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THi/C TRANG QUAN LY PHAN BON CHO CA PHE V O I 0 QUY MO NONG HO TAI THANH PHO BUON MA THUOT
l.Datva'nde
Thanh phd Buon Ma Thuot la ddn vi c6 dien tich va san lufdng ca phe diJng thiJ 6 ciia tinh Dak Lak. Day la cay trong chii life ciia Thanh pho', chie'm ty le 53% trong cd cau cay trong, 53% gia tri san xuat nong nghiep va 74% gia tri san xuat nganh trong trot. Hien tai, dien tich ca phe la do cac ho ca the quan ly va to chiJc san xuat la 11.274ha, chiem 81,56% dien tich ca phe ciia thanh phd.
Trong cd cau cac muc chi cho san xuat ca phe thi phan bon chie'm ty trong cao nhat, song ngifdi nong dan lai chifa c6 hifdng chii trong quan ly trong van de siir dung phan bon, dan den viec sii' dung chifa hdp ly, gay lang phi ve kinh te va anh hudng den moi tnfdng.
Vi vay, viec nghien ciJu "ThUc trang quan ly phan bon cho ca phe voi d quy mo nong ho tai thanh phd' Buon Ma ThuQt"
nham phuc vu cho viec quan ly va giup nong dan dinh hifdng sii dung phan bon mot each hieu qua trong bo'i canh gia ca vat tif dau vao ngay cang tang cao la can thiet.
Muc tieu nghien cviu
Phan tich, danh gia thifc trang tinh hinh quan ly dinh difdng trong san xuat ca phe vdi hien nay d Thanh phd Buon Ma Thupt.
TS. TriOfng Hong Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat NLN Tdy nguyen
2. Doi tiftfng, pham vi, noi dung, phifoTng phap nghien citu
2.1 Doi tvtdng nghien ctfu: Cay ca phe vd^i dang kinh doanh dn dinh (tif nam thu" 8 den nam thii" 20) tai 5 xa thupc Thanh phd^
Buon Ma Thuot, tinh Dak Lak (Ea Tam, Ea Kao, Cif Ebur, Hoa Thuan, Hoa Thang).
2.2 Noi dung nghien crfu: Thifc trang tinh hinh quan ly phan bon trong san xuat ca phe voi hien nay 6 Thanh phd^Budn Ma Thupt.
2.3 Phifofng phap nghien ctfu: Dieu tra nong ho theo phie'u thiet ke san. Moi xa dieu tra 30 nong ho san xuat ca phe. Cac ho dieu tra c6 dien tich ca phe dang giai doan kinh doanh dn dinh (tif nam thu" 8 den nam thiJ 20) va dien tich ca phe ciia ho it nhat 0,5 hatrdlen.
* Cac chi tieu nghien ciiTu: Dien tich, loai dat, nam trong, nang sua't; tinh hinh siJ dung phan bon (lifdng, loai, ty le, ky thuat bon...);
chi phi dau tu'phan bon.
Xuf ly so' lieu dieu tra bang phan mem excel, SPSS.
3. Ket qua nghien ctfu
3.1 Crfca'u diSn tich, nhom tudi cay vung nghien ci}u
Bang 1: Di$n tich, tudi vuToTn ca ph6 (% sd'hO di^u tra) Xa dieu tra
Chi tieu nghien cufu Hoa
Thuan Hoa Thang CtfEbur Ea Kao Ea Tu
Trung binh
Nhom dien tich (ha)
Nhomtuoi "
cay
0,5-1
>l-2
>2-3
>3-5 8-12 13-16 17-20
66,7 16,7 13,3 3,3 16,7 40,0 43,3
96,7 3,3 - - 6,7 60,0 33,3
40,0 16,7 33,3 10,0 33,3 33,3 33,3
90,0 10,0 - - 36,7 46,7 16,7
60,0 36,7 3,3 - 6,7 40,0 53,3
70,7 16,7 10,0 2,7 20,0 44,0 36,0 THONG TIN KHOA HOC & C O N G N G H E
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^JOMJ^nqht - MM trtji&nq.
Quy md dien tich ca phe d cac nong ho chii yeu tif 0,5 - l,Oha chiem 70,7% tdng sd ho dieu tra; ty le nong bp c6 dien tich tif 1 - 3ha chiem 16,7% va ty le nong ho c6 dien tich tuf 3ha trd len chi chiem 12,7%.
Nhif vay, da phan dien tich ca phe cua nong ho la khong Idn, chiem dien tich tif 0,5- l,0ha la chu yeu, the hien san xua't ca phe dang d tinh trang manh miin ve quy md canh tac. Day cung chinh la trd ngai khong nho trong qua trinh canh tac ciing nhif iJng dung cac tien bp ky thuat, quan ly thu hoach, che bien de tang nang sua't, giam chi phi gia thanh san pham.
Hien nay, 6 TP. Buon Ma Thupt tudi ca phe tif 13 - 16 tudi, chiem 44% sdhp dieu tra.
Day la dp tudi ca phe cho nang sua't cao va
dat hieu qua kinh te' neu cac bien phap ky thuat tdng hdp difdc ap dung mot each dong bp va hdp ly. Tudi ca phe tif 17 - 20 chie'm tdi 36% va thap nhat la tudi tif 7 - 12 chiem 20%
sdndng ho dieu tra. NhUvay, d TP. Buon Ma Thupt dien tich ca phe c6 kha nang cho nang sua't cao, dn dinh trong thdi gian tif 5 -10 nam tdi chi khoang 64% sdnong ho. Ty le sdhp c6 dien tich ca phe bifdc vao giai doan gia coi cho nang sua't thap cung kha cao (khoang 36%). Day la van de can quan tarn ciia cac cd quan quan ly trong viec xay difng ke' hoach trong tai canh ca phe trong thdi gian tdi de dat hieu qua cao va duy tri dn dinh dien tich cQng nhifsan lu'dng ca phe xuat khau ciia dia ban.
3.2 Tinh hinh quan ly phan bon Bang 2: Tinh hinh suf dung phan bon cho cay ca phe (% sohp dieu tra)
Xa dieu tra Chi tieu nghi&n cufu Hoa
Thuan
Hoa Thang
Trung CifEbur EaKao Ea Tu binh Phan hiJu cof
V6 ca phe
Tap quan bon phan Co Khong Co Khong Bon don mifa Khi dat du am
93,3 6,7 50,0 50,0 43,3 56,7
66,7 33,3 43,3 56,7 70,0 30,0
86,7 13,3 63,3 36,7 73,3 26,7
63,3 36,7 93,3 6,7 16,7 83,3
90,0 10,0 96,7 3,3 40,0 60,0
80,0 20,0 69,3 30,7 48,7 51,3
Rai theo hang 86,7 73,3 32,0
Cach bon phan
Lap phan bon
Rai theo tan Hoa nifdc tifcti Co lap phan Khong lap
13,3 43,3 56,7
100,0 3,3 96,7
96,7 3,3 100,0
100,0 10,0 90,0
26,7 70,0 30,0
67,3 0,7 25,3 74,7 Co 67,3% sdndng ho bon phan theo tan cd
phe (bon diing ky thuat). Co den 74,7% sdhp san xuat ca phe sau khi bon phan thi khong lap, day la each lam phd bien hien nay, song lam tang nguy cd mat dam va giam hieu qua su" dung phan bon.
Can cu" vao dieu tra, sd lieu thu thap difdc phan nhom theo miJc nang sua't iJng vdi lieu lifdng phan bon trung binh ma nong dan suf
dung va so sanh vdi miJc khuyen cao cua Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Nong lam nghiep Tay Nguyen thi lu'dng phan bon ma nong dan thanh phd Buon Ma Thupt bon cao hdn so vdi khuyen cao de dat difdc cung mot nang sua't la 36kg N, 93kg P,0, va 17kg K,0. Trong 3 loai phan da lu'dng thi Ian du'dc nong dan d thanh phd Buon Ma Thupt bon vdi lifdng cao hdn nhieu so vdi khuyen cao (bang 3).
S63 - 2011 • T H O N G TIN KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE
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Bang 3: LU<^ng phSn bo Chi ti&u nghien
cuTu Nang <2,5
sua't 2,5-3,5 (tan/ha) >3,5-4,5
>4,5-5 Trung binh So sanh vofi khuy&'n cao*
Quy ration (1000 d) N 304 373 423 456 389 +36
+989
- MAL tni^^ng.
n da li^(;(ng ndng ddn suT dyng theo Mufc ap dung
P2O5 168 208 219 236 208 +93
+1.686
K2O 204 275 341 413 308 +17
+330
Tiie
1,81:1:1,21 1,79:1:1,32 1,93:1:1,56 1,93:1:1,75 1,87:1:1,48
N 248 318 388 458 353
cac mil'c nang Mufc
P2O5 85 105 125 145 115
suS't (kg/ha) khuyen cao
K2O 188 258 328 393 292
Til§
2,92:1:2,21 3,03:1:2,46 3,10:1:2,62 3,16:1:2,71 3,07 :1:2,54
* Khuyen cdo cua Vien Khoa hoc Ky thudt Nong lam nghiep Tdy Nguyen - WASI
Nhif vay la miJc chi cho tufng loai phan theo mufc nang sua't dat difdc deu cao hdn so vdi mtfc chi tifdng iJng vdi miJc phan bon de xuat, trong dd miJc chi bon phan Ian cao hdn mijfc de xuat tdi 1,69 trieu dong va tdng gia tri phan bon cao hdn so vdi khuye'n cdo la 3,005 trieu dong/lha, tifdng difdng 14,55%. Dieu nay da lam tang chi phi san xuat va gay lang phi, CO nguy cd gay d nhiim moi tnfdng.
3.3 Quan ly phSn bon va chi phi san xuS't Phan tich cac khau ky thuat trong qua trinh
siif dung phan bon tren cd sd cac miJc nang sua't dat difdc va chi phi bon phan, cho thay trung binh nang sua't dat difdc va chi phi giifa cd va khong bon phan hifu cd, giifa vide sijf dung phan ddn va phan hdn hdp la c6 sif khdc biet c6 ^ nghia (bang 4). Tap qudn bdn ddn mifa hay bdn khi dat dii am khong lam chenh lech nang sua't dat difdc va chi phi phan bdn mot cdch cd 5^ nghia. Tuy nhien, tap quan bdn ddn mifa da lam tang chi phi phan bdn len 330 dong/ta'n nhan do anh hifdng ciia qud trinh mat phan do bdc hdi khi bdn phan gap nang va rufa trdi do khi bdn phan gap mifa.
Bang 4: Chi ph i dau vao doi vdi bi$n phap ap dung phSn bon (1.000 dong) Chi tiSu nghi&n ciifu
Phan hifu co Trung binh Tap quan bdn Trung binh Loai phan Trung binh
Cd Khong Bdn don mifa Khi dat du am Phan ddn Phan hon hdp
Ndng suSt ca 3,14 2,97 3,10*
3,08 3,13 3,10^^
3,19 3,04 3,10*
phg Chi bon phSn 19.372 18.753 19.248*
19.342 19.159 19.248^^^
18.596 19.682 19.248*
Chi bdn phdn bdn/tafn nh&n
6.428 6.473 6.437 6.552 6.328 6.437 6.067 6.685 6.437 (Xem tii'p trang 10)
s6 3 - 2011 • THONG TIN KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE
3(Jko€L hjQe^ - ^Anjg. nght - Moi Irit&ng.
4. Mot so'giai phap khoa hoc cong nghe phat trien chan nudi bd
4.1 Gidng
Tang cu'dng cdng tac lai tao gidng nang sua't cao cho dan bd nhif: gidng Brahman, Droughtmaster, Laisind.
4.2 Thiifc an
- Trong cac gidng cd cao san de cung cap nguon thiJc an xanh cho dan.
- Che bien cd va phu pham nganh ndng, cdng nghiep: Ap dung cac phu'dng phap thich hdp nhif phdi kho, li xanh theo quy trinh... Tan dung cac phu pham nganh trong trot va nganh che'bien thifc pham lam thiJc an cho bd.
- Quy hoach dien tich dong cd trong:
+ Chuyen ddi mot so' viing trong cay cdng nghiep, vifdn tap kem hieu qua sang trong cd channuoibd.
+ Phat trien md hinh trong cd, chan nudi
bd difdi tan rifng.
4.3Vdbeobd
Su" dung phu pham ndng nghiep va cac nguon thiJc an cd san de vd beo bd thit nham nang cao nang sua't va chat lu'dng thit dong thdi mang lai hieu qua kinh te'cao.
4.4 Thu y va ve sinh mdi trrfdng
- Thifc hien tiem phong benh bat budc cac loai vaccin cho tat ca dan bd tren dia ban tinh theo quy dinh ciia Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien nong thdn.
-Can ve sinh chudng nudi sach se.
4.5 Dao tao, tap huan, chuyen giao Iq^ thuat - Dao tao can bp thii y thdn buon bang cac Idp ngan ngay de nhifng can bp nay phu trach ve chan nudi thii y tai dia phifdng.
- Tap huan ndng dan ve kien thifc chan"
nudi, thii y, xay difng md hinh diem de ndng dan hpc tap va nhan rpng md hinh./.
THlTC TRANG QUAN LY PHAN BON...
(Tiep theo trang 6)
Bang 5: Trung binh chi phi phan bdn ddi vdi 1 ha ca phe (1000 dong) Xa dieu tra
Chi tieu nghien cufli jj5a Hoa Trung
CifEbur EaKao EaTu binh Tile%
Chi bdn phan Tong chi phi SX
Thuan 19.912 43.331
Thang 21.156 40.158
16.511 35.280
20.270 41.363
18.391 40.004
19.248 40.027
48,1 100,00 Chi phi ve phan bdn d cac xa dieu tra bien
dong tu' 16,5-21,1 trieu ddng/ha/nam; trung binh cho viing nghien ciJu la 19,2 trieu ddng/ha, chie'm tdi 48,1% tdng chi phi san xuat cho Iha ca phe/nam, cao nhat trong tat ca cac muc dau tif cho Iha ca phe kinh doanh/nam.
4. Ket luanva kien nghi 4.1Ke'tluan
- Quy mo dien tich ca phe d cac ndng ho chii yeu tif 0,5-1 ,Oha chie'm 70,7%
- Lu'dng phan bdn da lu'dng ngUdi ndng dan bdn cao hdn so vdi khuyen cao so vdi
miJc nang sua't dat du'dc tifdng iJng vdi 3,05 trieu ddng/ha/nam.
- Chi phi cho dau tif phan bdn chie'm tdi 48,1% tdng dau tif cho Iha ca phe.
4.2 Kien nghj
- Can xay difng nhieu mo suf dung phan bdn hdp ly, can dd^i nham nang cao hieu qua suf dung phan bdn, tang hieu qua kinh te, gdp phan san xuat ca phe ben vifng nham tao dieu kien cho nong dan tiep can va ufng dung.
- Tang cifdng tap huan cho nong dan ve van de quan ly phan bdn cho ca phe de tifng budc iJng dung trong thifc tien san xuat./.
101 S6 3 - 2011 • T H O N G T I N KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE
