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'GHIEN CUU TRRO OOI
VE XAY DUNG VA HOAN THIEN HE T H 6 N G AN SINH XA HOI
• • •
a moc TA NHU'NG NAM Tai
c;S.TS. Mai Ngpc Cudng Dgi hgc Kinh li Qudc ddn
Sau 25 ndm Ddi m&i, hp thdng an sinh xd hpi (ASXIl) & nie&e ta ngdy cdng hodn thipn vd co ddng gdp quan trgng vdo viec dn djnh vd phdt irien kinh le .xd hpi, nhimg vdn cdn nhiiu van de bdt cgp. Bdi viet ndy ddnh gid mpl .so thdnh tgu vd di xudt mpt ,sd vdn de ed lien quan den chu Irirang, ehinh .sdch. Id chitv thirc hipn ve ASXIl theo hu&ng dciin bdo cho suphdt trien bin vimg a nir&e ta nhinig ndm t&i
TIT khda: an sinh xS hpi, bao hiem xa hpi bit bupc, bao hilm xa hpi ty nguyfn, bao hilm y te bit bupc, bao hiem y tc ty nguyfn, bao hilm that nghifp, trg giiip xa hdi thudng xuyen, trg giup xa hpi dpt xuat, uu dai xa hpi, xda ddi giam ngheo, thj trudng lao dpng, an sinh xa hpi cpng dong.
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ASXH d nude ta hien nay: mpt so thanh (BHYT) va Bao hilm that nghifp (BHTNg). Day la tyu chii yeu sy dam bao thay the hoac bii dap mpt phan thu nhap Cd thi ndi, ngay tu khi ra ddi. Dang va Nha nude cho ngudi lao dpng khi hp gap phai nh&ng bien cl ta da quan tam din vifc xay dyng hf thong bao dam 'am giam hoac mit kha nang lao dpng hoac bj mat ASXH (6). Hiln Phap nam 1946 da ghi nhan cac vifc lam, bing each hinh thanh va sir dyng quy tai quyen dugc hudng BHXH cua cdng nhan vien chirc chinh tap trung tu sy ddng gdp cua ngudi tham gia.nha nude, vifc cham sdc giup dd nh&ng ngudi gia Ve BHXH, a Vift Nam hifn cd hai logi la bao ca, tan tat, tre em md cdi (Dieu 14); mpt logt cac hilm xa hpi bit bupc (BHXHBB) va bao hiem xa quyet djnh thanh lap cac Bd ciru te xa hdi, Bp hpi ty nguyfn (BHXHTN). Trudc ddi mdi, BHX- thuong binh cy binh, cac quy ban tdi cao ve tiep tl HBB chi bao gom ngudi lao dpng trong khu vyc nha va ciru tl,... dugc ban hanh. nude. Vdi sy phat triln kinh tl nhieu thanh ph5n.
Qua cac giai dogn phat triln, nhit la tir khi thye den nay BHXHBB dugc ap dyng cho toan bp khu hifn chu truang Doi mdi ciia Dang ta din nay, hf vyc chinh thirc, tire ngudi lao dpng lam vifc trong thong chu truang chinh sach, thi hifn trong cac van cac to chiirc, co quan, doanh nghifp mpi thanh phSn ban phap quy ve ASXH kha diy du, ma tieu bilu la kinh te, cd hgp ddng lao dpng tir ba thang trd len.
Luat BHXH va Luat BHYT, tao co sd phap ly v&ng Nam 1995, ca nude cd 2.275.998 ngudi, tlii din chic cho sy van hanh ciia hf thong ASXH d Vift nam 2010 tang len la 9.342.676 ngudi(8) va nam Nam. Theo dd, to chire hf thong ASXH d nude ta 2011 cd khoang 10.130.000 tham gia. Cac chl dp dugc cau thanh bdi hai bg phan chu ylu la ASXH BHXH nhu dg huu tri, che dg tai ngn lao ddng, bf nh theo nguyen tac ddng-hudng va ASXH khdng dya nghe nghifp, chl dp thai san, che dp dm dau va che tren sy ddng gdp ciia ngudi tham gia, ma dya vao dp tir tuat dugc ban hanh va sira ddi da di vao cupc ngudn tai chinh tir Ngan sach Nha nude (NSNN). song da cd tac dpng tich cyc din vifc dn djnh ddi Nh&ng thanh tyu chii yeu cua hf thong ASXH d song ciia ngudi lao dpng trong qua trinh dang lam nude ta hifn nay cd the dugc khai quat tren nh&ng vifc va khi nghi huu, gin trach nhifm vdi quyen lpi mat sau day: va nghTa vy cua cac ben khi tham gia BHXH, giifa LI. Cdc chuang trinh ASXH theo nguyen tdc ^^"8 ^a hudng cac chl do BHXH, khic phyc dan
"ddng- hu&ng" ngdy phdt triin, m& rpng phgm vi *'"'i ^''"h quan, bao cip, ddng thdi vin dam bao tinh bao phu, ndng cao ddn nnic dp tiic dpng den d&i ^^ 'iP' 'a dieu tilt va chia se cgng dong.
sdng ciia ngu&i ddn. 6 nude ta hifn nay, cac Nh&ng nam trudc day, hinh thirc BHXHTN dupc chuang trinh ASXH theo nguyen tfic ddng-hudng thi dilm d mgt so tinh, nhu BHXH ndng dan Nghf gdm Bao hilm xa hdi (BHXH), Bao hiem y tl An, Quy huu ndng dan xa Dgi Hoa (Tan Yen, Bic
36 - - A . i ) | , a i
Giang). Hlnh thirc nay mang tinh ci t ty nguyfn cdng ddng, mirc ddng gdp phii hgp vo icha nang thu nhap cua ngudi lao dpng, nhin chung thip va miic hudng thy do do cfing thap. Luat BH:* A dupe Qudc hpi thdng qua ngay 29/6/2006 quy di h BHXHTN chu yeu eho ddi tugng la ngudi lao dpng khu vyc phi chinh thuc, cd hifu lyCi ap dyno tir 1/1/2008.
Theo dd, cac hinh thirc BHXH mang Mnh cpng dong nhu BHXH ndng dan Nghf An dugc sip xIp Igi va chuyin sang BHXHTN theo Luat. Den nam 2010, ca nude cd 61. 689 ngudi (8) va nam 2011 cd
104.518 ngudi tham gia BHXHTN (12).
Ve BHYT, d Vift Nam cd bao hilm y tl bit bupc (BHYTBB), bao hilm y tl ty nguyfn (BHYTTN) va BHYT ngudi ngheo. BHYTBB ap dyng cho ngudi lao ddng trong khu vyc chinh thirc; BHYTTN la BHYT cho cac doi tugng hgc sinh, sinh vien va mpi ngudi dan; ngudi ngheo dugc Nha nude cap the BHYT. Sau 19 nam thye hifn chinh sach BHYT, kl tu 1992 din nay, ddi tugng tham gia BHYT ngay cang tang, pham vi bao phu BHYT ngay cang rpng.
Nlu nam 1993, ca nude cd 3.790.000 ngudi, thi din nam 2010 cd 50.674.301(8) va nam 2011 cd khoang 57.000.000 ngudi (12) tham gia.
Vi Bdo hiem thdt nghiep a Vift Nam, day la hlnh thirc mdi dugc ap dyng tu nam 2009; nam 2010 cd 7.054.962 ngudi tham gia (8).
1.2. Cdc chuang trinh ASXH khong dua tren dong gop cda ngu&i ddn nhu trg giiip xd hpi (TGXH), ngdy cdng dugc chd trgng, phgm vi ddi tugng tham gia dugc m& rpng, ngudn tdi chinh tir Ngdn sdch nhd nu&c ddm bdo cho cdc chuang trinh ngdy cdng tdng len
O Vift Nam gdm Trg giup xa hpi thudng xuyen (TGXHTX) va Trg giup xa hdi dot xuit (TGXHDX). Theo Nghj djnh 67/2007/ND-CP ngay
13 thang 4 nam 2007 cua Chinh phii quy djnh cd 9
doi tugng dugc hudng TGXHTX la ngudi gia cd don, ngudi cao tuoi (hifn nay la tren 80 tudi), tre em md cdi, ngudi tan tat (gom ca hp cd 2 ngudi tan tgt ngng), ngudi nhiem HIV va cac doi tugng khac (nhu ngirdi nhan nudi TEMC...). So vdi nam 2000, phgm vi bao phu rpng hon; mirc chi tieu tir nam 2000 den nay on djnh khoang 0,12 % GDP hoac 0,3-0,5% chi NSNN (1,7,8 va 9). Song song vdi TGTX tir NSNN, sy trg giiip ciia gia dinh, cpng dong xa hpi cung cd
>' nghTa rat quan trpng doi vdi cac doi tugng xa hdi, nhat la nhdm ngudi cao tudi (NCT), tre em cd hoan canh dac bift khd khan va ngudi tan tat. Nha nude tgo CO che de hinh thanh rit nhieu logi quy xa hpi, nhan dao tu thifn de trg giup cac doi tugng xa hdi nhu "quy ngay vi ngirdi ngheo"; "quy tim Idng vang", "quy ngn nhan chit dpc da cam", "quy bao trg tre em", quy cua Hpi chu thgp dd, quy cua NCT.
Do nam d khu vyc nhift ddi gid miia, thudng xuyen xay ra thien tai, lu hit han han, TGXHDX da dugc Vift Nam dac bift quan tam. Mdi khi thien tai xay ra, cac dja phuang va ngudi dan dlu cd hanh ddng irng phd kjp thdi nhim giam nhe thift hai va ciru trg khan c i p cho cac ddi tugng gap phai riii ro.
Song song vdi vifc trg giup ciia cpng dong theo phuong thirc truyen thdng, Nha nude cung da cd chinh sach TGXHDX d l tgo tam ludi chin bao dam sy an toan v l ddi sdng va san xuit cua cac thanh vien trong xa hpi nhu trg c i p tien mat vao cac djp tet cho ngudi ngheo, trg giiip cac ngn nhan bj thien tai, cung cap cac djch vy xa hdi, hd trg vien chirc thu nhap thap, trg c i p giao dye,... Hf thdng chinh sach tuy don gian nhung cung rat da dgng v l doi tupng va mirc dp trg giiip, dap irng diing nhung nhu ciu birc xuc cua cac thanh vien trong xa hpi khi hp gap rui ro khdng ludng trudc dugc... Kinh phi cho trg giiip nay chilm khoang 0,5% 0,6 GDP, hoac 1,5-
1,6% chi NSNN (7).
Bang 1: Tinh hinh bao hiem xa hpi, bao hiem y te, bao hiem that nghiep d Vict Nam
1995 2005 2009 2010 2011
So lugng nguoi tham gia Bao hiem xa hoi bat buoc Bao hiem y te
Bao hiem that nghiep
2.275.998 7.100.000
6.189.962 23.130,000
9.901.170 50.070.000 B^t dau thuc hien tir nam 2009
9.342.767 50.674.301 7.054.962
10.130.000 57.000.000 Tyle%
% tham gia BHXHBB so tong so lao dong khu vuc chinh thirc
% tham gia BHYT so dan so 9,6 28,0
80,9 58,0
83,9 58,3
81,0 66,0
Ngudn: 3; 8, 13
Klllll tyiiiit Irien
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GHI6N CUU TRRO DOI
1.3. Chinh sdch ASXH dugc ket hgp ch(it chS v&i den nam 2009, Dang va Nha nude Vift Nam da ban cdc chinh sdch xd hpi khdc, nh&do md ASXH dugc hanh 107 van ban phap quy cd lien quan den cong ddm bdo, kinh te xd hpi Vipt Nam khd dn dinh, tac XDGN(ll). Cac Chuang trinh, chinh sach ngay trong dieu kipn khung hodng vd lgm phdt XDGN d Vift Nam dugc thye hifn nhim vao hai
1.3.L Vc chinh sdch ngu&i cd cong, Nghj quylt 'i^<^"K '^'c'l:
Dgi hgi dgi bilu toan quoc lin thu IX cua Dang vc 77nr nhdl, thdng qua cdc chirang trinh muc lieu uu dai doi vdi ngudi cd cdng da de ra myc tieu: qudc gia, cdc co che tai phan bo NSNN va ck,
"Ddm bdo cho cdc gia dinh chinh sdch cd miic sdng chuong trinh chong ngheo cd myc tieu theo vj tri dja bdng hode cao han miic sdng Irung binh so v&i ly nhim chuyen nguon lyc tdi cac tinh ngheo va ngu&i ddn Iren dja bdn cu Ini" vd "uu ddi xd hpi huyfn nghdo. Cac chuong trinh nay nhim^giai quyet phdi gdn liin v&i tdng inrang kinh kinh ti. liin bp vd cac vin de nhu dau tu xay dyng co sd hg ting; hd trp cdng bdng xd hpi "(10). Ch inh sach doi vdi ngudi cd san xuat va phat triln nganh nghe; chinh sach khoi cdng cua Vift Nam gom cac doi tugng nhu: Ngudi pbyc va phat trien cac nganh nghe truyen thong d hogt dpng each mgng; ngudi cd cdng hudng trg cip »6ng thdn de tgo vifc iam cho ngudi ngheo chinh hang thang (khdng kl ngudi hogt dpng each mgng), sach tilt kifm va tgp trung nguon lyc tir ngan sach gom thuong binh, bf nh binh, ngudi cd cdng giup dd cho cdng tac XDGN; ho trg giao dye va dao tgo; ho each mgng, ngudi hudng chinh sach nhu thuong lr<7 ve y tl; to chuc djnh canh, djnh cu, di dan, kinh binh; than nhan cua ngudi cd cdng (Ba m? Vift Nam te mdi; ho trg dong bao vimg sau vimg xa, vimg dan Anh himg,...); ngudi hogt dgng khang chien bj tgc thilu so, vimg dac bift khd khan... Nhin chung, nhiem chit dgc hoa hgc va con de cua hg; thanh nien cac chuomg trinh nay nhim phat triln kinh te xa hpi xung phong va cac doi tugng klwc nhu hogt dgng theo cac vimg va qua dd tgo cac dilu kifn va co hpi khang chien, than nhan cua ngudi cd cdng vdi each chung dl ngudi ngheo thoat ngheo.
mgng chet trudc 1/1/1995. So lugng ngudi hudng Thie hai, cdc chuomg trinh chdng ngheo ddi de chinh sach doi vdi ngudi cd cdng cd xu hudng giam, trye tilp hd trg cac gia dinh ngheo va cac xa ngheo tu 2.877,4 ngan ngudi nam 2001 xuong 1597,7 ngan nhu dugc tiep cgn tin dyng uu dai, giao due, y te, ngudi nam 2007. Kinh phi chi tra chilm khoang 0,72 cung cip dit dai, nha d, nude sgch va cac khoan trp den 0,92% GDP, hoac 2,3 din 2,7% chi NSNN (1,3 cip tiln mat; cung nhu thye hifn khuyen ndng- lam- va 7). ngu, xay dyng trudng hpc, dgy nghe cho ngudi
1.3.2. Ve cdc chuang trinh,^idm ngheo. Vift "gheo va xa ngheo.
Nam la mpt dat nude ndng nghifp, san xuit cdn NSNN da dau tu cho cac chuong trinh giam kdm phat trien, trai qua cac cugc chiln tranh kdo ngheo (NTP-PR, Chuong trinh 135, Chuong trinh 61 dai, thien tai xay ra thudng xuyen de lgi hgu qua huyfn ngheo, Chuomg trinh ho trg nha d) ngay cang ngng nl nen cac chinh sach XDGN cd vj tri quan tang, nam 2008 la 4.564 ty dong, chiem 0,31% GDP trpng trong hf thong chinh sach bao dam ASXH d hay 0,92% chi NSNN, nam 2009 tang len la 9.689 ty nude ta. Vin dk XDGN dugc diy mgnh d Vift Nam dong chiem 0,58% GDP hay 1,66% chi NSNN. Nho tir cuoi nh&ng nam 1980 va dau nh&ng nam 1990. hf thong chinh sach chong ngheo ddi nhu tren, Tu 1992, XDGN trd thanh mgt cugc vgn dpng rgng nh&ng nam qua, Vift Nam la mgt trong nhung nuoc Idn trong nhan dan, dugc quan trift trong cac Nghj dgt dugc thanh tyu an tugng ve XDGN (7).
quylt Dgi hgi Dang tir lin thiir VI (1986) din nay. Nhu vgy, cimg vdi cac chuong trinh ASXH theo Hang logt cac cac chuong trinh myc tieu quoc gia, nguyen tic "Ddng-Hudng", nh&ng nam qua, Dang cac van ban phap lugt cd lien quan den XDGN dugc va Nha nude Vift Nam ludn quan tam din dam bao ban hanh. Mpt so chuang trinh ldn nhu Chuong ASXH dya tren nguyen tic khdng ddng gdp, thong trinh Myc tieu Quoc gia vl Giam ngheo (NTP-PR), qua chi tieu t& NSNN. Ty If chi tieu nay cd xu Chuong trlnh kinh tl xa hpi 135 cho cac xa dgc bift hudng tSng len. Nam 2009,Vift Nam da chi tieu cho khd khan vimg miin niii va viing dong bao dan tgc ASXH khdng dya tren nguyen tic ddng gdp cho thilu, Chuong trinh Muc tieu Qudc gia ve nude sach TGXHTX theo nghj djnh 67; TGXHDX; BHXH va vf sinh mdi trudng ndng thdn, Chuong trinh cho ngudi ve huu trudc nam 1995 va boi thudng Giam ngheo nhanh va ben v&ng doi vdi 61 huyfn cho ngudi lao dgng nam 2009; BHYT cho ngudi ngheo, Chuong trinh 134 ve hd trg dat va san xuit, ngheo, tre em dudi 6 tuoi, ngudi can ngheo; cac dit d, nha d va nude sinh hogt. Chi tinh tir nam 2002 chuang trinh giam ngheo va chinh sach thj trudng 38
lao dpng la 3,2% GDP hay 9,34% chi NSNN (7).
1.3.3. Ve chinh sdch thi iru&ng lao dpng. Nha nude Vift Nam da ban hanh va triln khai nhilu chinh sach hd trg, tgo co hgi tham gia thj trudng lao ddng cho ngudi nglieo, thanh nien, lao dgng ndng thdn, lao ddng trong khu vyc phi chinh thijrc (PCT), lao dpng ddi du, lao dpng tan tat va cac nhdm lao dgng d l bj ton thuong khac. Hai nhdm chinh sach quan trgng la:
Thie nhdt, Chinh sdch tin dgng. Din nam 2010 Nha nude da ban hanh khoang 20 chlnh sach tin dyng uu dai, sir dyng co e h l vay tin dyng thdng qua cac chuong trinh, to chirc, hpLdoan thi. Myc tieu cua cac chinh sach tin dyng nay rit da dgng, d l phat triln san xuit, hd trg hpc sinh, sinh vien... Doi tugng hudng lgi la ngudi ngheo, ngudi dan tpc thilu so, ngudi khuyet tat, thanh nien, ngudi di xuit khiu lao dpng, ngudi lao dpng bj mat vifc iam do tac dpng cua khung hoang kinh t l , ngudi Iao ddng cd dit phai chuyen doi myc dich sir dyng, hpc sinh sinh vien cd hoan canh khd khan, thuong nhan hogt dpng thuong mgi tgi cac vimg khd khan, ngudi cd thu nhgp thip...
Mdt sd chlnh sach tin dyng da tap trung cho cac doanh nghifp, hd gia dinh thudc cac huyfn ngheo, vimg khd khan. Trong giai dogn 2003- 2010, thdng qua Ngan hang Chinh sach Xa hdi, Nha nude da c i p bii lai suat cho vay tin dung uu dai khoang 6.196 ty ddng cho phat trien san xuit kinh doanh, tgo vifc iam, cai thifn ddi sdng gdp phan thye hifn giam ngheo va hgc tap nang cao trinh dp ( I I ) . Chuong trinh Vifc iam Qudc gia cung vdi cac Quy vifc iam dugc thanh lap d cac dja phuong vdi myc tieu chinh la su dyng cac uu dai ve tin dyng k i t hgp vdi dao tgo
va gidi thifu vifc iam dk hd trg, trd thanh "ba dd"
kich ciu tgo vifc iam cho ngudi lao dpng.
Thu hai, xudt khdu lao dpng. Trong nh&ng nam qua, Nha nude da hinh thanh mpt hf thong chinh sach v l dua lao dpng di iam vifc cd thdi hgn d nude ngoai, phat triln quy vifc iam ngoai nude, xay dyng cac chuang trinh trpn gdi tir dao tgo, cho vay tin dyng din hd trg ngudi lao dgng khi v l nude nhu De an hd trg 62 huyfn ngheo diy mgnh xuit khau lao dpng, Quylt djnh ciia Thii tudng v l thanh lap quan ly va su dyng quy hd trg vifc iam ngoai nude, Dk an dgy nghi cho lao dgng di iam vifc d nude ngoai den 2015, cho vay doi vdi ngudi lao dgng di iam vifc d nude ngoai... Ket qua, tu nam 2006 din nay, binh quan mdi nam dua dugc khoang 83 nghin lao dpng ra nude ngoai iam vifc, trong dd khoang 80% la lao dpng thanh nien, ngudi dan ndng thdn (11).
1.3.4. Cdc chinh sdch cung irng djch vu xd hpi eg bdn vd djch vu cd nhdn tirng bu&c dugc hodn thipn. Hifn nay, vdi quan nifm phat triln cdng tac xa hpi trd thanh mdt nghe, Vift Nam cd nhilu chii truong bifn phap nhim tang cudng djch vy xa hdi CO ban nhu nha d, giao dye, y t l ddi vdi ngudi dan nhu cac khu cdng nghifp, cho ngudi cd dat bj thu hdi,... cung cap cac djch vu ca nhan nhu cham sdc trd em cd hoan canh dgc bift khd khan, djch vu cho cac ddi tugng de bj ton thuong,...
Theo bao cao tu Bd Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xa hpi, thdi ky 2003-2011, tdng chi cho cac chuong trinh ASXH tir NSNN lien tyc tang len, binh quan mpt nam chi 95 nghin ty dong, bing 6,6% GDP, trong dd NSNN chiem 5 1 % tdng chi ASXH (4).
Bang 2: Tdng hop chi ticu tai chinh tir NSNN cho ASXH khong dong gop va mpt so chinh sach xa hpi
1. TGXHTX theo nghi djnh 67 2. Trg giiip xa hoi dot xuat
3. BHXH cho nguoi ve huu truoc nam 1995 va boi thuong cho nguoi lao dong nam 2009
4. BHYT cho nguai ngheo, tre em duoi 6 tuoi, nguoi can ngheo 5. Cac chuang trinh giam ngheo (NTP-PR, Chuang trinh 135, Chuang trinh 61 huyen ngheo, Chuong trinh ho trg nha 6) 6. Chinh sach thj truong lao dgng
Tong cgng
2008 Ty
VND 2036 7.495 23.044 2.217 4.564 1.327 40.683
%so GDP
0,14 0,51 1,56 0,15 0.31 0,09 2,70
% so chi NSNN
0.4 1,5
4.66 0,45 0.92 0.27 8.20
2009 Ty
VND 2036 9.624 23.044 6.051 9.689 1.342 51.786
%so GDP
0.12 0,59 1.56 0,36 0,58 0,08 3,2
"oSO
chi NSNN 0.3 1,59 3,94 1.04 1.66 0,23 9,34 Ngudn: NHTG (2010)
noil
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'GHI6N CUU TRRO DOI
2. Nhung bat cap cua he thong ASXH d nude ta hien nay vs\ nguyen nhan
Nhin chung, hf thong ASXIl dang trong qua trinh hinh thanh, chua dong bg, thieu tinh da dgng, linh hogt, mpt so chuang trinh tinh kha thi thap; mirc dp bao phil, mirc dp tac dpng ciia c;ic chirang trinh ASXH nhin chung chua cao; nguon tai chinli thye hifn cac chuang trinh ASXH thicu ben vung.
Cd nhilu nguyen nhan dan den nhung bat cap tren, trong dd cd the kc den nlur hf thong van ban phap luat chua day du va chua hoan thifn; den nay van cdn thieu nhieu bg luatcd licMi quan den ASXIl.
Mpt so clui truang ve ASXH da dugc quy djnh nhung chua phii hgp; cac chinh sach lien quan trye tiep den ASXH nhu lhu nhgp, trg giiip cdn nhicu hgn che, the hifn rd d sy Igc hgu ciia chinh sach tien luong va thu nhgp trong cac khu vyc cua nen kinh te: luong thap, mirc tham gia ASXIl thap, hoac khdng cd kha nang tham gia vao hf thong ASXIl;
mirc hudng thip, ddi song ciia ngudi hudng luong huu rat khd khan. Thieu sy phdi hgp vdi hf thong chinh sach xa hdi (CSXH) cd lien quan nhu vifc iam, XDGN, cung cap cac djch vy xa hpi xa hpi co ban, djch vy ca nhan,... dan den sy chdng chdo va giam hifu qua sir dyng ngudn lyc. Md hinh chinh sach, td chirc hogt dpng, phuc vy thieu da dgng;
ngudn tai chinh cho ASXH cdn thip; thilu cac chl tai bupc doanh nghifp thye hifn nghTa vy ddng gdp BHXH, BHYT cho ngudi lao ddng; cdng tac thanh tra, kiem tra, giam sat xir ly vi phgm cac quy djnh ve ASXH chua thudng xuyen va nghiem tuc. Sy phdi hgp gi&a nganh chu quan vdi co quan quan ly nha nude vl BHXH, BHYT va cac dja phuang chua chat che. Ddi ngu can bg iam cdng tac ASXH cdn thieu ve sd lugng va tinh chuyen nghifp chua cao.
3. Mpt so khuyen nghi xay dung va hoan thien he thong chinh sach ASXH nhQng nam tdi
3.1. Ve quan diem xdy dung vd hodn thipn hp thdng chinh sdch ASXH
Thie nhdt, ASXH phdi dugc xdy dimg ddng bp v&i cdc CSXH khdc Irong qud trinh phdl triin bin vimg
& nu&c ta. Din nay, quan nifm vl ASXH van cdn chua cd sy thdng nhit, cdn cd nhilu each hilu khac nhau. Dilu nay khdng chi d nude ta, ma cdn ca tren phgm vi thi gidi. C> Vift Nam, hifn cd hai each hilu vl ASXH. Theo nghTa rdng, ASXH Id sir ddm bdo thuc hipn cdc quyin di con ngu&i dugc an binh, ddm bdo an ninh, an lodn trong xd hpi. Theo nghTa hep, ASXH Id su ddm bdo lhu nhdp vd mpt sd diiu kien thiet yiu khdc cho cd nhdn, gia dinh vd cpng
ddng khi hg bi gidm hoge mat thu nhdp do hg bj gidm hoge iiidl khd ndng lao dpng hoge mdt vipc ldm; cho nhirng nguai gid cd dan, tre em md edi, ngir&i ldn idl, nhimg nguai yen the, nguai b{ thien lai djch hog{2). Vi chua cd sy thong nhit vl each hicu ncii trong hogch djnh, to chirc thye thi va danh gia chinh sach ASXH cdn nhieu y kien rat khac nhau. Theo chimg tdi, ASXIl chi la mpt hf thong chlnh sach trong tong thi chlnh sach xa hpi ciia mpt quoc gia; ben cgnh chinh sach ASXH, cdn cd nhieu chinh sach xa hpi khac.
Chinh sdch xd hgi xdc djnh vai trd cita Nhd nu&c lien quan din phiic lgi ciia ngu&i ddn (5). Dd la long the cdc hp llwng quan diem, ehu truang, phuang hu&ng vd bipn phdp dugc the che hod bdng phdp ludt cita Nhd nm'rc de gidi quyel nhimg vdn de xd hpi dgt ra trong mpt thai gian vd khdng gian nhdt djnh. trit&e hit Id nhimg vdn de xd hpi liin quan den d&i .sdng eua eon nguai theo nguyen tdc lien bp vd cdng bdng xa hpi, Igo ca hdi cho ngu&i ddn hda nhdp viio sie phdl Irien xd hpi, ddm bdo cho su dn djnh vd phdt Irien bin vimg ddt nu&c{2,3). CSXH cd phgm vi rat rpng, cd the phan chia theo nhung tieu thirc khac nhau. Theo khu vyc dan cu, co the chia thanh CSXH cho dan cu dd thj va dan cu ndng thdn; theo ITnh vyc cd the chia thanh CSXH cd lien quan den kinh te, chinh trj, van hoa; theo ddi tupng xa hpi, cd the chia thanli CSXH ddi vdi ndng dan, ddi vdi cdng nhan, ddi vdi giao vien, bac sy, nhung ngudi hogt dpng van hoa, nghe thugt, khoa hpc,...
theo npi dung cd the phan chia thanh chinh sach vifc iam va thu nhgp, XDGN, ASXH, UDXH, Chinh sach cung cip djch vy xa hgi co ban (nhu nha d, giao dye, y te, nude sgch,...), va cung cip cac djch vy xa hgi cho ca nhan (nhu djch vy cho tre em, djch vy cho ngirdi Idn, djch vy cham sdc ngudi gia, ngirdi tan tgt,...). Cac chinh sach nay cd sy giao thoa, nhung mdi chinh sach cd vj tri vai trd ddc lap trong giai quylt nh&ng vin d l xa hpi.
Vi the, ASXH nlu dugc hilu theo nghTa hep thi hgp ly hon each hieu theo nghTa rdng va cd thi trd thanh can cir dl hogch djnh, td chiirc thye thi cung nhu danh gia chinh sach. Theo nghTa nky ASXH xdc djnh vai Ird cua Nhd nu&c lien quan din phdng ngiea, khdc phuc vd hgn che rui ro cua ngu&i ddn(3). Do \a mpt trong nh&ng chinh sach xa hdi ca ban cua Vift Nam hudng vao phat triln vi con ngudi; la mpt trong nh&ng ngi dung quan trgng dam bao sy van hanh ciia hf thong thj trudng trong nin kinh tl thj trudng djnh hudng XHCN; la mgt trong 40
Mo hinh 1: CHJNH SACH XA HOI VA AN SINH XA HOl
Thuc chat Muc tieu
Chinh sach xa hoi
He thong chinh sach xac dinh vai tro ciia Nha nuoc lien quan den phuc lgi ciia nguoi dan
X6a d6i giam ngheo; mo rong viec lam; h6a nhap xa hoi
An sinh x3 hoi
Hf thong chinh sach \ k djnh vai tr6 ciia nha nuoc lien quan den ph6ng ngira. khk phuc vii hjin chl riii ro ciia nguoi dan
Dam bao sir an toaii thu nhap v4 mpt s6 dilu kien thilt ylu khac cho thanh vien xa hgi ^
Doi tugng
Nguoi ngheo thanh thj v^ nong thon; phy niJ tre em, thanh
nien, nguoi tan tat, ngufji dan tgc thieu so,... Moi Ihanh vien trong xa hpi Cac chinh sach chii yeu
Viec lam, XDGN, ASXH, UDXH, Dan s6, gia dinh, cung
cap cac dich vu xa hpi co ban va djch vu ca nhan,... Bao hilm xS hpi. Cim trp xS hpi; Trg giup xa hoi.
nhirng cdng cu de Nha nude dieu hanh chinh sach vT md, thye hifn cdng bing xa hpi; dong thdi tgo co hpi de doanh nghifp tap trung vao nhifm vy trpng tam la san xuit, nang cao nang suit, hifu qua va chat lugng san phim. Ddng thdi, ASXH cung la cdng cy dk nude ta hpi nhgp vdi nin kinh tl quoc te sau khi gia nhgp WTO. Tu dd, trong phat triln hf thong ASXH, can chii y giai quyet mpt sd van de:
1) Trin ca s& ddm bdo su ddng bp cua tdt cd cdc hgp phdn trong lu&i ASXH nhu chinh sdch BHXH, BHYT. BHTNg, TGXH, cdn thiec hiin da dgng hda mo hlnh chinh sdch, td chUe hogt dpng, td chuc cung cdp dich vu vd nguon tdi chinh.
2) Can CO su kit ndi vd phdi hgp chgt che giiea ddm bdo ASXH v&i thirc hiin cdc bp phgn khdc ciia chinh sdch xa hpi. Bdi le, ASXH la mdt bd phgn cua hf thong CSXH nen vifc xay dyng hf thdng bao dam ASXH phai phoi hgp vdi vifc xay dyng va thye hifn cac bd phgn CSXH khac nhu chinh sach vifc iam, chinh sach XDGN, chinh sach ITDXH, chinh sach cung cip cac djch vu xa hdi co ban va djch vy ca nhan. Nhu vgy, mdt mat phat huy dugc mdt each tot nhit vi tri, vai trd ciia tung chinh sach iam tang sue mgnh tong hgp cua hf thong CSXH, mat khac khic phyc dugc tinh trgng chong chdo, dam bao vifc td chiirc thye hifn va su dung nguon lyc cd hifu qua.
Theo nghia dd, chung toi cho ring, Dang va Nha nurdc ta can chii trpng day dii hon viec hoan thien he thong cac CSXH, ehur khong chi cd ASXH. Nen chang, trong chirong trinh Hpi nghi Trung irong sip tdi, can thao luan ve he thong CSXH d Viet Nam, chu- khong dirng lai d ASXH.
Thu hai, xdy dirng he thdng citinh sdch ASXH cda nu&c taphdi phii hgp v&i cdc nguyen tdc cua he thdng ASXH trong diiu kien nin kinh te tin tru&ng vd timg bu&c hpi nhdp dugc v&i qudc te.
Ngudn: 2,3
theo dd ASXH phai dugc thye hifn theo nguyen tic so ddng trong phdng ngua rui ro toan xa hpi (nguyen tic doan kit); phai thye hifn theo phap lugt va bit bupc phai bao hilm; phai dam bao sy thdng nhit gi&a quyln Igi va nghTa vy (nguyen tac trach nhifm ca nhan). Hf thong ASXH d nude ta phai dugc xay dyng tren co sd dya vao sy ddng gdp tu tich luy cua mdi thanh vien tham gia vao hf thdng.
Phat triln hf thong ASXH d Vift Nam vira dam bao sy cdng bing, vua gdp phin nang cao nang suat lao dgng cua ngudi dan; phai dugc xa hdi hda trong td chiirc djch vy ASXH.
Thu ba, he thdng ASXH & nu&c ta trong diiu kiin ddi m&i phdi dugc xdy dung tren eg s& da s&
hiru, da thdnh phdn kinh te. Ca Nha nude, doanh nghifp va ca nhan deu phai xac djnh rd trach nhifm ciia minh trong hf thdng ASXH; hf thdng ASXH dugc xay dyng tren co sd thuc day cgnh tranh cdng bing tren thj trudng lao ddng va ciing chia se trach nhifm riii ro xa hdi; la hf thdng md, cd sy quan ly ciia Nha nude; Xay dyng va hoan thifn hf thdng ASXH tren co sd chl dp phan phoi thu nhgp mdi, co chl quan ly mdi; dong thdi phat triln hf thdng ASXH phai gin chat vdi qua trinh cai each hanh chinh nha nude vl the che chinh sach, td chiic bd may va the chl tai chfnh.
Thie tu, hp thdng an sinh xd hpi phdi phii hgp V&i tinh hinh kinh te xd hpi cu the cua nu&c ta, phil hgp vdi dieu kifn nude ta dang xay dyng va phat trien nen kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa; mpt xa hdi cd nin kinh tl hgu chiln tranh; vua thoat khdi nude ngheo, nhung vin la nude cd thu nhap miirc trung binh thip, vdl hon 70%
dan sd sdng trong khu vyc ndng thdn; muc va pham vi hudng thy phai xuit phat tir trinh dp phat triln ciia nen kinh te; tinh den xu hudng gia hda dan so va xu hudng di dan dien ra mgnh me.
Kiiilityiiill; iricn
41^ 1
GHIEN CUU TRflO DOI
Can nhan thirc dugc la, tren gdc dp kinh tc, ASXH la mpt khau ciia hf thong tai phan phoi. Sy phat trien ciia nd phai phii hgp vdi dieu kifn phat trien kinh tc va phat trien xa hgi nhat djnh. Khdng the cd dugc nipt che dp phan phoi va tai phan phoi cao, hifn dgi khi trinh do pli.il iricn kinh te va xa hpi cdn thap kem. Ncii tang ciia ASXH phrii dugc xay dyng liC-ii iicii t;ing kinh tc xa hpi cy the ciia mpt dat nude. Dieu nay doi hdi Vict Nam phai tinh totin xay dyng hf thong ASXH phii hgp.
3.2. Vc phuong hudng
Phuong lurong chung trong vigc to chuc hf thong va chinh sach ASXII d nude ta tdi nam 2020 la xay dyng hf thong chinh sach ASXH co ban, toan difn.
ben \ ung, da tang va linh hoat vdi nhicu ngudn von, nhieu tang Idp phdng ngira, vdi co che, chinh sach phil hgp nen kinh tc thj trudng va hpi nhap vdi kinh tc the gidi, tren co sd phat triln mgnh hf thong BHYT BHXH, BHTNg va hf thong TGXH nhim hgn che va khac phyc rui ro, dam bao cho cac doi tugng tham gia hf thong ASXH tirng budc cd muc song tir tdi thieu trd Icn, khdng bj roi vao tinh trgng bj ban cung hda. Tu dd, phuong hudng cy thi la:
Thu" nhdt, xdy dung he thdng ASXH ca bdn, toiin diin, bin virng, da tdng vd linh hogt v&i nhiiu nguon vdn, nhieu tdng l&p phong ngua, ddm bdo cho mgi ngu&i ddn dugc tham gia vdo hp thdng ASXH. Ddi tugng tham gia vao hf thdng ASXH la toan the ngudi dan thudc cac thi hf tre em, ngudi trong dp tudi lao dpng va ngudi gia. Dii la ddi tugng nao, ngudi dan cung can nhu cau dugc bao vf de sdng, lam vifc va tham gia vao cac hoat ddng cua xa hdi. Hp can dugc dam bao vl luong thye, thye pham, quan ao, nha d, di lai, hpc tap, lam vifc,... trong sinh hoat hang ngay khi cupc song binh thudng cung nhu trudc biln dpng ciia kinh tl, xa hpi, thien tai; hp phai dugc chain sdc sire khde khi dm dau, bfnh tat,...
Sy phat triln cua hf thong ASXH thi hifn d phgm vi doi tugng tham gia vao hf thong. Sy tham gia ngay cang tang ciia ngudi dan vao cac hf thong BHXH, BHYT BHTNg, TGXH mirc dg bao phu ciia hf thong ASXH ngay cang rgng thi hifn trinh dp phat triln dam bao ASXH cua mpt xa hpi ngay cang tdt hon.
Hifn nay,, phgm vi bao phu ASXH d nude ta mac dil da rpng hon, nhung van chua dap ii-ng nhu ciu d mpi doi tugng. Doi vdi ASXH dya tren nguyen tic ddng-hudng, nam 2010, ty If tham gia BHXHBB dgt khoang 83,9%, BHYT hon 58%, BHTNg gin 42
70%. Thip nhit la ty If tham gia BHXHTN, mdi dat khoang 1,5% difn tham gia (3 va 8).
Doi vdi ASXH khdng dya tren nguyen tic dong gdp, mac dil doi tugng hudng Igi tir cac chuang trinh TGXHTX dugc md rgng, song van cdn thap, chicm khoang 1,23% dan so, trong khi ty If nhilu nude trong khu vyc khoang 2,5-3% (7); phgm vi TGXHDX cdn hpp, mdi tap trung chii ylu cho doi tugng bj nii ro do thien tai, chua bao gdm cac doi tugng bj nh&ng rui ro kinh te va xa hpi. Nhieu nghicn ciru ciia Vift Nam cho thay, 16% dan so vift Nam can dugc hudng sy TGXH. Vdi phgm vi bao plui nhu hifn nay, ndng dan, ngirdi lao dpng khu vyc phi chinh thirc, ngudi dan tpc thieu so bj "lot ludi an sinh" la pho bien.
Vi the, van de d^t ra la tiep tyc md rpng phgm vi bao phu ciia hf thong ASXH, ke ca theo nguyen tac ddng- hudng va nguyen tac khdng dya tren sydong gdp ciia ngudi tham gia. Mudn the, can xay dung h?
thong ASXH gom nhieu tang. Theo chung toi, can cd ba tang:
Tdng thu nhat, ASXH theo nguyen tdc ddng - hiithig, bao gom BHXH, BHYT. BHTNg theo luat;
Tdng thu hai, ASXH khdng dua trin nguyen tdc dong hu&ng, md dua vdo NSNN bao gdm cac chinh sach TGXHTX va TGXHDX;
Tang thir ba. Id ASXH cpng ddng, bao gom nh&ng khoan trg giiip .\a hgi ty nguyfn ciia cac to chire xa hpi, doanh nghifp. ca nhan trong xa hpi trp giiip ngudi dan gap nii ro va ASXH ty nguyfn ciia ngudi dan khu vyc phi chinh thirc, trudc hot la do ndng dan ty nguyfn td chirc, tham gia va quan ly, co sy hudng dan ciia Nha nude va dugc lugt phap bao vf. theo md hinh BHXH ndng dan Nghf An. Dilu nay phil hgp \ di mgt dat nude 75% dan so la nong dan thu nhgp rit thap; tgp dugt cho ndng dan tirng budc tham gia vao hf thong ASXH theo nguyen tSc ddng gdp; giam bdt ganh nang tai chinh ciia nha nude; phat huy truyin thong van hda dan tpc "la lanh diim la radi", "tinh lang nghTa xdm"
Tir dd, hf thong ASXH d nude ta nh&ng nam tdi, cho din khi khu vyc ndng thdn cdn khoang 20-25%
dan so ciia ca nude, dugc to chirc nhu md hinh 2.
Thu hai, hp thdng ASXH cdn dugc hodn thien theo hu&ng vira bdo ddm nhu cdu tdi thiiu trd len cho ngu&i tham gia, vira ndng cao ddn mu-c dp lac dpng doi v&i cdc doi tugng dugc hu&ng thu. Hifn nay, miirc tac dgng ciia hf thdng ASXH cdn rit thSp, kl ca theo nguyen tac ddng-hudng va nguyen tac
Md hinh 2: An sinh xa hpi quoc gia d Vift Nam nhung nam tdi
Cap dci
Tang I He thong done hucmg
2. BHXH bat buoc va tir nguyen He thon"
I E -
BHYT bat buoc va lu neincn Oni dau, rienh tat.
6m dau; thai san Tai nan lao dpng, benh niihe ndiicp; Hiru tri; tir iiiai.
3. Bao hiem that nuhiep
Muc ticu
Toan the cong dan
Ngirci lao dpng ho^t dong kinh te
Doi \oi \ai that nghiep - Ho trg njiuoi khong c6 thu nh;ip.
hoac giam ihii n'"""
Nmrai lao dona hoat done kinh Ic - t a n g lop thu nhap thap;
Nhom doi tuong
Trg gii'ip xa hiii thutJng xuyen mat.
Tang 11. Hij thong khong dong gop (Dua vao NSNN)
Khac phuc thien lai Nhom xa hpi yem thi, de bj t5n thuong;
I. He thong ciru trg dot xuat, tam thai Neuoi neh^o kinh nien;
Nguai gap riii ro thien tai.
Tang 111. An sinh
\a hoi cgng dong (ASXHCD)
. Trg giup xa hgi tu ngu\ cn 2.Ansinh\ahgituneu\CMi
KhJc phuc thien lai - Nguai gap riii ro thien lai. benh tat,.
• Hiru ui, 6m dau Ix'nh tat Nong dan, nguai lao dgng phi chinh thirc khu vuc none thon
khdng dya vao ddng gdp cua ngudi tham gia. Vi the, vin dk dgt ra trong vifc hoan thifn hf thong ASXH d Vift Nam gom ba npi dung sau:
1) Ddi vdi cac chuang trinh ASXH khdng dya tren nguyen tic ddng hudng, phai hudng tdi mpi
hoan thifn co chl chinh sach doi vdi cac chuang trinh ASXH dya tren nguyen tic ddng - hudng. Dilu nay xuit phat tu thye tl hifn nay mirc dp tac dpng ciia cac chuang trinh ASXH cua cac chuang trinh ddng- hudng chua cao. Nguyen nhan la mirc ddng gdp thip nen muc hudng thy cung thip. Ngudi lao ngudi dan thudc ddi tuong tham gia deu dugc tiep , . , can va dugc hudng lgi tu cac chinli sach AS3^H, dpng mpi khu vyc ^^ ^uu khd^ng^du^song vo. do^^^^
duoc dam bao muc an sinh tdi thieu trd Ten de hp khdng bj logi tru khdi hf thdng. Dieu nay xuat phat tu thye trgng hifn nay, phgm vi bao phu^ua ddi tugng TGXH cdn hep (pham vi bao phu mdi dat 1,23% dan sd so vdi 16% dan so cin dugc TGXH);
muc trg cip ddi tugng TGXH cdn qua thip, vi dy, muc trg cip cho doi tugng ngudi cao tudi cd don, thudc hd gia dinh ngheo; ngudi cao tuoi cdn vg hoac chong nhung gia ylu, khdng cd con chau, ngudi than thich dk nude tya, thugc hg gia dinh ngheo la 180.000 ddng/thang. Muc trg cip dd khdng thi dam bao cudc sdng toi thilu; muc trg cap cho cac ddi tugng bj nii ro do thien tai mdi chi bii dap dugc khoang 10% thift hgi cua hg gia dinh;...(7)
luong huu, nhat la trong trudng hgp khiing hoang, lgm phat nhu nh&ng nam gan day, ddi sdng rat khd khan. Do dd, cin hudng tdi mot hf thdng ASXH sao cho khi trd vl gia, bing tiln luong huu, ngudi lao dpng nghi huu cd cupc song binh thudng, dam bao dugc sinh hogt vat chit hang ngay, khdng phai lo rui ro do khdng du tiln dk chi tra eho kham ch&a bfnh va dap iirng mpi nhu ciu tat yeu ciia cupc sdng. Mudn vgy, vin dl cai each chinh sach tien luong la cd y nghTa quylt djnh. Hifn nay, thu nhgp ciia ngudi lao ddng, trudc hit trong khu vyc nha nude, khu vyc sy nghifp thudng Idn hon tiln luong. Trong khi dd, can ciir dl ddng BHXH la tiln luong chir khdng phai la thu nhap, nen muc ddng BHXH thip, mirc luong huu do dd cung rat thip. Vifc cai each che dp tien D I mpi ngudi dan dlu dugc tiep can va dugc juang theo hudng tinh diing, tinh du gia tri sire lao hudng lgi tir cac chinh sach ASXH dugc dam bao dpng dl nudi ban than ngudi lao dpng, nudi con ciia miirc an sinh tdi thieu trd len, vai trd ciia cac chuang hp va dam bao cupc song binh thudng khi nghi huu, trinh ASXH khdng dya vao ddng gdp cua ngudi dua tit ca cac khoan thu nhgp ngoai luong hifn nay tham gia, ma dya vao NSNN cd y nghTa trd quylt vao tiln luong dk tu dd tang quy md ddng gdp djnh. Tuy nhien, cin xac djnh rd phgm vi cac BHXH la vin dk biirc xiic va cd y nghTa quylt djnh chuong trinh, doi tugng, muc dg trg giiip din dau, cho vifc nang cao miirc hudng cua ASXH ndi rieng Ip trinh budc di nhu thi nao dk NSNN cd dii nguon va nang cao chit lugng hifu qua hogt dpng ciia toan tai chinh cho ASXH khdng ddng gdp dugc thye thi nin kinh tl ndi chung (3).
trong cudc sdng.
2) Cimg vdi viec dam bao mure toi thilu ve ASXH, cin nang din muc tac ddng cua ASXH tren co sd
3) Ddi vdi chuong trinh ASXHCD, tren co sd tac ddng cua hf thdng chinh sach kinhte va chinh sach xa hdi ngay cang hoan thifn - ma nang dan mirc thu
^ 1
'GHI6N CUU TRflO DOI
nhgp cua ngudi ndng dan va nang din mirc ddng, thirc diy du. Tinh trgng tron tranh ddng BHXH, mirc hudng cua ngudi tham gia. BHYT, BHTNg cho ngudi lao dgng cdn kha n^ng
Thu- ba, ddm bdo quyin vd nghia vg cua mgl "e, nhit la khu vyc ngoai nha nude, kl ca doanh thdnh viin tham gia vdo hp thdng ASXH. Con "ghi?P cd von^FDl. Chinh vl the, sy ben v&ng cua ngudi sinh ra cd quyln dugc ly do, quyln dugc muu <\»9 BH^H thap, BHYT mat kha nang ty can doi.
ciu hgnh phuc, trong dd cd quyln dugc bao vf. Ben cgnh dd, chi ticu cdng gianh cho cac chuang Trong Thap bilu dien cac nhu ciu ciia con ngudi tir trinh TGXHTX cua Vift Nam cdn thip, khoang thip tdi cao ciia nha tam ly hpc Maslow, nhu cau 0,12-0,14% GDP vao cac nam 2008,2009 (7), trong dugc bao vf la nhu ciu thir hai. (Nhu cau vl sinh ly khi dd, so vdi cac nude dang phat triln ching hgn hgc; Nhu cau vl an toan hay dugc bao vf; Nhu ciu Mexico, Braxin hoac cac nude cd nen kinh te vl gin kit va tinh cam; Nhu cau dugc tdn trpng va chuyin doi d Ddng Au thi ty If nay chilm tu 0,3- cd danh tiing; Va nhu cau md mang phat triln) (3). 0,5% GDP (7). Dieu nay ddi hdi phai co ciu Igi chi Vdi each hilu nhu the. ASXH khdng phai la sy ban tieu ciia NSNN theo hudng tang ty trpng chi tieu phat ciia ai dd cho ngudi hudng thy ma dd la quyen cdng cho cac chuang trinh TGXH, chuang trinh ciia ngudi, dugc phap lugt bao vf. Mpi ngudi trong giam nghdo va phat trien thj trudng lao ddng. Co xa hpi phai dugc hudng quyln an sinh. Xa hpi phai nhu thi mdi cd the xay dyng dugc San ASXH.
tgo dieu kifn dl hp dugc quyln dd. Nhh, chung, dl dam bao quyen ASXH cua mpi Tuy nhien, quyln ASXH phai dugc hilu tren hai ngudi dan, cin tang cudng trach nhifm cac chu the nghTa: quyln hudng thy va trach nhifm tham gia. tham gia vao hf thong bao dam ASXH. Dieu nay Ngudi dan cd quyen dugc bao dam ASXIl, dong ddi hdi cac thanh phan trong xa hgi cimg tham gia thdi ngudi dan cung cd nghTa vy tham gia vao hf xay dyng va thye hifn chinh sach ASXH; thiic day thong thdng qua sy ddng gdp, tich luy ca nhan. Cac cac nd lyc ciia ban than ngudi dan, gia dinh, cpng doanh nghifp su dyng lao dpng cd quyln dugc bao dong doanh nghifp trong vifc ddng gdp tu tich luy vf ngudi lao dpng ma hp su dyng, dong thdi cd vao hf thong bao dam ASXH; tang cudng trach nghTa vy tham gia ddng gdp vao hf thong ASXH nhifm ciia Nha nude doi vdi cac chuang trinh theo quy djnh cua phap luat; Nha nude cd quyln ASXH khdng dya tren ddng gdp ciia ngudi tham dugc bao vf ASXH cho mgi cdng dan cua minh, gia; khuyen khich sy gin bd, doan kit, lien ket, dong thdi cung cd nghTa vy tai chinh dk hd trg, nang tuong trg, bii dip gi&a cac ca nhan, cac nhdm trong cao chit lugng cudc song ciia ngudi dan, trudc hit xa hgi va nha nude. Theo dd, hf thong ASXH vira la dam bao cho cac chuong trinh ASXH khdng dya bao dam nhu ciu toi thilu thdng qua vifc tong hpp tren sy ddng gdp cua ngudi tham gia. va tai phan phoi nguon lyc, vira ting budc nang cao Hifn nay, vifc thye hien quyln va nghTa vy cua "i"'c ^9 tac dgng, nang cao vai trd va y nghTa ciia mpi thanh vien tham gia ASXH cdn chua dugc nhgn ^^m bao ASXH doi vdi ngudi tham gia.D
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Cyc Bao trp xa hpi, Bp Lao dpng Thuang binh va Xa hfi.
2. Mai Ngpc Cudng (2006). Chlnh sach xa hpi nong th6n-kinh nghifm Cfng hda lifin bang Dire va thye tien Vi?t Nam. Nha xuit ban Ly luan chfnh trj, Ha Nfi nam 2006.
3. Mai Ngpc Cudng (2009). Xdy dung va hodn thien he thdng chinh sdch ASXH & Viet Nam. NXB CTQG, Ha Npi 2009.
4. Nguyen Trpng Dam (2012/ An sinh xa hgi a Viet Nam: Nhii-ng quan diim va cdch tiip cgn cdn thdng nhdt. H6i thao ASXH d nude ta: mpt so van de \-y lu^n va thye tien. Ban tuyen giao Trung uong, Tgp chf cf ng san, Bf Lao dong Thuang binh va Xa hpi, Hpi dong KHCCQDTW, Ha Npi ngay 13 thang 3 nam 2012.
5. Michael Hill (2000;, Hiiu biit chinh sdch xd hgi. NXB Blackwell, nam 2000 Tai ban lin thir 6.
6. Hi chf Minh: toan tap, NXB Chfnh trj quic gia. Ha Nfi nam 2000, t.i2, tr.503, 311.
7. Ngan hang the gidi (2010): Vift Nam ciing co ludi bao trp xa hpi nhim giai quyet sy nghdo d6i mdi va thich thii-c kh6 khan- Tai lifu chfnh sach.
8. Do van Sinh (2011). Di dn ddnh gid hogt dgng Quy BHXH, BHYT; tinh todn du bdo cdn ddi Quy BHXH, BHYT den nam 2020 vd tdm nhin din ndm 2030. BHXH Vift Nam, 2011.
9. Ting cue Thing ke, Nien giam Thing ke 2000-2010.
10. van kifn Dai hpi dgi bilu toan quic lin thir III, IX, X, XI.
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