TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HQC VAN LANG Hing Ba Linh
TU* TUdNG BIEN CHUlVG TRONG TRIET HOC NHO GIA THOfI KY XUAN THU - CHIEN QUOC
THE DIALECTICAL THOUGHT IN CONFUCLiN PHILOSOPHY INTHE PERIOD OF SPRING AND AUTUMN - WAR STATES
HANG BA LINHC^
TOM TAT: Nho gia thai ky Xudn thu - Chiin qude (720-221 TCN) Id mdt d-ong nhiing dpi diin tieu biiu eho tu duy biin chOng eua ngu&i Trung Qudc cd dai. Tu tuang bien chung trong triit hgc Nho gia th&i ky ndy khong chi a cdeh xem xet thi gi&i trong su van dpng khach quan md cd trong cdch thirc xem xet vi tri eon ngu&i trong xa hpi gdn v&i moi Iiin hi phd biin. Mac du, cdn nhieu han che mang linh lich sa tdt yeu nhung nhiing tu tu&ng biin chung trong triit hpc Nho gia CO dgi da ddng gdp nhieu gid tri doi v&i lich suphep bign ehung ndi chung vd tu duy bien chung cua ngu&i Trung Qudc noi riing.
Ta khda: triit hpc Trung Quoc ed dpi; Nho gia; bign ehiing cd dgi.
ABSTRACT: Confucianism in the period of Spring and Autumn - War States (720-221 BC) was one of the most representatives of dialectical thinking of ancient Chinese. The dialectical thought in Confiician philosophy in this period was not only in the way of viewing the world in objective movement but also in the way of considering the position of man in society associated with a common connection. Although there are many indispensable historical limitations, dialectical ideas in ancient Confucian philosophy have contributed much to the history of dialectics m general and dialectical thinking of the Chinese people in particular.
Key words: ancient Chinese Philosophy; Confucianism; ancient dialectic.
1. DAT VAN DE ehi phin inh to duy ciia ngudi Trung Qude cd Phep bipn chiing cd Uch su hinh thanh va dgi ma edn dat diu in tidn hau het eie ITnh vuc phat yiln hang ngin nam - ngay to khi tiilt hpc vin hda, chinh yj, xa hdi Trung Qude hi§n dgi.
ra ddi vi phat yidn den hinh thiie phep bidn 2. N O I DUNG
chimg duy vgt Marxist. Nghidn ciiu Hch sii Thdi k>' Xuan thu - Chiln qude la mgt giai hinh thinh vi phit triln phep bidn ehiing bdn dogn ljeh sir diy bien dgng trong ljeh sii Trung c^nh nhirng tiln de mang tinh truyin thdng tir Qudc cd dgi. Keo dai tir nam 770 TCN den nam triit hpe Hy Lgp c6 dai chung ta khdng thi 221 TCN, Xuan tiiu - Chiln qudc chiing kiln khdng nghidn eiiu nhiing to todng bidn chirng sy suy tan eua che dp ehidm hiru nd Id v i su tiong cac nln tiilt hgc cd dgi khae, die biet Ii hinh thinh chd do phong kien so ky d Trung to todng bipn chirng tiong tiilt hgc Trung Qudc Qudc. Ben cgnh nhiing ehuydn biln to Idn vl thdi ky Xuin thu - Chiln quoc, ma mdt trong chinh tii xa hdi, giai dogn nay cdn la thdi Iqf mi nhihig dgi dipn tidu bidu la Nho gia. Nhiing to tiilt hpe Trung Qude phit tiiln rye rd v i anh tocmg mang tinh bipn chiing trong tridt hgc hudng din hiu hdt cic ITnh vyc trong xa hpi, Nho gia thdi ky Xuan thu - Chidn qudc khdng die biet la triit hpc Nho gia.
'*ThS. Tmdng Dgi hpc FPTTh^nh phd Hd Chi Mmh, [email protected]. Masd: TCKH22-29-2020 53
TAP CHI KHOA HOC BAI HQC VAN LANG Nho gia, Nho giio li nhiing thuit ngii bit ngudn to chii "nho". Theo Han ty "nho" i l l i chii hgi y, gdm chii "nhin" -f (ngudi) diing cgnh nhu "nhu" M (ein, chd dgi). Nho gia edn dugc gpi la nhi nho, ngudi da thiu hidu sich thanh hidn, dugc thidn hg cin de day bao ngudi ddi an d eho hgp luin thudng dao ly. Trude thdi ky Xuan thu, nhi nho dugc gpi l i "sf,
^ H H hgc vin chuong va lue nghd gdp phin tri vi dit nude. Din thdi ky Xuin thu, Khdng Tir da hp thdng hda nhirng to tudng va tri thiic trudc day thanh hpc thuylt gpi la Nho gia hay Nho hdc. Ngudi ta cQng da gin hpc thuyet nay vdi ten tuoi ngudi da sing lip ndn nd, gpi la Khdng hpc. Khdng Tii: ? L ? (551-479 TCN) tdn li Khiu, ty la Trgng Ni WM ngudi ip Trau, ling Xuong Binh, nude Ld (nay thudc huypn Khiic Phy, tinh Son Ddng). Khdng Tii dugc xem nhu ngudi thay dau tien, vdi to each l i nhi khai sing Nho giao, giang su ciia ddng dio radn sinh va thap tiing dng chu du eac nude tiuydn b i to tudng. 6ng cd hang ngan dp to, yong dd cd nhiiu ngudi yd thanh nha to todng v i hpc gii ndi tidng. Nam 484 TCN, khi da 68 tadi, Khong Tir yd vl que huong, sau 13 nam chu du, dng md trudng dgy hpc, san djnh Kinh Thi, Kinh Ihu, hieu dinh Kinh Li, Kinh Nhac, ^ai thich Kinh Dich, trudc tic Kinh Xudn thu. Ong mit vao nam thii 16 ddi Ld Ai Cdng, toe nim 479 TCN. Ddn thdi Chiln qudc, Nho gia dupe Manh Kha ^ | n [ (cdn ggi la M^nh Tir (372-289 TCN) va Tuin Hudng ^"31 (cdn ggi la Tuin Tu (315-238 TCN) hoin tiiipn va phat tiiln.
2.1. T u tudng bipn chung ve t y nhien Van dd con ngudi va xa hdi la vin de trung tam trong hp thdng to todng cua cic nha Nho gia, nhung khdng phii vi thi ma hp bd qua nhihig quan nipm ve the gidi. Trong each thiie xem xet till gidi, cimg nhu Dgo gia, Nho gia
cung cho ring, vgn vit trong vu yy 1"°" ^ ^ dpng, biln ddi khdng ngimg tiieo tinh ty nhien cua nd. Su vgn dgng, biln doi iy cua vgn vgt bit ngudn tii mdi lidn hp, toong tie giu^a hai cue "im" va "duong" yong mdt chinh the thdng nhit "Thii cyc". Dgng lue Uiiic diy vgn vit van dpng, biln ddi khdng ngimg, giii cho am - duang, ydi - dit "toong thdi", "toong hda" chinh li "dgo", "thidn ly". "Trung Id edi gdc ciia thiin hg, hda Id dao thdng dgt ciia thiin ha. Dat t&i dgo trung hda thi trdi ddt se yen on. Trgt tu, vgn vdt se sinh sdn, ndy n&
ihugn chieu" (Trung dung) [1, y.262]. Nhd do ma "Tr&i cd ndi gi ddu! The md bdn miia vdn van hdnh nhu vdy, vgn vdt vdn sinh tru&ng nhu the" (Luan ngu, Duong hda) [3, y.488], "cUng nhu ddng nude chgy, vgn vat trdi di, ngdy dim khong ngimg, khdng nghr (Luin ngir, Tu Han) [1, ti.262]. Vdi quan diem nay, Khdng Tu thua nhgn the gidi van dgng, bidn ddl lien tyc, xuat phit to chinh ban than chiing chii khdng phii tir y ehi ciia con ngudi hay mdt thd luc nao khac.
Tiep tye quan diem nay eiia Khdng Tii, Tuin Tir cung cho ring: "Tr&i hogt dpng theo binh thuang, khdng vi vua Nghiiu md de cho cdn, khong vi vua Kiel md lam cho mdt", "khdngphdi vi ngu&i ta ghetgid lanh md tr&i bd miia ddng, khdng phdi vi ngu&i ta nggi xa xdi md ddt nit hep be mat laf (Tuin Tir, Tbidn luan) [I, y.352-353].
Tuy thiia nhin tinh van dgng, biln ddi cua van v§t la khich quan, dgc lgp vdi y chi ciia con ngudi nhung ben canh dd, Khdng Tii" va Mgnh Tu lgi tuypt ddi hda vai trd ciia tu nhidn, chi nhin thiy sy tic dpng, chi phoi toypt ddi, mpt chidu. Khong Tu vidt: "£)ao cua ta thi hdnh ra duge cUng do minh tr&i, md bo phi vong ciing la do mgnh tr&i. Cong Bd Lieu ldm sao edi dugc minh tr&T' (Lugn ngii, Hiln vin) [3, y.42I]. Mgnh Tir lai viit: "Ch&igcd vi0cgi xdy ra md khong theo mgnh tr&i. Minh nen thudn dpo ly thi se nhgn Idy edi minh chinh ddng dy. Cho nen, ngu&i biii mgnh tr&i chdng dimg du&i birc tu&ng rgn nut sdp do. Ngu&i
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG Hdng Ba Linh biit vi ddt nu&c, thyc hen chinh dgo md phdi
ehit, do thupc ve minh ehinh dao. Cdn ngir&i phgm lgi md chit, do ehdng thupc vi minh chinh dao vgy" (Mgnh Tu, Tan tam thugng) [3, y.769]. Trai ngugc vdi quan dilm nay cua Khdng - Mgnh, Tuan Tii khing djnh, ty nhidn cd ba bg phin ridng biet: "Tr&i ed bdn mua, ddt cd tdi nguyen, ngu&i ed su eai trf. Nhu vay, ngu&i v&i tr&i ddt tgo thdnh bp tam" (Tuin TCr, Thien lugn) [2, y.l58]. Ong cung cho ring, eon ngudi la mgt thue thd ddc lip, khdng hoin toan Id thupc vao su chi phdi tuyet ddi eiia ty rihien va co thi tu quyet dinh van mpnh eiia minh, Nhung hidn tugng ty nhien ehi li "edi bien hda eua tr&i ddt, dm duang cho Id la thi nen, no khdng the quyit djnh diiu hpa, phiic, tdt xau cua con ngu&i, cho nen khdng ddng s(^^ (Tuan Tu, Thien luin) [1, y.354]. Nhu viy, d dilm nay Tuin Tir da phit yiln va hoin thidn ban quan nidm vl thd gidi ciia Nho gia,'khdng chi lam siu sac hon tinh bien chung eua nd ma cdn lam nd yd ndn duy vat, bd qua nhiing ydu td duy tim trudc dd.
2.2. Tu tirdng bipn chirng ve xa hpi Khac Dgo gia, Nho gia khdng dat su xem xet sy vgn dgng, bidn ddi eiia the gidi la trung tim hpc thuylt cua mmh ma tgp yung xem xet moi lien he giuB con ngudi va xa hdi. NghTa la Nho gia chli tipng nghien ciiu vd con ngudi tiong vd van mdi lidn hp, tie dpng qua lgi tiong xa hgi.
Hp cd ging lam rd ban chat xa hdi ciia con ngudi trong timg mdi lien he khic nhau, tien co sd dd, hp xiy dung mpt he thdng dao diie toong iing.
Tir viec xay dyng mgt hp thdng dgo diic va chuin muc xa hgi cho mdi c i nhin yong nhiing mdi quan he vdi xa hdi khae nhau, hp hy vgng se cii bien dugc xa hpi Tmng Quoe thdi ky Xuan thu - Chidn qude dang lim vio khung hoang.
Tridt hpc ciia Nho gia hinh thinh v i phat trien vao thdi IQ* die bidt eua nhan logi. Thdi kj ma nhin logi chung kiln sy nay nd v i phit yien rye rd ciia nhin thirc, nhu mdt sy gap gd to tudng tit yeu giua to todng phuang Ddng va phucmg Tay. N I U d phuang Tiy mii din
Socrates (469-399 TCN) cie vin dd con ngudi va xa hdi mdi duge nghidn ciiu mgt cich nghiem toe thi tir rit sdm, d Trung Hoa cd dgi van dd eon ngudi, mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vi xa hdi da dugc cie nha Nho gia nghidn eiiu mgt cich siu sac va cd he thdng. Hp da xiy dung mdt hgc thuylt kha hoan chinh nhim h i ldi eiu hdi lieu con ngudi la mdt thuc thi ddc lip, tieh bidt hay tdn tai yong mdi lidn he, tic ddng qua lai lin nhau va trong tiing mdi lien he do con ngudi giii vai trd nhu thi nio?.
Cie nha to tudng Nho gia thdi ky Xuan thu - Chidn qude khang dinh, con ngudi tdn tgi phii dugc xac lap trong mdi lidn he tac dgng qua lai giiia ca nhan con ngudi dd vdi nhiing ea nhin khae tiic la quan he xa hpi. Ngay tiong vide Iam rd bin tinh eon ngudi, Khdng Tir vi Mgnh Tii ddu ddng y rang, "nhdn ch sa tinh bdn thien" vd mgc du Tudn Ta khdng djnh nguge lai. "nhdn chi tinh dc" nhung hp deu dit eon ngudi ngay to lue xuat hidn hong mdi lien he vdi x i hdi. Vi thien v i i e ehi cd the xem xet thdng qua hanh vi ciia ea nhan do yong mdi lien he eiia hg vdi ty nhidn va xa hpi. Lam rd van dd nay Tuin Tii viet: "Ngu&i ta s& di Id ngu&i, chdng phdi vi chi cd hai ehdn vd mat khdng long, md vi ed phdn biit. Loai cdm thu eUng CO eha con, nhung khong cd tinh thdn giOa cha eon, eUng ed dye edi nhung khdng ed sy phdn biit nam nu. Cho nen dpo ldm ngu&i phdi CO syphdn biet. Phdn biit thi khdng cd gi
bdng phdn bigt thdn phgn xd hpi; phdn biit thdn phan xd hpi ihi khdng gi bang li" (Tuin Tir, Phi Tudng) [2, tr.161]. Vdi quan dilm niy, Tuan Tli d i xem con ngudi la mdt thi thdng nhat giira hai mgt sinh hgc va xa hpi. Mat sinh hge chinh Ii nhihig bg phin ciu thanh eo thd eon ngudi nhu tay ehin, Idng, mgt, hogt ddng sinh sin, gidi tinh cdn mat xa hdi la tinh cha con, vg chdng, nam nii. V i con ngudi phin bipt vdi cic loai khie chi cd thd bing quan he xa hdi. Khdng ehi lam rd su khic biet giiia eon ngudi va loai khae, Tuin Tii edn ehi ra cich
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG thiic phan bipt ca nhan tdn tai yong mdi lien he rpng ldn do chinh li Id, tiic hanh vi dgo dire ciia ca nhan dd. Theo do, mdi ca nhin se cd tung hinh vi dgo diic ridng bidt toong iing vdi thin phgn ciia ea nhan dd yong quan he xa hdi. Luin diem trdn eua Tuin Tii ed thd xem nhu sy trinh biy cy the quan didm "Vgn vdt deu cd du trong
•. Vgn vgt giai bi u nga hV (Mgnh Tu, Tin I thugng) [2, y.93] cua Mgnh Tii vgy. Tren
I didra xera eon ngudi tdn tai yong nhiing jlien he, Manh Tir phd phan Duong Chu va I Dich ring; "Duang Chu vi ngd nen khong
•ua; Mac Bich kiem di nin khdng ed cha.
fyug khdng cha liic la cdm thu" (Manh
|"Ding Vin Cdng, hg) [2, fr.86]. Ro ring, Duong Chu ehi thiy bin thin m i khdng thay l^lien he khie ndn cdt chi lam dilu lgi rminh,"Mac Dich ehi nhin thay cii ehung, cii toin thd ma khdng nhin thay nhihig radi lidn he bdn tiong ndn chii yuong kidm ai. Manh Tii khing dinh, "Qudn ta ddi v&i loai vdt. yeu men nd md chdng cd long nhdn. Ddi vai ddn, cd long nhdn md khdng thdn di. Thdn di vai cha me vd ngu&i thdn rdi m&i eo long nhdn v&i ddn; cd long nhdn ddi v&i ddn rdi m&i yiu min loai vdC (Tin Tam, thugng) [2, y.87].
Nhu vgy, cic nha to todng Nho gia khdng chi thira nhin con ngudi ton tgi hong nhiing mdi lien he vdi tu nhidn va xa hpi m i edn chi ra hanh vi phii hgp vdi vi yi cua mdi c i nhin yong nhiing mdi lien hp do. Khdng chi nhin thiy moi lidn he ben ngoii, hp cdn nhin thiy mdi lidn h§ ben tiong, dd li mdi lien he giiia mat sinh hpe va mat xa hdi trong ban thin mdi eon ngudi. Hai mit nay tdn tgi yong mpt chinh thi thdng nhit dk tgo thanh mpt eon ngudi hoan chinh va khdng the thidu nhau. Ndu thilu mit sinh hpc con ngudi se khdng thd tdn tgi, niu thilu m|t xa hpi thi eon ngudi "toe ia cim thu".
Theo Tuin Tii, sd dT con ngudi phii tdn tgi yong sy lidn hp, toong tic Ian nhau bdi vi:
"Thanh qua cua yam thg li de nudi dudng mpt ngudi; thi ndn mpt ke gidi giang khdng the lam
dugc nhiiu nghi; mgt ngudi khdng the kiem nhiem nhidu chiic quan. N I U ngudi ta song bidt va khdng phuc vy nhau tiii khdn cung"
(Tuin Tli, Phii Qude) [2, y.l60]. Vdi luin didm nay Tuin Tir khdng chi tilp Uic khing djnh mdi lien he giu'a con ngudi vdi xa hgi ma con xem mdi lien he dd nhu rapt tit ylu, dim bao eho sy tdn tgi cua eon ngudi. Trong mdi con ngudi tdn tgi "thinh qua ciia hing y i m tiig", la sy bidu hi^n cda "hang yam" mdi lidn he giua "hang trim" eon ngudi khic nhau. Nhiing mdi lidn h?
do duge bidu hien thdng qua nhirng nhu cau thiet yeu hang ngay ma nhiing ngudi thg dap ling nhu quan ao, giay dep, vat dyng hing ngiy hon nOa, Tuin Tii cdn thay e i mdi lidn h?
ehinh yj hong vide tri nude. Nd eung eho thiy rang, con ngudi khdng thi tu dip iing nhu ciu cua bin thin niu thidu di nhiing mdi lidn he vdi nhirng ea nhin khic vdi nhung chiic ning khac , nhau. Xet ve mgt tu nhidn, Tuin Tu cho ring:
"Siic khdng khde bang trdu bd, chgy khdng nhanh bdng ngya, thi md eon nguai su dung dugc trdu bd ngua, tgi sao thi? Bdp: vi con ngu&i ed thi hpp qudn, con loai vat Ma khong biet hgp qudn... Hgp nhdt thi co nhieu sOc, co nhieu sOc thi mgnh, mgnh thi thdng loai vdf (Tuin Tli, Vuang chi) [2, y.l60]. Mdi lidn hf, toong tic lan nhau giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi tiong xa hpi khdng chi raang tinh phd biln ma nd cdn mang tinh khich quan, xuit phat tir thyc tidn diu yanh sinh tdn eiia to nhidn. Thiia nhgn con ngudi tdn tgi yong vd van mdi lidn hp vdi ty nhien vi xa hgi, Tuan Tiir cdn khing dinh, niu tach con ngudi ra khdi nhiing mdi lidn hp do con ngudi khdng thi tdn tgi nhu mot con ngudi viit hoa ypn ven, thgm chi nhu cim thu.
Trdn eo sd tiiira nhgn con ngudi tdn tgi tiong vd van mdi lidn hp, tic dpng lin nhau, cie nhi to todng Nho gia di xiy dyng mpt hp thdng nim mdi lidn hp co ban yong x i hgi Thyc te yong xa hpi Tmng Quoc cd dgi nln kinh t l chii ylu li djnh cu ndng nghidp ngn ""
e i nhan tiiudng cd moi lien h? khi hgn che D
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BAI HQC VAN LANG Hang Bi Linh dd, IChdng Tir da tdng hpp mpt he tiidng nim
mdi lien he co bin nhit eiia con ngudi. Trong do, mdi ea nhin ed thi la ngudi niy trong mdi lien he nay nhung ciing cd the la ngudi khic trong moi lien he khac. He thdng nam mdi quan he CO ban v i thdng thudng ciia moi con ngudi dugc Nho gia gpi li ngu luin gdm: quan he vua - tdi (quin thin), quan h^ cha - con (phy tir), quan hp vg - chdng (phu phu), quan he anh - em (huynh dp), quan he bgn be (bing hiru).
Theo Nho gia, mdi eon ngudi trong mdi lien he khae nhau lai cd nhiing ehuan muc dgo diic khac nhau. Trong m6i quan hp vua - tdi: vua phii nhin tii, bl tdi trung thinh; tiong quan he cha - eon: cha hiln, eon phii hidu thao; yong quan hp vp chdng: chdng bilt tinh nghTa, vg nghe Id phai, trong quan he anh - em: anh phai tot, em phii ngoan, tiong quan he bgn be phii giir chii tin. Dd chinh l i nhung pham chit co bin eiia mdi ca nhin yong nhiing mdi lidn he khic nhau. Trong cic mdi lien he dd, Nho gia nhin thiy ba mdi lien hi chinh yeu, la rudng cdt ciia xi hdi, dd dugc ggi la "tam cuong". Tara cuong, duge hidu nhu ba sgi diy ehinh kit ndi, dieu khiln xa hgi, do la mdi lidn he giua vua tdi, cha con, vg chdng. Nho gia dge bidt chu tim xiy dyng mdt hd th6ng dgo due, quy tie ling xur mgt cich siu sac cho tiing radi lidn he niy. Trong do, mdi lien he vua tdi dugc Nho gia xem li mdi lidn he quan tigng nhit ciia con ngudi, vi do edn ducfc hieu la radi lidn he giiia ci nhin vdi dit nude.
Ciing vdi do, Nho gia cung xay dyng mgt h^ thdng chuin muc dao diic mang tinh phd quat mi tat c i cac ca nhin cin phii cd, phai duy yi yong bit cii mdi lien he nao. Dd la Ngu thudng, bao gom cic diic tinh: nhan, ll, nghia, tii tin. Trong do, phgm trii "nhan" dugc cac nhi to tudng Nho gia xem nhu nguydn ly co bin trong hpc thuylt yilt hpe cua minh. Nd dugc xem li ehuin mye dgo dire co ban ciia mdi ca nhin tiong mdi lidn hd vdi xa hgi. Chti nhin tiong triit hge Nho gia ed ^ nghTa rit rdng, bao
him nhidu mat yong ddi sdng con ngudi, cd liic yim togng, ed liic cu thi, toy tiieo ymh do, ma dng didn ta nd mdt eich khac nhau. Trong vipc xem xet mdi lien he giua ngudi vdi ngudi tiong xa hgi, pham trii nhin cd thd dugc hieu la
"diie tinh Iy todng" hay nhung hinh vi dgo diic ma radi ca nhan cin ed tiong viec dim bio radi lien he tdt dep vdi nhiing e i nhin khac.
Thira nhin eon ngudi tdn tgi trong vd van mdi lien hd, tic ddng qua lgi lin nhau, cic nhi to todng Nho gia cung nhgn thiy, vide eon ngudi hanh ddng, iing xtr khdng phii hgp vdi vj tii cua rainh tiong nhiing mdi lidn he iy ehinh l i nguyen nhin xa hdi loan lac. Do vgy, Nho gia chli truang "Chinh Danh". Theo Khong Tii, mdi sy vat, mdi ca nhin tiong xa hpi ddu cd mdi khi ning va vai yd nhit dinh iing vdi than phgn cua c i nhan dd ggi la "Thue". iTng vdi mdi vj tii tiong mdi lien hd vdi xi hgi ma mdi ngudi ed mdt "Danh" ridng. Tir dd, Khdng Tii ciing cae nhi Nho gia chii truang, bit cu ngudi hay vit ddu phai hinh ddng vi thyc hidn chuin myc cua "danh" mi minh dang mang. NghTa li trong mdi mdi lien he khic nhau, con ngudi phii ed hanh vi, hoat dpng phii hgp vdi vi tii eiia minh trong mdi lien he do. Dl xa hdi Tnmg Qude cd dgi dn dinh thi "vua cho ra vua, tdi cho ra ldi, cha cho ra cha, con cho ra con"
(Luin ngu, Nhan Uydn) [3, tr.352]. Vdi khing dinh nay eiia Khdng Tur, ta cd thi hieu, mpt e i nhan ed thd mang yong minh nhieu danh khic nhau toy thude vio vi til mdi lidn hp eiia minh vdi xa hpi. Trong su da dgng eua radi lien hp, eon ngudi phii hilu diing vi tri ciia minh d diu trong sy da dgng dd dd cd hinh ddng phCi hgp.
Va, ngugc lgi, dl cd thi hanh dgng diing dan v i phii hgp thi phii dit con ngudi vio mdi lien hp phii hgp vdi vin dd dd. Ta cd the thay rd van dd nay trong vide Tu Lg hdi Khong Tii: "NIU vua nude Vd mdi thiy vd lim chinh yi, thiy se lam gi yudc tien?". Khdng Tu dip: "At phii chinh danh" (Lugn ngii, Tu Lg) [3, y.367], vi niu
"Danh phgn khdng ro remg, thi noi se khdng
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAI HQC VAN LANG thudn. Ndi khdng thugn thi vige khdng thdnh.
Viic khong thdnh thi le nhae se mdt di trgt tu. iM nhgc mdt di trgt ty thi hinh phgt khdng thda ddng. Hinh phgt khdng thda ddng thi ddn khong biit ldm thi ndo cho dung. Cho nin ngu&i qudn ta khi dugc dinh danh phii hgp v&i thuc. cd the noi ra duge, md noi ra dugc co the thyc hdnh thdng su6f (Luan ngu, Tu Ld) [3, y.367-368].
De ed the giai quydt vin dd chinh tri d nude Vd, Khdng Tli ehu truang dit minh vio mdi lien he vdi van de do, nghTa Ii phii cd danh phii hgp mdi cd thd giai quylt duge.
Ciing vdi viec nhin thay eon ngudi tdn tgi yong moi lidn he bidn chung, cic nha to todng Nho gia cdn xay dyng mdt he thdng dgo diie mang tinh bidn chiing. Hp khdng chi don gian nhin thay cai rieng nhu Duong Chu, cii toin thd nhu Mic Tii mi d hpc thuylt dgo dire cua hg, dao dire con ngudi tdn tgi c i trong eai rieng lan cai ehung. NghTa Ii, khdng the cd mdt thu dao diic chung cho tit ca cic ci nhin v i ciing khdng thd cd vide mdi c i nhan tu quydt dinh gia tri dgo dire eho rieng minh. Hd thdng dao diie Nho gia khdng chi mang tinh phd bidn ma nd cdn mang tinh eu thi. Ndu he thong "ngu thudng" mang nhung gii tii phd biln thi hpc thuylt "Chinh danh" lai raang nhiing gii yj dgo due cd tinh cy thd cho timg vj tri ciia con ngudi yong mdi lidn he vdi xa hpi. Tu todng bien chiing vl con ngudi yong yilt hgc Nho gia li mdt dau in dim net trong to duy cua ngudi Tmng Qudc ed dgi.
Cac nhi Nho gia thdi ky niy khdng chi xem bin chit ciia con ngudi la tmng tim mi edn lim ro vj yi, vai yd eua con ngudi trong radi lien he vdi nhau, toe vdi xa hpi. Trong khi dd, tridt hpe Hy TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[ 1 ] Doin Chmh (Chu bien, 2015), Lfch su triit hpc phuang Ddng, Nxb Chinh yj Qude gia. Ha Ndi [2] Phiing Hiiu Lan (2013), Luge sa triit hpc Trung Quoc, Nxb Khoa hgc X i hpi. Hi Ndi [3] Khdng Tu (2003), Tathr, Nxb Quan dpi Nhan din. Hi Npi.
[4] John W. Casperson, A Chalice of Miracles, AuthorHouse, USA.
Lgp cd dgi bit diu to Socrate da xem con nguoi la tmng tira, song eon ngudi Uong tridt hpe y Lap cd dgi chii ylu dugc tidp can vdi to each la con ngudi ea tfid cimg nhihig khia canh nhu dgo due, nhin thiic, ddi tiioai. Hinh inh Diogenes chi nhgo Platon vi ddt dude giffa ban ngay de
"tim kiem mpt con nguai' [4, y-576] d i phan anh rit rd tinh khdng tiida man vdi nhiing tii thiie don didu vl con ngudi cua eac tridt gia Hy Lap cd dai.
3. KET LUAJ4
Tu tudng bidn ehiing trong he thdng triet hgc Nho gia tuy cdn thd so, mang tinh yyc quan va chua tiipt de nhung nd da phan inh to duy raang tinh trim togng khii quit cao, d^c biet tiong viec nhin thiy tinh van ddng ciia the gidi vi xem xet con ngudi eiing gia yj dao due trong mdi lidn he, tie ddng lin nhau. Nhirng to tudng bipn ehiing trong viec lira rd bin chit eon ngudi, xem xet mdi lien he phd bien ciia eon ngudi, die bidt la mdi lien hd vdi xa hpi ciing vdi nhirng gii tri dgo dire tuong irng dugc cac nhi tu todng Nho gia quan tim nghidn ciiu mpt each sau sie. Chinh nhiing to tudng do ve con ngudi da lam hpc thuylt ciia Nho gia yd ndn gan gui, phd bidn v i inh hudng khdng chi x i hdi Tmng Qude cd dgi ma ca d hipn dgi, khdng ehi d phuong Ddng m i c i d phuang Tiy. Tuy cdn nhidu hgn chi mang tinh lich su nhung nhung to tudng bipn chiing yong tridt hgc Nho gia thdi Xuan thu - Chiln quoc vin nam yong ddng chay tu todng eiia yilt hpe Tmng Qudc, gdp phin inh hudng din vipe tmyen bi, van dyng v i hmh thai bidn ddi eua phep bipn chiing.
Ngay nhgn bii: 16-12-2019. Ngiy bien lap xong: 03-7-2020. Duypt dang: 24-7-20''o 58
