SINH K£ SAU THIEN TAI CUA NGU^CH DAN XA PHU ClTonVG, HUYEN TAN LAC, TINH HOA BINH
Nguyin Thi Dao Tdm tdt: Voi phuong phdp nghiin ciru dinh tinh (phdng vdn sau bdng hdi bdn cdu true) vdphdn tich cdc tdi lieu thir cdp, bdi viit ddnh gid ve hien trgng sinh ke vd su dnh huong cita thiin tai, dgc biet Id su klin thiin tai dien ra tgi thoi diim thdng 10/2017 din hogt dgng sinh ki ciia nguai ddn xa Phu Cudng, huyen Tdn Lgc, tinh Hda Binh. Sau thiin tai, sinh ki cua nguai ddn trin dja bdn dd cd su chuyin dich ddng ki tir hogt dgng sinh ki ndng nghiep sang phi ndng nghiep. Mac dit vdy hogt dgng phi ndng nghiep vdn cdn rdt hgn chi, chinh quyin cdn thiiu cdc hd trg'chuyin ddi sinh ke phu hgp cho nguoi ddn. Hogt dgng ndng nghiep cung bi hgn chi nhiiu bai su eo hep ve quy ddt. Thuc tiin tgi dia phuong trin khiin cho sinh ke ciia ngu&i ddn vdn dang gap rdt nhieu khd khan vd thieu tinh bin viing.
Tir khda: Thien tai; sinh ke; hogt dgng sinh ke; Hda Binh.
Mddau
Theo IPCC (2012) thien tai la cac hiem boa tu nhien tuong tac vdi eac digu kien bi tdn thuang ciia xa hgi lam thay ddi nghigra trgng chiic nang binh thudng eiia mdt cdng ddng hay mdt xa hdi, dan den cae anh hudng bat lgi rdng khap ddi vdi con ngudi, vat chat, kinh te hay mdi trudng, ddi hdi phai irng pho khan cap dg dap ung cac nhu eau cap bach cua con ngudi va ed the phai can dgn sy hd trg tii bgn ngoai dg phuc hdi.
Sinh kg bao gdm cac kha nang, tai san (bao gom ca vat chat va cac ngudn lye xa hdi), va cac hoat ddng cdn thiet d6 tao nen each k i e m song.
Sinh kg bgn •viing the hien kha nang thich ling dg duy tri san xuat lau dai ciia ngudn tai nguygn, kha nang chdng dd vdi cae cii sdc hay cac ap luc bgn ngoai, kha nang duy tri ddi sdng, sinh boat dgc lap it phu thugc vao bgn ngoai (Seoones, 1998; DFID, 1999).
Hien nay sinb kg bgn •viing dang la mdi quan tam hang ddu eiia cac nude, Sinb kg bgn •viing la digu kien cdn thigt cho qua trinh phat trien nang cao ddi sdng xa hdi ndi chung, cae hd gia dinh ndi
rigng. Tuy nhign, nhung nam gan day sy gia tang tbign tai cimg vdi do la nhirng bien tugng thdi tiet eye doan da gay nhigu tdn that ve tinh mang ciing nhu tai san cua ngudi dan, anh hudng tryc tigp dgn sinh kg eiia ho.
Trgn thg gidi cung nhu d Viet Nam, cd rat nhigu nghign cim ve sinh ke ciia hg gia dinh tiong bdi canh tbign tai. Hau het, cac nghign cuu dugc khai thac trgn 2 khia canh chii ygu: (i) Cac tac ddng cua tbign tai, dich benh dgn tai san, an ninh luong thuc, sinb kg ciia ngudi dan tiong pham vi qudc gia va qudc tg (Rosenzweig va Binswanger, 1993; Yasuyuki, 2006; Rayhan va Ulrike, 2007, 2010; Javier va cdng sy, 2009; Masako, 2010;
Worid Bank 2007, 2014; FAO 2018) va (ii) Sy lya chgn chign luge irng phd cua hg gia dinh ddi vdi nii ro tir tbign tai (Dercon, 2002; Yoshito, 2002;
Hoogeveen va cdng su, 2003; Yasuyuki va Satoshi, 2004; Nguyen Nggc Quynh, 2006).
Nhin chung, cac nghign ciiu dgu khang dinh tbign tai cd anh hudng vd ciing Idn dgn tai san qudc gia va sinh kg ngu'di dan. Mac dii chinh phii cac nude ciing dua ra nhigu giai phap ciing nhu cac hudng giai quyet nhdm khac phuc hau qua tuy
PHAT T R I E N B E N VCfNG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
NGHIEN CO'U THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHlEM
nhign ciing khdng thg ban chg duge hgt bdi sue tan pha cua thign nhien do tinh hoan toan bat ngd ma khdng thg ludng trudc dugc.
Viet Nam la nude chiu tac ddng tir rui ro thign tai. Theo Bao cao Theo ddi toan cau nam 2008 ciia Ngan hang The gidi, Viet Nam xep thii' 8 trong sd 10 qudc gia chiu tdn thuong eao nhat d Ddng A do cac tac dgng ciia thdi tigt eye doan (World Bank, 2008). Tir nam 1989 dgn 2008, thiet hai hang nam do tbign tai eua Viet Nara it nhat la 1% GDP tijong duong 332 tiieu USD (Worid Bank, 2012).
Hda Binh la tinh raac dii vg dia htnh so vdi cac tinh mien niii khac khdng phiic tap bang, nhung cung la mgt tiong nhiing tinh phai ddi mat vdi cac thign tai nhu ban ban, chay rimg, Iii dng, lit quet, sat Id ddt,... Dae biet, trong nam 2017 tinh phai ganh chiu kha nhigu bat lgi ve mat thdi tigt, cac loai hinh thign tai. Nhiing tac ddng nay da gay anh hudng nang ne tdi sinb kg ngu'di dan dia phuong.
Bao cao ciia Ban Chi huy Phdng chong thign tai va Tim kigm ciiu nan tinh Hda Binh (BCH PCTT & TKCN tinh Hda Binh, 2017) cho bigt, tii dau nam 2017, Hda Binh ndi chung, huyen Tan Lac ndi rigng chiu anh hudng cua nhiing dgt khdng kbi lanh trung binh va ygu. Cudi thang 4 dau thang 5, xay ra ddng Ide kem theo mua da gay thiet hai vg nha cira va hoa mau eiia ngudi dan tai cac dia phuong. Udc tinh trong nam 2017, tdng sd tian Iii trong toan miia la 21, nhieu ban nam 2016 (10 tran), gay ra cac thiet hai vg ngudi, nha cua, san xuat ndng nghiep va ca sd ha tang.
Ddi vdi thiet bai vg nha cua, cd 6.625 nha bi hu hdng ngap nude trong dd 86 nha bi bu hdng hoan toan (thiet hai trgn 70 % ), 1.059 nha thiet hai nang (tir 30-70%)), 431 nha hu hdng mdt phdn (dudi 30%o), 3.614 nha bi ngap nude, 1.435 nha phai di ddi khan cap. Ndng nghiep cung bi anh hudng nang ne, thg hien qua phan dien tich gieo trdng bi ngap ung lam giara nang suat hoac radt trang; gia siic, gia cara bi Iii cudn; thiiy san bi hu hdng, long be trdi raat hoac gay chet ca.
Ngoai ra, he thdng cdng trinh ha tang, cong tiinh dan sinh, van hda, xa hdi bi hu hdng nang ne do raua bao, trong dd dang ke la cac cdng trinh giao thdng, thuy lgi, trudng bgc, tram y te,... Thiet hai nay chu ygu xay ra trong dot mua to do hoan luu ap thap nhiet ddi gay ra tien dia ban tinh tu ngay 9-12/10/2017, lam cho 5.855 ngdi nha hu bdng ngap nude, chiem 88%) thiet hai ca nam cua tinh. Udc tinh tdng thiet bai tiong ca nam la 2.838 ty ddng (BCH PCTT & TKCN tinh Hda Binh, 2017).
Mua Idn, Iii lam sat Id dat d Thac Khanh, tai xa Phii Cudng, huyen Tan Lac da khign cho xa bi anh hudng nang ng ca vg ngudi va tai san. Thdng ke cho thay, trong nam 2017 sd ngudi chet va mdt tich d xa la 42, sd ngudi bi thuong 15 ngudi; hang tram ha hoa mau bj pha hiiy hoan toan (BCH PCTT &
TKCN tinh Hda Binh, 2017).
Chinh quyen xa ciing da tign hanh di ddi tai dinh cu cac hg dan bi anh hudng. Cu thg tdng sd hd phai di ddi tai dmh cu tir nam 2017 d6n nam 2018 trgn dja ban xa Phii Cudng la 56 bd. Trong dd cd 9 hd xdm Khanh chuygn trudc, do tir Mat tran Td qudc Tnmg uang, tinh, huyen tai trg; cdn lai 47 hd d cac xdm mdi hd duge hd trg 20 trieu ddng dg di ddi nha ciia (UBND xa Phii Cucmg, 2018).
Xuat phat tir nhihig li do trgn, tac gia lua chgn nghien cim danh gia anh hudng eua thign tai dgn sinb kg cua cac hg gia dinh tai xa Phu Cucmg huyen Tan Lac, tinh Hda Binh. Day dugc xem la mdt budc quan ti-gng trong quan ly thign tai dg hudng tdi dam bao sinh kg bgn virng cho cac hg gia dinh tren dia ban.
Phuang phap dugc sir dung trong nghign ciiu nay chii ygu la phdng van bang hdi ban cau tnic 50 hg dan d xa Phii Cudng bao gdm cae hg bi anh hudng true tiep va cac hd cd nguy ca bi anh hudng. Ngoai ra, tac gia tien hanh 5 phdng vdn sau ddi vdi cac ca nhan dai dien cho nhdm ngudi dan, cac td ehurc xa hdi va chinh quygn dia phuang;
cung vdi phan tich tai lieu thii cap, nhara lam ro su
PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019)
Nguyen Thj Dao Sinh ke sau thien tai...
thay ddi sinh ke Hgn quan dgn cac ngudn vdn, hoat dgng sinh ke tign dia ban trudc va sau thien tai.
1. Hoat ddng sinh ke cua ngudi dan xa Phii Cudng, huyen Tan Lac, tinh Hda Binh trirdc va sau khi xay ra thien tai
Phu Cudng la mdt xa cd dia ban rdng, dan cu dong, cd 19 xdm vdi tdng sd hd la 1.551 va 7.236 nhan khau. Dan cu sinh sdng rai rac thanh nhieu xdm each xa nhau; giao thdng di lai cdn khd khan.
Da so ngudi dan noi day la ddng bao dan tdc Mudng, chigm 87%); Trinh do dan tri binh quan con d muc thap so vdi mat bang chung cua huyen (Uyban Nhan dan xa Phu Cudng, 2018).
Cho den nay, Phii Cudng van dang la xa thuan nong. Cac loai hinh kinh tg cdn thigu tinh bgn
•viing, san xuat cdn mang tinh nhd le, phu thudc vao thien nhign la chii yeu. Viec chuygn ddi co can cay trdng, vat nudi cdn cham va chua ddng dgu, chua tao thanh •vung san xuat ndng nghiep vdi cac san pham hang hda cd gia tri kinh tg cao.
Tai xa Phii Cudng, trudc khi xay ra thien tai, trdng Ilia va nuong rly la boat ddng sinh kg chinh cua ngudi dan nai day. Bgn canh dd la hoat ddng chan nudi gia sue, gia cam, nudi trdng thuy san;
nghg thii cdng va mdt sd it lam thue ciing duge xem la nbihig ngudn thu nhap quan tigng cho cac hd gia dinh, Tuy nhien san xuat cdn mang tinh ty cung ty cap, chua ed cae dign hinh vg san xuat hang hda. Cac hoat ddng sinh kg cu the ciia hd gia dinh duac thdng kg nhu sau:
Bang 1: SO HO GIA DINH THAM GL\ CAC HOAT DONG SINH KE CHINH TREN DIA BAN (hd) (N=50)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Hoat dgng sinh kk chinh ciia ho gia dinh Trong Ilia nuac
Trong cay hoa mau Trong rau va cac loai cay co hat Trong mia
Chan nuoi gia sue: Trau, bo, lou, de Chan nuoi gia ciim; Ga, vit, ngan, ngong Nuoi trong thuy san
Trong rimg
Thu hai lam san ngoai go Nghe dan lat Lam thue: tha xay, xe 6m
Buon ban kinh doanh: Di cho, ban iiang tap hoa
Triro-c thign tai 46 34 46 2 28 32 4 30 8 16 32 16
Sau thien tai 36 24 30 2 38 40 3 22 6 8 48 22 Ngudn: Diiu tra cua tdc gid (2019).
Mac dii ed dgn 12 boat ddng tuy nhien khdng phai hd gia dinh nao cung hdi tu du eac hoat ddng.
Moi hg cd trung binh 3-5 boat ddng trong do trdng tigt va chan nudi la chit yeu.
1.1. Sinh ke nong nghiep 1.1.1. Trdng trgt
Sd lieu cho bigt, tdng dien tich dat sii dung trung binh cua mdi mgt hg gia dinh tai xa Phii Cudng cho hoat ddng smh kg la 11.129 m". Con sd
nay la eao kbi so vdi mgt sd tinh d khu vuc ddng bang sdng Hdng. Vi du nliu d Ha Ndi, ty le cac bg gia dinh co dien tich dat ndng nghigp sii dung dudi 0,2 ha chigm 71,91%; VTnb Phuc la 64,9%o; Quang Ninh la 65,5%, Hai Phdng la 66,96%o va cac tinh Thai Binh, Ha Nam, Nam Dinh la ban 61%. Cdn so vdi cae tinh d viing Mign nui phia Bac ty le nay la trung binh, do cd khoang 32,9%o sd hd gia dinh cua cac tinh thudc khu vyc nay cd dien tich dat sir dung tir khoang 0,5 ha dgn dudi 2 ha (Tdng cue Thong ke, 2016).
PHAT T R I E N B E N vCfNG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
NGHIEN CO'U THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIgM
Bang 2: DIEN TICH DAT SI/DUNG TRUNG BINH CUA H O GIA DINH SAU THIEN TAI (m^/ho) Loai dat
Dat nong nghiep Dien tich trong iua Rau vd cdy mdu hdng nam Dat vuon
Dat lam nghiep (rimg cac loai) Dien tich mat nutjc Tong cac loai dat su dung Tong cac loai dat dugc giao
Truffc thiSn tai 3.504 1.330 2.174 110 7.402 113 11.129 11.129
Sau thien tai 3.194
774 2.420 211 7.604
120 11.129 11.129 Ngudn: Uy ban Nhdn ddn xd Phit Cuong (2016, 2018).
So vdi trudc thign tai, dien tich dat su dung cho boat ddng trdng liia sau thign tai giara rd ret, trung binh mdi radt hd giam dgn hon 500m^; ed den 4/5 cac hd gia dinh d xa bi mat dat ndng nghiep, cd nhihig hd nang ng hon cdn bi mat tat ca mdng dat,
Hinh 1: DANH GIA CUA H O GIA DINH VE SU" THAY DOI DIEN TICH CAC LOAI DAT TRUOC VA SAU THifeN TAI (%) (N=50)
Thay vao dd la sy tang Ign vg dien tich trdng rau, cay mau hang nam va dien tieh mat nude. Dat vudn ciing cd xu hudng giam. Dat lam nghiep co giam nhung khdng dang kg (Hinh I).
K Dat nong nghiep s Dat vudn '- Dat lam nghiep Giam di nhieu Giam di it Khong thay doi
Ngudn: Diiu tra cita tdc gid (2019).
Bang 3: TINH H I N H S I T D U N G DAT CUA HO GIA DINH TRUOC VA SAU THIEN TAI (hd) Kieu SU' dirng
1. Chi CO dat trong cay trong can hang nam (nuong ray va hoa mau) 2. Chi CO rimg
3. Chi CO dat trong cay trong can va rimg 4. Chi CO dat trong cay trong can va lua nuac 5. Co ca dat dat trong cay trong can, lua nuac va rimg
Tiing
Truo'c thign tai 0 0 6 12 34 50
Sau thign tai 2 1 8 9 30 50 Ngudn: Diiu tra cua tdc gid (2019).
PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019)
Nguyen Thi Dao Sinh ke sau thien tai...
Tuy nhign, ben canh viec giam manh dat ndng nghigp, sau thign tai cd mgt sd bd cd them dien tich dat vudn, thuan lgi hon so vdi noi d cii: "Duoc cdi den nai a moi ndy, nhd tdi cd thim phdn diin lich ddt vudn di trdng thim cdc logi rau" (Phdng vSn sau chi M, 28 tiaoi).
Dieu tia tai dia ban cho thay, trudc va sau thign tai hau hgt cac gia dinh deu sir dung dat dudi ba hinh thiic tidng cay tien dat can, tidng lua nude va lam rimg. Rigng cd trudng hgp mgt hd gia dinh,
Hinh 2: DANH GIA CUA CAC HO GIA DINH VE CHAT LUONG CAC LOAI D A T TRLTOC VA SAU THEN TAI
sau thien tai cbi eon lai dat rimg, ngoai ra khdng ed loai dat nao khac. Hd nay trudc day lara nuong ray, nhung sau thien tai bi mat hgt dat ndng nghiep, dat vudn ngn bg chuygn sang md quan ban hang va nhan thu gom ndng lam san (cu ddt, san, bdng chit,...) dg ban cho cac thuong lai, va phat trign chan nudi. Sd bg gia dinh sir dung tir hai loai hinh bao gdm cay trdng can va lira nude; cay trdng can va rimg ciing cd xu hudng giam nhe.
^ Kem han . -i Tot hon
•^ Khdng thay ddi
Dat nong nghiep Dat vudn Dat lam nghiep Ngudn: Diiu tra cua tdc gid (2019).
Theo danh gia cua hau hgt eac hd gia dinh, sau khi xay ra thign tai chat lugng dat ndng nghiep kem hon ban, bi xdi mdn. Nhigu khu vuc rudng da van cdn Idn nhdn chua dugc xu ly khign cho viec ngudi dan di lai cung trd nen khd khan hon. "Khu rudng nhd chi den gio vdn cdn rdt nhieu dd, kiu xe xdc rdi nhung khdng hit duac nin todn bg khu dd gid khong the ddo boi hay cdy cudc di trdng niia, khu vuc xung quanh cUng bi dnh huang chut it"
(Phdng van sau, cbi M, 28 tudi).
Chdt lugng dat bi anh hudng keo theo sy sut giam vg nang suat va san lugng liia cua cac hd gia
dinh. Ngu nhu nhung nam 2016, 2017 nang suat san lugng liia toan xa dat tir trgn 50 ta/ha/nam thi dgn nam 2018, 2019 nang suat giam tir 2-5 ta/ba.
Tuy nliign, nang suat rau, dau tir sau thign tai tang ban va kha dn dinh, do khu vyc dien tich trdng rau, dau khdng bi anh hudng nhigu bdi thien tai.
Kill dugc bdi, da sd ngudi dan (78%o) cung cho rang nang suat, san lugng liia sau thign tai kem ban nhigu. Ly do la dien tich dat ndng nghiep, dac biet la dien tich tidng liia ciia cac hd gia dinh bi thu hep lai, tham chi cd hg khdng cdn dat dg canh tac cung vdi dd la sy giam sut vg mat chat lugng dat.
PHAT T R I E N B E N V Q N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
NGHIEN C U U THLfC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Biing 4: NANG SUAT VA SAN LUONG NONG NGHIEP CUA HOAT DONG TRONG TROT Sinh ke nong nghiep
1. Hoat (long trong trot 1.1. Lua
Nang suiit (ta/ha) San luang (ta/nam) 1.2. Rau dau cac loai (ta/ha) 1.3 Cay hang nam khac (ha) 2. Nu6i trong thuy san San lugng (ta)
2016
50.5 14.390 57 56
25 2017
50 13.850 83 40
15 2018
48 11.610 80 64
10 2019
45 10.660 78 49
10 Ngudn: Uy ban Nhdn ddn xd Phit Cu&ng (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019).
1.12 Chan nudi
Sau thign tai, boat ddng chan nudi tai xa phat trign raanh bon, dac biet la viec chan nudi Ign.
Tdng sd dan Ign toan xa tang 3.370 con tiong thai ky 2016-2019. Tu nara 2016 den 2017, so lugng tiau da tang 402 eon; dgn nam 2018 va 2019 cd xu budng giam nhe, khoang 200 con do bi chet bdi dich benh va thdi tigt ret hai. Sd lugng bd, dg khdng cd su bign ddng dang kg (Bang 5).
Dai gia sue (trau, bd, ngya), tigu gia siic (Ign va dg), va cac loai gia cam (ga, vit, ngan ngdng...)
Bang 5: T O N G SO VAT NUOI CUA XA PHU CLTONG
la nhiing tai san quan tigng cua hd gia dinh. Gia sue ngoai cung cap sue keo (lam dat, keo go...), phan bdn, cdn ddng vai tid quan tigng trong thu nhap eiia ndng hd. Trong dd, tiau dugc uu tien vi khde ban, sire chdng chiu benh tat tdt ban va dg nudi ban. Ddi vdi cac bd khdng cd tiau, ngudi dan phai cay bira bang tay hoac thug ngudi cay hg.
Ngoai ra, dai gia siic cdn duge coi nhu mdt loai tai san dy trii cho nhihig dip quan tigng cua hd gia dinh.
Cac loai vat nuoi (con) T6ng dan trau
Tong dan bo Tong dan Ion Tong dan de Tong dan gia cam
2016 1.682
885 1.760 394 27.200
2017 2.084
766 1.700 372 27.000
2018 1.867
873 1.750 125 28.000
2019 1.816
955 5.130 171 31.350 Ngudn: Uy ban Nhdn ddn xd Phu Cuong (2016, 2017, 2018. 2019).
Ddi vdi viec chan nudi tigu gia siie, Ign la vat nudi dugc eac bd dan lua chgn nhigu ban ca. Thdi
gian trudc day, da sd cac hd gia dinh van tigp tue nudi Ign theo phuang thiic dan da, truygn thdng;
134 PHAT T R I E N B E N VCTNG V U N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
Nguyen Thj Bao Sinh ke sau thien tat...
mua gidng Ion truyen thdng, cho an bang cac loai beo, day khoai, bdt ngd, cam gao va nhiing thuc an thira ciia gia dinh nen Ign Idn cham, nudi bon mdt nam mdi xuat chudng, vdn bd ra it, hieu qua kinh tg khdng cao.
Tuy nhign, khoang 2 nam trd lai day, tir nam 2018, nhigu hd gia dinh dugc sy hd trg eua chinh quygn dia phuang bat dau thay ddi can ban phuang thirc chan nudi tir nhd le sang chan nudi Idn. Moi gia dinh mua tdi 30-40 con Ign gidng sigu nac, moi con khoang 8-9 kg, mua cam eon cd, nudi 5 thang thi ban, kbi ban mdi con nang tign 100 kg, thu vg
bang chuc trieu ddng. "Nudi gidng Igm ndy mdt nam cho ra tir 2-3 lua tity minh cham sdc tdt hay kim. Mdi liia tir 8-12 con, trung binh 10 con. Lgn nudi I thdng cd the lin 20-30 kg vd bdn duac 80.000 ddng/kg. Niu nudi Idu hon thi khodng 3 thdng se lin duac 100 kg. Gidng lgn ndy cdng de nudi. Tinh chi phi chdm sdc, ddu tu Id 50 % thi ho ndo chdn nudi tdt, khdng bi binh tdt hay dnh hudng b&i thiin tai thi mdi ndm cd the thu duoc khodng 40.000.000 ddng tiin bdn lgn " (Phdng van sau cbi M., 46 tudi).
Bang 6: TINH HINH CHAN NUOI CUA CAC HO GIA DINH TRUOC VA SAU THEN TAI (N=50)
Vat nu6i Dai gia sue Tieu gia sue Gia cam
Truo'c thien tai So ho
32 22 40
T y l e ( % ) 64 44 80
Sau thien tai S6ho
26 38 40
Ty le (%) 52 76 80 Ngudn: Diiu tra ciia tdc gid (2019).
Bang 6 cho thay, trudc va sau thign ty le bd gia dinh chan nudi nhdm vat nudi tigu gia siic, tang manh trong khi dd ty le hd gia dinh chan nudi vat nuoi dai gia siic lai cd xu hudng giam; hd chan nudi gia cam khdng thay ddi.
Cd thg ly giai rang day la vung dat ndng nghigp chiem da sd vg eay hoa mau nen viec ed cae phu pham vg chan nudi gia cam ddi dao khign cho phat trign chan nudi la dieu hien nhign, Ngoai ra, viee cac hd dan mat hgt mdng dat chuygn ddi boat ddng sinh kg tidng trgt sang boat ddng chan nudi ciing la mgt tiong nhirng nguygn nhan lam eho boat ddng chan nudi phat trign rdng ban trgn dia ban xa. Tuy nhign sau anh hudng thign tai, do chat lugng dat suy giam nen viec trdng cay hoa mau ciing bi anh hudng, tir do thirc an cho vat nudi phan nao ciing
bi han che. Day la mdt thach thiic cho phat trien chan nudi tai dia ban xa.
Ket qua dieu tra cho thay, trudc va sau thign tai, thu nhap tii boat ddng chan nudi tang manh, tang 40,1 digm % trong co cau thu nhap ciia hg gia dinh va tid thanh ngudn thu nhap chinh. Dung thii hai la boat ddng trdng tigt, mac dii boat ddng nay cd xu hudng giam sau thien tai (Bang 7). Nhigu gia dinh sau thign tai bi mat hgt mdng dat, khdng cdn trdng tigt niia ma chuygn ban sang boat ddng chan nudi: "Sau khi bi mdt hit rudng, gia dinh chiing tdi ciing khdng cdn lam rudng nira, mgi nguoi tinh chuyen vay vdn di lap trung cho chdn nudi, chiing tdi nudi bd, nudi lgn, sau 2 ndm cUng da bdn duoc mdt Ilia, thu nhap cdn cao hon khi Idm rudng, nhu ndy ciing tdt" (Phdng van sau anh V, 37 tudi).
PHAT T R I E N B E N V C N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019) 135
NGHIfiN ClJU THUC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Bang 7: THU NHAP BINH QUAN/THANG CUA HO GLA DINH TU' SINH KE NONG NGHIEP TRLrdC VA SAU THIEN TAI (d6ng) (N=50)
TT
1 2 3 4
Ngu6n thu nhap chinh
Trong trot san xuat nong nghiep (ngo, lua, san,...)
Chan nuoi (gia sue va gia ciiiB,...) San xuat lam nghiep Nuoi trong thiiy san T6ng
Tru'o'c thi^n tai Thu nh^p hinh quan ho/thang
(flong) 1.780.000
850.000 689.000 431.000 3.750.000
Tylf
(%)
47,5 22,7 18,4 14,1 100
Sau thiSn tai Thu nhSp binh quSn hd/thang
(diing) 878.000 1.676.000 400.000 222.000 3.176.000
Tylf
(%)
27,7 62,8 12,6 7 100 Ngudn: Dieu tra cua tdc gid (2019).
1.2. Sinh kephi ndng nghiep
Bgn canh cac boat ddng sinh ke ndng nghiep, ngudi dan d xa Phu Cudng da timg budc tang cudng da dang hda sinh kg de cai thien kinh tg hd gia dinh. Dac biet sau thign tai boat ddng sinh kg phi ndng nghiep tai xa tang lgn. Cac boat ddng sinh kg phi ndng nghiep d xa bao gdm: lam nghg thu cdng tmygn thdng, lam thug nhu thg xay d cac tinh, chay xe dm, kinh doanh nhd nhu ban hang d
Bang 8: THU NHAP BINH Q U A N / T H A N G CUA cAC H O GIA DINH TtT SINH KE PHI NONG NGHIEP TRI/OC v A SAU THIEN TAI (ddng) (N=50)
chg va md cira hang tap hda. Trong dd, lam thue ngoai tinh la ehu yeu.
Trudc day, nghg dan lat la mgt nghg thu cong kha phat tiign d trgn dia ban xa, song hien nay, da bi mai mgt. Mdt sd gia dinh vin cdn duy tri boat nay, chu yeu phuc vu cho cudc sdng hang ngay chu khdng ed mat hang ndi bat nao trd thanh san pham hang hda. Do vay, boat ddng nay khdng cdn mang lai nhieu ngudn thu cho cac hg gia dinh niia.
TT
1 2 3 T6ng
Nguon thu nhap chinh
Buon ban, ldnh doanh Lam thue
Khac (phi nong nghiep)
Trirffc thi§n tai Thu nhSp binh quan hd/thang 1.185.000 2.700.000 769.000 4.654.000
Tyle
(%)
25,5 58 16,5 100
Sau thien tai Thu nhap binh quSn ho/thang 1.322.000 3.445.000 710.000 5.477.000
Tyle
(%)
24,1 62,9 13 100 Ngudn: Diiu tra cua tdc gid (2019).
Do ed dugc sy thuan lgi la gan true dudng qudc Id nen budn ban kinh doanh ciing la mgt
trong nhiing boat ddng mang lai ngudn thu tdt cho hd gia dinh. Hoat ddng nay chii ygu la mdt sd hg
PHAT T R I E N B E N VLfNG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
Nguyen Thi Bao Sinh ke sau thien tai...
gia dinh md kiot ban hang tap hda (mi tdm, banh keo, thudc la, dd gia dung...). Lam thue cung trd ngn phd bign hon. Hau het trong cac hd gia dinh dgu cd it nhdt mdt ngudi di lam thug ngoai tinh, nhieu thi cd dgn 3, 4 thanh vien. Thu nhap tii lam thue khoang 4-5 trieu/thang, so vdi cac boat ddng khac la kha eao, tuy nhign chi mang tinh thdi •vu, thudng lam khi nhan rdi, tmng binh khoang 5-6 thang/nam.
du van ddng gdp la ngudn thu nhap chinh thii hai tuy nhien so vdi trudc thign tai cd xu hudng giam nhe
1.3. Thay ddi thu nhap cua kg gia dinh Theo sd heu cung cap bi Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phii Cudng (2016, 2017, 2018), thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cua hd gia dinh/nam trong 3 nam 2016, 2017 va 2018 ihn lugt la 18, 20 va 20 tiieu.
Nhu vay, ngu tinh den trugt gia thi thu nhap nay dang cd xu hudng sut giam.
Sd lieu Bang 8 cho thay, trudc va sau thign tai hoat dgng lam thue cd xu hudng tang nhe, 4,9 diem %; cdn boat ddng budn ban kinh doanh mac
Hmh 3: NGUON THU N H A P CHINH CUA HO GIA DINH TRUOC VA SAU THIEN TAI (N=50) 60 -
40 20 -
0 -
'^1 j i
_•.«-_ ^
^ii'3Thu nhap tit lam nong
- 5 ^^
" WW
»'-l
Thu nhap tir lam thue
16 1«
^ ^ ^ T T Thu nhap tir buon
ban, kinh doanh
q 6 Khac
• Trudc thien tai
—1 s Sau thien tai
Ngudn: Diiu tra cua tdc gid (2019) Sau tbign tai boat ddng sinh kg ndng nghiep ciia hg gia dinh tai xa Phii Cudng ciing khdng thay doi nhigu vg hinh tbiic, van chii ygu la trdng trgt va chan nudi. Tuy nhign ngu trudc day trdng trgt mang lai ngudn thu nhap chinh thi sau thign tai chan nudi la boat dgng dugc nhigu gia dinh budng den va mang lai thu nhap tdt ban cho bg. Hien tai ngudi dan lam rudng ngoai mdt sd it de ban, cdn lai chii yeu dg lay luang thuc an la chinh: "Rudng khdng cdn nda, chung tdi chuyin sang chdn nudi, dugc hai ndm nay rdi, lgn thi moi bdn duoc mgt lira vd bdn thim duac hai con bd, thu nhap ndi chung ciing tdt lin nhiiu" (Phdng van sau, anh C , 37 tiidi).
Hoat ddng sinh kg phi ndng nghiep chinh d cac hg gia dinh khac dugc digu tra chu ygu la lam thug va budn ban kinh doanh, khdng cd ai lam cdng chiic, vign chuc. Ngoai ra cdn cd nghe thu cdng, cu the la dan lat. Sau thign tai, thu nhap tir lam thue va budn ban kinh doanh tang lgn, ngudi dan keo nhau len Ha Ndi va mdt sd tinh lan can lam thg xay tuong ddi nhigu. Hau hgt md hinh gia dinh d xa hien nay la ngudi chdng di ngoai tinh lam an, ngudi vg d nha lam tbgm nuong ray va cham con.
Ket qua digu tra 50 hd gia dinh tai bai xdra Khanh, xdm Khdi - la hai xdm bi anh budng nang ng bdi thien tai cho thay 68% sd hg ed trung binh thu nhap binh quan tign thang nam d mire tir 5-10 tneu. Miic thu nhap nay ciing khdng qua cao nhung ciing khdng phai la thap ddi vdi mdt hd gia dinh khoang 4-5 thanh vien. Tuy nhign, sd lieu ciing eho thay cd den ban mdt nira cac bg gia dinh deu eho rang thu nhap sau thign tai cd phan giam di, tham chi giam di rat nhigu (Hinh 4). I>Jbirng trudng hgp nay roi vao nhiing hd bi mat rudng dat va mdt sd hd bi mat lao ddng chinh - do hi chgt bdi tbign tai: "Tir khi chdng tdi mdt sau vu sgt l& ddt vira rdi, ba me con tdi ciing da dugc xd vd cdc nhd hao tdm hd trg xdy cho mgt ngdi nhd cdp 4 nhd cdch vu sgt la ddt khodng 1 km, tru&c chdng tdi Id lao ddng chinh trong gia dinh, ngodi viic hai va chdng Idm rudng, anh dy cdn di chgy xe dm thui, cdn lo hgc cho con, gio cdn minh tdi, ngodi viic len ray thinh thodng toi cd len chg bdn thim it rau kiem ddi ddng, nhimg cung chat vat lam, hai con thi cdn nhd, cdng chua biit sau ndy cd lo ndi cho chiing nd hgc dugc khdng niia " (Phdng van sau chi N., 31 tiidi).
PHAT T R I E N B E N V Q N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019) 137
NGHIEN CIJU JHUC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Hinh 4: DANH GIA STJ THAY DOI VE THU NHAP TRUNG BINH/THANG CUA H O GIA DINH TRUCiC VA SAU THIEN TAI
=•=
Tang lgn nhigu Tang len it Giam di nhigu Giam di it Khong thay ddi Nguon: Dieu tra cua tdc gid (2019).
Trudng hgp nha chi N ciing khdng phai la duy nhat, gia dinh nha anh H ciing vay, khi ea nha 9 thanh vign thi cd dgn 5 ngudi bi dat da vui lap.
Anh hien dang la lao dgng chinh tiong nha, cdn vg d nha cham lo hai con nhd. "Thuc su vu sgt la ddt vira rdi chi nghT thdi tdi cQng dd sg rdi. Cd le tdi se khdng bao gi& vdo do nira, nai do chira qud nhieu dau thuang" (Phdng van sau, anh H., 29 tudi). Chi cd mdt sd it hd gia dinh cho rang thu nhap tang len sau tbign tai - nhiing hd gia dinh thuan lgi trong phat trign chan nudi va cd eac thanh vien di lam thug ngoai tinh.
2. Tro* giup cua chinh quyen va cac td chii'c do^n the sau thien tai
Ngay sau khi say ra sat Id Thac Khanh chinh quygn xa cung da cd nhinig chi dao tiong viec phan cdng cdng tac, nhiem •vu cu thg cho cac ea nhan, td chire cd lien quan thyc bien cdng tac tim kigm Cliu bg cuu nan; tap trung di ddi nha cua, dung leu Ian tam eho cac bd mat nha cua, sdm dn dinh cudc sdng. Nhin chung cdng tac di ddi tai dinh eu trgn dia ban dam bao cudc song cua ngudi dan tam thdi dn dinh. Tuy nhign cudc sdng d khu tai dinh cu van cdn gap nhieu khd khan do khdng cd dat san xuat dg phat trign kinh tg, khdng ed cdng an viec lam dn dinh.
Dugc sy quan tam cua cap tren, su ung hd cua cac td chirc ca nhan, cac nha hao tam nen hd gia
dinh khu tai dinh eu dugc hd trg nhu: Xay dung cdng trinh nude sach tir ngudn kinh phi hd tig ciia huyen, xa; giup dd cho cac hd dan tai xdm Khanh 21 binh nude Tan A cua Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trign Ndng thdn; lam nha tigu hgp ve sinh eho 15 bg d xom Khanh cua Td chuc Cbildfund. Tdi nam 2019, du an CHOWA tigp tire bd trg 58 binh nude cho cac hg dan xdm Khanh. Mdi hd di ddi tai dinh cu tign dia ban xa Phii Cudng dugc hd tig 20 trieu/ddng. Tuy nhign miie hd trg nay ehi dii de xay nha san nhd, de ed dugc nha kien cd ban bugc ngudi dan phai vay vdn them tir tir ngan hang, anh em, ban be. Do vay, cugc sdng vdn dt da khd khan vi sinh kg thay ddi lai keo tbgm eac khoan ng nan lai cang trd nen khd khan hem.
Hien tai, eac hd thudc dien phai di ddi da on dinh vg dat d, tuy nhign radt sd bd chua cd d&t dg san xuat. Trong khi do hien nay, xa van chua cd quy dat dg den bii cho cac hd gia dinh do khdng cdn dat. Nhigu hd gia dinh sau tbign tai rat chat vat tiong cudc sdng muu sinh. Cho dgn thdi digm nghien eiiu, cac hd gia dinh dgu cho bigt hg chua nhan dugc bat cir hd tig den bii vg dat san xuat tir phia chinh quyen: "Chinh quyen xd da cd thdng ki cdc hg mdt rudng ddt tuy nhien cd ndm nay rdi chiing tdi vdn chua nhd dugc bdt cir hd tro ndo cd"
(Phdng van sau, anh N., 45 tudi).
Ben canh dd, chinh quygn xa ciing cd hd tig chuyen ddi nganh nghg, san xuat cho cac hd gia
138 PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
Nguyen Thi Bao Sinh ke sau thiSa tai...
dinh nhung dudi binh tbiic bSng tign. Tai xa chua CO dao tao nghe nghiep cho ngudi dan kbi vg noi d mdi bdi cdng tac dao tao va day nghe trgn dia ban xa cdn rat yeu kem. Hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep ciia ngudi dan trgn dia ban xa ciing cdn rat ngheo nan.
Ket luan
Thign tai lam giam dang ke thu nhap cua nhdm ngudi ma sinh kg chu ygu phu thudc vao tu nhien va ngudn lgi ty nhien nhu lam nuong ray, ndng nghigp manh miin, danh bSt thu lugm thuy san, thu luom san pham phi gd tir rimg,... Khi bi thign tai tac dgng, mgt sd bd cd the nhanh chdng phuc hdi sinh ke va tai thigt tai san cua bg nhung nhigu hd khac tbi qua trinh khac phuc cham bon. Dac biet doi vdi cac hd ngheo -vimg mign niii nhu xa Phu Cudng, viec tai san xuSt tu lieu san xuat ddi dien vdi rat nhieu trd ngai.
De gdp phan ban chg tac ddng thien tai, chinh quygn huyen Tan Lac ndi chung, xa Phii Cudng
ndi rigng, can tigp tuc xay dung cac du an kg hoach hang nam ve phdng, chdng, khac phuc hau qua do thien tai. Bgn canh do, chinh quyen huyen, xa ciing can xay dyng va phat trign mdt sd loai hinh sinh ke mdi phii hgp vdi dieu kien ty nhign, phong tuc tap quan cua ngudi dan tiong vung; ddng thai kgt hop cac chinh sach khuygn khich hd trg ngudi dan ty vuon lgn va dn dinh sinh kg mdt each bgn viing.
Chinh quygn can cd sy quan tam ban dgn cac chinh sach cdng nhu chuong trinh dao tao day nghg nham da dang hda sinh kg, nhu phat trign du lich cdng ddng, xuat khau lao dgng; dao tao day nghg de di lao ddng tai cae nha may. Tigp den, chinh quyen can giai quygt v4n de vg quy dat nham dn dinh boat dgng sinh kg ndng nghiep cho cac hd gia dinh bi m4t dAt, cu the nhu: (i) Quy hoach, phan bd lai quy ddt; (ii) Cai tao lai eac loai dit bi bd hoang, kem chat lugng; va (iii) Thyc hien cac chinh sach chuygn ddi ca cau sii dung dat tai khu d mdi.
Tai lieu tham khao
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PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G VCJNG Q U Y E N 9, sO 3 (9/2019)
NGHIEN CLFU THU'C NGHlEM - KINH NGHlEM
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Thong tin tac gia:
s , , „ Ngaynhanbai: 12/7/2019 Nguyen Thi Dao, Tb.S ^ ^
I. . ; . , , . . , , , ., , „, , .- Ngay nhan ban sira: 30/8/2019 - Dan VI cong tac: Vien Nghien cuu Phat tiien
bgn vung Vimg, Vien Han lam KHXH Viet Nam ^ 8 ^ ^ '^"y^t ^^^S" 04/9/2019 - Dia chi email: [email protected]
140 PHAT T R I E N B E N V C N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
