhoe
Pomacea canallculata Lamarck
Benh cham den Benh lua von Bunh tiem hach Benh kho vSn Benh than den Benh hoa cue Benh bac la
Benh ddm soc vi khuan Benh thdi hat vi khuan Benh tungro
Benh liJn xoan la Benh lua co Chuot dong ldn Chuot dong nho Oc buOu vang
GO 1 (1976 -
1985) + + + +++
+ +++
++
++
++
+ +
GO 2 (1986 -
1995)
GD3 (1996 -
2005) + i + +
+ +++
+ ++
++
++
+ + ++
+ + +
+ + + +++
+ + +++
++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
Ghi chu: +++ Rat pho bien;++ Tuong ddi pho bien; + It phd' bien
(Ngudn: Cue Bao v$ thdc vdt (nam 1976 - 2005}
Cae loai con trung hai thugc 15 hg, 6 bg. Trong so nay, bg Lepidoptera co so' lu'gng loai Icfn nha't gom 12 loai thugc 3 hg, trong do hg Pyralidae va Noctuidae eo so loai chie'm UU the la 11 loai. Bg Coleoptera co 5 loai thugc 3 hg, trong do hg Coreidae va hg Pentatomidae m6i hg co 2 loai. Bg Homoptera eo so' hg ldn nha't (4 hg), 5 loai trong do hg Delphacidae eo 2 loai, cac hg khac moi hg co 1 loai. Bg Diptera co 3 hg, moi hg co 1 loai. Bg Orthoptera va Thysanoptera moi bg co 1 hg, moi hg co 1 loai.
Ve benh hai, nhom n a m Mycelia moniliales co so lifgng loai la ldn nha't, 8 loai thugc 3 hg trong do hg Mematiaceae, hg Tuberculariaeae co so lifgng loai ldn nha't 3 loai, tie'p theo la hg Monihaceae gom co 2 loai. Nhom n a m Ustilaginales gom eo 2 hg, moi hg co 1 loai. Nhom vi k h u a n gom eo 3 loai trong do co 2 loai Xanthomonas.
Nbom benh Virus gom co 3 loai gay b e n h vang lun va lun x o i n la.
. Trong so cac loai sau hai thi Sau dgc t h a n hai cha'm, Sau cuon la nho, Ray nau, Bg xit dai, Bg xit den, Chau chau, Bg tri la nhUng loai sau hai luon co mufc do pho bien eao (+++) d ta't ca cac nam. Trong so' cac loai benh hai thi Benh dao on, Benh kho vkn, Benh bae la la nhdng benh cung luon xua't hien thifdng trUe t r e n dong rugng va sg gay hai eung thifdng d mdc do cad (+++). Trong sd 6 loai sau hai va 4 loai benh hai quan trgng ndi t r e n chung toi tha'y rkng: Mae dij xua't hien thifdng xuyen tren dong rugng nhUng mdc do gay hai a eac n a m khae nhau, d cac vung mien khac nhau la khae nhau. Ben canh dd mgt sd loai sau benh hai khac tuy mdc do pho bie'n d mdc do trung binh (++) nhifng eung tifOng ddi quan trgng vi ne'u gap dieu kien thdi tiet va moi trifdng thuan lgi ehung d l lay lan thanli dich.
•:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TO.VN QLOC VE BVTV LAN THL' 3
Ke't qua thu difgc cho thay trong giai doan 1 (1976 - 1985) cd 39 loai, giai doan 2 (1986 - 1995) cd 43 loai va giai doan 3 (1996 - 2005) ed 46 loai. Trong dd cd 37 loai xua't hien trong ca 3 giai doan. So sanh sg bie'n dgng ve t h a n h p h a n loai trong cac giai doan thi giai doan 1 so vdi giai doan 3 cd chi sd ldn n h a t (0,13), sau den giai doan 1 so vdi giai doan 2 (0,10) va nho nha't la giai doan 2 so vdi giai doan 3 (0,07).
3.2.2. Mgt sd thay ddi ve mdc do gdy hgi
Bang 5 het ke sg thay doi ve mdc do pho bie'n cua 17 loai dich hai da tifng difgc xep h a n g r a t pho bien tren eay lua (+++). Giai doan 1976 - 1985 cd 7 loai, giai doan 1986 - 1995 cd 5 loai va 1996-2005 cd 16 loai. Nhd vay, giai doan 1996 - 2005 cd so loai rat pho bie'n cao nha't va va xu the ro ret la mdc do xua't hien cang ve cud'i cang cao.
BSng 5. Si/ thay floi vi mu'c flp pho bie'n cua cac loai djch hai fla tifng ra't pho bie'n tren rugng lua trong cac giai doan 1976 - 2006
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Loai dich hai Sau duc than hai cham Sau cudn la nho Bo xit dai Bo xit den Bo xit sUng Ray nau Chau chau Bo trT B?nh dao on Benh kho vin Benh bac la B^nh tungro Benh lun xoan la Bfnh lua co Chuot ddng Idn Chuot dong nhd dc bUOu vang
Ten khoa hgc Scirpophaga incertulas Cnaphalocrocis medlnalls Leptoconsa acuta Scotinophora lunda Cletus tngonus Nilaparvata lugens Oxya chinensis Baliothrip bifornus PIriculana oryzae Rhizoctonia solani
Xanthomonas campestns pv oryzae Rice tungro bacilliform Virus Rice Ragged Stunt Virus Rice Grassy Stunt Virus Strain 2 Rattus argentlventer
Rattus losea Pomacea canallculata
(1976 - 1985) +++
++
+++
++
+++
+++
++
++
+++
+++
+++
++
+ +
(1986 - 1995) +++
++
+++
++
++
+++
++
++
+++
+++
++
+ + ++
+ + +
(1996 - 2005) +++
+++
+++
+++
++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
Ghi chu: +++ Rat phd bien; ++ TUdng ddi phd bien; + It phd bie'n
Trong so' 17 loai neu t r e n cd 5 loai la Sau dgc t h a n 2 cha'm, bg xit dai, ray nau, b e n h dao dn va b e n h kho van trong 30 n a m qua thifdng xuyen xua't h i e n of mufc rat pho bie'n.
Can lifu y la khdng chi mufc do pho bie'n cua cac loai t r e n 2 m i e n la k h a c nhau ma dgc t i n h hoac mdc do gay h a i cung k h a c nhau va theo xu t h e chung la nhijfng n a m gan day (giai doan 1996 - 2005) mdc do gay h a i n g a y m g t t a n g .
Vi dg n h u sau dgc t h a n 2 cha'm, mac du nhieu n a m nay xua't h i e n d mufc r a t pho bien t r e n mien Bkc, dac biet tai nhieu t i n h ven bien, nhifng hau nhif lai chi xuat hien d mdc it pho bie'n d Dong bkng Song Cdu Long. Khdng chi cd vay, nhieu thong
• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CO.NG NGHE TOAN QLOC VE BVTV LAN THLf 3 • 242
tin cho tha'y so' Idgng t r d n g t r e n 1 6, mdc do gay h a i (non heo va bong bae) do 1 6 trdng gay n e n t a n g h a n r a t nhieu so vdi n h d n g n a m 1976-1980. Ngoai ra. da ghi nhan cd tdi 16 - 17 sau non trong 1 d a n h Ida.
Doi vdi r a y nau, nghien cdu d Dong b k n g song Cdu Long n h d n g n a m 1980 cho thay rkng ray nau d dong bkng sdng Cdu Long (DBSCL) ve ccf ban la Biotj^De 2 nhdng kha n a n g thich dng dang t a n g len ro ret, dang chuyen bie'n t h a n h Biotype mdi hoac mgt dang sinh hge mdi theo vung nhifng k h o n g p h a i la Biotype 3 (Nguy§n Van Luat va CTV., 1991). Trong khi dd, vao n h d n g n a m 1996 - 1999 d dong bkng va Trung du Bkc bg, mgt sd gid'ng k h a n g r a y nau Biotype 2 nhu" ASD7, CR 84-1, CR 84-2 da bi n h i i m d mdc do eao (Nguyen Cong T h u a t va CTV., 2000). Do n g a n each dia ly bdi day Trifdng Scfn, da h i n h t h a n h it nha't 2 quan the ray nau phia Bkc va r a y nau phia Nam, dai dien cua 2 quan the nay lay tai Ha Ngi va Tien Giang the h i e n dgc t i n h k h a c nhau khi nudi t r e n cac gen k h a n g chuan (Nguyen Van Dinh va Nguyin Thi Lien, 2006). Dd'i vdi cae gid'ng Ida m a n g gen k h a n g r a y nau chuan la cac gid'ng ADR 52, Mudgo, Rathu heenati, ASD7, Babawe, ARC10550, mang cac gien tifcfng dng la Wph3 Bph-QTL5, B p h l ; Bph2; Bph3; Bph4; va Bph5 va gid'ng dd'i chdng TC 65 difgc lay n h i e m r a y tuoi 2 t r e n cay ma hai la trong d'ng nghiem, mdc do gay hai cua 2 quan the r a y cd k h a e nhau (Bang 6).
Bang 6. Ca'p hai do 2 quan the ray nau Tien Giang va Ha Npi gay ra do'i vd'i cac gio'ng lua mang gen khang ray nau chuan
ThiJ tif 1
CNJ
3 4 5 6 7
Ten gio'ng
ADR52 IVludgo Rathu heenati ASD7 Babawe ARC10550 TC65
Gen
Wph3 bph-QTL5 Bphl
Bph3 Bph2 Bph4 Bph5 Chuan nhiim
Ray nau Ha Ndi .5NSL
3.f 3.7' 1.3' 7.7^
1.3"
6.8"
8.2'"
7NSL 4.1^
5.3' 3.1"
9.0' 2.2'"
8.2°
9.0"
Ray nau Tien Giang 5NSL
3.0' 4.2"
3.1"
8.T 24m 8.8°
7.6*
7NSL 5.2' 7.1^
4.1' 8.9' 5.3' 9.0°
9.0'
(Ngudn: Nguyen Vdn Dinh vd Tran Thi Lien, 2005) Ghi chu: NSL la ngay sau ISy nhi§m
Ddi vdi r a y d Ha Ngi, cac gid'ng lua Rathu heenati m a n g gen Bph3 va gio'ng Babawe m a n g gien Bph 4 v a n gid dggc t i n h khang. Cdn dd'i vdi ray d Tien Giang chi cd 1 gid'ng Rathu heenati m a n g gen Bph3 gid difge tinh khang. Cac gid'ng mang Bph 5 va Bph 2 trd n e n n h i i m cao dd'i vdi ea 2 quan the r a y nau.
Chkc c h i n rang, khi nghien cdu ehi tie't ve dgc tinh hoac mdc do gay hai cua eac loai dich hai Ida trong 30 nam qua^ chdng ta ed the se thu difgc nhdng ke't qua tifcfng tg.
3.3. Sii xuat hi^n Nh^n gie vd Rdy ndu nho cdnh bdo ve sit mdt cdn bdng sinh thdi nghiem trgng
Tai bang 6 cd 3 loai dich h a i (benh lun xoan la b e n h Ida eo va d'c bdau vang) khdng difgc ghi n h a n vao giai doan 1976 - 1985, nhdng de'n giai doan 1996 - 2005
HQI NGHJ KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TO.VN QLOC VE BVTV LAN THLf 3 <•
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lai bung p h a t so' Idgng t h a n h dich. Vay heu 2 loai dich h a i mdi bung p h a t so' lugng nhieu trong mgt vai vg gan day (nhen gie - Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley va ray nau nhd - Laodelphax striatellus) cd p h a i la n h d n g loai r a t pho bien t r o n g tuang lai. Dieu n a y la r a t cd the xay ra, bdi vi theo k i n h n g h i e m cua n h i e u nadc phat t r i e n , n h d m dich h a i do con ngifdi tao r a (man m a d e pests) la n h d n g d g n g vat nho de'n r a t nhd, cd td'c do p h a t t r i e n n h a n h , vdng ddi ngkn, t r o n g dieu k i e n m a t can' bkng sinh hgc, t h i e n dich khdng du sdc khd'ng che, chung t h d d n g xua't h i e n nhieu, tac h a i ddi khi r a t khd lifdng.
3.3.1. Nhen gie, Steneotrsonemus spinki (benh ego gid /ndm be)
Day la loai difgc Ngd Dinh Hoa (1992) ghi n h a n gay h a i k h a n a n g t r e n lua of T h d a T h i e n Hue. La loai cd m a t k h a thu'dng xuyen t r e n Ida d D o n g bkng Song Cdu Long, nhu'ng h a u nhif chifa difgc ghi n h a n gay h a i d m i e n Bac Viet Nam ( N g u y i n V a n Dinh va Vifcfng Tie'n Hung, 2007). Loai dich h a i n a y t h u g c bg Ve bet (Acarina), ccf the r a t nho (0,2 - 0,35 mm) mau s a n g bae hcfi trong, sd'ng trong be la Ida, chich h d t dich eay, tao n e n cac vet h a i t r e n t h a n cd m a u r a m nau (nam be), p h a buy hoa Ida lam che't hoa, h a t lep hoac ldng. N h e n ed v d n g ddi ng^n (khoang 1 tuan), sdc de t r d n g k h a cao, ty le t a n g t g n h i e n cao, l a m giam nang sua't de'n 59% (Nguyen Van Dinh va T r a n Thi Thu Phu-omg, 2006; Dd Thi Dao va CTV., 2008). d mien Bac, trong 2 vg mda gan day, N h e n gie gay h a i t r e n dien tieh k h a ldn, n a m sau cao ban n a m trifde. Theo ke't qua dieu t r a b a n dau cua nhom n g h i e n cdu thugc trUdng Dai hge Ndng n g h i e p H a Ngi, t h i t a i n h d n g nai cd nhen gie gay h a i nhieu nhif t a i Hifng Yen, Phu Thg, thifdng tha'y m a t do eac loai nhen nho b a t moi hg Phytoseiidae r a t tha'p.
3.3.2. Rdy ndu nhd/Ray xdm/ Laodelphax striatellus F.
Loai Laodelphax striatellus F. cd tdi 19 t e n khoa hgc dong d a n h , cd t e n tieng Anh la Small brown planthopper, Smaller brown p l a n t h o p p e r . Corn small brown planthopper. Sugarcane small brown planthopper... Tieng Viet la Ray n a u nhd hoac Ray xam (trifdc day). Day la loai sau hai ed p h a n bd r a t r g n g va da thifc, ban than t i e n g Anh cdng cho tha'y day la loai gay hai t r e n ca ngd va mia. Theo nghien cufu eua N g u y i n Ddc Khiem (1995) t h i loai n a y khi nudi t r o n g n h i e t do 25 - 26,6o C va do am 92 - 93,8% vdng ddi trung binh la 24 ngay. Dieu t r a t a i H a Ngi td 23/9 - 1/11/1989, ty le r a y canh ngkn so vdi r a y c a n h dai la 2 , 1 , tha'p b a n nhieu so v6i r a y lifng trkng.
Trong vg mua 1989, ray nau nhd cd 3 Ida, Ida t h d h a i cd m a t do cao nha't (ngay 6/10/89 dat 423 con/m2), khdng tha'y ghi n h a n trieu chdng gay h a i n h d hien nay (vg xuan n a m 2009): tap trung chu ye'u t r e n bdng Ida vg xuan, h u t dich, tao nen eac dam mugi nau t r e n be m a t la Ida.
N h u vay, r a y nau nhd da tdng xua't h i e n vdi m a t do tifang dd'i cao, n h d n g khong ghi n h a n h i e n tifgng "chay", mdc do gay h a i tha'p b a n nhieu so vdi 2 loai ray hai t h a n k h a c la ray nau va ray lu^g trkng.
V HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QLOC VE BVTV LAN THI? 3 •
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N h a n x e t chung:
- Cd sg t h a y doi ve mdc do xua't h i e n gay h a i cua cac loai dich hai Ida vdi xu the la n h d n g n a m gan day mdc do xua't h i e n gay h a i cua nhieu loai gia tang, dac biet la cac loai virus va cac loai cd ty le t a n g t g n h i e n cao
- Sg gia t a n g ve mdc do xua't hien gay hai cua t a p doan sau hai Ida la he qua cua qua t r i n h san xua't lam thay doi can bkng sinh hge, lam giam da dang sinh hgc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Cge Bao ve t h d c v a t 2008. Bao eao ke't qua dieu t r a sau b e n h cac n a m 1976 - 2008
Ha Viet Cddng, N g u y i n Viet Hai, Vu Trieu M a n . 2009. Xae dinh nguyen n h a n gay b e n h lun sgc den (lun lgi) t r e n Ida mua n a m 2009 tai mien Bkc. Hgi thao Cdng nghe sinh hgc dng dgng trong ndng nghiep 21/10/2009, trifdng Dai hgc Ndng nghiep Ha Ngi.
- Dd Thi Dao, T r a n Thi Thu Phifang, N g u y i n Van Dinh. 2008. Nghien edu budc dau ve sg gay h a i cua n h e n gie. Hdi nghi Cdn t r u n g hgc lan thd 6: 512 -518.
Nguyen Van Dinh. 2004. Mdt so n h a n xet ve t i n h h i n h dich hai Ida trong 5 n a m 1999-2003. Tap ehi Bao ve thgc vat.
Nguyen Van Dinh, Vifang Tie'n Hung. 2007. T h a n h p h a n n h e n h a i Ida d vung Ha Ngi. Tap chi Bao ve thgc vat: 9-14.
- N g u y i n Van Dinh, T r a n Thi Thu PhifOng. 2006. Ke't qua nghien edu bifdc dau ve n h e n gie hai Ida Steneotaronemus spinki Smiley, 1967. Tap ehi Bao ve thgc vat. 9-13.
- N g u y i n Van Dinh, T r a n Thi Lien va H. Yasui. 2006. Resistance to Brown Plant Hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal., of major rice varieties in Vietnam.
Bulletin, Kyushu University
- Ngd Dinh Hoa. 1992. "Nhen nho h a i Ida d Thda Thien Hue", Tap ehi BVTV 6 (126).
- N g u y i n Ddc Khiem. 1995. Mgt sd ke't qua n g h i e n cdu ray lifng t r k n g va ray xam h a i Ida tai trifdng Dai hge Ndng nghiep Ha Ngi. Tap chi BVTV, so' 2 / 1 9 9 5 : 3 - 5
- GuoHuiZhou, J i n g J u n g W e n , D e J i a n g C a i , P e n g L i , DongLinXu and S h u G u a n g Z h a n g . 2008. S o u t h e r n rice black-streaked dwarf virus: A new proposed Fijivirus species in the family Reoviridae. Chinese Science Bulletin:
3677-3685.
- Ordum. P. Engene. 1997. F u n d a m e n t a l s of Ecology, Third Edition, W.B.
Saunders company, Philadelphia, London, Tornto, 740 p.
- Tong ege thd'ng k e , 2007.
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