THONG TIN THAM KHAO
Thipc trang phat trien thi t r y i n g d u Ijch the g i a i nhCnng nam dau the ky XXI
Trong nhung ndm ddu the ky XXI, du lich dugc ddnh gid Id mdt trong nhung ngdnh phdt trien khd tdt, ddng gdp ddng ke vdo tdng trudng kinh ti cua nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi. Bdi viit ndy dua ra mdt hue tranh todn cdnh ve thuc trgng hogt ddng cua thi trudng du lich the gidi trong nhirng ndm ddu cda the ky XXI, dudi gdc dg thi trudng gui khdch (tire thi trudng nhdp khdu), vd thi trudng nhdn khdch (tuc thi trudng xudt khdu dich vu du lich).
Tir khda: Du lich, thi trudng girl khdch, thi trudng nhdn khdch 1. Thu-c trang hoat dpng du Ijch the gioi
xdt dvrdi g6c dp thj tnrong gui Idiach
1.1. Ve dung lugmg vd ca cdu thi trudng Trong giai doan 2001 - 2011, t6c dp tSng trudng binh quan so lupt khach qu6c td trdn thd gidi la 3,6%/nam, tu 689 fridu nim 2001 ldn den 980 Uidu vao nam 2011 {xem Biiu dd I).
Trong thdi gian dd, cd hai thdi didm khach du Uch qudc td ddn cac khu vuc trdn thd gidi giam manh la cac ndm 2003 do bung nd dich SARS d cac nude chau A va ndm 2009 do tac ddng ciia cudc khiing hoang tai ehinh toan cau cudi ndm 2008 va dai dich ciim HlNl. Sang nSm 2010, du lich quoc td budc d4u cd diu hidu phuc hdi bat chap nhiing hit dn kinh td keo dai d mdt sd thj hudng ldn, thidn tai, lu lut va hit dn chinh tri - xa hpi tai nhidu qude gia, Theo To chiic Du lich The gidi, khach du lich quoc td nam 2010 da ting 6,7%, dat 935 tridu lupt khach sau su sut giam gin 5% hong nSm 2009. Phdn ldn cac diem ddn trdn toan thd gidi da boat ddng tieh eye, dii dd bii ddp tdn that trudc dd vd mang lai hidu qud, nhd cd nhieu sy kidn the thao, vdn
hod, kinh td ddng chii y nhu Thd van hpi Miia Ddng d Canada, Hdi chp trien lam Thupng Hdi d Trung Qude, gidi bdng dd the gidi d Nam Phi... Ndm 2011, du lich the gidi tuy cd tdng trudng song miic tdng chdm ban so vdi ndm 2010, dat 4,4% vdi 980 tridu lupt khdch, do van chiu dnh hudng cua nhirng nhan td nhu kinh td suy thoai, thdt nghidp gia tdng, hen luong gidm Slit, thidn tai vd bdt dn chinh tri xdy ra tai mdt so diem du lich chinh.
Trong giai doan 2000 - 2010, ed sy thay ddi vi tri cua eae thi trudng giii khdch theo khu vyc, trong dd khu vyc Trung Ddng ed toe dp tdng trudng cao nhat vdi miic trung binh 9,9%, tiep ddn Id chau Phi: 6,2%, chdu A - Thdi Binh Duomg (chdu A - TBD): 5,6%, chau Au: 2,5%.
Ndu xet vd sd tuydt ddi, chau Au van ludn dan ddu vdi khodng gdn 500 tridu lupt khdch di du lich nude ngodi /ndm, chidm brdn 50% tdng lupt khach todn did gidi, cdn khu vyc chdu A - TBD hi vi tri diiir 3 ndm 2000 ldn vi tri thir 2 vao ndm 2005 vd duy tri trong sudt 6 ndm qua.
D -NhCng vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TR! TH6 Gl6n SA 3(203) 2013
Thi/c trgng phdt triln thj tofdng du Ijch...
Biiu do 1: Lirgt khach du Ijch tren the gidi giai doan 2001 - 2011
Dom vi: trieu luat ngudi
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Ngudn: UNWTO.
Bang I: Lu-pt Idiach ra nu-dc ngoai du Ijch theo khu vu-c dia ly giai doan 2000 - 2010 Dam vi: trieu lu0 ngudi Khu vu-c 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 Ty trong
nam 2010 Toe do tdng binh quan (%)
The gidi 675 808 919 880 935 100 3,5
Chau Au 389,4 450,8 507,5 479,7 496 53,0 2.5 Chdu A-TBD 113,9 152,7 182,3 178,8 197 21.0 5,6 Chdu My 130,8 136,5 151,5 146,3 154 16.4 1,7 Trung Ddng 14 23,0 31,9 . 32,7 36 3,8 9,9
Chdu Phi 15 19,6 25,8 25,8 27,5 2,9 6,2
Khu v\rc khdc 11,4 15,5 17,7 17,7 28,5 3,0 Ngudn: Tong hgp tit UNWTO.
Trong cdc khu vuc neu tren, cd su phan bd khdng ddng deu giira cac nude ve lugmg khdch ra nude ngoai du lich. Nhumg thi trudng gui khach ldn chu yeu Id cac nude phdt trien nhu Due, My, Nhdt Bdn, Anh, Phdp, Y, Canada.
Bdn canh dd, xuat hign mgt sd thi trudng gui khdch mdi Id Trung Quoc vd Nga. Hoat ddng ra nude ngodi du ljeh mdi chi bung nd d Nga khodng nhOmg ndm 1990 hd lai day, nhung hien
nay, Nga hang nam gui khoang 15 trieu lugrt khach ra nude ngoai du lich. Cdn d Trung Qude, hoat ddng du lich ra nude ngoai chi thue sir bdt ddu tdng hirdng nhanh chdng tu ndm 2002 nhung ehi trong vdng 5 ndm, sd lugmg ngudi ra nude ngoai du lich dd tdng 18,9%, trong khi dd, tu ndm 1992 ddn 2002, muc tang trudmg ehi dat 5,67%. Ndu nhu ndm 2001, sd lugmg ngudi Trung Qude ra nude ngoai du lich NhOng v&n dd KINH VA CHINH TR] TH^ G\Cn So 3(203) 2013
Thyc trgng phdt trifen thj tru-eyng du Ijch..
\k 3,69 trieu lugt ngudi thi eon sd nay dd tdng len 56 trieu lugt ngudi trong ndm 2010 vd dat tren 60 trieu lugt ngudi trong ndm 2011.
1.2. Chi tieu cho du Ijch quoc te cua cdc thi trudmg gui lihdch
Trong danh sdch cac quoc gia chi tieu nhilu nhat eho du lich quoc te gong giai doan 2006 - 2010 (xem Bdng 2), hai quoc gia chau Au Id Due vd Anh giii vj tri thii nhdt vd thii 3 vdi miic chi tieu du lich binh qudn theo ddu ngudi tren
1.000 USD trong nhihig ndm gdn ddy, cao ban khodng 4 lan muc chi tieu du lich binh qudn ddu ngudi cua My. Ngugc lai, vdi sire chi tieu du lich ddu ngudi khdng cao, nhung do so lugng lugt ngudi di du lich ldn, Trung Qudc dd vugt Ien chidm vi hi diii tu Uong danh sdch 10 quoc gia chi tidu nhidu nhdt cho dich vu du lich d nude ngodi.
Vi Ui ciia Trung Qudc vd Nga Uong bdng 10 nude dan dau chi tidu ngdnh du Uch bieu hidn cho xu hudng gia tdng nguon khdch du lich ddn hi cdc quoc gia dang phdt trien.
Bdng 2: 10 quoc gia chi tieu cho du lich nhieu nhat (ty USD)
Dom vi: Ty USD
STT Quoc gia 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
I Diic 73,9 83,1 91,0 81,2 82,8
2 My 72,1 76,4 79,7 73,2 74,7
3 Vuomg qude Anh 63,1 71,4 68,5 50,3 48,3
4 Trung Qudc 24,3 29,8 36,2 43,7 51,1
5 Phdp 31,2 36,7 41,4 38,5 40,0
6 Italy 23,1 27,3 30,8 27,9 28,5
7 Nhdt Bdn 26,9 26,5 27,9 25,1 26,9
8 Canada 20,6 24,7 27,2 24,2 26,1
9 Nga 18,1 21,2 23,8 20,8 26,2
10 Hd Lan 17,0 19,1 21,7 20,7 22,8
Ngudn: UNWTO.
1.3. Nhu cdu cua du lihdch theo timg logi hinh du lich
Cdc loai hinh du lich dugc du khdch trdn thd gidi hidn nay Iga chon Id: du lich nghi ngai, giai
Ui, thdm didn, y td, tdn gido, cdng vu (trong dd cd du lich MICE'). Theo sd lieu didng kd cua Td chiic Du lich thd gidi, loai hinh dugc ua MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention and Exhibition)
li hinh didc du Ijch ket hgp hpi nghj, hpi thio, trien lim, td chdc s\r ki^n, du Ijch khen thudng cua cic cong ty cho nhin vign, ddi tic...
chudng nhdt hidn nay Id du lich vdi muc dich nghi ngai, gidi tri (thudng chiem khodng V2 Uong tdng lugng khach du lich qudc te), tidp dd Id du lich vdi muc dich chiia bdnh, tdn gido, tham thdn (chidm khodng tir 25 - 27%), du lich MICE vd cdng vu (chidm khodng 15%).
Trong cdc loai hinh du lich, du lich nghi duong, gidl tri la hinh thiirc phdt trien manh me nhat, chidm khodng mpt niia tdng lugng khdch du Hch Udn did gidi hdng ndm. Nhidu khdch qudc td dd Iga chpn cdc dia didm cd quang cdnh -Nhdng vin dS KINH vA CHINH TR| TH6 GI6I SA 3(203) 2013
Thyfc trgng phdt triln thj tafdng du Ijch...
d?p, khi hau trong lanh dl nghi ngai hoac tham gia vao cac hoat dong vui choi giai tri nhu Phdp, Italia, Tay Ban Nha, Bali (Indonesia), Brazil, Cuba, Cpng hoa Dominica, Malaysia, Mexico, Queensland (Australia), Thai Lan, Saint-Tropez va Cannes (Phap), Florida, Hawaii (Hoa Ky), Barbados, Bahamas, Ai Cap, Th6 NhT Ky... Trong loai hirdi du lich nay, du lich tdu biin la dupc phdt trien manh me vd triln vpng nhat. Neu nhu vdo thdp nien 90 cua thi ky tru6c loai hinh ndy mai thu hut dupc 3,7 trieu lupt khdch, thi ndm 2010 con so ndy dd tdng len 14 tri?u lupt khdch^. Cdn cu vdo nhu cdu cua du khdch, cdc tour du lich tau biin hien nay trdi khdp thi gidi, song cdc chuyin di quanh Caribe chiem ty hpng Idn nhdt (35%), quanh Dia Tmng Hdi (18%), quanh chdu Au (9%), quanh vdng Alaska (6%), quanh khu vuc chdu A - TBD (2%), Ddng Nam A (1%)^ Khdch hdng chu ylu cua loai hinh dich vu ndy hien nay Id My vd chdu Au
Du Uch vdn hod - mdt loai hinh cua du lich nghi dudng, gidi tri gdn day dupe xem Id loai sdn pham ddc thu cua cdc nude dang phdt trien - noi cd nhilu nguon lyc du lich tu nhien vd su da dang trong bdn sdc dan tdc. Nhimg qudc gia phdt triln manh ve du lich vdn hda Id Thdi Lan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Trung Qudc, vd mdt sd nude diudc khu vuc Nam My. Thdng qua cdc sdn phdm vdn hda, nhihig le hpi truyin thdng dan tpc, nhihig phong tyc tin ngudng..., loai hinh du Ijch ndy tao sue but doi vdi khdch du lich cd hong nude vd tir khdp noi hen die gidi.
Ld mpt loai hinh du lich nghi dudng, Uong nhihig ndm qua, du Ijch sinh thdi da vd dang phdt triln nhanh chdng d nhilu qudc gia tren dll gidi vd ngdy cdng thu hut dupc su quan tam rpng rdi cua cdc tang ldp xa hdi, ddc biet ddi vdi nhihig ngudi cd nhu cau tham quan du lich vd
^MopcKue Kpyu3bt - a Mupe mypucmuuecKoeo 6u3Heca 2011, http://www.celebrity.kiev.ua/index.php?
^ Nhu tr«n
nghi ngai. Ngodi y nghTa gdp phdn bdo tdn tu nhien, bdo ve da dang sinh hpc vd vdn hda cdng ddng, sir phdt Uiln du lich sinh thdi da vd dang mang lai nhihig ngudn lai kinh tl to ldn, tao co hdi tang them viec Idm vd nang cao thu nhap cho quIc gia cung nhu cdng dong ngudi ddn cdc dia phuomg, nhdt la ngudi ddn d cdc viing sau, viing xa - noi cd cdc khu bao tdn tu nhien vd cdc cdnh quan hdp dan. Nhihig lai the nay da tao cho nd sue sdng manh liet. Neu tdc dp tdng trudng hdng ndm cua du lich dai chung tren todn the gidi chi dat 5% thi du ljeh sinh thdi thudng dat mire tren 20% Uong giai doan tir nhimg ndm 1990 din nay. Cdc nude Ddng Nam A vdi be ddng thue vdt phong phii dang ed Ipi thi trudc xu hudng ndy.
Ben canh du Hch gidi tri, du lich tham thdn, tdn gido cung Id nhumg loai hinh du ljeh phd biin. Khi ddi sing ngdy mdt khd Ien, nhu cau du lich nude ngodi cung tdng cao, thi nhimg noi cd thdn nhdn dang sinh sdng dupc coi Id diem du lich uu tien sd mdt. Cdc qudc gia nhu Anh, Canada... thudng rdt phdt triln loai hinh du ljeh nay - lupng lupt khdch qudc te den cdc qudc gia ndy vdi muc dich thdm thdn chiem tdi gdn 1/3 ting lupng khdch hdng ndm. Du lich tdn gido dupc pbat triln manh nhdt la d Trung Ddng.
Rieng A Rap Saudi, du lich tdn gido mang lai cho nude ndy khodn thu khdng Id 8,4 ty USD trong nam 2010 vd tie dp tdng trudng dat khoang 20% hang nam. Mdt trung tam du ljeh tdn gido nii tiing khde Id An Dp vdi nhieu den thd Iinh thieng hang ndm thu but mdt lupng Idn khach vl hdnh huomg nhu den Taji Mahal, den Vdng... C) My, ed tdt cd 50.000 nhd thd vdi cac chuang trinh du lich tdn gido phuc vu nhu cau khach qudc te. Du Uch kit hap diiu tri y te d nude ngodi dupc phdt triln khd nhanh trong thdi gian gan day. Doanh thu tu loai hinh du lich ndy dat khoang 40 ty USD vao nam 2010 vd xdp xi 100 ty USD vao ndm 2011. Nhilu nude dang phdt triln hien dang cd lai thi trong viec phdt trien NhChyg v&n dd KINH VA CHINH TR! TH^ G\(y\ S6 3(203) 2013 71
Thifc trang phat tri§n thi tru-dng du Ijch..
loai hinh du lich nay, nho co dpi ngii can bp y te dupc dao tao bai ban tir nuoc ngoai, trang thilt bi hien dai va gia ea canh tranh so voi cac niroc phdt trien. Diln hinh trong si ndy la Panama, Brazil, Malaysia, Singapore, Cuba, Argentina, Bruney, Colombia, Costa Rica, Hing Kong, Hungary, Jordan, Nam Phi. Gdn day nhdt la A Rap, Hdn QuIc, New Zealand, Thai Lan, An Dp ciing Id nhimg dilm hap dan ve dich vu y te.
Hdng ndm c6 toi gan tram trieu lupt khach tren the gidi sir dimg loai hinh du lich cong vu.
Tuy nhien, do ddc diii nen loai hinh nay phu thudc khd nhieu vdo tinh hinh phat hien kinh te, ylu tl thdi tilt vd dich benh. Tir nam 2005 den 2007 kinh tl thi gidi tang trudng tdt nen lupng khach di du ljeh cdng vu Id khd ldn. Ngupc lai, tinh hinh kinh te the gidi suy thodi vao nam 2008 vd 2009, khien lupng khdch nay suy giam dang kl. Trong du lich cdng vu, du lich MICE chiem vj tri dang ke vd cd xu hudng ngay cang gia tdng. Theo tinh todn, loai hinh du lich nay cd gia tri cao gap 6 lan du lich thdng thudng. Gid tri thu dupc tir du Hch MICE tren toan the gidi hang ndm khodng 300 ty USD va nd cd mdi quan he vdi cdc ITnh vuc kinh te khdc, tao ra gia tri gan 5.490 ty USD - ehilm hom 10% GDP thi gidi.
Du lich MICE dac biet phdt triln manh d cac quoc gia cd co sd ha tdng tdt, cd he thdng khach san, hien lam, trung tam hdi nghi dat tieu chuan qudc te vd khu vuc, canh quan thien nhien uu ddi, nhieu di sdn van hda, thien nhien thudc hang ky quan the gidi, bai bien dep, he thing khach san, resort phdt trien... Khoang 80% gia tri du lich MICE thudc ve cdc nude chau Au va Bac My. CJ chau A, cac diem den nhu Singapore, Bangkok, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur... da hd nen quen thudc vdi ddi tupng khdch du lich MICE. Trong cdc loai hinh du lich cdng vu, du lich nghien ciru, hoc tap dang ngay cang phdt trien, do nhu cau nang cao trinh dp, kien thuc, ky ndng... cua ngudi dan ngdy cdng gia tang. Cac qude gia cd nen gido due phdt trien cung Id nhimg noi phdt trien du lich giao due, rdiu Anh, Phdp, My, Aushalia.
1.4. Nhu cau cua khdch du lich quoc te theo phirorng tien van chuyen
Phuomg tien van chuyin cua khdch du lich chu yeu la mdy bay va cdc phuomg tien giao thdng dudng bp, Uong dd hom mdt nua lupng khdch di du lich bdng dudng hang khdng. Neu nhu ndm 2007, si khach di du lich bdng mdy bay ehilm 47% ting lupng khdch, bdng dudng bp ehilm 42%, dudng sdt 4% dii con si nay da cd su thay dii Urong ung vao nam 2009 la 53%; 39% vd 3%, nam 2010 Id 51%, 41%, 2% va rieng lupng du khdch di bdng dudng diuy tang len 6%^*.
Sd dT du lich quoc te bdng dudng hang khdng ehilm uu thi va se cdn tilp tuc gia tang Id do mdt sd thudn Ipi nhu cd the thuc hi?n dupc cac tour du lich vdi cu ly ddi, thdi gian ngdn, tinh an toan cao. Sl vu tai nan khi di chuyin bdng dudng hdng khdng thdp hon rdt nhilu so vdi dudng sdt, dudng bp vd dudng thuy, cho dil nganh nay da bi nhieu thiet hai tir cdc vu tai nan ldn, nhu vu khung bd 11/9/2001 d My, vu tai nan thdng 4/2010 d Nga lam Tong thing Ba Lan cimg 132 ngudi khdc thiet mang, vu Thu trudng Honduras thiet mang trong mdt vu tai nan mdy bay tuomg tu d gan thu dd Tegucigalpa vdo thang 2/2011. Dilu ndy canh bdo cae hang hang khdng qudc tl trong viec thuc hien tit cdc quy dinh vl ky thuat de dam bao an todn cho khach du lich.
2. Thuc trang hoat dpng du lich the gidi xet dudi gdc dp thi trudng nhan Idiach
2.1. Quy mo cdc thi trudng nhan khdch Budc sang thi ky XXI, cd sy chuyin hudng dang ghi nhan Uen cdc thi trudng nhan khach.
NIU Uong ndm 2001, nhdm cac nude phat trien, hay cdn gpi Id eac thi trudng du lich trayen thdng, ddn nhdn 408 trieu lupt khdch qudc tl, cao hom dang len ddn nhdn, dii sang ndm 2010, chenh lech giira hai nhdm nude ndy chi d muc 52 trieu lupt. 141 trieu so vdi sd lupt khdch md cdc dii Uudng
* UNWTO Tourism Highlights 20W va 2011.
IT: -Nhdng vin dd KINH it VA CHINH TRj TH^ Gl6ri S6 3(203) 2013
Thgc trgng phdt triln thj trudng du lich...
DSc biet, ngdnh du lich cua cdc ndn kinh td mdi ndi cdn thd hifn khd ndng phuc hdi nhanh chdng, thdm chi cdn "vugt qua" cudc khung hodng kinh
Trudc ndm 2000, chau Au vd chdu My Id hai thi trudng nhdn khdch chinh do cd nhidu danfi lam thdng cdnh, di tich lich su vdn hda ndi tieng the gidi. Nhung tu ndm 2000 trd lai ddy, cd sg tdng trudng nhanh chdng ve thi phdn eua khu vgc chdu A - TBD, tu cho chi chidm 16,9% ndm 2001 den ndm 2010 da tdng thdm gdn 5%, chidm 21,8% tong lugng khdch du lich qudc td, vd hidn nay da hd thdnh khu vgc ddn nhdn khdch qudc td quan hpng thu hai chi sau chau Au. Nhimg thi hudng ddn khdch du Hch hap dan cua chdu A gom Trung Quoc, Singapore, Thai Lan, Malaysia. Mpt khu vgc khdc cd sg phdt tridn vupt bdc hong phdt tridn du Hch thdi gian qua Id Trung Ddng (Biiu dd 2). Tai day, hdu hdt cac dilm du Hch deu cd tdng hirdng cao hong sudt thdp ky qua, ke cd Uong thdi gian xdy ra cudc khung hodng tai chinh todn cdu (2008).
Xdt gdn pham vi quoc gia vd theo sd lugng khdch den, gong sd 10 quoc gia xuat khdu dich vg du Hch Idn nhat thd gidi giai doan 2006 - 2010, cd tdi 6 nude thupc chau Au, gong dd
td todn cau mdt cdch ngoan muc vdi tdc dp tang trudng nam 2009 dat 8%, hong khi cdc nude phdt tridn chi dat 5%.
• Chau Au
• Chau A - TBD J-3% B Chau My
• Chau Phi K Trung Dong Phdp ludn d vi tri dan ddu (xem Bang 3). Trong sd cdc nude chau A, Trung Qudc va Malaysia ndm trong top 10 didm den Idn nhat the gidi, cdn Vidt Nam vd Campuehia dupc coi Id nhimg didm ddn hap dan.
Tuy nhidn, theo binh chpn ciia Tap chi Lonely Planet ndm 2007, Trung Qudc chidm vi tri sd 1 trong danh sach nhirng didm du Hch
"ndng" (dat khach) nhat hdrdi tinh. Hidp hdi cac nha lir hanh My chpn Ddng Nam A, trong do cd Viet Nam Id didm ndng cua djch vu du lich trpn gdi. Du Hch trpn gdi d Ddng Nam A vupt ldn vj tri dan dau Id nhd nhiing ngudi than vd thdm qud huong vd du Hch cdng vg khi cac nhd dau tu ddn day dd kinh doanh bode tim kidm co hdi kinh doanh. Ngoai ra, cdn cdc du khdch phuong Tdy quan tam ddn vdn hda, lich sir va ddn dai chau A. Sg suy ydu keo ddi ciia ddng USD so vdi ddng euro vd ddng Bang Anh ciing tao didu kidn cho du khach My hm kidm nhiing diem du Hch mdi trong dd cd chau A, thay cho cdc nude chau Au truyen thdng.
Bieu do 2: Co cau khdch du lich quoc te theo thj tnrdng nhan khach Nam 2001 Nam201(
3.7%-,
Nguon: So lieu tu UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2010.
NhOng vin di KINH it VA CHfNH TR! JHt G\tf\ S6 3(203) 2013
Thgc trgng phdt trien thj tn/dng du Ijch^
Bdng 3: 10 quoc gia co lugng Idiach quoc te den nhieu nhat
Dam vi: trieu lu0 ngucri
STT Quoc gia 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 Phap 77,9 80,9 79,2 74,2 78,9
2 My 51,0 56,0 57,9 54,9 60,9
3 Tay Ban Nha 58,0 58,7 57,2 52,2 53,0
4 Trung Quoc 49,9 54,7 53,0 50,9 55,9
5 Italy 41,1 43,7 42,7 43,2 45,9
6 Anh 30,7 30,9 30,1 28,0 30,6
7 Th6 NhT Ky 18,9 22,2 25,0 25,5 26,3
8 Due 23,6 24,4 24,9 24,2 26,1
9 Malaysia 17,5 21,0 22,1 23,6 24,4
10 Mexico 21,4 21,4 22,6 21,5 22,0
Nguon: UNWTO.
2.2. Kim ngach xudt lihdu dich vu du lich Trong v6ng 11 ndm, nganh du lich the gioi da tdng hon gap doi doanh thu vd vugt moc 1.000 ty USD vdo ndm 2011^ Xdt trong kim ngach xudt khdu dich vu toan thd gioi nam 2011, xuat khau dich vu du lich dan ddu bang vdi muc ddng gdp 25,6% todn bd gid tri xuat khau dich vu, dich vu van tai chi chiem 20,9%;
dich vu tdi chinh 7,5%, bdo hidm 2,4%... Ndu tinh gdn tdng kim ngach xuat khau ca hang hda vd dich vu cua thd gidi, thi nganh du lich da ddng gdp tdi gdn 4% gia hi xudt khdu*.
Tir CO cau cua cdc thi trudng nhan khach dugc ginh bay d phan 2.1 cd thd de dang nhan thay chau Au la khu vgc cd doanh thu ldn nhdt tu xuat khau du lich - chidm khoang 45% hong tdng kim ngach xudt khau du lich cua toan thd gidi. Tiep dd Id chdu A vd chdu My. Cac chau luc cdn lai chi chidm tdng cdng 1/5 gia tri xuat
khdu dich vu du lich. Thi hudng chau A - TBD my chidm thi phdn nhd hon nhieu so vdi thj gudng chdu Au (27,1% so vdi 44,2% cua dii trudng xudt khau du lich the gidi nam 2010 va 28% so vdi 45% ndm 2011), song cd tdc dp tdng trudng ve doanh thu dang chu y. Ndu nhu ndm 2008, doanh thu cua thi Uudng chau Au gidm 0,9% so vdi ndm 2007 thi doanh thu ciia khu vgc chdu A - TBD tang 4,6%. Ndm 2009, do dnh hudng cua khimg hoang kinh td toan cau, doanh thu cua cd hai khu vgc nay deu gidm sut song khu vgc chau A - TBD gidm khdng ddng ke vdi muc 0,7%, trong khi dd thi trudng chau Au gidm 6,7%. Sang nam 2010, neu khu vgc chau A - TBD ldi ngupc ddng vdi mdc tdng khoang gan 13% thi chau Au van tidp hic di xudng vdi miic giam 0,4%'. Nam 2011, doanh thu tir du lich cua khu vgc chau Au da hdi phuc Ud lai vdi miic tang trudng 5,2%, song van xdp sau chau My vdi 5,7%. Chau A - TBD mdc dii van tdng hudng song chi xdp vi tri thii ba vdi miic tang 4,3%*.
^ International tourism receipts surpass US$ I trillion in 2011. PRI2027, Published: May 07, 2012,
http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-05-07.
' Tfnh toin theo so lieu th6ng ke ciia WTO "World Trade Developments 2012"
' UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2011 Edition
' International tourism receipts surpass USS 1 trillion ii 2011. PR12027. Published: May 07, 2012,
http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-05-07
-Nhdng vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TR! THt G\(j\ S6 3(203) 2013
Thi/c trgng phdt triln thj tn/dng du Ijch.
Xdt ve chi heu thu nhap/chuydn di thi chau A - TBD cung chau My dan d4u vdi muc 1.220 USD/chuyen, Bdc My thu dugc 1.340 USD/chuyen di ciia du khdch vdo ndm 2010, rieng chdu Dgi Duong dat muc 3.400 USD/chuyen di cua du khdch. Vdi ket qud ndy. My Id quoc gia cd doanh thu til xuat khau du Ijch cao nhdt the gidi, hep den Id cdc quoc gia chau Au (xem Bdng 5). Cac quoc gia cd tdc do
Bdng 4: Doanh thu xuat khiu du lich quoc te giai doan 2000 - 2011 Don VI U USD
200 1-
0 • 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Nguon: Tdng h^rp tir UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 20II Edition vd Intemational Trade Statistic 2012.
gia tdng doanh thu hdng ndm tu du lich qudc te dat muc cao trong giai doan 2006 - 2010 cd the kl den Id Trung Quoc (11%), Australia (11,2%)
Bdng 5: 10 quoc gia thudng xuyen cd doanh thu tir du lich Idn nhat the gidi Dan vi: ty USD
STT Quoc gia 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
I MS 85,8 97,1 110,0 93,9 103,1
2 Tay Ban Nha 51,1 57,6 61,6 53,2 52,5
3 Phdp 46,3 54,3 55,6 49,4 46,3
4 Italy 38,1 42,7 45,7 40,2 38,8
5 Trung Qudc 33,9 37,2 40,8 39,7 45,8
6 Due 32,8 36,0 40,0 34,7 34,7
7 Vuong qudc Anh 34,6 38,6 36,0 30,0 30,4
8 Australia 17,8 22,3 24,8 25,6 30,1
9 Tho NhT Ky 16,9 18,5 22,0 21,3 20.8
10 Ao 16,6 18,9 21,6 19,4 18.7
Nguon: UN, WTO.
NhCCng v6n S KINH T6 VA CHINH TRj THt GlOri So 3(203) 2013 -175,
Thi/c trgng phdt triln thj trifdng dujch^:
2.3. Thuc trgng cdc logi hinh dich vu Uen quan Djch vu lu hdnh
Dich vu lu hanh tren thd giai dugc cung ung bai cac hang kinh doanh lii hanh va dai ly kinh doanh lir banh, trong do ph6 bidn la nhiing cong ty vira va nho. Trong thdi gian qua, dudi tac ddng cua xu hudng gia tang dau tu va sap nhap trong dich vu lii hanh da tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho su phat triln cua cac tap doan lir hanh ldn.
Cac tap doan kilu nay thudng dugc tap trung d chau Au, ma trudc hit la Diic va Anh. Chi rieng 3 tap doan ldn cua Dire la TUI, Necckerman va ITS da nam giu 70% thj phan cua thi trudng du lich chau Au. TUI hien cd cac cdng ty con nhu:
Terra Reisen d Ao, Ambassador tour d Tay Ban Nha, lien doanh Tourpa tai Ao (lien doanh vdi hang hang khdng ndi dia ciia Ao)... Doanh thu cua TUI hien nay vao khoang 5 ty EUR. Tap doan ldn thii 2 ciia Diic la Nur Tourishk vdi doanh thu khoang 3 ty EUR, sd hiru hang loat cdng ty con tai Ha Lan, Ao, Bi va nam giii 25%
cl phin trong hang Iberojet cua Tay Ban Nha.
Tap doan ITC cua Diic cung tham nhap manh vao tbi trudng chau Au, trong dd nam giur 51%
CO phin ciia Kuoni (Thuy Sy), 25% cl phin cua Holland Intemational (Ha Lan), 91% cl phin cua cdng ty San Int. (Bi) va 56% cl phin hang Travelplan (Tay Ban Nha).
Trong sd cac tap doan ldn cua Anh phai ke din Thomas Cook Group pic, hen than la Thomas Cook AG - mpt cdng ty lir hanh dau tien tren the gidi, hoat ddng tir nam 1841. Tap doan nay sd hiru hang hang khdng Thomas Cook Airlines (vdi tren 100 may bay) va tren 3.000 van phdng du lich, lii: hanh trong dd phan ldn boat ddng theo hinh thuc franchise. Tap doan nay thudng cung cap dich vu dudi cac thuang hieu Airtours, Direct Holidays, Going Places, Manos, Panorama, Sunset va Thomas Cook. Doanh dm nam 2006 la 9,9 ty USD, trong dd loi nhuan rdng la 229,5 trieu USD.
Ben canh tap doan nay, nude Anh cdn sd hiru nhilu tap doan lir hanh ldn khac nhu Thomson
Tour Operation, Owners Abroad Group, Autour... Phap cimg la mdt nude cung cap khdng it tap doan lu hanh Idn nhu Nouvel Frontier, Club Meditteran, Voayge. 13 tap doan du hch ldn nhit ciia Phap kilm soat 50% lupng tour ban ra. Hien nay eac hang kinh doanh lii hanh lien kit thanh hiep hdi va ed nhirng anh hudng dang ke tdi thi trudng nay.
Dilm dang ndi nua la tren thi trudng dich vu lu hanh hien nay, cac dai ly lir hanh chiem Igc lugng ddng dao, tao sg canh Uanh manh me hon khiln thi trudng nay kha, sdi ddng. Chi tinh rieng sl lupng dai ly kinh doanh lir hanh tren toan thi gidi, nam 2002, con sd dd da vao khoang 70.000 doanh nghiep^ 70% dai Iy Itr hanh tren thi gidi tap trung tai chau Au, chau A chiem gan 10%, chau My Latinh chiem 4%, chau Phi va Tnmg Ddng chiem 4%'°. Nhd he thing dai ly rdng khip, boat ddng dieh vu Itt hanh hoat ddng kha hieu qua.
Dfch vu luu tru
Cae CO sd cung ung dieh vu luu tni dupe td chiic dudi nhieu dang nhu khach san, nha khach, ky tiic xa, can hp cho thue, llu trai..., trong do phd bien nhat la khach san. Cac khach san cung cap dich vu ea ban lien quan den phdng nghi va eac dich vu bd sung nhu trong tre, giat la, an udng, cham sdc sire khoe, sac dep, thue phuang tien van chuyen, hudng dan va tl chiie tour du Hch, ban eae dd luu niem...
Cang ngay cac dich vu bd sung cang phong phii dl du khach cd thi chpn Iga theo nhu cau. Hien tai, mdt sd dich vu bl sung da dupe nhieu khach san dua vao danh muc dich vu ca ban nhu sauna, fitness, be boi, an sang... khach san tren toan thi gidi gia tang vdi miic Trong vdng 20 nam trd lai day so lupng trung binh 3 - 4%/nam va hien cd khoang 350.000 khach san tien nghi vdi ban 26 trieu giudng. Trong sd dd, chau Au ehilm khoang
' Aleksandrova, Du Ijch quoc te, Moscow, 2002. Da dan 76 -Nhdng vin di KINH vA CHINH TRj TH^ Gl6ri S6 3(203) 2013
Thgc trgng phdt triln thj truirng du Ijch.
45% vori horn 10 hieu giudng, chii ylu d Italia, Dure, Phap, Tay Ban Nha, Anh, tilp din la chau My vdi 9 trieu giudng ehilm ty Uong 37%, rieng My cd 3,5 trieu giudng. Ddng Nam A va khu vuc chau A - TBD chi sd him 3 trieu giudng, ehilm 11 % song tdc dd tang trudng cua ngdnh kirdi doanh khach san d khu vuc ndy cao gap 3 Ian so vdi muc trung binh cua thi gidi.
Dilm nii bat trong phan khiic thi trudng nay la su len ngdi cua cdc chuoi khach san todn cau, cd thi ddp ung hdu hit cdo yeu cdu cua khdch hdng vdi cdc loai hinh dich vu da dang, chit lugng tdt. Theo Hiep hdi Khach san vd nhd hdng qudc tl (IHRA), cho tdi ndm 2008, tren thi gidi cd hom 300 chuoi khdch san khac nhau ve quy md, co cdu sd biim, binh thuc lien ket kinh doanh, chat lugng vd quy md khdch san, gid cd... vdi ting sl tren 7,2
trieu phdng. Can ghi rdian rdng, muc dd tap trung cua cac tap doan la kha cao. Mudi tap doan khach san hang ddu thi gidi trong nam 2011 quan Iy hom 4,3 trieu phdng, trong dd nam tap doan hdng ddu thi gidi quan ly 2,9 trieu phdng. Chuoi khdch san quIe tl ldn nhdt thi gidi InterConhnental Hotels Group (IHG) hien nay phat triln tren hom 100 quIc gia tren the gidi vdi 4.437 khach san phuc vu hom 180 trieu khach du lich mdt ngay. Tai thj trudng My, Starwood Hotel & Resort Worldwide da trd thanh tap doan cd sue dnh hudng ldn sau khi mua lai chuoi khdch san Sheraton Westin.
Den nam 2008, cdng ty ndy cd co sd luu tni tren 97 qude gia. Tap dodn Accor cua Phap cd mdt d 95 quIc gia, khdng dinh hudng kinh doanh quIe tl cua ho (xem them Bang 6).
Bdng 6: Xep hang 10 tap toan khach san dan dau the gidi trong nam 2011 STT Tap dodn So lugng khdch san So lugng phdng nghi STT Tap dodn
2011 2010 2011 2010 Tang tnrdng 1 Tap dodn khach san
Intercontinental 4.437 4.432 647.161 643.787 0,5%
2 Tap dodn khach san
Wyndham 7.207 7.112 612.735 597.674 2,5%
3 Khach san Hilton 3.689 3.523 605.938 587.813 3,1%
4 Marriott International 3.446 3.329 602.056 580.876 3,6%
5 Accor 4.229 4.111 506.606 492.675 2,8%
6 Choice 6.142 6.021 495.145 487.410 1,6%
7 Khdch san va khu nghi
dudng Starwood 1.041 979 308.700 291.638 5,9%
8 Best Westem 4.015 4.048 307.155 308.477 -0,4%
9 Khdch san Carlson 1.078 1.059 165.061 159.756 3.3%
.0 Hdng khdch san Hyatt 453 424 127.507 122.317 4,25%
Nguon: MKG Hospitality - http:/Avww.hospitallty-on.com/2011-Worldwide-Hotel-Activity-Report.
NhOvg vin dS KINH Tt vA CHINH TRj TH^ Gl6l So 3(203) 2013 "77
Tren cap do toan cau, chuoi ichach san thucmg dat dugc kk qua t6t hom nhimg khach san hoat dpng doc lap. Tuy idiien, tai nhOmg thi trudng nhd, nhu: Hdng Kdng, Singapore, Sao Paolo, Sydney, Budapest, Amsterdam va kd ca tai My, Anh, Phap... khach san ddc lap van ed didu kidn phat Uidn, nhk la nhimg khach san vdi gia ca bhih dan nhimg van dam bao tidn nglii can thidt, chat lugng phuc vu dat tidu chuan.
Ngoii cac loai hinh kd hdn, cac khu nghi dudng (resort) da va dang trd ndn phd bidn nhChig nim gan day trdn thi trudng dich vu luu Uu, die bidt d cac nude dang phat Uien. Chung thudng tpa lac Udn didn tich rdng d nhiimg noi ed canh quan thidn nhidn dep gan rung, bidn hoic hd. Do dd, cac nha cung cap dich vu luu Uii kieu nay thu hut dupc kha nhidu khach du ljeh. Dich vu dupc cung cap d day thudng la trpn gdi gdm ci in, nghi cimg cic djch vu bd sung khac dd du khich cd thd sir dung ngay tai cho mi khdng can ra ngoai.
Dich vu an udng
Cic nhi cung cip dich vu in udng rat da dang bao gdm nhi hing, quin ci phd, bar, bdp in, quin didm tam vi khich san. Chidm ty trpng ldn nhit li cic quin in gdm quan in nhanh vi quan in kidu truydn thdng. Cic quin in nhanh ra ddi dau tidn d My, hidn nay da trd ndn phd bien vi phat tridn manh me tren toan thd gidi.
Trong khi dd cae quin in truydn thdng dupc xdp hang Udn thd gidi chu ydu d chau Au (Italia, Tay ban Nha, Phap, Dan Mach).
Diem ndi bat Uong thi trudng dich vu an udng nhimg nim gin day la sg phit tridn nhanh chdng ciia cic chudi nhi hing, quan an va ca phd nhd chidn luge nhugng quydn thuomg mai.
My li nude dan dau thd gidi vd boat ddng niy.
Hidn nay. Subway - tap doin sin xuat dd an nhanh ciia My da vupt Me. Donalds, vi dan diu
Thuc trgng phit triln thj trudng dujlch^
did gidi vdi 33.749 nhi hing Udn toin cau, nhidu hom khoing 1.000 nhi hing so vdi
McDonald's ". Chi ridng tai My tap doin niy da cd 24.000 nhi hing vi dem lai 10,5 ty USD Ipi nhuin Uong tdng sd 15,2 ty USD vio nim 2011'I
Ndu nhu My die trumg bdi cic tap doin kinh doanh in udng td chuc cd quy md, ddng nhan vidn vi td chuc diinh chuoi ldn dii d chau Au, mac dil cic tap doin in udng git hii dupc thanh cdng, song cic nha hing nhd, kidu gia ditih van chidm uu thd. Nam 2009, cd tdi hom 90% cac co sd kinh doanh an udng tai day cd sd lao dpng dudi 10 ngudi, chi cd 0,1% co sd cd so lao ddng trdn 250 ngudi'''
Ngoii nhimg didm ndu trdn, hidn nay trdn the gidi Cling dang phat trien manh loai hinh nha hing, quan ci phd Uong cic tnmg tam thuomg mai ldn (d Anh cd khoing 1.000 rdii hing kidu niy). Nhd dd, sd lugng ngudi tdi cic trung tam thuomg mai gia tang nhanh chdng, Thdi gian di xem vi mua sim ciing tang ldn khidn doanh thu tang khoing hi 10 den 30%. Mdt xu hudng nira dupc ghi nhan Uong kinh doanh dich vu in udng nhimg nam gin day li xu hudng kdt hpp an vi nghi tai cic khich san vdi cae phuomg in khic nhau, nhu trpn gdi phdng d kem in sang, an 2 bira hoac ba bira hoic khdng kem an udng.
Dich vu van chuyen hanh khdch Dich vu van chuydn chidm ty trpng ldn trong dich vu du lich, thudng dao ddng tir khoing 20 ddn 60% tuy thudc vio thdi gian du lich va dp dai quang dudng. Hidn nay, khoing gin 50%
" Bich Thuy, Subway - dng vua m&i ndi cua ngdnh fastfood, <http://www.tamnhin.net/quoc-
te/9238/subway~ong-vua-moi-nganh-fastfoood.html >
^ McDonald's dojibuie «e COMOM Kpyniiox cemb pecmopoHoe e Mupe, dSng ngiy 9/3/2011
<hnp://www.fin.gismeteo.ru/news/article
" http //www.referarwork.ru/refs/source/ref-118878 html
78 -Nhdng v&n 6k KINH Tt VA CHlNH TRj TH^ Gl6ri s6 3(203) 2013
Thi/c trgng phdt triln thj tniixng du Ijch...
cdc chuydn du lich quoc te dugc thuc hien bdng mdy bay. Xu hudng ndi bdt trong cung cap dich vu van chuyen du lich Id su lidn kdt giira chdt chd giiia cdc hdng kinh doanh lir hdrdi ldn va cdc hdng hdng khdng dd td chuc cac chuydn bay ridng phye v\i du khdch nhdm gidm gid thanh dich v\i. Ddc bigt, mOt sd hdng hdng khdng cdn to chirc cdng ty chuydn cimg cdp dich vu 10:
hdnh, dau tu xay dgng khdch san vd ddm nhdn ludn vide van chuydn khdch du Hch.
Bdn canh dich vu van chuydn bdng dudng hdng khdng, dich vg du lich bdng dudng bp ciing chidm ty gpng tuomg ddi ldn. Cd khodng 42% du khdch di du l}ch bdng dudng bp dudi 3 d?mg: du lich bdng xe buyt, to chuc du lich cho du khdch bdng chirdi phuomg hdn cd nhan cua khdch, cho diud d td. Du Hch bdng dudng sdt ddng vai hd ddng kd trong khu vgc chdu Au - noi cd hp thong giao thdng dudng sdt khd hidn d^i vd Hdn ket gdn nhu todn bp cdc nude hong chdu lpc ndy vdi nhau. Dich vg du lich bdng tdu bien phdt hien mpnh me gong mpt hai thdp ky gan day. Theo diong ke, trdn the gidi hidn cd khodng 162 tdu bien chd khdch, cd vdi chuc cdng ty chuydn cung cdp dich vu du lich tdu bidn, khai didc hi 1 - 2 ddn 15 - 20 tdu khdch.
Phan ldn cdc nhd cung cap dich vg gia nhdp hidp hpi nghe nghidp quoc td "Cruise Line Intemational Association".
Cdc logi hinh dich vu khdc Bdn canh cdc dich vu co bdn nhu gdn, dich vy gidi tri chiem vi tri dang kd gong kinh doanh djch vy du Hch, ddc bidt Id cdc cdng vien theo chii de. Tai ddy, cdc gd vui choi, gidi tri dupc xdy dgng vd thiet ke dga gdn mdt chu dd chinh, vi dy tdn gido, vdn hda hay khoa hpc, nghd diudt... Hidn nay, loai hinh nay dugc phd bidn nhit Id My, diu hiit ddng ddo khdch du Hch tir khdp ncri frdn the gidi. Chi ridng d My cd
khodng 600 cdng vidn theo chu dd, chdu Au cd khodng 20 cdng vidn, chua kd hdng loat cdc cdng vidn nude. Mdt sd cdng vidn Idn d chdu Au hang ndm thu hut dupc tir 2 ddn 10 tridu khdch tham quan/mdt cdng vidn. Trong khudn vidn cua cdc cdng vien ndy cd khdch san, nhd hang. Dich vy tham quan vd vui choi trong cdng vidn dupc cung cdp theo hinh thuc ridng rd hodc gpn gdi vd dupc tinh vdo gid vd vdo cua.
2.4. Gid cd vd phuorng thurc giao djch tren thi trudng dfch vu du lich
Didm ndi bat cua gid cd dich vy du Hch trong thdp nidn vira qua Id cd sy gidm gid do sy canh tranh cua nhidu didm den mdi, ndng luc khai thdc cua ngdnh chi phi van chuyen gia tdng, cimg vdi chinh sdch kich cau du lich cua nhieu quoc gia do khimg hodng tdi chinh todn cau (2008). Cd sy chdnh lech ve muc gid chdo bdn cua cdc hdng du lich ciing nhu sy chdnh Idch ddng kd vd gid giO'a ede diem ddn md Igi thd so sdnh Id ngang nhau.
Dich vy du Hch van chiu dnh hudng ciia ydu td thdi vy vd gid cd djch vy du Hch ciing khdng ndm ngodi sg dnh hudng ndy, song cdc hang cung cap dich vy du lich ngay cdng cd nhieu chinh sdch Iinh boat vd gid nhdm gidm thidu tinh thdi vy cua dich vy du Hch. Ngodi ra, mpt didm dang kd ddn Id sy tham gia cua hang kinh doanh du lich Idn cd thd gay dnh hudmg ddng kd ddn gid tour trdn thi trudng.
Ve phuomg thurc giao djch trdn thi trudng dich vu du lich, ndi ldn vai trd cua internet
trong giao dich giua nhd cung cdp djch vy du lich vdi khach hdng. Nhd cd internet, xu hudng di du lich theo hinh thuc tu td chuc gia tang. Du khach cd thd tg ldn mang tim hidu thdng tin vd cac khdch san va ddt phdng qua he thdng ddt phdng todn cdu hodc giao dich vdi khach san dd ddt phdng. Trdn toan the NhOng v&n dS KINH Tt VA CHINH TR| TH^ Gidl S6 3(203) 2013
Thgc trgng phat trien thj tofdng du Ijch.
gidi hien cd khoang 5.000 website vd dich vu du lich. Dang kd ddn la nhumg trang web ldn cung cap thdng tin vd du lich nhu www.expedia.com, www.travelocsty.com, www.city.net, www.asistravel.com, www.intellieats.com... NhCmg trang web ldn bang ngay cd thd thuc bidn dugc nhumg giao Tki Iif u tham khao:
dich gi gia hr 1 - 2 tridu USD. Ridng vdi chau Au, tdng doanh thu nhan dugc thdng qua cae tour du lich dat trgc tuydn da gia tdng tur 58,4 ty euro vao nam 2008 ldn 66,9 ty euro Uong nSm 2009 va ddn nam 2010 da ldn khoang 7,42 ty euro, tuc chidm khoang gSn 20% tdng doanh thu tu du lich*
1. Aleksandrova, Du lich quoc td, Moscow, 2002.
2. MopcKue Kpyu3bi e Mupe mypucmmecKoeo 6u3Heca 2011. Dia chi truy cap:
<bttp://www.celebrity.kiev.ua/index.php?newsid=80>.
3. International Trade Statistic 2012, dia ehi truy cap :<
http://www.wto.org/englisb/res_e/statis_e/its2012_e/its 12_trade_category_e.htm>
4. UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2010 vd 2011.
5. International tourism receipts surpass USS I trillion in 2011, FR12027, Published: May 07, 2012, dia chi truy cap: <http://www.media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-05-
07/intemahonal-tourism-receipts-surpass-us-l -gillion-2011>.
6. MKG Hospitality http://www.hospitality-on.com/20II-Worldwide-Hotel-Activity- Report).
7. Bich Thuy, Subway - dng vua mdi ndi cua ngdnh fastfood, dia chi truy cap:
<bttp://www.tamnhin.net/quoc-te/9238/subway~ong-vua-moi-nganh-fastfoood.html >.
8. McDonald's do.ibme ue coMcm KpynnaR cemb pecmopanoe e Mupe, dang ngay 9/3/2011, dia chi hmy e$p: <http://fm.gismeteo.ru/news/article24B2C/default.asp>.
TS. Dd Huomg Lan
Trudmg Dai hgc Ngogi thuomg Hd Ngi
m -NhCmg v4n dS KINH T^ vA CHINH TR\ THt G\Oi S6 3(203) 2013
