KINHTE VI Md
Thac trgng qua trinh hoan thien the che ve dona bao an sinh xa hoi'
BUI VAN HUYEN D 6 T A T C U ' C J N G
di viei sz? dung ly thuyet kinh ti'hgc the che de ddnh gid thytc trang qud trinh hoan thien the che vi ddm bao an sinhxa hgi nddc ta; tUdo de xudt mot so gidi phdp nham hodn thien he thong the che've ddm bdo an sinh xd hot, phit hap vdi nhiing chudn miie qud'c te.
Tii khoa: an sinh xd hgi, the che ddm bdo an sinh xd hoi.
1. An sinh xa h o i t r o n g n e n kinh te An sinh xa hoi la mot trong nhflng t h i chg' xa hoi cd ban the hien chu trvtdng cua Dang va Nha nu;6c trong muc tieu phat trien con ngUcli, thiic diiy cong b^ng va tid'n bo, nang cao cha't lildng cuoc song cua ngiiSi dSn, phu hop v6i cac b\j(6c phat trien cua n^n kinh te nii6c ta. De hoan thien the che v§^ dam bao an sinh xa hoi thi viec xay dung va hoan thien phap luElt ve an sinh xa hoi b Viet Nam la hS't siic can thiet. Mot trong nhiing yeu ciu v^ viec hoan thien nay la sU ke thiia va phat huy nhflng t h a n h tuu lap phap, chinh sach da dat duoc ciing nhU dieu chinh cac quan he mdi nham hudng tdi viec Viet Nam CO dUdc mot he thong an sinh xa hoi phat trien, du sflc chong dd vdi cac rui ro xa hoi.
Trong giai doan viia qua, he thong an sinh xa hoi cua nUdc ta da the hien dUdc vai tro to
\6n cua no doi vdi sU phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, tren cac mat;
- An sinh xd hot gop phdn on dinh dcfi sdng cua ngiidi lao dgng. He thong an sinh xa h5i gdp phSn thay the mot phSn hoac bu dap thu nhap cho ngUdi lao dong khi ho gap cac cu soc ve sflc khoe, sflc lao dong, m^'t vi$c lam hoac qua ddi. Su bii dap do da ho trd ngudi lao dpng va gia (finh cua ho rat nhi^u trUdc nhflng tdn t h a t ve vM chat, nhanh chong phuc hoi sflc lao dgng va dn dinh cuoc song d l tiep tuc t h a m gia vao qua trinh tao r a gia tri cho dS^t nUdc.
- An sinh xd hgi dd gop phdn tich cUc trong ddm bdo an to&n, dn dinh cho todn bg nin kinh te- xd hgi cua niidc ta. N h i m tranh nhflng rui ro ve an toan lao dong, cac ddn vi kinh te da de ra nhflng quy dinh nghi§m ngat v^ sfl an toan cho ngUdi lao dong va bat buoc moi ngUdi phai tuan thu. Vdi tinh thiin phong ngiia hdn giai quyet hau qua, he tho'ng an sinh xa hoi da ngan chan dUdc nhig'u rui ro cho ngUdi lao dpng. Trong dieu kign bat kha khang, he thdng an sinh xa hoi cung kip thdi bu dap nhiing tdn that do riii ro gay ra de tao dieu kien cho ngfldi lao dpng vUdt qua va nhanh chdng on dinh cuQc song va san xuat. Theo ham y dd, an sinh xa hpi da thfle sU gop ph^n quan trpng lam dn dinh kinh te - xa hpi.
- He thong an sinh xd hgi, dac biet la bdo hiSm xd hgi, ldm tdng them mot quan hS gdn bo giiia ngudi lao dgng, ngiidi sv! dung lao dgng vd Nhd nUdc. Ba chu the nay deu tham gia vao viec ddng gop cho quy bao hiem xa hdi, di^u do lam cho ca ngfldi lao dpng va ngUdi sfl dung lao dpng cd trach nhiem hdn trong cong viec va lao dpng san xugt. Nha nfl6c viia dong gdp vao quy bao hiem xa hdi, vfla la ngfldi dieu h a n h hoat ddng cua quy de dam bao sfl
Biii Van Huy^n, PGS.TS.; D6 Til Cudng, TS.. Vifin Kinh Ie, Hpc vidn Chuih tn quoc gia H6 Chf Minh
1. Bai viet nay thuoc khuon khfi d^ tM cSp nhk nudc:
"Mfl hinh an sinh xa h6i 6 Viftt Nam: thuc trang, nhimg vah d^ va giai phap" ma s6KX.04.16/20.
Nghiin cdu Kmh tSs67(470) • Thit)g 7/2017
ThUc trang qua trinh hoan thien .
cdng bang, binh dang cho mpi dra tfldng thu hfldng. Vi nhiing 1^ do dd, he thdng an sinh xa h6i thUc su la mpt moi ket dfnh gifla ba chu the ngudi lao dpng, ngfldi sfl dung lao dpng va Nha nudc. Dig'u nay cung gop phan quan trpng tdi dam bao sU on dinh cua nen kinh te - xa hpi cl nudc ta.
- He thdng an sinh xd hot dong vai tro quan trgng trong thuc ddy tdng tri/dng kinh te vd cong bdng xd hgi. He tho'ng an sinh xa hpi thu hiit dUdc mpt ngudn tai chfnh tap trung kha ldn cho Quy an sinh xa hpi, trong do cd Quy bao hiem xa hoi. Cac quy nay, ngoai vi$c dfldc sfl dting de chi tra cho ngudi lao dpng va gia dinh hp, phan cdn lai dupc sfl dijng de thuc hien cac hoat dong dau t u cho hoat dpng san xuat, kinh doanh de bao ton va tang trudng cua quy. Xet tren hai phUdng dien la chi tra va d£u tU tang trfldng cua quy, hoat ddng cua chting deu ddng gop can ban cho siJ tang trudng kinh t^.
Nguyen ly can ban cua phan phdi trong an sinh xa hpi la sti phan phdi lai theo hfldng co ldi cho ngfldi lao ddng cd thu nhap th^'p; la sii chuyen dich thu nhdp cua nhiing ngudi lao dpng khoe manh, may m^n tdi nhflng ngudi lao ddng cd sflc khoe yeu hdn va kem may man hdn. Vi vay, an sinh xa hpi da hien thilc h6a sU thu hep hd phan each gifla ngudi giau va ngUdi ngheo, gdp phan thtic hien sti cong bang xa hdi 6 nudc ta.
2. Thtfc t r a n g q u a t r i n h h o a n t h i e n t h e c h e ve d a m b a o a n s i n h xa hoi d ntf6c t a
An sinh xa h6i la mot bp phan quan trpng, khong the thieu trong he tho'ng cac chinh sach xa hdi va nam trong chie'n lUdc phat trien kinh te - xa h6i cua Vigt Nam. Bao dam an sinh xa hpi la dieu kien quan trpng de dam bao dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia cho sti phat trien cua n i n kinh te thi trUcJng, ddng thcfi, dfldc thfla nhan rpng rai la sti phan anh ban chllt tdt dep cua che' dp d nfldc ta.
2.1. Nhiing thank tUu trong qud trinh hodn thien the che ve ddm bdo an sinh xd hoi d nUdc ta trong 30 nam qua
Trong hdn 30 nam qua, Viet Nam da va dang nd lflc dau t u ngudn lflc, ddi mdi cd chg', chfnh sach, hoan thien the che' de thtic hien an sinh xa hpi. Qua trinh xay dting, td chiic thtic hign luSt phap va chlnh sach va hoan thien the che* ve dam bao an sinh xa hpi da dat dUdc nhieu t h a n h ttiu quan trpng:
ThU nhdt, kit qud cua qud trinh hodn thien the che vi ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi the hien ro moi quan hi gdn bo giiia tieh bg vd phdt triin xd hgi vdi thdnh ttiu phdt trien kinh te trong boi cdnh kinh te thi tmdng vd hgi nhdp kinh tiquo'c ti.
Tren cd sd danh gia cac dieu kign phat trien kinh te - xa hdi v^ cSn doi cac ngudn luc, n h i l u chfnh sach an sinh xa hpi da dfldc ban hanh.
Cac chUdng trinh xoa ddi, giam ngheo cua Viet Nam d tam qudc gia da thu ducfc nhieu ket qua tdt dep va dUdc cpng ddng qud'c tg' thfla nh&n va danh gia cao; dac biet la nhting thanh ttiu trong xoa ddi, giam ngheo cho nong dan d vung miln ntii, vung ddng bao dan tgc thieu so'. Cpng dong qud'c te da danh gia nUdc ta la mpt trong nhflng qudc gia sdm hoan thanh cac muc tieu Thien nign ky cd lign quan den an sinh xa hpi (Nguyen Ngpe Sdn, 2012;
Nguygn Anh Cudng va Pham Quoc Thanh, 2014).
Dd'n cudi nam 2014, ty le ngheo theo c h u ^ qudc gia con dUdi 6%; ddi sd'ng cua ngUcii dan ngheo, dong bao dan tpc thieu so' va cac dm tUdng ygu the da dfldc cai thien va nang cao.
Da so' ngfldi dan cd viec lam, ty le thSt nghiep thap, dfldi 2%; ty le ngfldi lao ddng tham gia bao hiem xa hpi dat tren 20%, tham gia bao hiem thi't nghigp dat trgn 17%. Da so' ngfldi lao dpng da tiep can dupc y tg' cd sd, ty le tham gia bao hilm y tg' tren 71,6%, khoang 3%
ngfldi cd hoan canh dac biet khd khan dfldc hd trd tien mat hang thang va cac hinh thfle khac; cd ban hoan thanh pho cap giao due mam non cho tre 5 tudi, c§!p tieu hpc va tnmg hpc cd sd. I l n h hinh tiep can nfldc saeh va tinh trang nha d va tiep clin thdng tin cung dfldc cai thien dang kd.
Nghieti cdu Kmh tSsd 7(470) - TTiifg 7/2017
ThUc trang qua trinh hoan thien..
Thli hai, he tho'ng phdp ludt ve ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi cho mgi ngUifi dan dittic ddn hodn thien mgt cdch dong bg vd day du.
He thdng van ban phap luat, chinh sach tao cd sd phap ly cho thuc hign tdt ehinh sach trd gitip xa hpi da dUdc xay dting mpt each ddng bd va diin hoan chinh. De'n nay (theo thdng ke cua Bp Lao dpng, thfldng binh va xa hoi) da cd tren 10 bp luat, luat, 7 phap lenh va hdn 30 nghi dinh, quyg't dinh cua Chfnh phu, hdn 40 thong tfl, thdng tu lien tieh va nhieu van ban cd npi dung lien quan quy dinh khudn khd phap l u i t , chinh saeh trd giup xa hpi. Trong dd cd nhflng van ban quan trpng nhfl Luat Ngfldi cao tuoi, Luat NgUdi khuyet tat, Luat Cham sdc, giao diic va bao ve tre em, Luat Phdng chd'ng bao lilc gia dinh, Nghi dinh sd 67/2007/ND-CP, Nghi dinh so 13/2016/ND-CP, Nghi dinh sd 136/2013/ND-CP quy dinh chinh sach trd giup xa hpi doi vdi dd'i tfldng bao trd xa hpi...
Quyin an sinh xa hdi cd b a n cho ngfldi dan lan d^u tien trong lich sfl nUdc t a dfldc dfla vao Hig'n phap nam 2013^. Nhu vliy, dam bao an sinh xa hpi cho ngfldi dan da dfldc Hien dinh khdng chi ve mat quyen ldi cua ngUdi dan ma con ca ve trach nhiem cua Nha nudc. Ben canh do mot loat nhiing dieu ehinh can ban trong he tho'ng cac luat ed lign quan de'n an sinh xa hpi nhfl:
(i) Bp Luat Lao dpng siia ddi (nam 2012) da md rpng sti hd trd cua Nha nfldc ddi vdi ngfldi lao ddng yeu the' trgn thi trUdng thdng qua cac chinh sach hd trd tao viec lam.
(ii) Luat Viec lam (nam 2013) hUdng tdi viec md rpng dien dam bao an sinh xa hpi dg'n khu vflc phi chfnh thfle khi tao cd hpi cho ngfldi lao ddng t h a m gia bao hiem tha't nghiep^.
(iii) Luat Bao h i l m y t e sfia ddi (nam 2014) md rpng dien bao phu ngUdi dan sang che' dp bao hiem y te bat bupc doi vdi toan bp ngUdi dan, md rpng sti t h a m gia eua ngUdi dan vao bao h i l m y te.
(iv) Luat Bao hiem xa hpi (nam 2014) md rpng dign t h a m gia bao hiem xa hoi bat bupc do'i vdi ngudi lao dpng lam viee cd hdp ddng tfl 1 thang trd len; tang cfldng che tai ddi vdi viec trd'n ddng bao hiem xa hgi; hoan thign chg' dp ddng bao hiem xa hdi til nguyen theo hudng linh hoat va phu hdp vdi dieu kien ve viee lam va t h u nhap ctia ngudi lao dpng trong khu vflc phi chinh thfle.
Th^ ba, doi tiiang bao phu cua hdo hiem xd hgi ngdy diitJc rgng hUdng tdi dien bao phu todn ddn; loai hinh tham gia bdo hiem xd hgi cdng dUOc md rgng; chinh sdeh bdo hiem xd hgi cdng tiing biidc diidc hodn thien.
Chfnh saeh bao hiem xa hdi da dtfdc Dang va Nha nfldc dac biet quan tam va thilc hien chfnh thfle tfl nam 1961. Tfl nam 1961 den nam 1995, chinh saeh nay ehi dfldc ap dting doi vdi cong nhan vien ehfle nha nfldc theo cd ehe bao cap. Tfl nam 1995, chinh sach bao hiem xa hpi dUdc cai each theo htfdng md rpng dan dd'i tUdng tham gia. Ddi tUdng tham gia tfl ehd ehi ed cdng chflc, vien chflc dUdc tham gia sang ngUdi lao dpng trong eae doanh nghigp cd sfl dijng tfl 10 lao dpng trd Ign, rdi tigp ttic md rdng den cac lao dpng cd ky ke't hdp ddng tfl 3 thang trd Ign. Chinh sach bao hiem xa hpi dUdc tiing budc hoan thien, eho de'n nay da dat dUdc nhieu ket qua nhat dinh, doi tUdng tham gia va thu hfldng cac chg' dd bao higm xa hdi dfldc tang d^n theo cac nam. Tfnh den het nam 2016, ca nudc cd tren 13 trieu ngUdi tham gia bao h i l m xa hpi, chiem khoang 28% Itic Itfdng lao dpng trong dp tudi. Hang n&m, cd khoang 4-5 trieu ngfldi dUdc hudng cac chg' dp bao hiem xa hdi ngan han va khoang 150 nghin ngfldi hudng cac che dp bao h i l m xa h6i dai h a n .
2. Didu 34. Cflng din co quydn duoc dam bao an sinh xa hdi v^ DiSu 59. Nha nudc tao binh ding vd ca hfli di cflng dfln thu hudng phiic lpi xa hfli, phit tri^n he thflng an sinhxa hfli.
3. Mpi Iao dflng 1km vific Irong cac doanh nghifip co hop dflng lao dflng til 3 thing trd ifin ddu b^t bufle tham gia bao hidm th^t nghifip.
NghiSn cOu Kinh tes67(470) • Thing 7/2017
Thuc trang qua trinh hoan thien .
ed g i n 3 trigu ngfldi cao tudi dang hfldng Ifldng huu va bao hiem xa hpi hang thang.
Ne'u tfnh ca doi tUdng hfldng trd ca'p xa hpi eho ngUdi cao tudi, ngfldi khuye't tat, ngUcii ngheo, ngUdi cd cong thi cd tren 50% ngfldi cao tudi d Vigt Nam dfldc hfldng lUdng hflu va trd cap hang thang.
Tfl ngay 1-1-2018, dd'i tfldng tham gia bao hiem xa hdi se dupc md rdng den nhflng ngfldi lao dpng cd hdp ddng lao dpng tfl 1 thang trd Ign. Trong dilu kien hpi nhap sau vao nen kinh te' the' gidi va dtf di sti xua't hien cua cac hiep dinh thfldng mai thg' he mdi, lao dpng ntfdc ngoai lam vige tai Vidt Nam cung cd cd hpi tham gia bao h i l m xa hpi tai Viet Nam. Ve khia canh chinh sach, ban dau chi cd bao hiem xa hdi bat bupc, de'n ngay 1-1- 2008 ed them chinh sach bao higm xa hdi ttf nguygn, hit d i u ttf ngay 1-1-2009 cd them chfnh saeh bao hiem tha't nghiep.
Tha tli, he thdng dich vii xd hgi ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi dd co nhieu ehuyen biin mgnh ve mat thi chi.
Hg tho'ng dich vii xa hpi bao gdm cac dich vii: nha d xa hpi cho ngtfdi dan; nudc sach, ve sinh mdi trUdng; y te'; giao due; van hda, thg thao giai tri, sinh hoat cdng ddng luon dfldc Dang va Nha nfldc quan tam xay dting the chg' de tang efldng stf phat trign. Ke't qua ciia nhting quan tam nay thg hidn d sti chuyen bie'n manh me cua chlit lupng dich vii xa hdi dam bao an sinh xa hpi trong nhflng nam vtfa qua. Dieh vtt xa hdi da dUdc cung flng mpt each da dang khdng ehi dap dUdc nhu cau cua ngtfdi dan d nhting dd thi ldn ma edn phiic vti tdt nhu c i u eua ngUdi dan d vflng ndng thdn lan can do thi ldn; dd'i vdi ngudi dan d vung ndng thdn thi dich via xa hdi dam bao an sinh xa hdi da dan tiep can dtfdc vdi nhu ciu da dang va phong phti ciia ngfldi dSn. Ben canh dd, dieh vti xa hpi dam bao an sinh xS hpi gop p h i n ehuyen tai vao thfle tg' eupe sdng nhflng chfnh sach an sinh xa hpi, cdn ddi va hai hda eae ldi ieh khac nhau cua ngfldi dan. Thdng qua cac ehinh sach nay, nhflng dong gdp cua ngtfdi dan vao qua trinh
cung ca'p dich vu xa hpi dtfdc khuyen khfch va thtic day. Ngtfdi dan d nh6m yg'u thg' dfldc dam bao quyin tiep can dich vu xa hoi nham dat dUdc mtie tieu chung la dam bao an sinh xa hpi cho toan dan, cham lo cai thign va khong ngCtog nang cao ddi sd'ng cho ngflcJi dan. Thdng qua cae ket qua thilc hien eua minh, the chg' v l dich vu xa hdi dam bao an sinh xa hdi ddng gdp tfch ctfc cho stf phat trien nhanh cua nen kinh tg' qudc gia.
Thli ndm, cdc chinh sdeh trd giup xd hgi cua Nhd niidc dd diic/c thiic hien tidy du vd kip thdi.
Tinh d i n cu& nam 2015, ca nUdc da tig'n hanh giai quyet trd cap xa hpi hang thang cho hdn 2,6 trieu ddi tUdng. Trong dd: ngtfdi cao tudi trdn 80 tudi khdng cd Ifldng htlu la 1.454 nghin ngtfdi; ngfldi cao tudi cd ddn thupc hd nghgo 85 nghin ngUcfi; ngtfdi khuyit tat nang va dac biet 896 nghin ngfldi; tre em md cdi khdng cd ngudn nudi dudng 45 nghin tre; ngfldi ddn than nudi con thupc hd ngheo 113 nghin ngudi. Ben canh dd, chi phi trd cap xa hpi hang thang, cap the bao hiem y tg' va hd trd chi phi mai tang cho cae doi tUpng xa'p xi 13 nghin ty ddng/nam (Bp Lao dpng, thfldng binh va xa hdi, 2016).
2.2. Mpt so han che vd nguyen nhan cdn khdc phuc de tiep tuc hodn thien the che ddm bdo an sinh xa hot nUdc ta trong giai doan tdi
- Cdc chiidng trinh day nghe cho lao dgng tgi nong thon hien chita gdn diii3c vdi nhu cau cua thi triidng lao dgng vd nhu edu cua qud trinh sdn xudt, eha't Ifldng ngudn lao ddng chua eao, ty le lao ddng cd b^ng cap, chiing chi mdi ehi dat g^n 20%*. Mac du ehung ta da dat dtfdc nhflng t h a n h cdng to ldn v l xoa ddi, giam ngheo nhflng nguy ed tai nghdo cao, ty le ngheo d vung dan tdc thilu sd, vung sau, viing xa vdn cdn trgn 50%, ea bigt cd ndi trgn 70%.
- Chenh lich gidu ngheo vi thu nhap vd tiip can cdc dich vu xd hgi ccf bdn giiia cdc viing,
4. Sfl' lidu nam 2014 cfla Bfl Lao dflng.thuong binh vSl xahfli.
6 Nahien ci3u Kinh tBs67(470) • Thing 7/2017
ThUG trang qua trinh hoan thien...
nhom ddn cii co xu hiidng gia tdng. Khu vtlc mien niii phfa Bac va Tay Nguygn vdi cac vung cdn lai cd nhieu khoang each ldn; ngudi dan tde thieu so' va ngudi Kinh/Hoa eung cd nhilu phan each ldn.
- Miic tieu bdo hiem y titodn dan vdn eon nhiiu thdch thUc, nam 2015 s d t h e bao hiem y te da tang hdn 5 trigu so vdi nam 2014, bao phu dupe 76,2% dan so' ca ntfdc. De'n nam 2016, ty le bao phu la 81,7% dan so' ca ntfdc.
Nhu vay, van con gan 20% dan sd' ca nfldc ehfla tham gia bao hiem y te; ty le tre em suy dinh dudng giam cham; chat Itfcfng cham soc y tg' d ndng thdn, vung sau vung xa eon thiLp.
Trien khai chfnh sach ho trd n h a d cho hp ngheo edn cham; van de n h a d cho cac nhdm dan cfl (lao dpng di cfl, hpe sinh, sinh vien, dan tpc thieu so) cdn bltt clip. Ty le ngtfdi dan dtfdc sii dung ntfdc sach theo quy chuan qud'c gia edn thKp, viec long ghep vdi cae chUdng trinh chtfa dUdc thUc hien td't. Bd tri ngan saeh cho cac chtfdng trinh thong tin cho vung sau, vting xa con cd nhieu khd khan, eha't Ifldng cac cong trinh ha tang ky thuat thdng tin con thap.
Diin bao phu cua tret giup xd hgi con nhiiu hgn che, miic ho tra con thap, chiia ddm bdo diidc nhu cdu sinh hogt toi thiiu cua ngiidi ddn; dac bigt con c6 mdt bd phan ngfldi dan khd khan trong tiep can vdi chfnh saeh, dich vu trd giup xa hdi. Nhan thfle eua nhieu cd quan quan ly nha nUde ve trd giup xa hpi eon b a n che, ehfla coi chi trd giup xa hpi la mpt khoan dau tfl cho phat trien. He thd'ng phap 1^ v l trd giup xa hpi mac dfl da ed nhilu tig'n bp nhflng hign vSn ehfla dfldc hoan thien, ddng bd. Do do, hd thdng cae cd sd cung ciLp dich VIJ trd giup xa hpi chu yeu cham sde ndi tru, ehfla quan ly trtfdng hdp va cham sdc, trd giup dd'i tupng tai nha. Nang lUe eua dpi ngu can bp lam cdng tac trd giup xa hpi cdn nhieu h a n chC d i n de'n quan ly nha nUdc ve trd giup xa hpi ehfla dat dfldc mflc ky vpng cua ngtfdi dan. Nhilu ndi, nhilu cho sti phd'i hcfp da nganh trong cung ca'p trd giup xa hpi chUa dUdc nhan thfle dung dan.
Cdng tac k i l m tra, giam sat cac boat dpng trd giup xa hpi van ehfla dfldc tig'n hanh chat ehe va nghiem ngat.
- Trong qud trinh td chiic thiic hiin cung ling cdc dich vu xd hgi ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi chiia khuyen khich diidc siX tham gia cua cdc to chiic, doanh nghiSp vd ngiidi ddn mgt cdch hieu qud. Sfl Hen ke't giiia cac quy hoach, chien lUdc, chUdng trtnh phat trien tflng linh vtfc cua dich vu xa hpi con yeu va ddi luc la thigu vang. Keo theo dd la, sU gan kg't va phat trign ddng bp giiia cong tac dIu t u xay dtfng mang ludi cung cap dich vti xa hpi vdi chfldng trtnh phat trign do thi, ke' hoach phat trign kinh tg' - xa hpi dia phtfdng con ehUa dUdc chti trpng dung mflc. Mpt sd chi tieu phat trien dich vu do thi da khong cdn phu hdp vdi gian doan phat trien mdi trong bdi canh doi mdi md hinh tang trfldng eua da't nUde hudng nen kinh te' nfldc ta vao qua trtnh phat trien nhanh va ben vflng.
Cdn tdn tai cac van deu neu tren la do cac nguygn nhan sau:
Tha nhdt, nhan thfle ve vai trd cua an sinh xa hdi d cac ca'p lanh dao d dia phUdng, to chflc va ngudi dan cdn ehfla dung va chUa day dli. Hign nay, van dang tdn tai mpt quan diem kha rpng rai khi coi an sinh xa hpi la trach nhiem rieng co cua Nha ntfdc da dan dg'n t u tudng trdng chd vao Nha ntfdc, vao Trung tfdng.
Thii hai, nang luc xay dtfng chfnh sach xa hpi con nhieu han che. Quan ly nha nUdc v l an sinh xa hpi cdn ehfla tdt do qua n h i l u chinh saeh va dfldc ban hanh d nhieu giai doan khac nhau nen kha nang phoi hdp con tha'p. Do'i tUdng hudng cac chg' dd an sinh xa hpi thi n h i l u va da dang nen dan de'n tinh trang cac chfnh sach an sinh xa hdi vfla manh mtin vfla trdng cheo va ke't qua da gay ra nhieu khd khan phflc tap cho cd quan quan ly chinh sach an sinh xa hdi,
Thii ba, bp may to ehfle thtic hien chinh sach an sinh xa hpi d cac cap, dae biet la ca'p ed sd cdn thig'u va yg'u.
Nghiin cdu Kinh te sif 7(470) - Thing 7/2017
Thuc trang qua trinh hoan thien .
Tha ta, anh hfldng trtie tiep tdi chinh sach eung ling dich vu xa hpi dam bao an sinh xa hpi la tdc dp dd thi hda, di chuygn dan cU hien nay dang ra't nhanh va phflc tap. Ban than va'n de dd thi hda va di chuyen dan cU khdng anh htfdng mdt each trtlc tigp dg'n hieu qua thuc hien chfnh sach an sinh xa hdi, nhUng no lai dien ra trong tinh trang kha nang chi tra cua ngtfdi dan cdn thap va khdng ddng deu, ngudn lUc cua nha ntfdc cho viec nay cdn nhieu ban che. Chfnh vi vay, nhiing tfnh toan v l ehfnh sach an sinh xa hfii da bi anh htfdng rat nhieu ttf hai xu htfdng nay.
Tha ndm, ehua ed mdt md hinh an sinh xa hpi hoan thien va higu qua nham kg't nd'i cac ngudn Itle, chia se trach nhiem gifla eae bgn tham gia va phu hdp vdi cac chu^n mile ciia thd gidi.
3. Mot so giai p h a p n h a m h o a n t h i e n t h £ c h e d a m b a o a n s i n h xa hoi d Viet N a m t r o n g nhuing n a m tdri Trong thdi gian tdi, ntfdc ta phai doi mat vdi khdng it khd khan, thach thtfc nhtf: (i) gia hda dan sd'; (ii) tac dpng cua bien ddi khf hau;
(iii) each mang khoa hpc hpc cdng nghe 4.0;
(iv) sti thay ddi eua cac eong tfde qud'c te va ehuan miic an sinh xa hdi quo^c t^; (v) qua trinh ddi mdi md hinh tang trudng kinh te' cua da't nude. Do dd, de tiep tue hoan thien t h i chg' dam bao an sinh xa hdi nudc ta d l dap ting nhu cau mdi, chiing ta can thtic hign:
Tha nhdt, can day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen nang cao nhan thtfc v l quyen va nghia vu cua ngUdi dan ve an sinh xa hpi.
Thdng nhat nhan thfle gifla eae cd quan nha nfldc cac ca'p ve viec khuyg'n khfch toan xa hdi tham gia vao he tho'ng an sinh xa hpi mpt each ed hieu qua va tign tie'n.
Tha hai, tflng bfldc hoan thidn dan he thd'ng chinh sach an sinh xa hdi theo hfldng md rdng dien bao phii phu hdp vdi trtnh dp phat trien kinh t e ' - xa hpi eua da't nfldc. Dan dan ap dting eae chuan mile da dfldc quy dinh trong cac cong Udc qud'c te' vao tinh hinh thtic
hien ehinh sach an sinh xa hdi d nude ta trong thdi k;^ tdi.
Tha ba, thuc d i y qua trinh dao tao nang cao nang Itle cho bp may td chflc thtle hien chinh sach an sinh xa hpi d ca'p cd sS. Hd trd cac cd sd dao tao xay dUng nhilu chUdng trtnh, giao trinh dao tao cho can bp, nhan vien lam c6ng tac an sinh xa hdi theo hUdng hien dai va hoi nhap. Tang cfldng dao tao ky nang, trinh dp chuyen mdn nghigp vu va trinh dp quan ly v l an sinh xa hpi eho cac can bd, nhan vign, cdng tac vien va nhflng ngtfdi tham gia cac hoat dpng an sinh xa hpi.
Tha ta, quy hoach phat trien mang lu6i cac cd sd lign quan dg'n an sinh xa h6i den ca'p huyen phu hdp vdi chign lUdc, quy hoaeh phat trien kinh te — xa hdi eiia tflng vung, dia phfldng va phat huy nang Itic, hieu qua ciia cac cd sd lien quan den an sinh xa h5i hign cd. Tao dilu kign thuan ldi cho cac doi tfldng thu hfldng an sinh xa hdi dfldc tiep can va thti hfldng dich vti an sinh xa hpi, nha't la nhflng ngudi thudc nh6m yg'u the va ngfltii dan d nhflng vung khdng dfldc thuan ldi ve mat giao thdng. Dong thdi, tilp tue thuc diy xu hfldng da dang hda cac hinh thfle tham gia eua ngfldi dan, doanh nghiep va cdng ddng 5. (i) Ty le thay the {ty Ifi hudng) trong hfl trg/tro cSp flm dau tit 45% vS 75% mtic thu nhap truflc day, phu thuoc vao then gian dong gop. "Phix hop vdi Cflng udc C102 (45% miic luong tham chidu) — Cflng udc 130 khuyfin nghi 60%.
(ii) Khoang thdi gian h6 trp/trp cSip dac bidt thifp so vdi cac chu^n ciia ILO: Cflng udc sfl 102 quy dinh Ciip cic khoan h6 tra/tro cifp flm dau thflng qua du phong, vdi miic gidi han co thd la 28 tuSn dfli vdi mfli trudng hpp flm dau (182 ngay).
(iii) Ty Ifi mile do suy giam kha nang lao dflng trfin 30%, ngudi Iam vific duoc hudng tron gfli. Khflng phil hgp vdi quy dinh tai cac Cflng udc sfl 102 hoac C121 (quy djnh chi ip dung dupc nh$n tro c£p 1 lin khi suy giam kha ning lao dflng xu^g mile dudi 25%).
(iv) Trp cKp hing thing: 30% luong (tang thdm 1%
tuong ling v6i ty Ifi giam ning luc) (thJp hon quy dinh trong Cflng udc 102: it nhSt 50% hoac theo quy dinh trong Cflng udc 121 la it nhit 60%).
s
Nghien odu Kinh le stf 7(470) - Thing 7/2017ThUc trang qua trinh hoan thien..
vao cflng vdi Nha nudc cung ca'p cac dich vu an sinh xa hdi d l cd t h i huy ddng dfldc tdi da cac ngudn lflc sSn cd.
Tha ndm, can thd'ng nha't mpt ed quan quan ly an sinh xa hpi cd nhiem vu ehu trt, nghign cflu, xSy dilng, quan ly va to chflc trien khai chien lUdc, chfldng t r i n h an sinh xa hpi cho ngtfdi ngheo va doi tUdng cd hoan canh dac bigt khd k h a n n h a m dam bao khong cd sil chdng cheo nhiem vu gifla cac bp, nganh.
Tha sdu, c i n tien h a n h nghign cflu, tong ket va xay dilng mdt md h i n h an sinh xa hpi mdi phu hdp vdi dieu kien p h a t trien kinh te' - xa hdi d nudc ta trong giai doan mdi. Mo hinh an sinh xa hdi mdi nay cd the gan ke't cac chu t h i tham gia an sinh xa hdi va ed cd che' ehia se ngudn lilc mdt each rd r a n g va day du gifla cac bgn. Do cung la mdt md hinh cd cd chg' van h a n h linh hoat va gan ehat vdi dilu kien phat t r i i n kinh tl" - xa h6i cua da't nUdc, p h a n a n h dtfdc ban eha't cua chg' dd xa hpi t a va chu tnidng, dfldng Id'i va chinh sach cua n h a ntfdc v l an sinh xa hdi./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bfl Lao dflng, thuong bmh vi xa hfli (2016), Thuc hifin chinh sach trp giiip xa hfli vk giai phap di5i mdi giai doan tdi. Website ciia B6 Lao ddng, thuang hinh vd xd
Ad/,http://www.molisa.gov.vn/vi/Pages/chitiettin.aspx?ID News=24255 (tmy cip ngay 08/04/2017).
2. Chinh phii Vifit Nam (2012), Nghi quyfi^t Ban hanh Chuong trinh hanh dflng cua Chinh phu thuc hifin Nghi quydt sfl 15-NQ/TW ngay 1-6-2012 ciia Ban Chip hanh Trung uong Dang khfla XI mflt sfl vi&i dd vd chinh sich xa hfli giai doan 2012 - 2020.
3. Dang Cflng san Vifit Nam (2016), Van kifin Dai hfli Dai bi^u toan quflc 1 ^ thii XU, Van phong Trung uong Dang.
4. Dang Cflng san Vifit Nam (2012), Nghi quyfft hfli nghi lin thii nam ban ch£[p hanh trung uong khoa XI mflt sfl vSh dd v6 chinh s^ch xa hfli giai doan 2012 - 2020, Van phong Tnmg uong Dang.
5. Nguyfin Trgng Dam (2015), Hoan ftiifin chinh sach an sinhxa hoi phfi hop vdl qua tiinh i^at tndn kinh t£- xahfli ciia dat nudc, Website cua Bd Lao ddng, thuang binfi vd xd lioi, http://www.molisa.gov.vn/vi/Pages/chititttin.aspx7IDNew s=24185 (truy cSp ngay 7-4-2017-).
6. Nguyfin Ngoc Son (2012), Chinh sach giam ngheo d nudc ta hifin nay: thuc trang va dinh hudng hoan thifin.
Tap chi Kinh te vdphdt trien, sfl 181.
7. Nguyin Anh Cucmg, Pham Quflc Thanh (2014), Xoa ddi giam ngheo va giam bSit binh dang b Vifit Nam, Tgp chi Khoa hoc xd hoi Viet Nam, sfl 9(82).
8. Phftng HGu Hui, Lfl HiJu Nghia, Vu Van Hien va Nguyen Vie't Thflng {20\G), Mgt so vdn de ly ludn - thuc tiin ve chi nghta xd hdi vd con dudng di len chii nghia xd hdi dViet Nam qua 30 ndm doi mai, Nxb Chuih tri quflc gia. Ha Nfli.
Nghien cdu Kinh tes6 7(470) - Thattg 7/2017
