TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 3/2019 NCmENCifU- TRAOBOI
SINH CON Tir TINH TRUNG COA NGl/dl CHET
SO SANH PHAP LUAT VA NHOfNG VAN DE DAT RA CHO VIET NAM
DOAN THI PHUONG DiiP * DOAN THANH HAI **
Tom tat: Sir dung tinh trimg cua ngicai chit de sinh con Id hi^n tirong m&i xudt hiin a Viet Nam trong nhimg nam gdn day. Ddy la hi^n ticong dn chua nhiiu vdn de phdp ll phirc tgp, gay ra nhiiu tranh luan song lgi chua co nhimg nghien cuu chuyen sdu. Bdi viit lam ro bdn chdt cua vi^c sinh con tic tinh triing ciia ngic&i chit; so sdnh quy dinh phdp lugt vi vdn di ndy a Viet Nam vd mot so qudc gia tren the giai; dua ra nhirng binh lugn vd kiin nghi de hodn thi0n quy djnh cua phdp lugt Vi^t Nam nhdm bdo ddm quyen con nguai vd sir 6n djnh xd hoi.
Tir khod: Sinh con; so sdnh phdp lugt; tinh trung ciia ngu&i chit; vdn de dgt ra
Nhgn bdi: 05/10/2018 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 07/5/2019 Duyit dang: 15/5/2019 POST-MORTEM REPRODUCTION - LAW COMPARISION AND ISSUES RAISED FOR VIETNAM
Abstract: Post-humous reproduction is a new phenomenon occuring in Vietnam in recent years.
This phenomenon raises many complicated legal issues which are debatable but not yet have been deeply studied. The paper aims at clarifying the nature of post-humous reproduction; comparing the law of Vietnam and that of some other countries in this regard; and thereby offering comments and recommendations to improve the related Vietnamese legal provisions to ensure human rights and social stability.
Keywords: Reproduction; law comparision; post-mortem sperm; raised issue
Received: Oct 5'^, 2018; Editing completed: May A 2019; Accepted for publication: May 15"", 2019
1. Sinh con tir tinh trung cua nguoi chet ndm tiong khodng (khdng gdm hai dau mdt) Sinh sdn la le ty nhien khdng chi cua cua sy sinh va sy td. Thdm chi, cum tu nay rieng con ngudi ma ciia ed eac loai sinh vat. eon trd ndn "ki la" hon khi ngudi chet d day Cum tu "Postmortem reproduction" - PMR, bao gdm cd nam va nii, bdi each hieu phd dugc hilu Id sinh con tu tmh trung eua ngudi bidn la "sinh" chi mang y nghia la "sinh de"
chit, vira nghe ed ve tiai vdi ty nhien bdi le, (childbirth),'** mac du td nay cd the hieu theo theo each hieu thdng thudng thi sinh sdn chi
(I). Ld todn bp qud trinh md mdt diia tre ra ddi tit tu
*,** Gidng vifin, Trirdng Dai hpc kinh te - lu$t, cung cua ngudi me. C6 the xem dinh nghia chi ti^t,
©3i hpc qu6c gia Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh day dii vd cdc giai do?n cua su sinh de t^i: <URL:
* E-mail: [email protected] https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
** E-mail: [email protected] Child+birth>, truy c§p 11/7/2018.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 3/2019 NGHIEN cut! - TRAO BOI nghia rgng nhit la "smh san" (reproduction)'^'
- la qua trinh ma cha, me kdt hgp vdi nhau de de con.'^' Nhu vay, "ngudi chit sinh eon"
c6 the hilu theo mgt each rdng nhit Id vide mdt ngudi c6 con sau khi chdt. Dilu ndy thyc te gdm cd viec phdi, thai dd hinh thdnh khi ngudi nay cdn sdng va tham chi co till ehi la he qua cua viec mgt ngudi da quan hd linh dye vdi mdt ngudi khac (vide thu thai cd thd dien ra td mdt vai gid ddn tdi da 5 ngay, ddng thdi, tinh trimg co t h i song tdi da 5 ngay tiong c a t h i ngudi phu nd).'"* Tuy nhidn, tiong chimg myc ndo do thi each h i l u nay ehua thyc sy c h u i n xac vi sy tuong tac v l sinh hgc gida hai ngudi da dien ra khi cd hai ngudi cdn sdng. Ddng thdi, ngay tu ban ddu, nd cung hau nhu khdng dugc d l c$p vdi tSn gpi PMR. Nd ciing khdng phai la ragt hien tugng mdi la. Cae nha lam ludt ciia nhieu nen van minh dd tidn lieu v l kha nang nay tu rdt sdm.'^* Thudt ngd PMR thudng duge eae nha khoa hgc, cac nha nghidn cdu su dung vdi each hieu la vide ma nhfing tiln bd Id thugt ve cdng nghe y sinh tao kha ndng
(2). Xem dinh nghia vd sij phdn losii cda "sinh sdn"
tgi: <URL: https://www.biolo^-online.org/dictionary/
Reproductioi^, truy c|p 11/7/20I8.
(3). Trong khudn khi nghien ciiu ndy, s\r sinh sdn dupe hilu Id su sinh san ciia con ngudi.
(4). Gould JE, Overstreet JW and Hanson FW, Assessment of human sperm function after recovery from the female reproductive tract, Biol Reprod 31,
1984, 888 - 894.
(5). VI du, tai Bdng IV ciia Lu^t 12 Bang La Md chi loai trit khd ndng nh§n thiia kl ciia m0t diia tr4 nlu diia tre ndy sinh ra sau 10 thdng kl tic ngdy ngudi cha ciia nd qua ddi. £)ilu ndy cd thi suy Iu$n rdng, neu diia tre sinh ra trong phgm vi 10 thdng Ihi cd thi hudng thira ke tuc Id dugc coi Id con ciia ngudi dd chet.
cho mdt ngudi cd t h i dugc Idm cha (me) sinh hpc rapt khoang thdi gian sdu cdi chdt cda ngudi nay'*' (tuy vay, vide dinh nghTa eua cac nhd khoa hpc ciing khdng thyc sy thdng nhdt).''' N h u mdt he qud cda cdch hidu tidn, PMR bao gdm cd vide su dung tinh trung thu duge tu mot ngudi khi hg cdn sdng va cd khi da chdt.'^' N l u nhin nhdn td gdc do ban chit thi PMR xuit phdt chinh td vide dp dung ki thuat hd tig sinh san (Assisted reproductive technology - ART) noi chung, bao gdm thu tinh tiong dng nghiem (In vitio fertilization - IVF ), chuyin phdi (Embryo transfer - ET), ddng lgnh tinh tning (Cryopreservation CP), mang thai hd (Surrogation - S), thu hdi tinh trimg (Sperm retrieval - SR) va nhilu kT thuat y khoa khae d thdi diem hi?n tai va tucmg lai. Tuy timg .trudng hgp ma vide sinh con cd t h i la kit qua cda vide dp dung mgt hoac mdt s6 kT thuat ket hgp vdi nhau.
Nhu vdy, t u viec dp dung ART, cd thd (6). Kindregan cho rdng, PMR Id trudng hpp cha hodc me hoJLc cd cha vd m? eiia diia tre chit di tuy nhien lai chi gidi h^n vin dl d vifc tinh trimg dd dupe gui ddng 1 ^ chii khdng md rdng ra khd ndng tinh triing, tning, phdi dupe liy sau khi mdt ngudi dd chit. Xem:
Kindregan, Jr., Charles P. and McBrien, Maureen, Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Lawyer's Guide lo Emerging Law and Science, 2nd edition, American Bar Association, 2011, tr. 251.
(7). Van Niekerk C, "Assisted Reproductive Technologies and the Right to Reproduce under South African Law", PER / PEU 2017(20) - DOI, http://dx.doi.org/
10.17159/1727378 l/2017/v20n0al305.
(8). Maddox, Neil, Inheritance and the Posthumously Conceived Child (October 29, 2017), Conveyancing and Property Lawyer. Cd flil xem tai: <SSRN:
https://ssra.com/abstract=3061579>, truy c|ip 05/7/2018.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 3/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO BOI xay ra cac kha nang nhu sinh con tii tinh
trimg, tning dd duge ddng lanh cua ngudi chet, chuyen phdi da duge thy tinh, liy tinh trimg tu ngudi chit (PMSR) dl thy thai...
Thudt nga "ngudi chet sinh con" do do, khdng phai la mdt thudt ngd dugc dung vdi myc dich cudng dieu hoa vdn dd, ma do Id each thuc phan dnh mdt lieu phap cd ndn tang la nhihig tidn bd vd y hgc, md cu thi id ART. Trong bdi canh phap luat Viet Nara, thuat ngu nay cung da dugc bao chi su dung sau khi trudng hgp nay xuat hien nam 2013.'^' Vi$c sinh con td tinh trung dd 6\ioc ddng lgnh chi la mdt trudng hgp cua PMR. Sinh con tu tinh trimg ddng lanh cd the dugc thyc hien bang each ap dimg CP hoac CP di kem PR (tinh triing dugc thu giii vabao quan sau khi mdt ngudi da chet). Phap lu^t eua hau hit quoc gia chi cho phep lay va su dung tinh triing td ca the cua ngudi chet ndu thod radn mdt sd didu kien nhdt dinh. Tinh trimg, thdng qua IVF se dugc ciy vao co thd ngudi phu nii dl tiiy thai. Tuy vide tinh trimg da ddng lgnh tu trudc khi ngudi chong chdt va thu liy tinh triing tu co the ngudi nay cd nhirng khac biet nhat dinh vd mat nhan thdc dao ddc cung nhu tu mgt li ludn phap luat song h? qua sau cimg ma chu thi thye hidn mong mudn tu ca hai trudng hgp ndy la nhu nhau. Bdi viet chi dl cdp vide sd dung tinh trung cua ngudi chet dd sinh eon (dudi ten viet tit la PMR).
2. Su- dyng tinh triing cua ngvoi chet de sinh con trong boi canh Vidt Nam
IVF da xuit hien d Viet Nam cudi nhirng nam 90 cua thd ki trudc""' song td thdi dilm do cho tdi nam 2013, phdp luat Viet Nam da khdng tidn lieu khd ndng mdt ngudi cd the dimg nhung "vgt lieu sinh hpc" eua ngudi chdt (tinh trimg) de cd thd sinh con. Ludt hdn nhdn va gia dmh (LHNGD) ndm 2000 vd Nghi dinh cua Chinh phd sd 12/2003/ND-CP da bd ngd vin dd nay.'"' Tuy nhien, tir cau chii cua Nghi dinh,''^' cd thd suy luan rang, khdng the sinh con td tinh trimg ddng lanh cua ngudi chit. Tinh thdn cda quy dirih la tinh trimg ciia ngudi chdt da tdn tai vd trd ddng lanh tiong ngan hdng tinh trimg bi huy khi ngudi gui nd chdt di. Do do, suy li manh thi khdng the cho phep thu lay tinh trimg eua ngudi chet dd bao quan, sd dung. Ngugc lgi, neu tiep can theo hudng luat khdng cam minh thi nghia la dugc phep thi sd lam nay sinh nhieu van dd ve dao ddc va phdp I;y nhu viee lieu tdc ddng cda nhihig thd thuat y khoa Idn eo thd cua mpt ngudi ma thieu di sy ddng y cua ngudi do thi cd dugc phep?''^' Mat khac.
(9). Lam Hgn, "Lu§t cd n6n cim ngudi chet sinh con?",
<http://duthaoonIine.quochoi.vn/DuThao/Lists/TT_TI NLAPPHAP/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=1695>, truy c^p 05/7/2018;
(10). https://tuoitre.vn/hanh-trinh-20-nam-cua-nhung- dua-tre-thu-tinh-trong-ong-nghiem-201804300900 59231.htm, tmy c?p 05/01/2019.
(11). Nghi dinh ciia Chfnh phii s6 12/2003/ND-CP ngdy 12/02/2003 vl sinh con theo phuang phdp khoa hpc.
(12). Khoan 2 Dilu 18 Nghi dinh so 12/2003/ND-CP quy djnh "... Trong tru&ng h^/p ngu&i gui tinh triing bj chet, CO s& luu giir tinh trimg phdi htiy so tinh trung ciia ngudi do".
(13). BLHS 1999 siia ddi, bo sung 2009 quy dinh tai Dilu 246 ve "T^i xam pham thi the, mcl md, hai c6l":
"Ngu&i ndo ... co hdnh vi khdc xdm phgm thi the ...
thi bf phgt cdi tgo khong giam giir den mgt nam hogc phgt til tu ba thdng den hai nam". Do dd, rat khd dl
TAP CHi LUATHOC SO 3/2019 NGHIEN cut! - TRAOBOI du phap ludt yeu cau phai huy bd tinh trimg
dugc gdi giu ndu ngudi gdi tinh triing da chit, song viec khdng huy bd lai khdng phai la hanh vi bj cam.'''*' Cd thd thiy, tiong vu vide sinh con td tinh trung ngudi chdt nam 2013, tmh than cua quy dinh da khdng dugc bao ddm. Nd lam nay sinh hai van dd: Mot Id vide ngudi bae sT da sd dung Id hdng phap li de cd y thye hidn viec trich xuat va bao quan tinh trung cua ngudi chet, vd ndu khdng nhanh chong Idp "Id hdng" thi se phat sinh nhilu nii ro dao ddc tiong tuong lai; hai Id khd nang phai chiu nii ro phap li cua ngudi bac SI ngay cd khi ndu hanh vi ndy cd kha nang xuat phat td sy nhdn van, "ngugc lai, se tao ra sy khdng edng bang tiong dp dung phap ludt. Ngodi nhiing khia canh cu the phat sinh tryc tiep td quy dinh vl vide bao qudn, sd dung tinh trung ddng lanh, nhiing vdn dd phdp li khac nhu vide xdc dinh eon chung, hudng thua kd... cung phat sinh td vy vi?c nay.
Vu viec phdt sirih vdo thdi diem gan ket tilde qua tiinh Dy tiiao LHNGD nam 2014 nen cd the vi nhieu li do ma ludt ndy da bd ngd viee dilu chinh van de PMR. Nghi djnh sd 10/2015/ND-CP"^' sau dd da co gdng lip
xdc dinh li^u viec tdc ddng len thi the ciia mdt ngudi de ldy di tinh tning hodc tning ma khdng cd sy ddng ^ cd bi xem Id dd cd "hanh vi khdc" hay khdng.
(14). Khdng cd quy dinh cdm mpt cdch minh thi, d6ng thdi Nghi dinh si 45/2005/ND-CP ve viec xii ph^t vi ph^im hdnh chinh trong lihh vyc y te vd vdn bdn thay thi nd Id Nghi dinh sd 96/2011/ND-CP quy djnh xii phat vi ph?im hdnh chinh vl khdm, chOa b?nh khdng d^t ra chi tdi cho hdnh vi ndy.
(15). Nghi djnh ciia Chfnh phii sd 10/2015/ND-CP ngdy 28/01/2015 quy dinh vl sinh con bdng kT thu^t thy tinh trong dng nghi|m vd dieu ki^n mang thai hp
day khoan tidng cua Luat. Theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 vd 4 Dilu 21 Nghi dinh thi tinh trung cd the van dugc luu gift va su dyng khi ngudi gdi gift chdt, cd nghia la cd kha nang CO thi tiln hdnh PMR. Bdi vay, can cu vao quy dinh phdp luat vd hidn md de eho ring hidn tai phap ludt Viet Nam khdng cho phep PMR Id chua hgp li.'^^' Ngudn cu thd dl dilu chinh PMR la Nghi dinh sd 10/2015/ND- CP'"' vd tinh thdn cua vdn bdn nay Id khdng cdm PMR. Trudng hgp sinh con tu tinh trimg ngudi chdt mang y nghia nhdn dao hay phi nhan dao phu thudc vao timg bdi canh cu thd. Khdng thd loai trd khd nang dua tie sinh ra CO the gap nhftng khd khdn nhdt dinh ma cd thd da thdy trudc dugc,''^' hay khd ndng lieu phap b; dp dung mdt each cuong ep vi li do "ndi doi tdng dudng" hodc bi lam dung dd hudng thda kd, budn bdn md, ca thd ngudi, budn ngudi... nhung vide tuyet ddi hod rdng viec lam do la "... vi phgm quyin con ngic&i noi chung vd quyen cua dua tre se duac sinh ra noi rieng"^ ' la khdng ed ca sd.
Vi le, nlu ngudi dugc ho trg va nhirng ngudi
vl muc dich nhdn dao.
(16). Ngudn: http://baophapluat.vn/hoi-dap-phap-luat/
tinh-trung-co-phai-la-tai-san-thua-ke-429840.html, truy cap 10/4/2019.
(17). Khdng thi coi PMR Id qud trinh hiln md. Bdn chdt sinh hpc vd phdp li cua tinh triing va md cd nhiing khdc bi^t md cdc tdc gia s3 phdn tich d p h ^ sau. NIU phai so sdnh thi chi cd the so sdnh PMR vdi viec hien tinh triing dii rdng rS rdng bdn chat hiln va bao quan de sii dung ciing dd rdt khdc nhau.
(18). Quan dilm cua nhilu nude cung cd luu y ve vin de nay.
(19). http://baophapluat.vn/hoi-dap-phap-luat/tinh- trung-co-phai-la-tai-san-thua-ke-429840 .html, truy cap 10/4/2019.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 3/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO BOI CO lien quan ed ddy du kha ndng de nudi dgy,
ydu thuong dua tre thi do la dilu hgnh phuc cda dua tie, cua nhung ngudi than va thdm chi la ngudi da mat. Cach rihln nhdn tuyet ddi hod tidn cd ve qua bi quan vi trd trudng hgp bi lam dyng tin h i l m eo ngudi me ndo sau nhieu kho khan vat vd de sinh con lai ddy con minh vao bat hanh. Gdc nhin ndy eung khdng thdng nhat vdi tinh thin cua ludt, bdi ndu chi nhin nhdn khd nang dua tie ed the se mat, khdng c6 cha ma dan tdi cim viec dua tie ra ddi la khdng thod dang.'^"' Sinh con la quydn con ngudi t y nhidn vd vi$c the hien, thyc hien y chi cua ban thdn, cua gia dinh ma khdng hi can thiep mdt each bat can xdng la quydn con ngudi dugc ghi nhan tiong nhilu edng udc qudc td.'^'* C i m PMR se gdy ra nhiing khd khan khdng dang cd khi mdt ngudi hpi tu du ydu td xa hdi de dugc tiln hanh lieu phap. Phap ludt nhieu nude khdng c i m PMR. Td thyc tien phdp ludt nhdn quydn tren the gidi thi vide dilu chinh cac van de vd ART ndm trong "quydn dinh doat rdng" (Wide range of discretion) cua qudc gia nhung qudc gia khdng dugc tao ra nhihig rao can phi li can trd vide tiep cdn cdc lieu phap ndy.'^^' Ddng thdi cung ehua
(20). NIU Id nhu v^y flii cd IS phdp ludt nSn quy dinh nlu ngudi vp cd kha ndng cd thai md ngudi chong chet thi phdi tiln hdnh lieu phdp trdnh thai hon Id vi^c d|t ra thdi han 10 thdng hay 300 ngdy dl xdc dinh con chung vd lai cdng khdng cd chuy$n cho ph^p trudng hop m? don than. So vdi tnrdng hpp ngudi me don thdn PMR cd nhftng n^t gidng vd khde biet nhdt djnh.
(21). Vi du, Cdng udc qudc tl vl cdc quyin ddn sy vd chfnh tri, Dilu 17.
(22). Cd the xem: Artavia v. Costa Rica, tai http://www.
corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r35048.pdf; Mennesson v. France
CO bdt ki phan quyet ndo tuyen PMR la mdt lieu phap "vi pham quydn con ngudi".'^'^
Cam Id vide ma bdt ki nhd nude ndo ciing cd thd van dung trudc cdc tinh hudng ma nha nude cho la phue tap. Tuy nhidn, vai tid cda nhd nude va phdp ludt nen la dilu ehinh hgp li, can bdng nhiing lgi ich va nhiing ehi phi ma xa hdi phai gdnh chiu, han ehe nhftng rdi ro khdng mong dpi.
Nhu vdy, ve mat thuc tien vd li ludn thi d Viet Nam da tdn tai quy dinh ve PMR va tinh thdn cua quy dinh la dang ghi nhdn. Nd thd hi?n sy no lyc cda Nha nude trong vide edn bdng cdc quan he lgi Ich va dam bdo quySn cua con ngudi. Tuy vdy, vdn cd nhidu dieu dd tidn tid ve eac quy dinh nay.
Thic nhdt, tai khoan 2 Nghi dinh sd 10/2015/ND-CP cd quy dinh v l "don d l nghi luu gift tinh trimg" nhirng Nghi dinh lgi khdng md ta hay eo phy lyc kem theo ve hinh thdc cda logi don nay, trong khi vide gdi tinh trimg quy djnh tgi khodn 2 Didu 20 Nghi dinh dugc xdc lap thdng qua "hgp ddng ddn sy". Vide xac lap thdng qua "hgp ddng dan sy" lam cho quan he ndy eo the xem la mdt dang quan he dan sy thuan tuy nhung
"don d l nghi" da ndng dia vi phdp li eua co tai: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ app/conversion/pdf/?
hbrary=ECHR&id=003-48046I7-5854908& filename=
003-4804617-5854908.pdf; hay SH v. Austria tai:
http://vm.ee/sites/defeult/files/content-editors/ CASE%
20OF%20S.H.%20AND%20OTHERS%20v.%20 AUSTRIA.pdf, tmy cap 10/4/2019.
(23). Dd c6 the Id quan diem cua lu^t nhung lieu ludt ndy cd bi tuyen bd Id can ttiiep qud miic vao ddi sing cd nhdn, ddi sdng gia dinh hay th^m chi Id cdn trd quyin cd con ciia nhiing ngudi bi vd sinh hay khdng lai Id cdu chuyen khdc.
20
TjflLP CHI LUAT HOC SO 3/2019 NGHIEN ciru- TRAO Bdi sd y te len so vdi bdn gdi gift. Nhu vgy dat ra
vin dl lieu eo sd y td'cd phai tien hanh thd tiic nao do dd cho phep hay td chdi don khdng? Ddng thdi cung rit kho khan dd ca sd luu gift xac dinh ca nhan giri gift chit.
Kha nang huy tinh trung hoan todn dya vdo thdng bao td phia gia dinh nhung lieu gia dinh cd nghia vy phai thdng bdo eho co sd y te hay khdng vd neu cd thi ca sd y tl se lam thd nao dd xdc dinh sy vi pham nghia vy cung nhu he qua cua sy vi pham. Sy khde biet ve mat co chd giua chi cin tilp tyc tra phi dd bdo quan va vide phdi tien hanh thdng bao khai tii dd sau do phdi tiln hdnh them thu tyc "dd nghi luu tiu" vd he qua phap li khdng ro rdng lam eho quy dinh kem tinh thyc tidn.
Thu hai, vide chi dilu chinh d hai khoan tiong Dilu 21 Nghi dinh sd 10/2015/ND-CP la bdt cdn xdng vdi tinh chat phde tap cua van de. Cdc quy dinh eiing chua that ro rdng.
Cu the, khodn 4 Didu 21 quy dinh: "Ngu&i va... su dung tinh triing... thuoc tru&ng hgp quy dinh tgi khodn 2... ldm phdt sinh cdc quan he ngodi quan he hon nhdn gia dinh thi thuc hien theo quy dinh cita phdp Lugt hon nhdn vd gia dinh vd phdp lugt ddn su'\ Cd hai van dl lien quan ddn quy dinh nay:
Tru&c hit, so vdi vide bdo quan, viec sd dung tinh tirdng chua dugc phdp luat dat ra nhiing Idem soat nhit dinh. Mdu chdt cda van dd khdng ndm d eh§ tinh trimg eo dugc tiep tue bao quan hay khdng ma nam d vide tinh trimg dugc bdo quan cd thd dugc lay ra khdi ngan hang tinh trimg vd dimg dd tidn hdnh lieu phap IVF hay khdng? Hau nhu cac
tianh chap vd tinh trung cua ngudi chit d Viet Nam vd tien thd gidi'^"^' xoay quanh vin de nay, bdi mong mudn sau cimg cua cdc chd thd Id tiln hdnh IVF chu khdng phai cd ging keo dai vide bdo qudn tmh triing. Tuy nhidn, tiinh ty, thd tuc dl liy lai va sau do cd thi sd dung tinh triing lai chua dugc phap ludt quy dinh. Trong eac vy vide thyc tien,'^^' hau nhu cae hdnh vien d§u yeu cau phdi cd van ban dugc cdng chdng nhung day la logi van bdn gi vd cd bat budc phdi cdng chdng hay khdng'^^' lai khdng dugc phap ludt quy dinh. Do van bdn cdng chdng phdi Id hgp ddng, giao dieh... nen hiu nhu cdc vdn phdng cdng chdng deu td chdi vdi li do tinh trimg khdng phdi la tai san.''' H? qua cua
(24). Xem vy Mariana Gomez-Turri kien ddi tinh tning:
https://www.thelocal.fr/20160531/france-allows- widow-to-have-child-with-dead-husbands-sperm, truy cap 10/3/2018.
Vi§e bd Vdng Thi Nggc HuyIn mudn ldy lai tinh triing cda con minh: https://baomoi.com/me-muon- thua-ke-tinh-trung-cua-con/c/29055768.epi, truy cap 05/01/2019.
(25). Vu bd Vdng Thi Ngpc Huyen vd vy bd Pham Thi Hod, cd thi xem bdn tin "Gian nan sinh con vdi ngudi da mat" ciia chuyen ddng 24h VTVl, tai https://www.youtube. com/watch? v=Gc9EXMOS54 A, truy cap 05/01/2019.
(26). "Cong chirng Id vi$c ... xdc thuc, hgp phdp cua hffp dong, giao djch ddn su khdc bdng vdn bdn (sau day ggi id hgp dong, giao dich), tinh chinh xdc, hgp phdp, khong trdi dgo dire xd hpi cua bdn djch gidy l&, vdn bdn tit tieng Vi0t sang tieng nuac ... md theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt phdi cong chung hogc cd nhdn, to chuc tyc ngiQ>$n yeu cdu cong chung" (khodn 1 vd 4 Dilu 2 Lu?it cdng chiing ndm 2014).
(27). Cd thi hieu vdn bdn Idy lai tinh triing khdng thi Id hpp dong hay giao dich theo cdch thiic hpp ddng dich vu nhu khi giii tinh trung. Nhin chung cd su khdc bi^t rdt rS rdng gifta vi|c gui giir vd lay lai de thy tinh.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 3/2019 NGHIENcTrU- TRAO Bdi vide nay la nhftng tianh ludn lidu tmh triing
cd phai Id tdi san hay khdng? Y kiln td nhilu chuyen gia trong ITnh vyc phdp li cho ring tinh trdng khdng phai Id tdi san;'^^' ciing ed y kidn eho ring tinh tiling la tdi sdn va day cung la quan diem chinh thuc cda Bd y tl, co quan cd tiach nhiSra tiong viec sogn thao va hudng dan cac quy dinh phap ludt vl IVF.'^^' Tmh tning eung khdng thi duge coi Id md hay b$ phgn co the ngudi mac du nd dugc dilu chmh tiong Ludt hiln, iiy, ghep md, bd phdn CO the ngudi va hien, lay xac, xuit phat td bdn chat sinh hgc cua tinh triing cung nhu each dinh nghia cda Luat.^"'°' Quan dilm cho
(28). PGS.TS. Dd van Dai, PGS.TS. Ld Minh Hiing cho rdng tinh thing khdng phai Id tdi sdn nhung cd thi trd lai cho ngirdi vp cua ngudi dd mdt, https://lawnet.
thukyluat.vn/posts/t9266-pgs-ts-do-van-dai-dh-luat- tp-hcm-cho-y-kien-ve-viec-thua-ke-tinh-trung, truy cdp 05/01/2019; TS. Nguyen Phuong Lan cho rdng tinh trtog khdng phdi Id tai san vd s2 khdng trd lai vdi If do xem tinh triing nhu mdt d^ng rad, bp phsln ca thi con ngudi, http://baophapluat.vn/hoi-dap-phap-luat/
tinh-trung-co-phai-Ia-tai-san-thua-ke-429840.html, truy cdp 05/01/2019; LS. Le Quang Vy vd Nguyin Thi Hdng coi nd la mpt lpi ich ngoai sdn nghifp va bd ngd vin de "thira ke tinh trimg", httpsi//www.nguoi duatin.vn/nhung-van-de-phap-ly-xung-quanh-viec- nhan-Iai-tinh-trung—cua-nguoi-da-mat-a4166 80.html, tniy c§p 05/01/2019.
(29). Cdng vdn ciia Bd y tl s6 7531/BYT-BM-TE vl vi^c sil dyng tinh triing ciia ngudi chdng dd mdt Ah thu tinh trong 6ng nghiep. Xem them: https://tuoitre.
vn/vu-xin-thua-ke-tinh-trung-bo-y-te-khang-dinh- phai-tuan-theo-Iuat-2018I226IS540I836.htm, truy clip 05/01/2019.
(30), Khodn 1 Dieu 3 quy dinh: "Mo Id tgp /ifp cdc te bdo ciing mgt logi hey nhieu logi khdc nhau di thuc Men cdc chuc ndng nhdt djnh ciia ca the nguaf;
trong khi tinh triing chi la te bdo sinh dye nam (chua dii yeu to de coi Id md). Luat cung het siic minh thi khi tdch bach quy dinh tai Dieu 5 ve quyen hiln md.
rang phap lugt qude gia khde khdng coi tinh trimg Id tdi san md coi nd id rad, bd phan co the ngudi cGng chua thyc sy phd hpp.'^''
Thu hai, eau true vd ndi dung cda quy phara nay khdng r6 rdng, do dd khdng rainh dinh dugc tinh dde thd cda vin dl vd cdc h^
qua theo sau. Sy khdng rd rang nay se lam tdn thuong tdi quydn lgi chinh ddng cda dda tie nen can thiet phdi duge quy dinh cy thd.
Thic ba, nhieu vdn dl cu thi nhung thilt ydu cdn hi bd ngd nhu vide cd thi liy tmh triing td CO tiie cua ngudi chit khdng, dilu kidn, thu tuc, dd ed thi tiln hanh lieu phap PMR, ngudi gdi tinh triing cd thi thoa thuan vdi ca sd y tl nhdm dl lai tiiu kd tinh triing hay khdng, cd "thdi lii|u" dl tiln hanh PMR hay khdng?... Dd diu Id nhflng vin dl da phdt sinh song chua dugc giai quylt.
3. Quy dinh cua phap luat m^t so quoc gia ve nhimg khia c^nh cua viec sinh con tur tinh trung cua ngudi chet
PMR Id vdn de dugc nghien cdu, tianh luan tien nhieu khia cgnh, dieu nay xuit phdt tu ban chit cua PMR nhu mdt ART.'^^' Ngoai ra, nhung tranh ludn cdn lien quan tdi
bd p h ^ cd thi ngudi vd hiln xdc vd Dilu 6 quyin hiln, nhan tinh trimg, nodn, phdi trong thu tinh nhdn tao. Chiic ndng sinh hpc cOa md vd anh hudng cita viec lay, gh^p md cd dilm khdc so vdi chiic ndng sinh hpc cua tinh trimg vd anh hudng cua vi^c quan he tinh due hay IVF.
(31). Cd thi xem thgm tai: https://mipactethics.ca/
2013/08/22/sperm-is-property-so-says-the-court/;
https://www.newlawjoumal.eo.uk/content/property- law-extends-sperm, truy cap 05/01/2019.
(32). Ma cd IS n h ^ thiic dao ddc ciia mpt sd ngudi, tdn gido, quoc gia Id chua chdp nhdn nhiing kl thu§t (ART) bi cho Id phdn quy lu$t tu nhien nhu v$.y.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 3/2019 NGHIENCW- TRAOBOI y chi cua ngudi dd khuat. M0t sd nghidn
ciiu thdm chi lihin van dd dudi gdc dp la quyin eua ngudi dd ehlt,'^^' bdn canh do con Id nhftng van dd phdp li-xa hdi nhu vide hudng va phan chia di sdn, hay lidu P M R cd phu hgp vdi nhgn thdc cua cdng ddng khdng, dda tie eo bi dat vdo hodn eanh qua mdc bdt hanh hay khdng... Nhung v i n d l ve PMR phde tgp theo n h i l u mdc dp khde nhau tU)' theo tdng vy vi^c va ciing tuy thudc vdo ehinh sach phdp ludt cua qude gia. Vi du, Phap, Due, Y Id nhung nude cd chinh sach han c h i tuyet ddi PMR ( c i m hoan toan va thdm chi la dp dung cd chd tai hinh sy),' ' han chd d mde t h i p h a n nhung cung tuong ddi nghidm ngat cd t h i k l tdi Hy Lgp, Vuong qude Anh, BI. Mgt sd bang d Hoa Ky hay Israel cd hudng t i l p can md ve van de nay.
3. T-Phdp vd hu&ng tiep cgn cdm Cd thS ndi, Phap Id mdt trong nhftng qudc gia cd hudng tidp can khat khe nhat vdi PMR khi kl thuat nay hodn todn bi cdm d Phap. Nhd lam lugt Phap dua ra li do dda tie sinh ra dugc dy doan la gap nhieu khd
(33). Kramer, M., "Do Animals and Dead People Have Legal RightsT', Canadian Joumd (fLaw & Jurisprudence, 14(1)/2001,29 - 54.doi: 10.1017/S0841820900002368, https;//www.cambridge.org/core/joumaIs/canadian- joumal-of-law-and-jurisprudence/article/do-animals- and-dead-people-have-legal-rights/CA435049223156 006825E63567F8C9E2, tmy c$p 10/4/2019.
(34). Ralf MQlIer-Teipitz, "Surrogacy and post mortem reproduction - Legal situation and recent discussion in Germany", Culture and Research vol 5, 2016, 69 - 80, https://ejoumals.lib.auth.gr/cuhes/articIe/view/49 53/4918, tmy c§p 10/4/2019.
khan.' ^' Tuy nhidn, li do nay cd le khdng phdi la li do mang tinh quylt dinh, bdi n l u xem xet toan bp khung phap luat cda Phap, cd the thdy, qude gia ndy cd each tilp can khdt khe nhit ddi vdi ART. Phap chi cho phep ART (ma chinh xac hon Id IVF) vdi nhung dilu kien vd cimg nghidm ngdt. Theo hg, ART ndi chung, chi duge tao ra d l hd tig eho cdc cap ddi khac gidi tiong dp tudi sinh san.'^^' Didu nay dugc thd hidn ro tiong Luat sue khoe cdng eua Phap khi Ludt ndy yeu edu nam nft deu phdi cdn sdng, d do tudi sinh sdn, phai ddng y vdi sy thy tinh hodc chuyen phdi; nhflng yeu td loai trir kha nang ap dung ART bao gdm cdi chit cua mdt trong hai b£n, li hdn, li thdn, ngimg chung sdng nhu vg chdng, mdt tiong hai ben khdng ddng y. Cac ca nhan khi dp dung ART khdng tuan thd cac dieu kidn tidn se bi phat tiln va phat tu tdi 5 nam. Cae quy dinh cam cda Phdp thieu nhftng bang chdng cii thg v l tdc ddng tieu cyc cda ki thudt va rd rang khdng mang nhieu gia tri vd mat y khoa ma chi la y chi don le cua nhd ldm ludt.
Khac vdi quan diem hien nay cua phap ludt nude ndy,nhan dinh cua mpt toa an Phap tiong vy viec dau tien vd PMR la vy Parpalaix'^^' Id ngudi vg ehinh la ngudi cd
(35). Solenn Sugier, Widow Challenges French Law Tha Prohibits Using a Dead Man's Sperm to Get Pregnant, https://news.vice.com/article/widow-challenges- french-law-that-prohibits-using-a-dead-mans-sperm- to-get-pregnant>, tmy cdp 08/7/2018.
(36). Karfene Parizer-Krief, "Post mortem procreation in French and British Law", Culture and Research vol 5, 2016, 91-111, http://ejoumals.lib.auth.^/culres/ article/
view/4955, tmy cap 10/4/2019.
(37). TGI Crateil, 1st August 1984, no 4225/84, Parpalaix 23
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 3/2019 NGHIEN CifU - TRAO BOI kha nang tdt nhat tiong viec giai thich y chi
cda ngucri chdng. Toa an cho phep nguyen don dupe ldy lai tinh trdng va sd dung nd.
Thye te, phap luat Phap khdng thi cira con ngudi tidn hanh ART ndi chung (va PMR ndi rieng). Ngudi ta cd the "lach ludt"
bang each ra nude ngoai de dp dung Hdu phap y khoa. Cach thdc nay dugc ggi la "du lich sinh san". Dieu nay la dang quan ngai bdi cac quy dinh phdp ludt dudng nhu da khdng cdn y nghia.' ' Mdt nghich li la, khi cdm, viec tidn hanh PMR ed thd bi lam dyng do thieu cac thidt che quan li vd ddnh gia.
Khi do, nha nude khdng thd kiem soat hay han chi nhung rdi ro. Vi Id do, nhftng quy dinh nay da nhilu lin bi phdn ddi vd cd rat nhidu dl xudt thay ddi da dugc dua ra.'^^'
Nhu vdy, cd thd thiy, Phdp thyc thi chinh sdch silt chat vdi PMR ndn nhftng dieu kidn vl PMR khdng dugc ddt ra. Tuy nhien, nlu dya tien phdn quydt cda vu Parpalaix thi mpt ydu td quan tipng can duge xem xet ehinh Id y chi cda ngudi da chet (ngudi chdng). C6 thi thiy, ehinh sach cam ro rang se tao ra nhftng vin dl nhit dinh. Khdng ehi cd Phap gdp phai lan sdng yeu cdu thay ddi rad ca Ddc,' (40) V.(41) , L nhiing qudc gia cam PMR c/CECOS: Gaz. Pal. 1984, 2, 560 (LESEC); JCP G6n., 1984, II, no 20321 (CORONE); RTD civ. 1984, p.
703 (REBULLIN-DEVICHI).
(38). Phdp ludt khdng thi cdm dp dyng ART d ngodi bian gidi Phdp, cung khdng thi cam viec cdng nh^n qudc tich Phdp cho nhung di>a tre dupe sinh ra. Khi dd, phdp Iu§t lai trd thanh gdnh ndng vd ldm ldng phi thdi gian, cdng siic, tien bac.
(39). Karfene Parizer-Krief, tldd.
(40). Ulrich Gassner et al, Fortpflamungsmedizingesetz, Augsburg-MUnchner-Entwurf, Mohr Siebeck Ttlbingen, 2013, p. 61.
khde deu gap phdi nhiing vdn dd tuong ty.
Du ring, quan diera, chinh sach ve PMR cda nhfmg qudc gia nay khd ma thay ddi tiong mdt sdm mdt ehidu nhung nhung nghien cdu vdn tilp tuc dugc thyc hien nham cu the hod quyin dugc ap dyng PMR.
3.2. Hy Lgp, Anh, Hoa Ky vd hu&ng tiip can cho phep v&i nhihig dieu kien rdng buoc
3.2.1. Phap lu$t cua Hy Lap
Ld nude theo he thdng phap ludt lye dia, quy dinh dilu chinh PMR cda Hy Lap ehd ylu nim tiong Bd ludt dan sy (BLDS),'"^' ey thi la tgi Chuong 8. Trong do, quy dinh vd dilu ki?n tiln hdnh PMR duge quy dinh chu ydu d Didu 1457 vd tdt nhidn nd cd mdi hen he vdi nhihig quy dinh khdc. Quy dinh eua Dilu 1457 thyc ra chi la trudng hgp ngogi le cho Dilu 1456; tilp do Dilu 1456 cung la ngogi le eua Didu 1455. Vl bdn chit quy dinh tai Dilu 1455 rit chat che va khdng kem phap luat Phdp khi yeu can chi duge dp dyng ART dd dilu tij vd sinh hogc chi khi nlu vi$c sinh san theo each thdng thudng cd thd se tao ndn nhiing hgu qua khdng mong mudn; ddng thdi chi hd tig nhftng ngudi dang d tiong dd tudi sinh san. Didu 1456 da
(41). Inhom MC et al. Assisted reproductive technologies and fertility "tourism": examples from global Dubai anJ/Ae/vvLeog«e, Med Anthropol, 2012; 31:249-65;
(42). Riezzo, Irene et al, "Italian Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction: Do Women's Autonomy and Health Matter?", BMC Women's Health, 16(2016):44.
(43). Greek Law 3089 On Medically Assisted Human Reproduction, December 23, 2002, Translated from the Greek original by Youiika Kotsovolou Masry, Ph.D., LL.B. C6 thi xem tai: https://www.academia.
edu/6918055/Greek_Law_3089_2002_On_MedicaIly _Assisted_Human_Reproduction_text_of_law_tmsl._
from_Greek_into_English, tmy c^p 10/4/2019.
24
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 3/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBOI md ra khd nang cho nhftng ngudi chua ket
hdn (chung sdng nhu vg chdng) cd the ap dung dugc ART neu hg ddng y. Hg phai thd hidn sy ddng y bdng van ban va dem di edng chiing. Viee dp dung ART se bi dinh chi ndu mdt bdn chit. Nhu vdy, theo Dilu 1456 thi khdng the ap dyng PMR. Tidp do, Didu 1457 tao ra kha nang cho vide ndy. Tuy nhien, dilu kidn cua Dilu 1457 la kha chat chd. No ddi hdi viee tien hanh PMR phdi dugc sy ph§ ehuan cda toa an ddp dng du cdc dilu kien luat dinh, bao gdra chdng, ngudi cung chung sdng vdi ngudi phu nu bi benh cd kha ndng vd sinh hogc dang bi nguy hilm din tinh mang, ed sy cho phep cda ngudi ndy vl viee ap dyng PMR (phai cy thi la PMR, sy cu thi nay ldm eho can eu tai Dilu 1457 khac biet so vdi Dilu 1456) va phai dugc ti^n hanh khdng sdm han 6 thdng va khdng mudn hon 2 nam sau cdi chdt cua ngudi do.
Nhung quy dirih ndy dd vin mang tinh kiem sodt nhung dd hgp li hon so vdi vide cam hoan toan vi nd r5 rdng Id nhdm bao vd tigt tu, lgi ich cda xd hpi nhu tianh vide Igm dung hay de vide thda ke didn ra mpt cdch sudn se. Tuy vdy, nlu ngudi phy nd dd thyc hien PMR vd sinh con thi du khdng thod man nhftng dilu kidn nay, phap luat Hy Lap cung phdi thda nhdn quyen eua dda tre. Didu ndy phin nao do the hidn sy nhan vdn cua phap li4t vd Cling la no luc dd bao ddm quyen con ngudi. Tuy vgy, ndu nhin mdt each tieu cue thi nhiing dieu kidn phuc tap dirge dat ra bdi quy djnh phap ludt cd the se khd ma dat dugc. Sy thua nh$n khi do cd the bi xem nhu Id gidi phap thy ddng khi viec
khdng cdng nhdn ngudn gdc dda tre ed thd tgo ra nhung he qud khdng mong mudn.
Ddng thdi, nd nhu mdt tin hieu cho phep (tham ehi khuyin khieh) khd ndng len Idt thye hien hodc tiln hanh du lich sinh san.
3.2.2. Phap ludt eua Anh
Anh da tidi qua kha nhilu lin thay ddi, dilu chinh phap luat lien quan din PMR. Xu hudng cda qudc gia nay la di td hudng thu hep sang md rgng (trdi ngugc vdi Bi,trudc kia Bi khdng cd khung phdp ludt dilu chinh ART, dan den su Igm dung nhung kT thuat nay. Dang noi la lan sdng nhimg ngudi Y, Romania den Bi dd du lieh sinh san. Dilu nay da dan den sy that chat hon quy dinh d Bi).'^**' Luat diu tien cua Anh didu ehinh vl PMR co the ke tdi Dao luat vd thy tmh vd phdi thai nam 1990 (HFE Act).''^^' Dao luat nay tiiyc tl
• da ed cai nhin md hem so vdi nghidn cdu mang tinh khdng khuyin khieh PMR eua bao cao Wamock,''''*' tuy vay, quy dinh cda Dao luat van rdt han che khd nang dp dung PMR.
Vy kien Diana Blood chinh la tien dl dl HFE Act 1990 trd nen "md" ban. Trong vu ndy, bd Blood da tiich xudt tinh triing cda chdng minh de thy tmh va gap phdi sy phdn
(44). Pennings, Guido, "Belgian Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction and Ihe Disposition of Supemumeiary Embryos and Gametes", European Journal of Health Law, Vol. 14, No. 3. (2007), p. 251 - 260.
(45). Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 vd phan sira doi bo sung "Deceased Fathers" 2003 vd mpt sd thay doi khdc cd the xem t^i: https://www.
legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/3 7/contents, tmy cdp 09/7/2018.
(46). A Question of Life - The Wamock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology, London, Basil Blackweil, 1985, p. 55, §10.9.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 3/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBOI ddi cua CO quan co thdm quyin (Human
Fertilisation and Embryology Autiiority) do khong thoa man dieu ki?n ve sy ddng y, Phdn quyet sau cung ciia toa dn la phdn thing thupc vd ba Blood vdi quyin mang tinh tiimg sang nude ngoai (Bi) dl thu tinh''*'' va ba ta da Idn lugt cd hai con trai. Trong ban an, thdm phdn Woolf cho ring, tinh trimg dd duge bao qudn trong mpt tnrdng hgp le ra la khdng ndn; sau khi phan quyet cd hi|u lyc se khdng ed bat ki vide bdo qudn tinh trimg ma thieu di sy cho phep ndo nfta.'''*'
Sau do, HFE Act da cd nhimg sda ddi, bo sung nam 2003' ' cho phep PMR (vd ea vide thiet lap quan he) neu c6 sy ddng y cda ngudi da khuat khi cdn sdng va phien ban nay cd hieu lyc hdi td (nghia Id tu ndm 1991 khi HFE Act 1990 cd hieu lye). Tuy nhien, phidn ban ndm 2003 cung cd nhftng gidi han nhdt dinh nhu quy dinh vide ket hdn la mpt didu kidn. Nhiing hgn chd nay da hoan toan bi xoa bd tiong Dgo luat nam 2008.'^''' Dieu kien duy nhdt cdn lgi chi la sy ddng y dugc thd hidn bdng van ban. Bdn canh do, trudc khi ludt ndy cd hieu lyc thi nhftng nhdn dinh
(47). R V HFEA (1997) 2 A U ER 687. D. Morgan, R.
Lee, "In the name of the father? Ex Parte Blood Dealing with Novelty and Anomality," Modern Law Review, 1997, 60, p. 840 - 855.
(48). Karene Parizer-Krief, tldd,
(49). Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 vd nhiing ph^n siia dii bo sung cd the xem tai:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/conten ts, tmy C^LP 09/7/2018.
(50). Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 vd nhihig phan sira ddi bd sung cd the xem t^i:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/contents, tmy cap 09/7/2018.
tiong phan quydt cda vy Diana Blood ve vdn de bdo quan tinh trdng khi khdng ed su ddng y ciing da khdng cdn diing dan. Trong vu L V HFEA vdo nam 2008,'"' tinh ming vdn dugc thu gift (bdi mdt phong kham) vd bdo quan bdi HFEA.
Tdm lai, tiong bdi cdnh phap luat hien tai, phdp luat Anh cd hudng tidp can kha thoang song nhftng khodng trdng phdp luat tiong mgt chimg myc nao dd van tdn t£U.
3.2.3. Phap ludt cda Hoa Ky
Tai Hoa K^', vd vdn dd PMR, mdi bang cd each tidp can khdc nhau, da dgng td viee cho phep din edm vd duge the hidn tiong nhieu ngudn td dn Id, lugt thdnh van tham chi la hoan toan khdng cd quy dinh. Do vdy, d day phdp ludt Hoa IL^ nhara de chi mdt sd bang cd quy djnh eho phep duge ey the dudi dang nhung cdng cy phap luat. Phap luat Hoa Ky noi chung khdng "duong dau" true didn vdi vin dd dilu kidn dp dyng PMR ma nam d viec tinh trCmg ed the dugc thda kd khdng va ai se la ngudi thda kd vd tiong dieu kien nao dua tie dugc hudng di sdn? Didu nay la vi ndu dda tie dugc tieu bang cho phep hudng thua kd thi khdng thd ndo ndi rang tieu bang td chdi vide dp dyng PMR, tuy nhidn tidi lai, neu tieu bang khdng cd quy dinh hodc chi khdng cho phep dda tie hudng di sdn thi vdn dl khi dd cd IS se chuyen thdnh vide lieu ngudi me cua dda tie cd dugc thda ke tinh trdng hay khdng. Tinh kl thda (ddng thdi Id dilu kidn sd dyng) dugc eua tinh trung dugc thd hidn ddu tidn tiong vy Hecht v. The Superior Court of Los
(51). L v HFEA (2008) EWHC 2149 (Fam).
26
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 3/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl Angeles county vdo nam 1993. Trong vu
nay, William E. Kane trude khi ty sat da dd lgi tinh trdng ddng lanh va radt vdn ban eho phep ngudi tinh cda minh dugc sd huu tinh trimg vd de sinh con cda hg.'^^' Con cda Kane da kidn Idn tod dn d Los Angeles dd ydu ciu huy tinh trdng vd toa an nay da ddng y; sau do Hecht kidn Idn tod an bang (California).
Toa an bang nay da buy bd phdn quylt trudc do cua tod an Los Angeles. Hidn nay, tuy tdng bang md viec "cho phep PMR" cd thd cdn hodc khdng can sy ddng y bang van ban hogc khdng bdng van ban, cd dl kera thdi hieu hoae khdng.'^"*'
Du rang khdng cd quy dinh thdng nhit va ro rang ve dieu kien tien hanh PMR tiong phap ludt Hoa K^-, song cae eo sd y tl luu gift tinh trdng ciing ty cd nhung quy tic nhit dinh de kilm soat vide dp dyng PMR, ddm bdo cac gia tri vd dao ddc cung nhu quyin va lgi ich cda dda be.'^'*'
3.3. Israel va hu&ng tiip can m&
Israel Id qude gia ed hudng tidp can md nhdt tiong van de vd PMR. Bdn canh viee ghi nhan y ehi cua ngudi gdi tinh tiimg khi
(52). Ahluwalia, Usha, and Mala Arora, "Posthumous Reproduction and its Legal Perspective", International Journal of Infertility and Fetal Medicine, 2 (1), 2011:
9-14.
(53). Katherine Dwyer, Inheritance Rights of Posthumously Conceived Children in Other States, Office of LEG. research, REP.. 2012-R-0319 (2012).
Cd thi xem tai: https://www.cga.ct:gov/2012/rpt/ 2012 -R-03I9.htm, hoiy c§p 10/4/2019.
(54). Vi du, cd thi xera hudng din thuc hign PMR vd PMSR ciia Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM) - don vj nghien ciiu y sinh thupc Khoa y ciia Dai hpc Cornell tai: https://urology.weiIlcorneII.org/Postmortem- Sperm-Retrieval, tmy c^p 14/3/2018.
tinh trimg dugc bao qudn, Israel con eho phep dy dodn sy ddng y tiong tiudng hgp trich xuat tinh triing. Sy dy dodn ndy dugc tien hdnh duy nhdt bdi toa an nhung,nd khdng phdi la kit qua cua sy dp dat y chi mdt each chu quan vl le viec dy dodn ndy cdn can cd tidn nhilu ydu td khdc. Toa an cd thi cho phep thu gift tinh tiling dd ddng lgnh mdt each rit de dang (do dae tinh tdn tai ngoai mdi trudng tiong thdi gian ngin cua tinh triing) thi nhung dl eo thi "sd dung" thi cin qua mdt qud trinh ddnh gia hit sdc kT luong.
Israel khdng ddt ra thdi gian cy till dl cd thi tidn hdnh PMR (thdi gian chd ndy ed mue dieh nhara ban ehd nhung quydt dinh raang tinh ndng vdi, do cdm xuc bit on...) nhu Hy Lap hay radt so bang cua Hoa Ky, ma viec hgn chd khd nang bj ehi phii bdi cdm xdc duge tidn hanh bdi nhftng chuyen gia vl tam li. Day la mdt cdch tilp can khd thu vi. Ddng thdi, hidu qua md nd mang lgi cd thd eao ban, rui ro eiing cd the dugc giam thieu vd thdi gian chd dgi (cda ngudi thyc sy cdn) Cling dugc gidm di, gidp cho cae hoat ddng xa hpi c6 the dien ra ma khdng bi gidn doan, mae du, tiong chdng myc nao do, cdch ldm nay ed ve "dat dd" hon (vi can thiet tdi cdc boat ddng cda tod an, chuyen gia, tham chi la sy danh gid vd mat xa hdi cda ehinh quyin tiong mdt sd trudng hgp nhat dinh). Ciing gidng nhu da so qudc gia, Israel van xac dinh vg Id chu the can dugc xae dinh diu tien vd neu ngudi nay tdn tgi thi ngudi nay cd thdm quyen duy nhdt doi vdi tinh tning (nghia Id gdm ed viec sd dung), cha me cda ngudi qua cd dd van dugc thua kd tinh trimg
27
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 3/2019 NGHIENCUV' TRAOBOI song lgi khdng dugc sd dung nlu ngudi vg td
chdi. Cung gidng nhu Anh, My, viSc tdn tgi quan he hdn nhan khdng phdi la ylu td bdt bupc. Thgm chi Israel cdn rad hon khi chip nhdn cd sy ddng y ngdm dinh. Trong nhftng trudng hgp nay cin thilt cd sy ddng y cda ngudi phy nft (khdng nhit thilt phai la ngudi ydu eua ngudi dd khudt) va cha me cua ngudi qua cd.' ^' Vide nay eiing do tod dn xem xet, quyet dinh vd tiong trudng hgp gifta ngudi da khudt va ngudi phu nft hodn toan khdng cd quan hd gi, vide dp dyng, theo tde gia cd thi duge xem nhu la mgt iing dung cua PMR va mang thai hd hoac cho nhdn tinh trdng.
Tat nhien, vdi tu each Id rapt he thdng phap ludt, Israel van eo Id hdng tiong van dd PMR nhung cd thd thdy, nude nay da tien hanh rihieu cupc nghidn cuu vd tod dn ciing da CO kinh nghiera phdn quydt ve vdn de ndy vd do nhu edu chung cua cdng ddng nen van de nay da dugc didu ehinh khd chat che.
4. Mpt so kien nghj cho phap Iu|it Viet Nam
Cd thi thdy, vdi bdn chat la ART, van de PMR khd tianh khdi nhung tianh ludn nhdt dinh vd mat dgo due, xa hdi do sy khae biSt vd van hod, tdn giao, nhan thdc, keo theo Id sy khdc biet tiong quy dinh phdp ludt gifta cdc qudc gia. Tuy vdy, ngoai nhiing trudng hgp tiep cgn mpt each qud bdo thu (cam hodn todn) thi d eac he thong phap luat khdc
(55). Schuz, Rhona, The Developing Right to Parenthood in Israeli Law (January 10, 2013), The International Survey of Family Law, 2013 Edition, p.
197 - 225, https;//ssm.com/abstract=2478344, tmy cdp 09/7/2018.
nhau, quy dinh vd PMR vdn ehia se nhftng dilm chung nhat dinh. Khdng the phu nhgn rang, cdn radt so (khdng hd it) cac qudc gia vin eho phep PMR dudi hinh thdc bd ngd nhung viec bd ngd khdng phai Id phuang an tot. Mpt khung phap luat rat can dugc dat ra khdng phdi Id de khuyin khich dp dyng PMR, ma dd dinh hudng dp dyng no hgp li va tianh sy Igm dung. Trong bdi canh cua ViSt Nam, PMR khong ban la mdt dieu sai tiai. Vide co con chau, truydn thira nhung gid tii gia dinh, thd ty, huong hoa la nhirng net ldu ddi cda dan tpc. Ngoai ra, PMR chinh la each thdc dd thyc hiSn udc mo cua nhiing cap "vg chdng" gap bat hgnh. Dieu can thidt vd quan tipng la phdi gidm thilu dugc nhiing nii ro va dam bdo cho dda tie sinh ra dugc hudng ddy du nhijng quyen lgi chinh dang.
Dd thyc hien dugc dieu nay, phap luat Viet Nam cdn duge hoan thien theo cdc dinh hudng sau:
Th^ nhdt, cdc hudng dan, giai thich tu Bd y te can phai dugc tap hgp tiong cdc van ban quy phgm phdp ludt ehd khdng chi Id nhftng gidi phdp mang tinh ed biet, khdng chinh thdc dudi dang cdng van. Dieu nay xuat phat tu hai li do, ddu tidn Id bdi tinh phde tap nen van de can nhgn dugc sy danh gid, ddng thudn td edng ddng, tao co hgi cho viee nhdn thdc, van dyng, giai thieh de dam bdo quyen lgi ciia tdng ea nhan tiong edng ddng; tiep dd la dam bdo tinh dan chu, phap quydn tiong he thdng phdp ludt, tao co hdi cho viec tiep can cac quy dinh mdt cdch binh ddng vd thye thi cac quy dinh mdt each thdng nhdt.
TAP CH! L U A T HQC SO 3/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO BOI Thu hai, khdng ndn xdc djnh ede quan he
dugc xac lap bdi PMR Id quan he ngodi hdn nhan vd gia dinh md nen xem nd Id mdt quan he it nhdt phdi cd lien quan tdi hdn nhan vd gia dinh.
Tha bo, ndn ddnh gid lai tinh tdi san cda tinh trung. Dd khdng ddng tinh vdi phuang phap giai thieh cda Bg y te, ehdng tdi ddng tinh vdi giai phdp rang cd thd xem tinh tning la tai sdn nhung can nhan manh day Id loai tai san dgc biet, rad theo do didu kidn xac Idp sd hftu, chuydn giao, sd dung sd phai chiu nhftng ban ehe nhat dinh nhu vide c i m mua ban tinh trdng, cam ngudi thd ba su dyng, chiem doat trai phep tinh triing. Vide trich xuit, bdo qudn, thdm chi Id sd dung tinh trimg phai tudn thu cae van ban phdp ludt va cac quy chudn trong y khoa.
Thir tit, cdn ghi nhdn gia tri phap li cda di chuc sinh hgc'^^' - viec thd hien y chi cua cua ngudi da chit, nhdm xdc dinh vd tdn trgng y chi cua ngudi nay. Di chuc nay cd the tdn tgi trong hgp ddng ddn sy dugc giao kdt vdi co sd y te hogc dugc xdc lgp ve sau bang vdn ban. Tuy nhidn, nd cung cd t h i dugc m d rpng dudi hinh thdc di chuc sinh hgc bdng Idi ndi (nlu thod man quy dinh cua BLDS).
Thu nam, c i n luu ^ tdch bach vdn dd trich xuit, cho bdo qudn, tidp tuc bao quan, cho phep liy ra khdi c a sd luu gift vd cho phep sd dung tinh trung. Moi thao tdc phdi theo nhftng thu tyc xdc dinh vd phdn biet rd
rdng cdc thao tac vdi nhau. Vide trich xuit cd thd dugc tidn hdnh vdi thu tuc nhanh gpn, don gian song viec cho phep sd dung tinh trimg e i n phdi theo nhiing thd tuc cdn tipng.
Can xde dinh eac d i l u kidn d l PMR. Hidn tai, theo thdng tin cua Bd y td'^'' chi cd ngudi v p mdi dugc su dung tmh trung eua chdng minh. Ddy la d i l m tuong ddi tiln bp thd hien no lye cua Bd y td tiong vide xdc dinh chu the ed quydn ndy nhung thilt nghT, Cling ed thd nhin nhan v i n d l nay thoang hon d chd, ngoai trudng hgp vg chdng hgp phap tuc Id cd dang ki k i t hdn thi c6 t h i cho phep ea ngudi k i t hdn qua cac nghi thdc v l hdn nhan (le cudi) hay thgm chi Id eung chung sdng nhu vg chdng tiln hdnh PMR tiong gidi ban la ngudi ndy phdi duge sy thdng nhat cua cha me ngudi da chit. Viec dp dung PMR ciing can thidt duge i n dinh thdi hieu, ma theo kinh nghiem mdt sd nude la khdng sdm ban 6 thang va muon hon 2 nam hogc can thidt phai dap dng nhftng yeu eau nhat dinh nhu tam, sinh li, sdc khoe, yeu td nhan than dugc danh gia bdi cdc bae sT, bdc sT tdm li vd sy phdi hgp cua eo quan hanh chinh d dia phuang. Dua tien eac danh gia, phan tich ma toa an se xem xet viec cho phep PMR. Ddy la nhftng ydu td quan tipng dd can bang cae khia canh khae nhau cda tdng hoa nhdn quydn"
(56). LRosenblum, The Biological Wil^" - a new paradigm in ART, 17TH World Congress On Controversies In Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility (COGI), November 8-11, 2012 Lisbon, Portugal.
(57). Cdng vdn cua Bd y te sd 7531/BYT-BM-TE vt viec sir dung tinh trung cua ngudi chdng da mat de thy tinh trong dng nghiep. Xem them: https://tuoi tre.vn/vu-xin-thua-ke-tinh-tmng-bo-y-te-khang-dinh- phai-tuan-theo-luat-20181226185401836.htm, truy cap 05/01/2019.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 3/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
Thic sdu, ghi nhdn dua tie dugc sinh ra la con chung cda ngudi vg vdi ngudi chdng da mit
Thik bdy, bdo dam quyin hudng di sdn cua dda tie dugc sinh ra bdng kj thugt PMR thdng qua cac quy dinh hidn cd eua BLDS nhu han chi phdn chia di sdn hay hodn tid gid tii...
Thic tdm, can xdc dinh ca quan gidi quydt cac tranh chap, ydu eiu phat sinh td IVF Id tod an./.
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A Lawyer's Guide to Emerging Law and
Science, 2nd edition, American Bar Association, 2011.
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14(1)72001.
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16(2016):44.
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