Tha ca cac chiia Trinh - Mot san pham dien hinh cua dong van hoc cung dinh Viet Nam thoi trung dai
Nguyen Manh Ho&ng'"'
Tom tat: Trong su phdt trien vdn hgc thdi Li - Trinh, cdc thi nhdn chUa Trinh dd di lgi ddu dn dam net. Dong tha ca cdc chiia Trinh mang dam tinh chdt cung dinh, ngi dung tu tudng thudng tap trung vdo cdc vdn di ca bdn nhu: Ca ngai xd hgi, trieu dgi thdi binh, thinh tri; Td ro khdu khi cda cdc ddng minh qudn trong cdc cong viec tri su; Gido hudn cdc phgm trii dgo dice, nhdn ludn ciing nhu chuc phdn cUa quan, ddn trong vuang trieu;
Phu du, gido hudn cdc bi tdi. Ngon ngic, bdt phdp tha ca cdc chiia Trinh mang dam tinh chdt kinh vien, ddi cdc, bdc hgc, khudn thicc.
Tir khoa: Tho ca chiia Trinh, Chua Trinh, Van hge eung dinh, Van hgc trung dai Abstract: In the development of literature in the Le-Trinh imperial period, poetry by Trinh Lords characterized as a profound royal court style left a deep impression.
Its main contents and thoughts indicated basic themes including praising a peaceful and prosperous society, wise kings and their dynasties, conveying the moral values, promoting awareness of compliance, placating and educating servants. The literary language and composing techniques ofthe Trinh Lords prove a truly academic, graceful and formal style.
Keyword: TriiihLords'poetry, Trinh Lords, Court literature, Vietnamese Medieval Literature 1. Mff dau tri". Hp da de lai cho hau the nhieu ang Dii la nhirng bae quan vuong "Phi de thi ca ed gia tri hien nam rai rac trong phi ba/ Quyen khuynh thien ha" ludn ban eac sach dia ehi, lieh sir, gia pha, bia da, rdn ehinh sy va mai me chinh chien de bien gd, bang ddng,... d nhieu danh lam khang dinh quyen lye eiia ddng hg, nhung thang canh. Ddng tha ca cac chiia Trinh eac ehua Trinh lai ham me va cd tai nang chai chuot, cau ky va mang khau khi di van hgc nen hg da sang tac khdng it tac vuong, cd ddng gdp nhat dinh ddi vdi nin pham. Viee sang tae van hgc ddi vdi cac thi ca dan tgc. Trong bai viet n^y, chiing chua Trjnh ciing mdt phan la "lam ehinh tdi budc diu khao sat, gidi thieu ddng tha ca cac chiia Trinh, ngd hau dem den cho
<•> TS., Vi?n Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi; Email: '*''= ^ i i mgt di sail van hoc CUng dinh doc [email protected] "^0 trong tich SU.
40 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi. so S.201S 2. Vai net ve boi canh lich su - xa h§i - van
hoa - \Sm hpc thM Le - Trjnh
Nha nudc phong kien Dai Viet thdi Le - Trinh tdn tai song song hai bd may quyen lyc. Trieu dinh (day dii "lyc bd") do vua Le diimg dau, Phu lieu (dat ra "luc phien") do chiia Trinh nam giii. Cac chiia Trjnh y thiic rang, sy nghiep "trung hung" dat nudc mudn thanh cdng vin phai dya tien anh hudng va uy ti'n eiia nha Le nen da ap dung mdt dinh che ma d do vua Le van dugc duy tri ngdi vi tien danh nghia, nhimg thyc quyen lai nim trong tay chiia Trinh.
M6 hinh chinh tii nay la mdt thiit chi hit siic dae biet trong lich sii phong kiin Viet Nam - thiet che "ludng diu" vua Le - chiia Trinh. Cae chua Trinh ve co ban giii thai do hoa kinh vdi vua Le; edn cac vua Le ciing CO ban chap nhan tinh thi cua minh (dii cd the mang tinh hinh thiic, va ddi khi ciing xay ra nhung xung dot nhit dinh giiia vua Le va chiia Trjnh, nhung chua den miic do vo). Trudc chinh saeh dd, edng vdi thye ti hien hien la cac vua Le tai nang ban che, cac chiia Trjnh mdi ed kha nang diiu hanh dat nudc, dan chiing Dai Viet (dac biet la gidi tii thiic Nho hgc) cung chip nhan thi che dd nhu mdt lya chgn khdng thi khac.
Thyc chit, cac chiia Trinh da nam quyen khoang ban hai tram nam (1545- I787)('). Ngoai cac ddi Trinh Le, Trinh Khai, Trinh Can, Trjnh B6ng ngin ngui rdi ren, cdn lai tam ddi chiia cam quyin diu
'•' Tuy den nam 1599 Trjnh Tung mai duoc vua Le phong Do Nguyen siiy T6ng qu6c chinh Thugng phy Binh An vuong, chinh thuc n^m mpi quyfin hanh trong riuac, mo d k nghiep chua, nhung th^c ra binh quyen da thuoc vk ho Tnnh tu nam 1545 (khi Nguyen Kim bi hang tuong nha Mac la Duong Chap Nhat ham doc). Trjnh Kiim tir khi len thay quyen Nguyen Kim da tiSp tuc cong cuoc "pho Le di?t Mac" va cung c6 quyin luc ho Trinh.
viing vang, thjnh trj. Theo ghi chep cua cac bd su sach nhu Bgi Viet sic ky tue bien, Bgi Viet thong sir, Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi, Lich triiu tgp ky,... cd the thay da s6 cac chiia Trjnh la nhirng ngudi tai va ciing rat trgng dyng nhan tai de tri vi dit nudc.
Du ludn phai duang dau vdi nhiing thach thirc chinh trj - xa hgi phiic tap (nhu vi?c ddi phd vdi nha Mac ciing siic ep chinh trj tir phuang Bac, cac cudc bao loan khdi nghTa ciia ndng dan, sy tidi day cua thi lyc hg Nguyen d phuang Nam) nhung eac chiia Trjnh da thyc thi nhiiu chinh sach, dudng ldi tich cyc de dn djnh xa hdi va cung ci dugc quyen lyc cua minh.
Thdi Le - Trjnh, ngoai cac thanh tuu kinh te, chinh tii, ngoai giao,... cae chiia Trinh tiong nhirng nam thang cam quyin da td rd y thiic kien tao ban sic van hoa dan tpc Dai Viet. Van hda Dai Viet thdi ky nay da de lai nhirng di san to ldn cho dSt nudc nhu: le nhac, van chuang, kiin tnic, dieu khic, gdm sii, am nhac, vii dao, tiang phuc,... Ve dai the, van hda thdi Le - Trinh ke thira va kit noi he tii tiidng thdi Le so tir the ky XV liy Nho giao lam nen tang tir tiidng ciia mpi thiit che chinh tri, xa hpi.
Cdn van hpc tiidi Le - Trjnh vin ki thira van hpc thdi Le so tir the ky XV. Dd la nin van hgc Dai Viet phan anh tinh thin cua mdt dan tdc da cudng thjnh vdi nhiiu tac pham rat cd gia trj. Van hpc chir Han vin la ddng van hpc trung tam, nhung van hpc chii Ndm da rit phat triin tien co sd ki thira cac thanh tyu trudc do. Tho ca eua cac chiia Trjnh ra ddi va phat triin tien bii eanh do.
3. Tinh hinh sang tac va van ban the ca cac chua Trinh
Cac sach sii duong thdi ed nhiiu ghi chep ve boat ddng van hpc ciia cac chiia Trjnh. Ching han, Bgi Viet su ky tuc bien cd ghi nhiiu thdng tin chi tiit, thii vj nhu:
Tho ca cac chtJa Trinh... 41 Chua Trjnh Giang (1711-1762) thieh
van nghe, nhiing khi ngoai budi trieu hpi thudng mdi cae bay tdi thi tung vao an yin tiong lau gac. Cd Vdc d nha Duong Chinh, dinh Bat Giac, Tay Tung, Phugng Cac "cho cac bay tdi duge xem, ban bac sach vd, nghien ciiu diing ro nghTa van; hoac cho xem phep viet chir chan, thao, trien; hoac ban van bao lam tha; hoac bao tim cac biic thu, cac bai ky, tung, minh, cham, truyen, dan, chieu, ehe trieu nay, de vjnh canh vat.
Ai thi tiling thi khen thudng trudc mat. Lai sai bien t£ip thi van nudc ta, chia ra timg mye, timg loai, ro ca hp ten tac gia de khi xem dugc day dii (Quoc sir quan trieu Le, 2012: 142-143).
Bgi Viet sic ky tuc biin ciing chep mdt sd su kien dang chii y, nhu: "khi dai than Nguyen Quy Diic tri sT, Chiia Tririh ban cho hai bai tho ciing ngua xe va rudng ldc dien;
hay ngay Ky Hgi (29/11/1727) khi phong chirc cho The tii Trjnh Giang, Chiia Trjnh Cuong dich than lam bai Bdo hudn va hai bai tho ban cho"; hoac "Chiia Trinh Sam nghi tudng sT danh giac chju lao khd, ben phat tien kho ra ban yen. Chita tu lam bai tha qude am de liy lao hg"; v.v...
Sach Lich triiu tgp ky (Ngd Cao Lang, Xien Trai, 1995) ciing ghi chep trude tac van hgc cung dinh thdi Le - Trinh (tho ca, bieu, chieu va lenh,...), tiong dd cd nhieu bai tha Ndm ciia chiia Trinh. Chang ban, nam 1718 Chua Trinh Cuong cd 2 bai tha Ndm thu tac de tang, mpt bai tang sii than la Bdi tung Nguyin Cdng Hang (1680-1730) va Phyng Thien phii doan Nguyin Ba Tdng (?) di sii nha Thanh ve, mdt bai khac tang Dang Dinh Tudng (1649-1736) khi vien quan hp Dang nay xin tri sT. Hay nam 1721, Chiia Trjnh Cuang di choi ho Tay, cac quan Trjnh Quan, Dang Dinh Tudng, Nguyen Cdng Hang va Le Anh Tuan deu di hg gia.
Chua Trjiih dich than lam hai bai tho qudc am di ban cho hg. Trong tho ed tan tung, vi von chua - tdi nhu canh ca gap nudc, tuang die vdi nhau. Hoac nhu thang 9 nam Nham Din, Bao Thai thu 3 (1722), Chua Trjnh Cuong ra phia Tay thanh Thang Long xem xet viec gat hai. Biy gid dugc mua, liia tdt, Chua di xem, ban rugu thjt eho mgi ngudi.
Mgi ngudi diu vui ca hat, nhan do Chiia ngiu hiing lam bai tho Phong nien thi va mdt thien Phong niin vinh (mgt each dieu tir khiic) de ky niem. Vao ha tuan thang 10 nam Mau Than, nien hieu Bao Thai thii 9 (1728), tiong vudn Ky Vien, cay thien tue nay ra 9 gid. Chiia Trinh da lam hai bai tho Tu ky vien tic (1 bai chii Han, 1 bai chu Ndm) ndi ve diem lanh. Den thang 11 nam ay, ngay 16, cd rdng xuat hien d trudc lau Ngu Long, Chiia Trjnh sai bdi cd dugc que Ldi Dja Du. Chiia ciing mimg diem lanh ben lam hai bai tha de ghi lai (1 bai chii Han, 1 bai chu Ndm)...
Qua Lich trieu tgp ky cxing thay nhieu viec xudng hga tho ca cung dinh hap dan giiia cac chua Trjnh va quan than, chiia Trinh thudng tang tho cho cac quan, cac quan hpa lai, cac quan ciing xudng hpa vdi nhau, rdi ed cudc thi tha, sat hach bang tho...
Nhu vay, qua cac tii lieu duang thdi, cd the thay eung vua phu chiia thdi Le - Trinh cd mdt bau khdng khi sinh hoat van chuang cung dinh rat sinh ddng. Tu cac boat ddng nhu vay, cac chua Trinh da de lai rat nhieu tac pham tho ca. Pham Nguyen Du tiong Thach dgng vdn sao bay td hiing thu ve thi dan cung dinh thdi chiia Trjnh: "Nay be tien luu y den thi hpc, ngy che tap tho cd ten la Tdm thanh tdn duy tap, cac cdng khanh dai phu la ngudi cd chiie vi ai cung cd tho td chi, dap tang qua lai, lau ngay tich thanh bai, thanh tap, thanh thyc xien duang cai van khi, neu cao cai phong khi eua tha,
Thdng tin Khoa hpc xa hdi. s6 9.2018 thye la mdt van hdi vay" (Theo: Nguyen
Thanh Timg, 2010: 131-132). Cdn Phan Huy Chii tiong Lich triiu hiin chuang logi chi da cd nhung nhan xet ve tho ca cua eae chiia Trinh nhu sau: "An vuong (Trjnh Doanh) dung cdng ve viec lam tho, lam den miy tiam bai, ciing dang gpi la mdt vj chiia hien thich van. Nhung tap tho nay dat ten la Cdn Nguyen, ciing la tiem lam qua, the ma eae tii thin, biy gid bien chep, lai ton Sling rit myc, coi nhu thye la thien tu rdi, sy thi biy gid nhu thi nSn phai nhu the, cd gi la dau"; hay; "Tho eiia An vuong (Trjnh Doanh), TTnh vuong (Trinh Sam) sai Han lam la Phan Le Phien bien sip, chia timg viec timg loai, tat ca ban hai tiam bai tho.
Le Phien dang bai Khdi..."; va: "Tho ciia Tinh vuong (Trjnh Sam) lam tu khi cdn la the tu, sau khi len ngdi chiia mdi chep lai thanh tap va ty lam tya..."; v.v... (Phan Huy Chu, 2007: 475-477). Qua dd c6 thi thay tha van (tiong dd cd tho Ndm) chiia Trjnh da ting cd tieng vang nhat dinh ngay thdi eae chiia edn sdng hay sau dd it lau.
Du bj that truyen nhieu nhung den nay di san tho ca eiia cac chiia Trinh de lai cho hau the van cdn khoang hon bdn tiam bai tho Nom, tap tnmg chii yiu tiong cac thi tap: Khdm dinh thdng binh bdch vinh, Le trieu ngu ehi qude dm thi, Cdn Nguyen ngu che thi tap, Tdm thanh tdn duy tap (mdi that lac gan day)... Cd the so bd gidi thieu ve di san tho ca hien cdn cua cac chiia Trjnh nhu sau:
Khdm dinh thdng binh bdch vinh - thi tap eua Chiia Trinh Can (1633-1709) cd 90 bai tho, tiong dd cd 88 bai tho Ndm viit theo* the tho thit ngdn bat cii. Trong sd do, nhiiu bai cd ghi kem theo Idi din kha dai bang Han van cua chinh tac gia, ndi ro nguyen cd, hoan eanh lam bai tha, dong thdi cd ngy ca y thuyit dao nedn chi.
Day la tap tho mang sac thai van hda cung dinh, ndi dung chii yeu ca nggi tiieu dai thai binh thjnh tii; but phap kha dieu luy?n, chai chudt, tuy ciing cd it bai sa vao khuon sao, cau ky.
Le triiu ngu che quoe dm thi - tap hgp nhung bai tho tham thii cung khiic ca tuin tinh ciia Chiia Trinh Cuang (1686-1729) vdi ba phin: Tudn tinh ky trinh khuc, Quan tinh Hoa trinh ky, Thoi tudn tuc su ky. Moi phin diu cd ndi dung nhat quan phan anh vi mdt cude hanh trinh tuan du eac dja phuang nudc Vi$t cua tac gia. Toan bg tac phim giong nhu mgt thien ky sy bang tha, thi hien dupc nhiing gi tac gia nghe, thiy va cam nhan dugc tien eon dudng tuan thii cua minh. Moi bai tho la mgt canh chiia hoac mpt noi di tich, danh thang cua dat nudc.
Cd nhiing bai tho ca nggi ten dat, ten sdng gin liin vdi nhirng chien cdng hien hach cua dan tdc. Dgc Li triiu ngu che quoc dm thi, ngudi dgc cd the mudng tugng quang eanh thanh binh cua nudc Viet thdi vua Le ehua Trjnh va han thay do la mgt thi tap co gia tii ve tu tudng va nghe thuat.
Cdn Nguyin ngu che thi tap ciia Chiia Trinh Doanh (1720-1767) do con tiai la Chiia Trinh Sam dat ten va quan Thj thu Vien Han lam kiem Tu nghiep Quoc Tii Giam la Phan Le Phien bien soan, viet bai khai dang sach. Tap tha nay chia lam 4 quyen vdi 263 bai, tiong do cd 241 bai tha Ndm va 22 bai tha chu Han. N^i dung ciia tap tha la cac vin di: Quan niem vi tu than, te gia, tij nudc; Chi bao, khuyen khich be tdi lam tidn nhiem vu; De, vjnh canh vat, bay td cam xiic. Nhiing ngi dung tien phan ldn do yeu eSu chinh tij, quan sy va hoan canh cu the quy dinh. The tha chii yeu la tho Dudng luat, ddi liic xen vdi cau 6 chii, mgt sd it lam theo thi tho lye bat hoac song that luc bat.
Tha ea cSc chiia Tiinh.. 43 Trong cac chiia Trinh, cd le Tinh Dd
vuong Trjnh Sam (1739-1782) la nha tiio tai hoa va cd nhieu sang tac nhat, Chiia Trinh Sam ndi tieng nhit vdi Tdm thanh tdn duy tap, tiong bai tya cua tbi tap nay, dng da mang den eho thi dan ducmg thdi mdt quan nipm ddc dao v i tho - tho la mdt thii tam hgc. Tho cua dng cdn duge chep tiong eac saeh nhu: Binh Ninh thuc lue, Minh Bd thi tuyen, Le triiu danh nhdn thi tap,...
Ching ban Binh Ninh thuc luc chep bai tha Ngu che lao hodn dich quoc dm thi va bai tii bang chu Ndm Ngj^c che quoc dm tic khiic. Biit tich tho cua Chiia Trjnh Sam cdn luu lai tien cac vach da, hang ddng xii Thanh va nhieu danh lam thang canh khac nhu: ehua Huong Tich, nui Sai Son, niii Bai Tho, dgng Tir Thiic,... nen hau the tdn vinh dng la thi sT ciia "thach thi".
4. Tinh chit cung dinh ciia thff ca cac chiia IVinh
* Vi ngi dung
Cd the thay ddng tha ca chiia Trinh dam mau sac chinh tii, luan ly. Dieu nay the hien ro qua Cdn Nguyen ngu che thi tap cua Chiia Trinh Doanh vdi cac chu de nhu;
Nhdn gia chi tdc (Phep tac tiong nha - 35 bai); f^ tri ehi dgo (Dao trj nudc - 9 bai);
Nhdn su chi hudn (Nhan viee ma day bao - 20 bai); Bao siing thdnh triit (Tdn simg eac bae thanh triet - 3 bai); Cdm thu thien huu (cam nhan phuc tidi - 16 bai); v.v...
Cam xuc, tu tudng, hinh tugng nghe thuat eiia chiing deu tryc tiep hay gian tiep gan vdi cac van de ehinh tri, dao diic va bgc Id hoai bao ehinh trj cua Chiia Trjnh Doanh.
Hay trong Khdm dinh thdng binh bdch vinh ciia Chiia Trjnh Can, ly tudng tri qude an dan cdn dugc the hien d nhiing chii truang, chu thuyet cu thS hon. Chum tho 7am diiu dgi thdng ciia Chiia Trinh Can luan ve ba mdi huyen dieu ldn, tuc "Thien", "Dja",
"Nhan", cdn ggi la "Tam tai". Trdi (que Can) d dimg ngdi vj, cd diic ldn thi mudn vat phat triin. D i t (que Khdn) nhu thuan, khoan dung, nudi duong mudn vat. Trdi dat giao hda thi mudn vat sinh sdi phat tiien.
Bac quan vuong ed dire "trung tin", "hieu thanh", biit gay dyng nen ky cuong phap do va ed k i sach hay, mim luge tdt dep se tao nen xa hpi thjnh tri. Theo nha tho, sy hda hgp cua ba yeu td thien thdi, dja lgi, nhan hda mang d i n sy nghiep thanh edng ciia vuang trieu. Quan niem nay mang tinh hdn dung, phire tap, bj quy djnh bdi tu tudng t m y i n thdng phuang Ddng va nhu cau quan ly con ngudi, quan ly xa hdi dya tien nhiing nguyen ly co ban ciia Nho giao.
Thdi cd trung dai, cac tiieu dfii phong kien phuang Ddng thudng quan niem, mdi khi diem tidi cd gi khac la, thi d tran gian trudc sau cung se cd nhiing chuyen tuong ling xay ra. Diem tidi la each thirc Trdi dung de chi day eho dang quan vuang xem cd lam diing phep tac, le luat cua trdi dat hay khdng, la dau hieu cho biet vua chiia cd "diic" hay khdng. Qua khao sat tho ca chua Tririh, cd the thay, hg het siic luu y den "diem tidi" de doan biet y tidi, doan biet cat himg. Chang ban, Chiia Trinh Cuong cd bai tho Nom Thai vii gidng, ddn dgi duyet de mimg "mua thuan gid hda"
nhu la an tiach eua tidi ban cho chiing sinh, hay bai tho Biem thdi lang bieu thj sy yen vui thai binh. Hoac tiong Cdn Nguyen ngu che thi tap, Chua Trinh Doanh ed chiim thg dpc dao: Cdm thu thien hicu vdi 16 bai tho cung de tai ndi tien. Trong dd, bai Ky vii hoach img ndi ve viec cau mua dugc ling nghiem; Cic ngic ddng tdn ndi ve van thai binh, thjnh trj; Thuy vgt trieu chd hda ndi vi6e khi duang hda d i n tir hudng,Ddng, bieu thi sy thinh vugng, yen vui; Tien cam hien thuy noi viec chim tien dang diem
Thdng tin Khoa hpc xa h6i. s6 9.201S lanh... Cac bai tho khac nhu Hi ddc vu, Ddc
tieu vu du hi. Cam lam ung ddo, Cu ngu ddng tdn, Thuy vgt triiu chu hoa, Tiin cdm hiin thuy, Luc nhan long, Linh ba trinh thien khanh,... diu cho thiy Chua cd niem tin sau sic vi mdi cam ling linh dieu giua trdi va ngudi. Chiia lam tho "cam thy thien huu", lam tho vi diem tidi, phiic tidi ciing la de thi hien uy diic, de khang dinh diic tri dan va thyc chit la khang djnh ngdi vj ciia minh. Vi Chiia cd "diic" tdt nen tidi ban diim thai hda, ban eanh thai binh, thjnh vugng cho giang son. Ddn canh thai binh, thinh vugng, Chua ngau himg lam tho de bao dap phiic tidi va bieu thj "dire trj" cua minh la hgp le tidi.
Khao sat ddng tho ca cac chua Trinh, cd the thay kha phd bien loai hinh tha "bao biim" (chu yeu tiong Cdn Nguyin ngu: che thi tap) - loai tho cd ndi dung khen - che'*'.
Tuy nhien ed the thay tho ca cae chiia Trinh cd ve khdng chi dimg lai d khia canh "bao biem" be tdi, dan chung, ma cdn bao ham npi dung y nghTa khuyin gidi, canh tinh hp.
Chinh vi v^y, gpi tho ca chiia Trinh la "tho khuyen gidi" co ve sat thyc hon, nd eung rat phu hgp vdi gigng dipu va khau khi quan vuong eua ddng tho ca cung dinh nay.
Chang ban, Cdn Nguyin ngu che thi tap cd cac chum tho: Nhdn su chi hudn (Nhan viec ma day bao - 20 bai); Khien chiing tuang '"' "Bao biem" la khai niem dupc dung trong sir hpc thoi tmng dai. Myc dich, chiic nang chinh cua no ia; khen cai dung dan, hgp ly tuong, che diiu trai ngugc cua cac su gia. Trong tha cung co mgt loai khai ni$m diing chi van di nay la tho "my thich"
(ca nggi vi cham biem). Nhung khai ni?m nay phan nhieu diing cho tha cua be toi dang len bi tren dl ca nggi hoac cham biem chinh su. Vi vay, co thi chgn ap dung khai ni^m "bao biem" cua su trung dai di ggi loai tho khen nggi (tung ca) va loai tha cham biem ma cac chiia Trinh danh cho be toi ciia minh.
vu chinh (Sai cac tudng di danh tian - 40 bai); Minh chu hdu xudt trdn (Sai cac quan di nham chiic - 11 bai), Tudng du dgi thdn (Khen, dy dai thin - 21 bai), Tudmg lao sic thdn (Uy lao sii than - 10 bai), v.v... Cac chum tha nay dugc viet nham khich le eac tudng sT, liy lao cac dai than, sir gia de dpng vien, khuyin khich hg lam tidn nhipm vu.
Diiu nay the hien ro nhat qua cac bai dugc ban cho cac tudng di danh tian (Binh Quan cdng, Dieu Quan cdng, Ve vii hau, Ban Thach hiu, Kien Quan cdng, Tuan Quan cdng, Ddn Lang hiu, Khuong Quan cdng, Bich Quan cdng. Mien Quan edng, Ddng Lang hiu, Nguyin Huy Nhuan, Cin Quan edng...), hay cdc bai tho ban cho cac quan di rihan nhiem vu d xa kinh thanh (Nguyin Cdng The, Trinh Quan cdng, Le Phuong hau,...), hoac cac bai ban khen cac vien dai than cd nhieu cdng lao (Sieu Quan cdng, Cdn Quan cdng, Phan Quan cdng, Vuc Quan cdng,...) va cac bai ban tang cac sii than (Nguyen Kieu, Nguyen Tdng Khue, Vii Kham Lan, Nguyen Huy Oanh,...). Ldi tho tiong cac bai tha tren thudng tha thiet, an can. Nhiing bai tho khuyen gidi cd le thudng gan vdi yeu cau ve mat ehinh tri, quan sy ciia tiieu dinh. Trong chiim tho Cat nhung chi phdp (Phep luyen quan -12 bai), Chiia Trjnh Doanh cdn sir dung each noi cham biem de khuyen ran, chi bao tudng sT trong luyen tap quan sy, khich le hg luyen tap de hodn thanh nhipm vu. Qua hinh thiie cham biem, dng cdn chi bao, udn nin nhung sai sdt tiong thao luyen cua tudng sT {Trao qudn binh quan bdt ndng hudn ti, Trdo binh phiin phdt hiiu, Trdo khdo sg bdt trung...).
Ddi vdi nhiing the thiip, cung tin my nii hay cac gia nhan tiong phu, tiong cung, Chiia Trjnh Doanh ciing lam tho khuyen nhii, bao ban hg sdng hda thuan, tinh cam, ne nep va giii tidn bdn phan. Tieu bieu la
Thff ca cae ehua Tpinh.. 45 cac bai; Ban Chinh cung. Ban Bdc cung.
Ban Nam cung. Ban de nhi qudn chua hdi mdn, Uy cung nhdn an phan,.... Tdm lai, loai tho khuyin gidi da thi hien rit rd tinh chit "van hge ehiic nang", tinh chit giao huan ciia ddng tho ca chiia Trinh. Mat khac, nd Cling bieu thj ro sac thai van hda cung dinh cua ddng tha nay.
Ben canh dd, dang chii y cdn cd mang tho de vjnh vdi nhieu bai tho vjnh vat, vinh phong canh. Tho de vinh cac chiia Trjnh thyc chat la loai tho ndi chi, tho tai dao. Dd la nhiing bai tho de vinh ve thien nhien, khi h|u, danh lam thang tich, ngudi va canh v$t nai cung vua phu chua, nhung nhieu hon ca la tho vjnh cac vat nhu Vinh Thuy Ta thi (Tho vjnh nhii Thuy Ta), Vinh quynh cdi thi (Tho vjnh chiec tan ngge quynh), Vinh tdn Idu Biiu Hdi thi (Tho vinh lau mdi Dieu Hai), Vinh long kieu thi (Tha vjnh kieu rdng), Vinh loan xa thi (Tho vinh xe loan), Vinh thi kieu thi (Tho vinh vdng chiu), Vinh tuang thi (Tho vjnh voi), Vinh md thi (Tho vjnh ngya), Vinh thuyin thi (Tha vjnh thuyen), Vinh sung thi (Tha vjnh siing), Vinh cung thi (Tho vjnh eung), Vinh no thi (Tho vjnh nd), Vinh kiim thi (Tho vjnh kiim), Vinh but thi (Tho vjnh but), Vinh nghiin thi (Tho vjnh nghien), Vinh phiin thi (Tha vjnh quat), Qudn giap (Ngudi kep hat), Vinh tam hicu Thdng, Triic, Mai (Vjnh ba ngudi ban Thdng, True, Mai), Ddo nuang, Ddn trgch, v.v... Qua vinh nhiing vat cu thi nhu cai cung, cai quat, cdi nd, cai dan, cai kiem, cai but,... tac gia the hien tu tudng, bay td tinh cam, tiiit ly. Tham chi, trudc nhieu bai tho cdn c6 kem ldi din bing Han van bdc Id ly tudng diic trj, nhan tri.
Cac bai tho de vjnh ciia chua Trjnh deu ngu y nggi ca xa hdi thai binh, tiieu dai thinh tri, cong dure td tdng md nen co nghiep va the hien niem ty hao ciia tac gia ve dat nudc.
Cdn tho di vjnh thien nhien, phong canh, thdi tiit ciia cac chiia Trjnh thi kha chai chudt, dieu luygn. Rieng tiong Khdm dinh thdng binh bdch vinh cd 11 bai ta phong canh chiia chien, 2 bai viit vi mudi hai thang trong nam, 4 bai viet ve bdn miia... Trong Cdn Nguyin ngu chi thi tap cd cac chiim tho: Dong chinh ky thdng (Vjnh thing canh miin Ddng) gdm 3 bai, Tinh phuang ky thang (Vinh phong canh cac nai) gdm 14 bai, Ky diin ky thdng (Vjnh phong canh kinh thanh) gdm 4 bai...
Dac biet nhit, phai ki din tho vinh phong canh thien nhien cua Chiia Trjnh Sam. Tho ciia dng cd cai nhin kham pha, ldi mieu ta tinh vi, biiu hien nhiing rung cam chan thyc eiia mgt tri tudng tugng phong phii, nhu khi nha tho mieu ta ve dep rue rd eiia hoa mau dan (tiong Vinh mdu dan thinh khai):
"Nen diic vun tidng tiai may suong Viec lanh sdm ling bach hoa vuong Mau phd gam ket dua muon dda
Ve sanh sao bay ra may hang Ru them lan, tiang rai bdng Ke toan nggc, gid dua huong Nha xuan de bd diem phdn thjnh Chu nha lan xoang chii long ehuong"
Bai tho that ngdn xen lyc ngdn, nhjp 3/3 vdi hai ve ddi bieu hien ro ddi tugng mieu ta. Tac gia khdng chi don thuan mieu ta ve dep tuyet vdi ciia hoa ma cdn the hien dugc tinh cam men yeu loai hoa thanh tao do... Nhin chung, thien nhien tiong tho ea cac chiia Trjnh thudng dugc lya chgn theo nhiing khudn mau nghe thuat udc le ciia van chuang Nho giao, cua tha Dudng luat, nhu: Vjnh Xuan Ha Thu Ddng, vjnh thdi tiet, vjnh mudi hai thang, vjnh son thiiy, vinh phong hoa tuyet nguyet, vinh cac loai cay, boa,... theo cai le tuan hoan cua vii tru - le tuan hoan ciia triet ly cd phuong Ddng va bgc Id cai thii thudng ngoan ciia bac quan
46 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 9.201S vuong. Tho v i phong canh thien nhien eiia
cac vj chiia tuy van theo nhiing "khudn" de tai thien nhien ude 1?, mang tinh phd bien cua tho ca cd trung dai va dii cd mgt sd bai tiio ed sy lap lai de tai, tu tudng, nhung mang tho nay van bdc Id tai nang va ban ITnh eiia thi nhan - chiia Trinh.
* Ve ngon ngic - but phdp Vi ngon ngic, do mang phong each sang tae cung dinh nen ddng tho ca chiia Trjnh mac du la tho Ndm (tieng Viet) nhung lai thudng su dung eac Idp tu Han Viet, cac diin tieh, dien eo thi lieu Han hgc, ngu phap Han cd vdi tan suat cao (cd le cao hon cac tac pham tho Ndm trudc dd hoac gan nhu dong thdi vdi tha Ndm Nguyen Trai, tha Ndm thdi Hdng Diic, tho Ndm Nguyen Binh Khiem, Bui Xuong Ty, v.v...). Nhiing tir Han Viet de nhan thay nhat la nhirng tir da tiet cd ngudn gdc tir chii Han (dpc theo am Han Viet) nhu giang san, tiing Idm, ngu phiic, ngii thuang, ngii ludn, gia mon. Ngoai ra, nhiing tii don tiet cd ngudn gdc Han (dpc theo am Han Viet vdi nghia Han) chua "hda nhap" vao kho tir vyng tieng Viet, va sau nay it duge dimg ddc lap, ciing duge xem la tic Han Viet (nhu nguyet - tiang; tri - ao, thien - tidi, dia - dat, tu - rieng, quoc - nudc, gia - nha, quy - vi, v.v...). Tir Han Viet nhiiu nhat la lap khai niem ve cac ITnh vuc ehinh tii (nhu: qudn thdn, ddn, dgi thdng, dgo thong, trieu cuang, thdn ca, phong gido, chi do, etc thd, tri tri, quyen cuang, thiin cuang, ngii chinh, dieu li,phu tri,...), luan ly (trung, hiiu, tiet, nghia, nhdn, li, tri, tin, tam cuang, ngQ thudng, trung hdu, trinh chinh, chi nhdn, cuang ludn,...), yiit hgc {tam dieu, tdm, trung dgo, khi, li, due, cdn tgo, thien chdn, huyen ca, dm duang, cdch vgt, tri tri, bi thdi,...), thien van {that dieu, Thg tinh, Ddu binh, Phdc tinh, nhat, nguyet, tinh, thdn, Bich Hdn,...), tdn giao {tam thien thi
giai, dieu sdc, Tinh gidi, Tfnh xd, trdn duyin, vdn tieu, uu bdt, tic vdn, ngQ phdc, thdp gioi, tam do, cicu thien, dg duyen, tam thien thi gioi, Dao Kinh, Bong Lai,...), v.v...
Viec su dung nhieu tii Han Viet cd the do vin d i v i n dieu, khudn thiic bai tho Dudng luat yeu cau, do thyc tiang kho tir vyng tiing Viet liic bay gid (nhat la tiong cung dinh, trong mdi trudng tri thiie la nhirng ngudi biet chii Han khdng ddi hdi biic thiet phai "Viet hda" triet de), nhung cung cd the do tam ly, thdi quen chugng sir dung tir Han edn phd bien hoac do yeu cau lam trang tigng hda cau tho, bai tho (trong nhieu hoan eanh khd quan phuang nhu tieu dan hoac tieu de cac bai tho cho thay). Ngoai ra, ca tinh, thi hieu cua timg tac gia ciing cd anh hudng den viec sii dung tir Han Viet. Tuy nhien, ciing khdng the khdng ndi den mdt nguyen nhan rat thyc te va ciing rat quan tipng la sy tuong hop giua viec sir dung Idp tir Han Viet vdi ndi dung tu tudng, muc dich sang tac ma cac chiia Trinh mudn the hien.
Ndi ve muc dich tir Han Yiet dugc dung tiong tho ca. La Nham Thin khai quat mdt sd trudng hgp sau: "cd ndi dung xung tung" (tire ca nggi tiieu dai, ea nggi cac nha cam quyen,... bang ngdn tu tiang tigng, bac hgc); "thi vj hda hien thyc" (dung di mieu ta thien nhien, mieu ta ddi sdng hien thyc mdt each bdng bay, hoa my); "tu duy mang tinh chit khai niem, triit hpc" [biiu dat nhirng khai niem trim tugng, nhiing quy luat mang tinh tiiit hgc] (La Nham Thin, 1998). Tat ca nhiing trudng hgp nay diu phii hgp vdi muc dich sang tac tha Ndm ciia cac chiia Trinh; ty ca tyng canh thai binh thinh tii ciia triiu dai minh; thi vi hda thien nhien va ddi sdng duong thdi, hoc 16 ban than; bieu duong, khuyen khich cac ly tudng triet hpc, xa hdi ciia Nho giao (Tdng
Thff ca &ac chua Trinh..
Nho), va eua Tam giao (Nho, Phat, Dao), v.v... Nd ciing phii hgp vdi thi hieu ve hinh thiic ciia ddng tha ca cung dinh, bac hge ma cac chiia Trinh la nhiing tae gia tieu bieu.
Ben canh dd, ddng tho ca Trinh phii ciing rat ua thieh su dung dien tich, dien cd. Diiu nay ciing de hiiu bdi cac thi nhan chiia Trjnh vdn dugc dao tao bdi ban ve Han hpc, thi van ngay tir khi edn nhd, lai duge ede van than tdn tig ngay ed tiong viec lam tho (nhu ehgn van san, day cho cac tir chucmg, dien cd, thi Upu,...). Ddi tugng hudng tdi ciia tho ca cac chua Trjnh lai chu yen la ting lap tri thirc cung dinh cd hgc (cac nha nho, cdc van than, tudng ITnh, eung nhan, cdc nha tu hanh,...) nen hg dimg kha nhieu dien cd, thi lieu Han hgc vdi npi dung bieu dat phong phu: chinh tri, xa hpi, con ngudi, thien nhien, triet hpc, van hpc, nghe thuat, v.v... Hon the, tha chiia Trinh cdn thien ve sii dyng nhieu dien tieh, dien cd uyen tham, hde hiem, dieu nay cang cho thay cac chiia Trjnh Id nhung chinh trj gia cd hpe thiic, trinh dp cao; la nhiing nha Han hpc uyen tham, quang bac. Cd le day cung la mpt tiong nhiing nguyen nhan khien hp chinh phuc dugc sy phd ta ciia gidi tii thiic Nho hge vdn kha khat khe tiong viee ddi hdi trinh do vdn hgc d dang quan vuong dii cdng khai hay ngam ngam. Vd nhu vay, viec sii dyng dien tich, thi lieu Hdn hgc d day ciing co nhiing muc dich khd thyc tien.
vi mat but phdp, ddng tho ca cdc chiia Trinh su dung phd bien biit phap tugng trung uoc le. Hg thudng sii dyng nhiing hinh tugng cd tinh udc le, tugng trung de the hien cdc ly tudng xa hpi, cac pham chat dao due, cac quan nipm nhdn sinh mang mau sac eiia Tam giao tiong dd dam net nhdt van Id quan niem Nho giao, cung nhu cac chiem nghipm nhan sinh khae. Cdc hinh anh tugng trung, udc 1? cung dugc sii
dyng d i thi vj hda ddi tugng, dac biet la phong cdnh thien nhien. Tho ca chua Trjnh su dyng rat nhieu sao ngii, hinh anh quen thudc (mang tinh an dy) de mieu ta eac dia danh khac nhau. Nhiing bai tha vjnh canh, vinh dja danh tiong tho Ndm cac chiia Trjnh (mac du la nhiing biic "nhan tiin canh tri") khdng cy the ma na nd nhu nhau, nghia la cung dep ve dep lung linh, dai cdc, thanh nha (du dd Id den dai, mieu mao, chua ehien hay thanh quach, dao Id, sdng ngdi, khe sudi,... qua dd the hien tam hdn "thi nhan" nghe sT ciia ede chiia) va cung bieu hien mgt y chung la tai hien canh thai binh, thinh tri dudi trieu dai cua cdc vi chua gidi van chuong ndy, hoac the hien sy am hieu, tham thau cdc triet ly mau nhiem (Phat giao, Dao giao) cua hg.
Ngoai ra, tho ca cdc chiia Trjnh ciing ke thira cac tac gia trung dai khac tiong viee sii dung cac hinh tugng mdi (lay tir thye tien ddi sdng) nhung nang len thdnh ede bieu trung cho cimg npi dung tien. Tieu bieu la cac bai tho "vjnh vat" chiem mot so lugng khdng he nhd. Dd la nhung bdi vjnh dii eac loai dd vat, sy vat, hien tugng, tir nhiing sy vat quan tigng, ky vT den sy vat hang ngay, nhd be: cung miiu, ddn Nam giao, bia Van Mieu, can mua, nhd thuy tg, edi kieu rdng, xe loan, cdi vong chdu, cdi tdn ngge quynh, cd ca, eon voi, con ngua, con thuyen, khdu sung, cdy eung, cdi nd, thanh Hem, cdi but, cdi nghiin mycc, cdi qugt, cdc logi nhac eu, v.v... Nhiing vat dung do deu dugc su dung vao mdt mue dich chung: ngam chi pham chat cua ngudi quan tu (ngy thudng), Iy tudng xa hpi (tam cuong, cd vua sang, chiia gidi, tdi hien, dan thuan). Can eii vao mpt vai dac diem ndi tidi ciia doi tugng dugc vinh, cac tdc gid lien tudng, nang nd len thanh cac pham chat dao diic, nang lyc cdng hien eua be tdi. Cac hinh tugng tien dugc cdc tac
48 Thdng tin Kboa hoc xa hgi. sd 9.2018 gia tao ra dya tien nhung quan sat thyc te
va lien tudng, kit ndi vdi cac pham tru tu tudng, triit hgc. Do dd, chiing la nhiing hinh tugng in du nim d diim giao tiioa giiia tu tudng va hien thyc tao tiianh cdch ndi ludng nghTa, da nghia rit ddc dao tiong tha Ndm cdc chiia Trinh ndi rieng va tiio Ndm Dudng luat trudc vd duang thdi ndi chung.
5. Kit luSn
Thdi Le - Trinh cd cac cudc npi ehien, npi loan va dac biet cd tinh tiang phan liet Dang Trong - DdngNgoai, nhung ve coban, quoc gia Dai Viet dudi sy cam quyen thyc ti ciia cdc ehua Trinh ciing cd nhiing giai doan on djnh vi kinh ti - xa hdi, phat trien vi van hda - van hgc. Chiia Trjnh cung nhu nhieu vj quan vuong phong kien phuong Ddng khdc da ludn y thiic ro ve vai tid ciia van chuong ddi vdi sy khang dinh tai nang va quyin lyc eiia cua minh, hg sii dyng siie manh eiia van hpc nghe thuat de giao huan, phu dy, khuyen gidi. Cae chiia nhu Trjnh Can, Trinh Cuong, Trjnh Doanh,...
diu yeu thich tho van, cd y thiic dung van hpc de "ndi chi", "chd dao" va td diem cho ngdi vj, trieu dai. Chinh vi vay, tha ca cdc chiia Trinh la mdt sdn pham dien hinh cho quan niem sdng tdc ddy tinh "cong Ipi chii
nghTa" va cho loai hinh van hpc cung dinh thdi trung dai d phuong Ddng a Tdi Ii?u tham khao
1. Phan Huy Chii (2007), Lich trieu hiin chuang logi chi, tap 2, Td phien dich Vien Sii hpc dich, Nxb. Gido due, Hd Npi.
2. Ngd Cao Lang, Xiin Trai (1995), Lich triiu tgp ky, Hoa Bing - Hoang Van Lau djch, Nxb. Khoa hpe xa hdi. Ha Ngi.
3. Le Kim Ngan (1974), Vdn hda ehinh tri Viit Nam - che do chinh tri yiet Nam the ky XVII vd XVIII, Vien Dai hgc Van H?nb xuat ban, Sai Gdn.
4. Qudc sir qudn triiu Le (2012), Bgi Viet su ky tue bien [1676-1789], Ngd Thi Long, Nguyin Kim Hung djch, Nguyen Ddng Chi hieu dinh, tai ban, Nxb. Hdng Bang - Trung tam Van hda Ngdn ngii Ddng Tay, Hd Ndi.
5. La Nham Thin (1998), ThaNdm Duong lugt, Nxb. Gido dye. Ha Ndi.
6. Nguyin Thanh Timg (2010), Su phdt triin cua tu tuang thi hgc Viet Nam tic the ky X den het the ky XIX, Luan an Tien sT Ngy van, Trudng Dai hge Su pham Hd Ndi.
(tiep theo trang 38) 5. Thomas Meyer vd Nicole Breyer (2007),
Tuang lai cita nin ddn chu xd hgi, Nxb.
Ly luan ehinh tri. Ha Ndi.
6. Thomas Meyer (2017), A New Social Democratic Century, http;//^™^.
fes-connect.org/people/a-new-social- democratie-century/
7. P.N. Pheddxeep (Chii bien, 1981), Chit nghia xa hgi ddn chu la gi?, Nxb. Thdng tinly luan, Hd Npi.
8. Julian Nida-Ruemelin (2012), Social Democratic Basic Values And The Work Of The SPD Basic Values Commission, https ;//www.socialeurope.eu/social- democratic-basic-values-and-the-work- of-the-spd-basie-values-eommission 9. XXV Congress of the Socialist
Intemational, Cartagena, Colombia For a world in peace, with equality and solidarity, http;//www.
sociaIistinternational.org/viewArticle.
efTn?ArticleID=2498, MARCH 2017.
