v6i phat trien ben vung vung Tay Nam Bo*
N G U Y E N D I N H HOA MA N G O C N G A H O A N G VAN L O N G i a tdng giao thong dong vai tro quan trong doi vdi phdt trien kinh te • xd hoi, cdi thien
^ -J. phdc ldi vd tie'p can cdc dich vu xd hoi cda ngitdi ddn, Vdn de ddt ra la cdch thitc phdt trien nhdm ndng cao vai tro vd han che cdc dnh hitdng tieu ci£c cua viec phdt trien ha tdng giao thong. Bdi viet de cap ve cdch tie'p can ha tdng giao thong ben vitng vd thitc trang, thdch thitc ddi vdi phdt trien ben vitng viing Tdy Nam Bo.
in khda: dong bang song C&u Long, ha tdng giao thong, phdt trien bin viing, thdch thdc phdt trien ciia Viet Nam, quy hoach viing.
1. K h u n g p h a n t i c h h a t a n g g i a o t h o n g b e n viJng v i i n g T a y N a m B o 1.1. Quan niem ve ha tdng giao thong ben vitng vdng Tdy Nam Bg
Cho de'n nay, cac thao luan ve" ha t i n g giao thdng (HTGT) thudng tap trung vao khia canh ky thuat va huy ddng, sd: diing ngudn tai chinh. Trong khi dd, mot sd' nghien cUu ve HTGT b^n vUng chu yeu xem xet ve ben viing cua cac cdng trinh flTGT. TU khia canh ky thuat, Karlsson va cdng sii (2017) cho rang HTGT ben viing la giam phat thai khi nha kinh, s^ dung cac loai vat lieu va nang lUdng than thien vdi mdi trudng, sii dung hieu qua tai nguyen va nang lUdng. Theo Bryce (2008), dudng cao td'c xanh la he thd'ng cac con dudng giam thieu tac ddng tieu cue tdi mdi trUdng, sxt dung cac loai vat lieu tai tao, bao ve he sinh thai, giam tieu hao nang lUdng va tdi da hda ldi ich toan xa hdi.
Mdt sd' nghien cUu xem xet HTGT ben viing vdi gdc nhin rdng hdn nhung chua phan anh cac dac thu, nha't la dac t h u ve dieu kien tu nhien nhU vung Tay Nam Bo. Nghien ciiu ve HTGT vung Tay Nam Bd, Dang Trung Thanh (2012) quan niem: ha t i n g ben viing ve" kinh te' la dap ling yeu cau phat trien kinh te', thda mau nhu cau van tai vdi chat lUdng td't, tao thanh mang ludi hen hoan, ke't ndi cac phUdng
thUc van tai, ket ndi mang ludi giao thdng; ben viing ve xa hdi la dam bao cdng b i n g xa hoi, giam ngheo, tiing budc tao sU can bang gifla cac vung, giai phdng m a t bang hdp ly nham b a n che' thap nhat a n h hudng de'n cU dan; ben viing ve" mdi trudng la b a n che tac ddng den mdi trudng sd'ng, bao ve mdi tnidng sinh thai, giu ^ n mdi trUdng canh quan, da dang sinh hoc.
Xua't phat til dac diem tii nhien — xa hoi cua vung Tay Nam Bd, chiing tdi quan niem ring HTGT ben viing vung Tay Nam Bd (HTGT ddi vdi phat trien ben viing cua vxrng Tay Nam Bo) la HTGT ddng bd, cd cd c i u hdp ly giQa cac phUdng thiic van tai va p h u hdp Vdi dieu kien tu nhien - kinh te' - xa hoi vrmg Tay Nam Bo, hien dai, cd k h a nang dap iing nhu c i u di lai cua ngudi dan mdt each n h a n h chdng, thuan tien, an toan vdi chi phi hdp ly va bao ve mdi trudng, thich iing vdi bie'n doi khi hau, nUdc bien dang. HTGT ben viing vung Tay Nam Bg:
ben viing ve kinh te la thiet lap dUdc mdt he thdng HTGT hd trd td't cho viec p h a t t r i e n kinh t§';
Nguyen Dinh Hoa, TS.; Ma Ngoc Nga, ThS., Vifin Kinh ii Viet Nam; Hoang Van Long, TS., Tnicmg Dai hoc Luat thanh ph6' Ho Chi Minh
* Bai viet la san pham cua dd tai "Thuc trang, djnh hucfng va giai phap phat tri^n k€t ca'u ha tdng bin vBng viing Tay Nam B6", ma s6' KHCN-TNB/14-19/X3.
6 8 Nghien ciiu Kmh tes612(487) • Thing 12/2018
Thuc trang ha tang gia thong
ben viing ve" m6i trudng la giam thieu tac dpng tieu cUc tdi moi trudng va thich iing vdi bien ddi khi hstu, nudc bien dang; ben vUng ve xa hoi la hudng tdi k h a nang tie'p can cho ngudi dan vdi chi phi hdp ly va dam bao an toan cho ngudi, phUdng tien t h a m gia giao thdng.
1.2. Cdc tieu chi ddnh gid ha tdng giao thong ben vitng vUng Tdy Nam Bg Cac tieu chi, chi tieu d a n h gia HTGT ben viing vung Tay Nam Bo diia vao cac can cU sau day:
(i) Can cU vao cac muc tieu ciia ChUdng trinh nghi su tdi n a m 2030 cua Lien hdp quoc (SDG 2030). ChUdng trinh 2030 de" r a 17 muc tieu phat trien ben viing vdi 169 chi t i i u thanh phan. SDG 2030 khdng cd muc tieu tnic tie'p cho linh vUc HTGT nhUng cd 9 muc tieu SDG lien quan chat che tdi HTGT.
(ii) Can cii vao cac muc tieu p h i t trien cua Viet Nam: chie'n lUdc phat trien ben vUng Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020; chid'n lUdc quoc gia ve tang trudng xanh; chie'n lUdc qud'c gia ve"
bien ddi khi hau; chie'n lUdc p h a t trien bdn viing viing ddng bang sdng C ^ Long...
(iii) Can cii vao chie'n lUdc p h a t trien giao thong van tai de'n n a m 2020, t i m nhin de'n nam 2030; quy hoach p h a t tridn giao thdng van tai vung kinh td' trong diem vung ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long de'n nam 2020 va dinh hudng de'n nam 2030; ke hoach h a n h ddng cua Bd Giao thdng van tai ve phat trien ben vGng giai doan 2013 2020 (Quye't dinh sd' 4088/QD-BGTVT ngay 12/12/2013).
Vide xay dung cac tieu chi, chi tieu c i n dam bao nguyen tac SMART: (i) cu the (specific);
(ii) do ludng dUdc (measurable); (iii) tinh phii hdp (appropriate); iv) tinh thiic te' (realistic);
(v) thdi gian cu the (timely).
Xua't phat tii cac can cdt va nguyen t i c SMART, trong pham vi bai vie't nay, cac tieu chi, chi tieu ap dung de danh gia HTGT ben viing viing Tay Nam Bd nhU sau:
a) Ben vitng ve kinh te: tieu chi ve chi phi vdn tai
HTGT ddng vai trd quan trong trong viec thuc day d i u tU, thUdng mai va du lich.
HTGT v i chi phi van tai a n h hudng tdi mdi trudng kinh doanh, ldi the' canh tranh cua dia phudng, nganh hay cua cac doanh nghiep.
b) Ben vitng ve xd hoi: tieu chi vi tie'p can ha tdng giao thdng
Tie'p can tdi HTGT cd tac dung giiip ngUdi dan cai thien t h u n h a p , xda ddi giam ngheo, tie'p can tdi cac dich vu cd b a n (giao due, y te), tie'p can tdi viec lam. Day la cac muc tieu trong SD(ii 2030.
Tid'p can cd nghia la ca tie'p can tdi HTGT va dich vu giao thdng. Viec tie'p can dUdc the hien t r e n h a i chieu canh: sii san cd cua HTGT va cd k h a n a n g svt dung dudc. Su s i n cd h a m y tdi sii ton tai cac cdng trinh, vat kien true va cd k h a n a n g sxi dung de" cap tdi dieu kien, cha't lUdng cua HTGT.
c) Ben vitng ve mdi tritdng: tieu chi vi an todn giao thong vd bdo ve moi tritdng, thich dng vdi bie'n ddi khi hdu
HTGT va each dau tU, xay dung ne'u khdng dap iing dUdc gay n e n tinh trang xung dot giao thdng va he qua la t i c nghen giao thdng, d nhiem mdi trUdng va thie'u an toan ddi vdi ngUdl, phUdng tien t h a m gia giao thdng. Tai n a n giao thdng va miic do, xu hudng p h a t t h a i d nhiem mdi trUdng la thUdc do ve su p h a t trien ciia ha t i n g giao thdng.
Tieu chi ve an toan giao thdng: cac chi tieu danh gia gdm chi tieu tuyet ddi va chi tieu tUdng ddi.
Tieu chi ve" bao ve mdi trUdng: HTGT cd the gay r a d nhiem khdng khi, d n h i l m nUdc, d nhiem tie'ng dn...
Tieu chi ve thich iing vdi bie'n doi khi hau, nudc bien dang: HTGT cd k h a nang chd'ng chiu, thich iing dUdc cac tac ddng cua bie'n ddi khi hau, nUdc bien dang va viec xay dung HTGT b a n che' tac ddng, t h a y ddi canh quan sinh thai.
2. Thufc t r a n g h a t a n g g i a o t h o n g v i i n g T a y N a m B o tii g o c n h i n p h a t t r i e n b e n viifng
Nghien aiu Kinh le'sS 12(487} - Thing 12/2018
2.1. Thuc trqng hq tdng giao thong vung Tdy Nam Bg
Giao thdng dUdng bd d vung Tay Nam Bd ngay cang dUdc cai thien ca ve sd' lUdng va cha't lUdng. Chieu dai dudng bd tang tii 47.202,74 km (nam 2010) len 53.764,8 km (nam 2016), tang them 6.562,06 km. Mat do dudng theo dien tich da't va mat do dudng theo dan sd' trong cac nam 2010 va 2016 cd sU gia tang tUdng Ung la 0,96 km/km^ va 0,27 km/1.000 dan; 1,3 km/km^ va 3,0 km/1.000 dan.'
Du da cd cai thien nhUng giao thdng dudng bd viing Tay Nam Bd cd cha't lUdng cdn thap.
Dudng bo chu yeu thudc nhdm do dia phUdng quan ly, nam 2016, toan vung cd 53.764,8 km nhUng dudng do trung udng quan ly (dudng qud'c Id: QL) chi cd 2.475,1 km (chie'm 4,6%).
Nam 2017, viing Tay Nam Bd cd 2.577,9 km dudng do Trung Udng quan ly, dudng cao td'c chi chie'm 1,5% (vdi 38,67 km), trong khi dd dudng ca'p III va cap IV chie'm lan lUdt la 49,8% va 21,8% (Bd Giao thdng - Van tai, 2018a).
Ve" dudng thuy ndi dia, viing Tay Nam Bd cd he thdng sdng ngdi, kenh rach day dac vdi tdng dai 28.000km, trong dd 13.000 km cd kha nang khai thac van tai. Tinh dd'n nam 2017, vung Tay Nam Bd da dUa vao khai thac van tai 3.486 km dudng sdng, trong dd Trung Udng quan ly la 2.800 km. Ddi vdi cac giao thdng thuy ndi dia do Trung Udng quan ly, xet theo cip ky thuat: cap dac biet la 23,1%; ca'p I:
7,8%; cap II: 6,9%; tii c i p III trd xud'ng chie'm tdi 56,1% (Bd Giao thdng - Van tai, 2018a).
Tinh de'n nam 2018, viing Tay Nam Bd cd 9 cang bien, trong dd: cang loai I (phuc vu chu ye'u cho viec phat trien ciia ca nUdc hoac Hen viing): 2 cang; cang loai II (phuc vu yeu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua viing, dia phUdng): 7 cang. Cang bien trong viing Tay Nam Bd cd nang liic han che' va khdng xii ly dUdc cac tau chd hang c6 Idn.
Viing Tay Nam Bd cd 4 cang hang khdng, bao gdm: Gang hang khdng qud'c te C i n Thd va Phu Qudc, cang hang khdng ndi dia Ca
Mau va Rach Gia. San bay C i n Thd va Phii Qudc dat chuan san bay 4C (tieu c h u i n cua td chiic hang khdng qud'c te ICAO), dam bao phuc vu 24/24 gid cho cac loai may bay A321, A320 hoac tUdng dUdng. San bay Ca Mau va Rach Gia cho phep may bay ATR72/F70 c i t ha canh.
2.2. Thuc trqng ddu tU phdt trien hq tdng giao thong
Cac quy hoach p h a t trien kinh te' - xa hoi vCing Tay Nam Bd de ra muc tieu trd thanh vung trong diem qudc gia ve san xua't ndng nghiep, phat trien m a n h kinh te bien, du Hch sinh thai canh quan sdng nUdc. Cac quy hoach dat r a yeu c i u phat trien ddng bd he thdng ket ca'u ha tang, dac biet la mang ludi giao thdng de tao sii ke't ndi giiia cac dia phUdng trong viing va vung lan can, tang cudng hdp tac vdi cac nudc GMS. Mac dii vay, HTGT viing Tay Nam Bo dudng nhU chUa dap iing dUdc yeu c i u phat trien va phuc vu dinh hudng cd ciu kinh te cua vung.
a) Hq tdng giao thdng viing Tdy Nam Bo thie'u tinh dong bg, ke't noi giita cdc phitdng thitc van tdi vd thieu lan ye'u ve tinh kei noi noi viing, liin viing, tdi cdc ciia ngo quo'c te.
Su ye'u kem trUdc he't the hien d viec thieu phii hdp, ddng bd giiia cac bd phan cua HTGT;
ve tai trong, kich thUdc giiia c i u va dudng; ve tai trong, kich thudc cua c i u va dudng vdi phUdng tien van tai; ve tai trong, kich thUdc ciia ludng tau va bd'n cang vdi tau. Vung Tay Nam Bd vdi dac t n i n g la sdng nUdc nen ciu dudng bg ddng vai trd quan trong, nhUng phan Idn la cau cd chieu rdng hep, tai trong thap can trd viec di lai cua phUdng tien. Va'n de" khdng chi la thie'u ddng bd ve c i u va dudng bd, khdng it c i u d viing Tay Nam Bd (vi du c i u Ming Thit-tinh Vinh Long, c i u Nang Hai-tinh Ddng Thap) dUdc thie't ke' vdi tinh khdng cua cau tha'p lam gidi h a n quy md boat ddng cua cac phUdng tien van tai thiiy.
1. Tinh loan ciJa nh6m tac gia tii Nifin giam th^ng ke c^c tinh viing Tay Nam B6.
70 Nghien aiu Kmh tes612(487) • Thing 12/2018
Thuc trang ha tang gia thong
Diern ye'u cua HTGT viing Tay Nam Bd la tinh k§t ndi giiia cac phUdng thiic van tai va he qua la a n h hudng tdi tinh t h u a n ldi, tiet kiem thdi gian va chi phi van tai hang hda va h a n h khach. Tinh ke't noi yd'u kem giiia cac phUdng thiic van tai trudc bet the hien d chd viing Tay Nam Bd la viing duy nhat chua co dudng sat de ke't ndi vdi dUdng bd, cac cang bien. Kd't ndi giao thdng dudng bo vdi dudng thuy ndi dia cang dudng thiiy noi dia, cang bien van thie'u va yd'u. Cac tuye'n dudng ke't ndi den cang cd tieu c h u i n ky thuat chUa phii hdp vdi van tai container nen n h a n h chdng hi xudng c i p . Nhieu tuyd'n qud'c Id, tinh Id d vung Tay Nam Bd van dang thie'u cac tuye'n dudng xUdng ca de ke't ndi true giao thdng chinh vdi dudng thiiy ndi dia. Chang han, tinh Tien Giang nam tren cac true giao thdng — kinh te' quan trong kd't noi vung Ddng Nam Bg vdi viing Tay Nam Bo, nhUng cac tuye'n qud'c Id va tinh Id tren dia b a n dang thie'u cac tuyen dudng XUdng ca de ke't ndi giiia dudng bd vdi dudng thuy nhU QLlA ndi tdi sdng Tidn, cac cang/ben cang.
Giao thdng dudng bg viing Tay Nam Bd dUdc bd' tri theo 5 tuye'n true doc va cac tuye'n true ngang. Mang lUdi giao thdng dudng bg trong viing titng budc dUdc die"u chinh quy hoach, nang ca'p, xay mdi theo "d ban cd", bao gdm cac true doc, ngang va he thd'ng dudng vanh dai lien kd't vdi nhau. Cho de'n nay, giao thdng dudng bd phuc vn cho ket noi ndi viing, lien vung v i n chUa thdng sud't do thie'u c i u hoac cau tam, bd' tri chUa hdp ly, chUa cd giao thdng cat lap the, thieu cac cdng trinh phu trd.
Cac tinh trong vung Tay Nam Bd hang nam luan phien td chiic hdi nghi n h i m phdl hdp, hen ke't ve" phat tridn kinh te, xay dung HTGT va keu goi vd'n d i u tU. Tren thiic te, khdng it true giao thdng c i p tinh, huyen giiia cac tinh trong viing v i n thid'u ddng bd ve" cap dudng, td'c do liiu thdng. Chang ban, tuye'n dudng t ^ huyen Hdn Da't (tinh Kien Giang) ket ndi vdi dudng huyen Thoai Sdn (tinh An Giang), ben phia huyen Hdn Dat dudng ve" xa Nam Thai Sdn chi la tuye'n dudng ca'p xa, khd ke't ndi vdi dudng ca'p huyen (phia Thoai Sdn).^
Giao thdng dudng bd cua vung Tay Nam Bd ke't ndi tdi cac cita ngo quoc te' v i n dang thie'u va ye'u ca ve " p h i n cUng" l i n " p h i n mem" (the che). Qud'c Id 62 ddng vai trd nhU tuyen dUdng xUdng ca de' ke't ndi Qud'c Id N2 vdi tuye'n dudng xuyen A (d Campuchia) qua ciia khau qudc te' Kie'n Tudng (tinh Long An). Qudc Id 80, thudc tieu hang lang ven bien phia Nam (Bangkok - Trat - Koh Kong - Kampot - Ha Tien - Tp. Ca Mau - Nam Can) cd vai trd ke't noi vung Tdy Nam Bd vdi Campuchia va Thai Lan, tao dieu kien cho viec di lai va luu thdng hang hda trong khu viic qua cvia k h i u Ha Tien (tinh Kien Giang). Qud'c Id 91 la con dUdng ke't ndi thanh phd'Cin Thd de'n ciia khau Tinh Bien (tinh An Giang) v i tie'p ndi vdi quoc Id 2 cua Campuchia tren dia p h i n t i n h T a Keo, each Phnom Penh khoang 110 km. True QL91 ddng vai trd quan trong doi vdi An Giang, Can Thd ndi rieng va viing Tay Nam Bg ndi chung trong phat trien kinh te - xa hdi nhd giao thUdng qua cac cdta khau va phat trien du hch.
Mac du ddng vai trd quan trong ve" ke't ndi qudc te', tao t h u a n ldi thuc d i y dau tU, thUdng mai va du lich cua viing Tay Nam Bd nhUng eac tuyen QL62, QL80 va QL91 chii yeu la khd hep, chay qua nhieu khu ddng dan cU va thie'u cac tuye'n dudng xUdng ca dd lien ke't n h i m hd trd chuyen cac h a n h lang giao thdng thanh cac h a n h lang kinh td'.
Viing Tay Nam Bd khdng chi thieii "phan ciing" ma " p h i n mem" - cac the che' ket ndi dang cdn nhie"u vudng m i c , nha't la van tai xuyen bien gidi. Ngay 26-11-1999, chinh phu cac nUdc Lao, Thai Lan va Vidt Nam (sau dd cd sti tham gia ky ket cua cac nUdc Campuchia, Trung Qud'c, Mianma) da ky Hiep dinh GMS - CBTA ve tao thuain ldi van chuyen ngudi va hang hda qua lai bien gidi giiia cac nUdc. Hiep dinh GMS - CBTA lien quan de'n nhie'u va'n de"
ve" qua lai bien gidi va ap dung cd che' hai quan qua canh "mdt cvta, mot l i n diing" tai cac c^a khau. Tuy nhien, mdt sd'Phu luc va Nghi dinh t h u ciia Hiep dinh van chUa dUdc phe chuan, gid lam viec giiia cac b e n chUa ddng n h a t , sU
2. Khao sat cua nhom tac gia, 7-2018,
'Nghien aiu Kinh te s612(487) - Thing 12/2018
phdl hdp cu.a Bien phdng va Hai quan giiia cac nUdc thie'u thd'ng nha't... gay u n t i c , lam giam td'c do thdng quan qua cxta khau.
b) Bdu tit phdt trim cdc loai hinh hq tdng giao thong thie'u phii hop vdi dac thii, dieu kien tit nhien vd ddc diem sdn xuat cua viing Tdy Nam Bg
Viing Tay Nam Bd la vung d i t tre vdi nhiing dac trung nhie"u kenh rach, nen dat yeu, mua nudc ndi. So vdi dUdng thuy ndi dia, viec dau tU phat trien giao thdng dUdng bd se td'n kem, ca ve" chi phi d i u tU ban d i u va chi phi van hanh bao dudng. Tay Nam Bg la vung trong diem san xua't ndng nghiep eua ca nude, ddng gdp Idn vao x u i t k h i u ndng, thuy san cua ca nUdc.
Ndi cdch khac, dac diem nen kinh te cua viing Tay Nam Bg la nen kinh te van tai, nhu cau van tai Idn nen c i n loai h a t i n g phu hdp.
Tuy nhien, viing T i y Nam Bd ddi mat vdi thach thUe can ddi giiia dau tU giao thdng dudng bd vdi giao thdng dUdng thuy de van chuyen hang hda vdi gia re hdn diia vao ldi the sdng ngdi, kenh rach. Trong giai doan 2010 - 2016, viing Tay Nam Bg da dau tU khoang 76.462 ty ddng, trong dd dudng bd chie'm tdi 79%, bang h a i vdi 13%, hang khdng la 7%, trong khi dudng thuy ndi dia la the' manh cua viing song chi chie'm 1% tdng dau tU. Trong giai doan 2016 -2020, viing Tay Nam Bd trien khai tdng miic d i u tU khoang 72.301 ty ddng, trong dd cac dU an giao thdng dudng bd chie'm tdi 66.201 ty ddng (tUdng dUdng 92%) (Bg Giao t h d n g - v a n tai, 2018b).
Viec tap trung dau tU cho giao thdng dUdng bd va xem nhe giao thdng dUdng thuy d i n tdi mdt so'he qua sau:
- Van chuyen hanh khach (chie'm 77%) va hang hda (33,3%) bang dudng bd tao r a ap liic dm vdi giao thdng dUdng bd. Van tai hanh khach bang dudng bg dat td'c do tang trUdng la 6,3%/nam (cao hdn so vdi quy hoach: de'n nam 2020 la 5,5%/nam). Khoi lUdng van tai hang hda bang dudng bd vdi td'c do tang trUdng la 10,9%/nam, trong khi b i n g dudng thuy la 8,1% (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2017).
— Tap t r u n g vao dudng bd trong khi it quan tam tdi giao thdng dUdng thuy nen 80% hang hda xua't khau cua viing Tay Nam Bd phai qua Tp. Hd Chi Minh hoac cang Cai Mep - Thi Vai, trong dd 90% phai s^ dung dudng bd va m i t them 60% chi phi.
c) Ddu tu hq tdng giao thong thieu gdn ke't vdi nhitng ndi tap trung sdn xuat, cdc cite tdng tritdng
Doanh nghiep la liic lUdng trung tam cua phat tridn kinh te', theo dd, HTGT can hUdng tdi phuc vu doanh nhiep de thiic day phat trien san x u i t . Mac dii vay, viec phat trien giao thdng dUdng bd cua viing Tay Nam Bg chua tUdng xiing vdi sU phat doanh nghiep, san xua't cdng nghiep. Trong viing Tay Nam Bd, t h a n h phd' C i n Thd cd so' ludng doanh nghiep Idn n h i t vdi 5.806 doanh nghiep (nam 2016) nhung mat do dUdng theo dien tich dit (km/km^ thap hdn ra't nhieu so vdi nhieu tinh khac trong viing hoac t i n h Long An cd 5.152 doanh nghidp (Idn thii hai) song mat dp dudng chi xep thii sdu. 'Knh Tien Giang chi cd 3.271 doanh nghiep (xep thii 4) nhUng mat do dudng xep thU nhat trong vung, cao hdn so vdi Can Thd va Long An. So sanh theo tdng gia tri san xuat tren dia b a n (nam 2015) cho t h i y : Long An Idn nhat (240,81 nghin ty ddng), tiep de'n la tinh Kien Giang (195,52 nghin ty ddng) nhUng hai tinh nay cd m a t do dudng theo dien tich thap hdn r i t nhieu so vdi cac tinh CTien Giang, Vinh Long, Be'n Tre, Sdc Trang).^ Viec phat trien giao thdng dudng bd khdng diia vao sU phat trien doanh nghiep va san x u i t cdng nghiep ed nguy cd gia t a n g chi phi van tai va dudng sa n h a n h xud'ng cap do ap liic cua viec van chuyen h a n g hda.
Nhu vay, qua p h a n tich thiic trang ke't cau HTGT vung Tay Nam Bg cd the n i t r a mot so' n h a n xet: viec d i u tU cho HTGT trong thdi gian qua mdi chi chii y tdi giao thdng (phuc vu nhu c i u di lai), chUa chu trong nhieu tdi van tai (van tai hang hda, cac hoat ddng kinh te) va ye'u kem trong viec p h a n bd ngudn lUc phat
3. Tinh toan cua nhom lac gia tCt s6' lifiu di^u tra doanh nghidp (T6ng cue Th6ng kfe).
72 Nghien cOv Kinh lis612(487) - Thing 12/2018
Thuc trang ha tang gia thong ..
trien HTGT, nha't la ddi vdi giao thdng dudng bg. Vdi each thiic phat tridn HTGT viing Tay Nam Bg n h u thdi gian qua cd nguy cd a n h hudng tdi su p h a t trien ben viing.
3 . T h a c h t h ^ c d o i v 6 i p h a t t r i e n b e n vUng v i i n g T a y N a m B o
3.1. Chi phi van tdi vd thu hut ddu tu Chi phi v a n tai la mot trong n h ^ n g thudc do de d a n h gia thiic t r a n g ve so' lUdng, chat lUdng va each thUc d i u tU p h i t trien HTGT.
Tinh toan tii so' lieu dieu t r a doanh nghiep giai doan 2011 2016 cho t h i y trong ty trong chi phi v a n tai trong tdng chi phi k i n h doanh eua doanh nghiep giam nhe nam 2016
so vdi n a m 2011 d ta't ca cac t i n h trong viing Tay Nam Bg (bang 1).
Trong cac tinh v u n g Tay Nam Bg, ty trgng chi phi van tai trong tdng chi phi kinh doanh, n a m 2016, cao nha't la tinh An Giang (4,2%).
Trong giai doan 2011 - 2016, ty trong chi phi van tai trong tdng chi phi kinh doanh giam nhieu nha't la d t i n h Ben Tre, tiep theo la tinh Long An, t h a n h phd' Can Thd...
Mac dii ty trong chi phi van tai trong tdng chi phi kinh doanh d cac tinh vung Tay Nam Bg cd xu hudng giam nhUng v i n cdn cao va giam cham hdn so vdi mat bang chung cua ca nudc (nam 2011 la 0,04% va nam 2016 la 0,03%).
BANG 1: C h i p h i v a n t a i c u a d o a n h n g h i e p v u n g T a y N a m B o (%) Ndm
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Long An 4,30 3,10 3 3 0 3,20 2.20
Tien Giang 1,70 1,10 1,50 6,30 1,40
Ben Tre 5,90 2,70 2,60 1,80 1,50
T r a Vinh 4,10 3,00 5,90 7,20 3,80
Vinh Long 2,60 17,30 4,50 3,00 1.70
Dong Thap 2,20 2,30 2,00 1,20 1,00
An Giang
2,10 25,80 5,80 4,00 4,20
Kien Giang
2,60 1,20 130 2,50 1,50
Can T h a 2,90 2,30 1,90 29,20 1,20
Hau Giang
1,90 4,90 9,70 1,30 2,30
Soc Trang
2,60 2.70 4,20 3,10 1,30
Bac Lieu 2,00 0,90 1.30 3,00 3,00
Ca Mau
2,10 1,80 1,20 1,10 1,00 NguSn • Tinh loan cua nhom tac gia tCr Dilu tra doanh
Ty trong chi phi van tai trong td'ng chi phi kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep d Tay Nam Bd cd xu hudng giam xud'ng la do sU cai thien ca vd so' lUdng va chat lUdng ciia HTGT cua cac tinh trong vung. Su cai thien HTGT gdp p h i n giam chi phi van tai cho cac doanh nghiep.
Viec giam chi phi van tai cua doanh nghiep trong viing Tay Nam Bo la do t h a y doi cd c i u van tai theo khdi lUdng van chuyen. Viec van chuyen hang hda dang chuyen d i n tii van tai dudng bd sang dUdng thuy va cac loai hinh van tai khac, giam tii 31,8% (nam 2008) xudng cdn 30,1% (nam 2015). Viec giam van tai b i n g dudng bd gdp p h i n giam chi phi van tai ciia doanh nghiep la bdi van tai bang dudng bg thudng cd chi phi van tai cao hdn so vdi cac phUdng thiic van tai khac. Theo Blancas va El-Hifnawi (2014), chi phi van tai dudng bg, tren mot tan hang cao hdn vdi van tai dudng s i t , dudng thiiy va dudng bien l i n lUdt la 2,6 l i n ; 3 l i n va 10 l i n . Viec van chuyen mdt tan hang tii vung Tay Nam Bg van chuyen bang
nghiep 2011 — 2016 (do T6ng cue ThiSng kS diuc hifen).
dudng thuy ve cac cang Tp. Hd Chi Minh de x u i t khau cd chi phi re hdn khoang 10 - 60%
so vdi van tai bang dudng bd.
So sanh giiia cac tinh vung Tay Nam Bd cho thay tinh nao cd mat dd dUdng theo dien tich dat cao hdn va tang n h a n h tM chi phi van tai ciia doanh nghiep cd xu hudng giam nhanh hdn. Chi phi van tai cua cac doanh nghiep giam n h a n h hay cham giUa cac tinh trong viing Tay Nam Bd la do d i u tU cho viec cai tao he thdng giao thdng dudng bd.
Chi phi van tai trong trong tdng chi phi kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep d Tay Nam Bd van giam cham va d miic cao so vdi mat bang chung cua ca nUdc la do cac nguyen n h a n sau:
(i) Van chuyen hang hda b i n g dudng bg chi chie'm khoang 33,3% tong khoi lUdng van chuyen d viing Tay Nam Bd. Van tai dudng bd cd tdng khdi lUdng van chuyen tha'p hdn so vdi van tai dUdng thiiy nhUng quang dUdng van chuyen b i n g dudng bg dai hdn. Van chuyen
NghiSn aiU Kinh tesiS 12(487) - Thing 12/2018 73
bang dudng thuy cua vung Tay Nam Bd chu ye'u trong ndi viing, viing Ddng Nam Bd va sang Campuchia. Trong khi dd, van tai dudng bd cd the van tai hang hda theo true Bac — Nam, van tai hen tinh.
(ii) Ke't ndi giiia cac phUdng thiic van tai dang la mit that anh hudng de'n nang lUc cua ca he thd'ng giao thdng van tai nen hang hda phai bdc dd nhieu l i n day chi phi len cao. Viec thie'u mang ludi dUdng bd cao tdc, kho dudng hep anh hudng tdi thdi gian van chuyen, chi phi van tai cua vung Tay Nam Bd.
(ii) Mang lUdi cac cang, be'n bai phan tan manh mun va sU thieu dong bd giiia quy md be'n cang va ludng vao cang, nhie"u be'n cang thie'u he thd'ng kho bai... huge doanh nghiep phai bdc dd hang nhie"u l i n . Tinh trang ludng tuye'n giao thdng noi dja khdng ddng cap va p h i n Idn trang thid't hi boc xep hang hda chua dUdc d i u t u hien dai hoa hoSc hien dai hda nhung chua ddng bd nen nang lUc bd'c dd hang hoa t h i p . Gia cUdc van tai dudng thuy ndi dia tha'p hdn so vdi van tai dudng bd nhUng tren nhie"u tuye'n van tai, chi phi xep dd chie'm tdi 35.— 40% tdng chi phi cho van tai trgn g6i.
Nhiing ye'u kem ve HTGT va chi phi van tai eao anh hudng tdi mdi trudng kinh doanh, thu hut d i u tu. Vung Tay Nam Bg v i n la vung trung ve" thu h u t dau tU va phat trien doanh nghiep. Cho de'n n a m 2015, toan viing Tay Nam Bd chi cd 33.607 doanh nghiep (chie'm 7,5% tong so' doanh nghiep ca nUdc), tha'p hdn rat nhieu so vdi viing B i e Trung bd va duyen hai m i l n Trung (58.223 doanh nghiep) chii chUa ndi den viec so sanh vdi viing dong bang Sdng Hdng va viing Ddng Nam Bd. Viec thu hiit FDI vao viing Tay Nam Bd den nay v i n cdn k h a khie'm td'n, de'n ngay 31-12-2017, vung Tay Nam Bd chi cd 1.426,0 du an (chie'm 5,7% tdng dU an) va 20.085,0 trieu USD (chie'm 6,3%) (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2017).
3.2. Tiep can tdi hq tdng giao thong vd dong gop vdo thay doi phuc ldi cua ngUdi ddn^
Viec tie'p can tdi HTGT cua ngudi dan vung Tay Nam Bg ngay cang dUdc cai thien. Ty le
xa cd dudng d td de'n t r u n g tdm xa da tang t^t mUc 84,7% (nam 2004) len 95,4% (nam 2014).
Thdi gian cd the sii dung trong nam (sd' thang) ciia dudng giao thdng p h a n anh ve dieu kien, chat lUdng ciia HTGT. Ty Id thdn/ap cd dudng d td su: dung dUdc ca 12 thang trong nam dat 75,6% (nam 2014) so vdi mfic 62,5% (nam 2002). NhUng chuyen bie'n nay gdp p h i n tao t h u a n ldi cho cac hoat ddng kinh te' - xa hdi cua ngUdi dan theo cac thdi vu trong nam. Tuy vay, chat lUdng dudng h cac thdn/ip cua viing Tay Nam Bd chua dap iing dudc cac yeu cau phuc vu phat trien kinh te' — xa hdi, san xuat ndng nghiep.
Ty le thdn/ip cd dudng thuy la phUdng tien giao thdng quan trong cd xu hUdng giam d i n tuf 67,6% (nam 2002) xudhg 49,5% (nam 2014).
Tudng tu, ty le thdn/ap cd dUdng thuy di qua thdn/a'p ciing cd xu hudng giam xudng. Dieu nay phan anh sii p h u thudc hay khai thac cac ldi the' ve giao thdng dudng thuy nhU la phUdng tien giao thdng d nhieu thdn/ip d vung Tay Nam Bd dang giam xud'ng.
Viec cd HTGT mdi chi la mot khia canh cua van de, khoang each va thdi gian tii ndi ngUdi dan sinh sd'ng, lam viec tdi cac cd sd ha ting, dich vu thiet ye'u khac la r a t quan trgng bdi nd a n h hudng tdi hoat ddng kinh te v i cai thien phiic ldi. Trong vdng hdn 10 nam (2004 - 2016), d vung Tay Nam Bg b i u nhU khdng cd sti thay ddi ve" khoang each trung binh tif thdn/a'p de'n cac cd sd ha t a n g thie't yeu cua ngUdi dan. Khoang each t r u n g binh tii xa tdi cac dia diem ngudi d a n cua xa de'n ban san pham ndng nghiep tuy cd giam nhung v i n d miic k h a cao (tir 5,6 km n a m 2004 xud'ng 2,79 km nam 2014). Khoang each tu! thdn/ap den cac cd sd h a t i n g thie't ye'u t h a y doi cdn phu thudc vao su p h a t trien cua cac h a t i n g khac chu khdng chi tii phia HTGT. V i n dd can b i n tdi la sU t h u a n tien va thdi gian de ngUdi dan di lai. Cd mdt sd' ndi, du khoang each tu: thdn/ap de'n t r u sd Uy b a n N h a n d a n xa v i n nhU vay 4. Cac s6' lieu p h ^ nay duroc nhom tac gia tfnh loan tii Dieu tra miic stfng dSn cir (Tong ctic Thfing kd).
74 Nghien aiu Kinh ti'sS 12(487} • Thing 12/2018
Thuc trang ha tang gia thong ,
nhUng ton nhie"u thdi gian de di lai ma nguyen nhan chii yg'u la viec xay dung HTGT (dudng bg) chan ngang dudng di lai cua ngUdi ddn.
Tie'p can HTGT khong chi la tie'p can tdi ha t i n g ma cdn bao gdm ca dich vu giao thdng. Ddi vdi vung Tay Nam Bd, ty le thdn/ap cd tuye'n xe/tau/thuyen chd khach di BANG 2: Xu hvfchig v e t i e p c a n h a t a n g giao
qua dang co xu hudng giam xud'ng tU miic 73,9% (nam 2002) xud'ng 58,9% (nam 2014).
Ddi vdi giao thdng dudng thuiy, ty le thon/ap cd tau/thuyen chd khach di qua giam xuo'ng do cac cang, be'n bai t r e n cac tuye'n dUdng thiiy ndi dia phuc vu chd h a n h khach ngay cang giam xud'ng.
t h o n g v a t y le di h o c c h u n g of v u n g Tay N a m Bo Nam
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Ty le xa co duomg 6 to den UBND xa
85,7 87,7 91,9 94,3 95,4
Ty le thdn/ap co duomg 6 to den thdn/ap sijr dung duoc trong ca nam
59,9 62,0 66,0 73,0 75,6
Ty le di hoc Chung Trung hoc ca
so 86,8 89,1 83,5 83,5 89,2
Trung hoc pho thong
55,7 58,6 57,7 57,1 60,7 NguSn: Di^u tra mtic song dan cu (T^ng cue Th6'ng kt).
MUc sd'ng cua ngUdi dan k h a len la do ddng gdp cua nhieu ye'u to' trong dd cd nhiing ddng gop do sii thay ddi ve" cd sd ha t i n g . Ty le xa cd miic sd'ng k h a len do thay ddi ve ed sd ha tang, nam 2004 so vdi n a m 1999 va n a m 2014 so vdi nam 2009, d vung Tay Nam Bd lan lUdt la 72,6% va 69,3%. Cac sd lieu nay cho t h i y ddi vdi vung Tay Nam Bg, ty le xa cd mUc sd'ng kha len do thay ddi ve" cd sd ha t i n g cao hdn so vdi cac thay ddi khac. Dieu nay t h e hien vai trd quan trgng ciia cd sd ha t i n g ddi vdi vung Tay Nam Bg.
Do vai trd quan trong cua HTGT, viec tie'p can loai ha t i n g nay cd ddng gdp vao cai thien kha nang tie'p can tdi giao due. Trong giai doan 2006 - 2014, ciing vdi sii cai thien ve viec tie'p can tdi HTGT (ty le xa cd dudng d td de'n Uy ban Nhan dan xa va ty le thdn/ ap cd dudng d td sif dung dUdc trong ca nam) viec tiep can tdi giao due (ty le di bgc chung d bac phd thdng) d viing Tay Nam Bo ciing cd xu hudng gia tang (bang 2). Mat do dudng theo dan so' (km/1000 dan) p h a n a n h miie do phiic vu di lai cua ngUdi dan, so sanh giiia cac tinh trong viing Tay Nam Bd cho t h i y viec tie'p can HTGT td't hdn cd k h a nang d i n de'n tie'p can td't hdn ddi vdi giao due. Vai trd cua tie'p can HTGT ddi vdi tie'p can giao due cd the la do tao
dieu kien cho hoc sinh t h u a n ldi trong viec di lai hay ddng gdp vao cai thien cai thien thu nhap qua do thiic day tid'p can giao due.
3.3. Tai nqn giao thong vd bdo ve mdi trudngf thich iing vdi bie'n doi khi hdu Su gia tang dan sd, cac boat ddng kinh te va su gia tang cac phUdng tidn giao thdng dang gia tang ap lUc len ha t i n g giao thdng.
Mat do giao thdng van tai hang khach va hang hda tren nhieu tuye'n giao thdng (ehang han:
QLl, QL30, QL80, QL90...) d viing Tay Nam Bo dang d miic qua tai. Vide thie't ke HTGT thie'u phii hdp gay nen tinh trang thie'u an toan trong khai thac, van hanh. Hdn nUa, ehii trgng dau t u vao giao thdng dudng bd va xem nhe giao thdng dudng thuy tao ganh nang ve van tai ddi vdi chinh giao thdng dudng bo, gdp p h i n gay r a u n t i c , tai nan giao thdng va d n h i l m mdi trUdng.
Trong giai doan 2012 - 2017, tai n a n giao thdng d vung Tay Nam Bd cd xu hUdng giam xud'ng theo ca 3 tieu chi (so' vu tai nan giao thdng, so ngUdi che't va sd' ngUdi hi thUdng), trong nam 2017, ca viing cd 2.435 vu tai nan giao thdng va 1.701 ngUdi che't vi tai nan giao thdng. Mac dii vay, so' vu tai nan giao thdng /lOO.OOO dan va so' vu t a i nan giao thdng /lO.OOO phUdng tidn trong giai doan nay van d
yen aiu Kinh ti's612(487} • Thing 12/2018 75
mUc cao so vdi ca nUdc, trong n a m 2017, cac con sd tUdng Ung la 23,5 vu (ca nUdc la 9,08 vu) va 3,81 VU (LTy ban An toan giao thdng qud'c gia, 2017).
Ve d nhiem mdi tnidng, tai mdt so' tuyen dudng giao thdng d cac do thi nhu C i n Thd, My Tho, Long Xuyen, Ca Mau, Tan An, Sdc Trang..., ndng do NOg t r u n g binh nam deu dudi miic cho phep, nhung trong giai doan 2012 - 2016, cd xu hUdng gia tang (Bd Tai nguyen v i Mdi trudng, 2017). Thiic trang nay do nhieu nguydn nhan nhU cac phUdng tien tham gia giao thdng ngay cang tang nhung HTGT khdng dap iing kip. Van de dudng hep, nhieu giao cit, c h i t lUdng dudng kem, phan ludng ban che', luon phai thay dd'i toe do, diing lau gay nen lUdng khi ddc hai. Viec van tai hanh khach va van tai hang hoa (theo chieu dai) d vung Tay Nam Bd chu yeu la dUdng bd, hay ndi each khac la dua vao phUdng thiic van tai phat thai CO2. Cac nghien ciiu da chi r a van tai dudng thuy se it khi t h a i hdn so vdi dudng bd (Blancas va El-Hifiiawi, 2014).
Ra soat cac quy hoach phat trien giao thdng va thuc tiin HTGT cua cac tinh trong viing Tay Nam Bd cho thay d mdt sd' tinh da long ghep, tinh tdi nhUng chUa de cap tdi each xay diing nhu the nao (nhiing giai phap cu the, cd tinh kha thi) de thich iing vdi bie'n ddi khi hau, nUdc bien dang. Vung Tay Nam Bd vdi dac trung la sdng nUdc, kenh rach; tai mdt so' ndi trong vung, viec xay dung va each thiic xay diing HTGT cung nhU phu thudc vao giao thdng dudng bd lam thay ddi ddng ehay, lam thay ddi mdi trUdng sinh thai. Nhieu vung dat d Kien Giang, Ca Mau, vd'n la nhUng vung san xuat lua gao, da phai chuyen doi muc dich sxi dung da't sang nudi trong thuy san do da't dai hi nhiem man va khdng dUdc tU nhien rtfa chua, bd sung dinh dUdng eho da't.
4. K e t l u a n v a gcti y c h i n h s a c h Ha t i n g giao thdng ddng vai trd quan trong ddi vdi phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, la nganh tien phong de tao tien de" cho cac nganh kinh te phat trien. Ddi vdi viing Tay Nam Bg, HTGT du cd nhieu cai thien nhUng v i n cdn
thie'u va ye'u ve" sd' lUdng, c h i t lUdng, tinh ket ndi. Viec phan phd cac ngudn lUc trong phat trien HTGT thieu hdp ly, phii hdp vdi dac thu cua viing Tay Nam Bd. Cach phat tridn HTGT vung Tay Nam Bg nhU trong thdi gian qua co nguy cd a n h hudng tdi sii phat trien ben viing ciia vung. Theo dd, vide p h a t trien HTGT vung Tay Nam Bd c i n theo cac hUdng sau: (i) chii trgng phat huy the' m a n h cua cac tieu vung dua tren dac tnIng sinh t h a i tii nhidn, thich iing vdi bie'n ddi khi hau; (ii) xay dung ha t i n g ke't ndi ddng bd vdi cac cdng trinh mang tinh ddng liic theo hudng da muc tieu (vi du, kd't hdp giiia giao thdng va thuy ldi); (iii) tap trung dau t u nang cap HTGT n h a m giam thdi gian va chi phi van chuydn ndi viing, cai thidn he thdng dudng thiiy de van chuyen ndng san, dac biet la tii cac vung chuyen canh tdi cac trung t a m che'bien./.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. Blancas L.C. va El—Hifnawi B.M. (2014), Thitc day thuang mai ihdng qua giao thdng van ldi c6 sice canh tranh va it khi thai: dudng thuy noi dia va ducmg bien d Viet Nam, NgSn hang Th^ gidi. Ha Noi.
2. B6 Giao th6ng-Van tai (2018a), Bdo cdo so 4995/BGrVT-KHDT ngay 141512018 ve time hien che do bdo cdo thdng ke. Ha N6i.
3. Bo Giao th6ng — Van tai (2018b), Tinh hinh thuc Men ddu tiC ket cdu hq tdng giao thong van tdi vung Tdy Nam B6, \>io cao. Ha N6i.
4. Bo Tai nguyfin va Mfli tnicmg (2017), Bdo cdo hien trgng moi trUdng qudc gia nam 2016, Ha Noi.
5. Dang Trung Thanh (2012), NghiSn ciiu phat \niti ben vOng co scr ha tang giao thdng vung dong bang sdng Ciiu Long, Luan dn tien sT, Tm&ng dai hoc Giao thfing v3n tai. Ha Ndi.
6. Tdng cue TTifi'ng kfi (2017), Niin gidm thong ke nam 2017, Nxb Thdng k6, Ha N6i.
7. Bryce J. M. (2008), Developing sustainable transportation infrastructure, Washington Interships for Students of Engineering (WISE).
8. Karlsson C , Miliutenko S, Bj#rklund A., M#rtberg U., Olofsson B., and Toller S. (2017), Towards a more sustainable transport infrastructure: how spatial geological data can be utilized lo improve early stage life cycle assessment of road infrastructure. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 19, EGU2017—18598.
Ngay nh&i bai: 5-10-2018 Ngay nhan ban siia: 18-10-2018 Ngay duyet dang: 12-11-2018
76 Nghien aiU Kinh t4's612(487) - Thing 12/2018
