Tinh nang flong cua van hoa My
Le Dinh Cue
' Tap chl Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
Email; [email protected]
Nhan ngay 2 thang 6 nam 2019. Chap nhan dSng ngay 6 thang 9 nam 2019.
Tom tit: Van hoa My cd anh hudng ldn tdi ddi sing xa hoi tren the gidi. Do hmh thanh tir cac nin van hoa ciia nhiing ngudi nhap cu nen dac diem ldn nhit ciia van hoa My la tfnh nang dpng. Bac diem nay giiip ngudi My ludn thay ddi de phii hpp vdi doi hdi cua xa hpi va ddi song, tir nha d, viec lam den do diing hang ngay. Ngudi My cd tmh tu lap, canh tranh nhung doan ket tren co sd chii nghTa ca nhan va thuc dung. Trong chfnh tri va quan ly xa hpi, hp thay ddi quan he quoc te theo tirng thdi ky lich sir, mien la cd Ipi cho nudc My va hop vdi xu the ciia thdi dai. Ca Hien phap va cac dang chinh tri ciing thay ddi tren co sd niem tin ton giao.
Ttt khoa: Ngudi nhap cu, ti'nh nang dpng, van boa My.
Phan loai nganh: Van hoa hpc
Abstract: The American culture has a great influence on social aspects and activities in the world.
Penned by various cultures of immigrants to the States, the greatest feature of the culture is its dynamism. The trait helps Americans be able to constantly change to suit the demands of the corresponding society and life, which range from those in housing, employment to everyday appliances. Americans are self-reliant and competing but united based on individualism and pragmatism. In politics and social management, they have changed their international relations in line with specific historical periods, provided that it would be beneficial lo America and fit the trends of the times. Tbe Constiturion and political parties are also changed based on rehgious belief.
Keywords: Immigrants, dynamism, American culture.
Subject classification: Cultural studies
1. Mff dau nghia ca nhan va chu nghTa thuc dung. Nua cudi thi ky XX sang diu cua thi ky XXI, Tinh nang ddng la mot trong nhftng dac t h i gidi cd nhidu thay ddi ldn tren tit ca cac diim ndi trpi cua van hda My ben canh chu mat ciia ddi sdng chmh tn, van hoa, kinh te.
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019 khoa hpc ky thuat. Van hda My vdi tfnh nang ddng da tao dieu kien dua nudc My nhanh chdng ihi'cb nghi, phat trien de gift vung vai trd la mdt qudc gia dung dau the gidi. Dac biet la dudi tbdi Tdng thdng Ronald Reagan va Donald Trump. Chinb sacb md cua va hdi nhap, xay dung mdt nen kinh te thi tnidng la dieu kien quan trpng de cbo van bda the gidi, trong dd cd van hda My xam nhap vao Viet Nam. Tiep tbu tinh boa cua van boa nhan loai, trong dd cd van hoa My la tien de de xay dyng va phat tnen van hoa Viet Nam. Bai viet de cap sy ra ddi va tinh nang ddng cua van hoa My.
2. S u r a ddi ciia van hoa My
Sy ra ddi cua dan tpc My va nudc My la mpt phan ftng vdi ap hue bdc lot cua cudng quyen va bao luc cua Chau Au gia cdi, cua phong kien quy tpc Idi tbdi, cua tdn giao khat khe, khd cung thdi Trung cd. Sy phan khang cua nhiing the he tiep theo, viec phai xa lia que huong ban quan di tim viing dat mdi cua nhiing ngudi giau ngbi lyc, giau quyet tam va cd chiit phieu luu, mao hiem da hun diic ren luyen va tao nen tinh each nang ddng cua ngudi My. Hp lao vao cupc sdng d noi mdi, each xa mpi rang budc va cdi re cua cac quan he truyen thdng (ca thdi gian va khdng gian), moi ca nhan pbai tu minh khang dinh minh, phai ddc lap va tu lam nen. Dd chinh la ti'nh each tu minh lam nen cua ngudi My. Dac tinh nang dpng cua dan tpc My la mdt tdng the cua mdi ca nhan tft mpi phuong trdi tap bgp lai, vfta dua vao nhau, cd ket vdi nhau mdi tdn tai dugc d noi xa la nhung lai phai canh tranh vdi nhau mdi vuon len dugc. Rd rang, dan tpc My la ket qua cua su chay trdn Uch sft, chay trdn
Chau Au va sau nay la nbieu ngudi chay trdn khdi ngheo ddi, xung dot xa bdi, ton giao, y thftc he, chfnh tri.
Trudc kbi nudc My dpc lap, nbung ngudi dau tien den sinh co lap nghiep d manh dat nay van la nhiing nhdm ngudi d nhieu qudc gia khac nhau, hp chi cd mdt myc dfch chung la k i i m sdng tren mdt manh dit chua khai pha, cdn hoang so. Den nam 1776 (sau ba thi ky Columbus dd bd len Chau My, nam 1492) ngudi My mdi thoat ly khdi sy bao trp, trong do la bao trp van bda cua Chau Au va ldn nbat la sy bao trp cua ngudi Anh.
Den nay, nudc My dupc the hien d Qudc ky vdi 13 vach ngang tugng trung cbo 13 bang khi thanb lap va 50 ngoi sao tupng trung cbo 50 bang hien tai. Ngay 1/1/1776, la cd nay dugc keo \tn a Boston (Bang Massachusetts) lan dau tien, liic do radi cd 13 vach. Nam 1777, cd 15 vach va nhiing ngdi sao. Ngay 4/7/1818 cd 20 ngdi sao va nam 1960 them mdt ngdi sao mdi nhat la Clia Hawaii (rapt quan dao d Thai Binh Duang mdi dugc sap nhap vao lanh thd My). Ngay nay, My trd thanh mdt nudc ldn vdi dien tich 9.692.091 k m ^ dan sd 350 trieu ngudi. GDP tfnh theo diu ngudi binh quan la 57.467 USD (nam 2017) [11]. Sau Chien tranh the gidi thft hai, nudc My trd thanh rapt nudc cd anb hudng nhit tr6n thi gidi khdng chi v i kinh ti, quan su, khoa hpc ky thuat, ma cdn ve van hda. Dd la mdt nen van hda nang ddng, ludn ludn thay ddi de thfch nghi va phu hgp vdi thdi dai.
Cdng dan My la ngudi nhap cu, cbo nen It ngudi quyin luyin qua khii va lich sft ngan ddi cua que cha dit td. Hp phai ddi mat vdi gian kho, thach thftc cua miin dit radi hoang so. Do do, hp bit budc chip nhan hien tai de hudng tdi tucmg lai. Chi'nh
Le Dinh Cue Vl vay, ngudi ta cho rang, nudc My budc tft
nguyen thuy thang den hien dai khdng qua van minh. Lich sft Iam gi cd d nudc My.
Tiin sft, sa sft vdi nhiing do da, do ddng, dd sat thi dan tpc My Iam gi cd. Tbdi Tmng c6, Phuc hung la cua cac nudc khac. Ngudi My cd thdi bao tap va each mang nhung chi la mat van hda cua the ky XVII chu khdng phai la lich sft. VI vay, hp khdng quan tam den lich sft, hp chi cd hien tai va tien len b^ng sir nang dpng cua dan tpc va timg ca nhan,
Ngudi My cd nudc My nhung khdng CO que huang. Hp khdng cd lang nen cung khdng cd khai niem "phep vua thua le lang", do do phap luat dugc ca xa hpi tdn trpng. Dd la miu sd chung cho rapi cdng dan My. Dii hp d bat cu noi nao tren trai dat, bp cung dupc phap Iuat My bao ve tuyet ddi.
Sy da dang ve tfnh each chi cd d khu vyc dja ly tmdc day. Den thdi ki hien dai khdng con ro net, do dan cu d thanh thi mang tat ca nhung tfnh each chung ma dia phuong nao ciing cd, hda lan, bd sung cho nhau bdi chu nghTa thyc dung va chu nghia ca nhan.
Chfnh VI dac diem dan tpc la sy pha trdn, lai ghep gifta cac ddng mau khac nhau, que huong khac nhau nen huyet thdng cua ngudi My la hon hgp. Con cai biet va gan bd vdi cha me, nbung mdi quan he gifta con chau vdi dng ba tbi ldng leo. Mdi lien he mau mil, ddng tpc long leo tdi miic khdng con de rang budc, ni'u gift. Hoan canh ay dat ra cho ngudi My la ty ban than ca nhan phai ton tai dpc lap, phai vuon len mdi tdn tai dugc. Kbdng ai quan tam den ngudn gdc xuat than nfta, ma chi quan tam den sy thanh dat cua ban than minh. Trong van hda M;y, khdng ai quan tam den ngudn gdc xuat
than cua anb, ma chi quan tam din anh cd bao nhieu tiin.
Nudc My, ngudi My khdng cd lich sft van hda lau ddi, lai dupc dat ngay vao thi gidi bien dai, the gidi thay ddi chdng mat, the gidi cua khoa hpc va cdng nghe, cua kinh te tri thuc va toan cau hda. Dieu nay khien ngudi My hut hing, nen hp cd tao ra lich sft nhung that bai. Tft dd hp quyit tam vuon tdi tuong lai. Vi vay, de ndi den tuong Iai, sach bao, phim anh vien tudng la san pham chu yeu tft My.
3. Tinh nang ddng ciia van hoa My trong doi song
Ngudi My ty do hanh ddng, ngay trong tam ly va tinh cam, khdng cd gi nfu keo, gift hp dugc. Ngay ca nghe nghiep de kiem sdng, ai thfch gi lam nay, khdng phan biet nghe sang, hen. Mdt ngudi cd the Iam rat nhieu nghe khac nhau (thay thudc, viet van, luat su, chan nudi, lam vudn...), mien la lam tdt cdng viec cua minh de nhan ddng tien xftng dang. Ngudi gia dinh John Kennedy da tuyen bd: "Ndu Iam nghe mdc cdng thi gia dinh Kennedy ciing la nhung ngudi mdc cong tdt nhit nudc My" [12]. Nhiiu diin vien, ca sT da trd thanh tdng thdng, thdng ddc bang d My. Edison, nha khoa hpc nhung cung la nha van, nha triet hpc, nha budn cd tai, kinh doanh sach bao.
Hemingway vua la nha van, nha bao, van dpng vien thi thao, ngudi danh ca ndi tieng.
Harry Truman, Tdng thing thu 33 cua My ciing da tftng la nhSn vien ban hang, cdng chftc ngan hang, thp cay, di linh rdi trd thanh si quan, Iam nhac cdng va tham phan.
Benjamin Franklin, nha khoa hpc, nha van.
Kboa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019 nha ngoai giao d vi trf nao cung thanh dat.
Ngay the ky XVII, hang tuan da cd tau thuy tft My sang Anh mang thiet bi va cdng ngbe ve My de sft dung. Mdt cudn sach dupc xuat ban d Anh thi Benjamin Franklin da cho tau thuy raang ngay ban thao ve My.
Ong da cho thuyen nhd ra ghe man tau (tau neo dau ngoai hai phan) mang ban thao chua qua hai quan kiem duyet xudng nha in cho thg sap chu da chd san, va vai ngay sau da cd sach mdi phat banh d My. Su nang ddng va uyen chuyen nhu vay da tao nen van hda My ngay hom nay. Ngay tft nam 1790, d My da cd Luat Xuat ban (so vdi Viet Nam cd van hpc tu the ky thft X, nhung mai nam cudi the ky XX chung ta mdi cd Luat Xuat ban).
Ngudi My den vimg dat cua hp vdi hai ban tay trang nen hp bat dau tu dau, pbai dap ung nhu cau cupc sdng bang each tu cung ty cap, thieu gi phai tu nghi ra va lam lay. Dan dan ve sau mdi cd su phan cdng va chuyen mdn hda (ngay cang sau). Do do, ngudi My cd y thftc ty lyc, tu minh lam mpi viec khi tien ve phfa Tay khai pha lanh thd.
Thp san, thp xe (lara nha ma d), ndng dan trdng trpt, chan nudi, lai may keo... deu mpt ngudi lara. Va hp da truyen cho the he ke tiep kha nang nay (kha nang van ddng va thich nghi trong mpi hoan canh). NhGng dac ti'nh nay van tdn tai trong xa hpi My duong dai. O My hien nay, cd ft ngudi ca ddi chi lam mdt nghe du xa hdi can sy chuyen mdn hda (chuyen mdn hda doi hdi nang lyc cao). Nha quan ly Taylor cho biet, mdi mdt ngudi My, ft nhat 3 Ian chuyen ddi nghe nghiep trong ddi. Cd ngudi chuyen nghe den 9-10 lan. Ngay ca nhiing ngudi cd chuyen mdn, nghe nghiep dn dinh, d thanh pho Idn cung co den 25% chuyen nha d.
Hang nam, cd hang chuc trieu cdng dan My di ra nudc ngoai. Kbdng phai the ky trudc ma ngay bay gid chiec xe tai cd ramooc van la nai tru ngu quen thudc cua cac gia dinh My. Xe tai cd romooc d i di chuyen khap nai tren dit My. Dudng rapt chieu, khdng cd chd re cat ngang, khdng co nga ba, nga tu ma chi cd vdng xuyin chdng cheo de tranh nhau; dudng sat xuyen luc dia, tde hanh la san pham cua ngudi My. Tu Boston (Massachusettes) den New York dai ban 500 km nhung cd the sang di Iam chieu ve bang xe bus. Di tau cao tde tft New York d Ddng Bac den Los Angeles d Tay Nam (4.000 km) chi mat mudi may gid ddng bd.
Hinh anh ngdi nha di dpng (nhung chiec d td tai chfta ca gia dinh) di dpc ngang nudc My tft lau da la hinh anh quen thudc va rat dep trong phim anh va van hpc My. Nhung nam sau Chien tranh the gidi thft hai, khdng gian cua ngudi My cang dugc md rdng.
Ngudi My cd mat rat ddng d tat ca mpi nai tren the gidi. Khdng chi boat ddng ngoai giao, budn ban ma hang tram nghin ngudi My cd mat d cac dia diem ddng quan cua My va cac can cu quan su cua My d Chau Au, Tmng Ddng, Chau Phi, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc... Cac hang khdng mau ham, tau san bay, tau chien, tau ngim cua My co mat khap cac dai duang 12, tr.8]. Ngudi My cung da cd mat tren vu try.
Ngudi My di chuyin lien tuc, khip nai tao nen tfnh linh boat lien tuc trong ddi sdng. Tinh van ddng khdng chi thi hien d khdng gian sinh sdng, di chuyin noi d, noi cdng tac, nghe nghiep ma ngay ca trong an udng hang ngay. Fast food (thftc an nhanh), dd udng ddng hop dap ung nhu ciu vfta an udng, vfta Iam viec, vfta di lai.
Le Dinh Ciic 4. Tinh nang ddng cua van hoa My trong
chinh tri
Tfnh nang dpng da tham sSu vao co chi chinh tri va boat ddng xa hpi My. Ngudi My dat muc tieu boat dpng cua minh trong tinh than cua chu nghia thuc dung va ludn luon lay thuc te de kiem nghiem. Hp linh hoat va ngay lap tuc dieu chinh cho phu hpp vdi sy van dpng khach quan tuy theo tung thdi diera va hoan canh cu the. Nudc My danh bai cac nudc Dftc, Italia, Nhat Ban trong Chiin tranh the gidi thu hai, nhung ngay sau do la ddng minh cua cac nirdc nay. Lien Xd timg sat canh vdi My trong chien tranh da nhanh chdng trd thanh thil dich trong cupc Chien tranh Ianh keo dai tft nam 1945 den 1991. My tham gia chien tranh Viet Nam tft nhung nam 50 cua the ky XX, dua quan vao miin Nam Viet Nam true tiep danh pha each mang Viet Nam tu nam 1965, nhung khdng the chdng lai sftc manh cua Idng yeu nudc cua dan tpc Viet Nam va khi nhan ra la khdng can thiet tiep tuc chien tranh nua hp da rut khdi chien tranh Viet Nam, bit tay vdi Trang Quoc, danh do chii nghia xa hpi va Lien Xd. Hien nay, My da nit khdi nhieu td chftc qudc te nhu UNESCO, Hiep dmh Doha, Hiep dinh Paris ve bien ddi khi hau, Hiep dinh Ddi tac xuyen Thai Bmh Duong (TPP), Hiep udc vdi Iran ve khdng phd bien vu khi hat nhan.
M^ dang timg budc xda bd van hda toan cau hda ma xay dung van hda My hda toan cau. Hien nay. My dang bit ddng vdi Trang Quoc ve van de Biin Ddng, dac biet la cupc chien tranh thuang mai giua Trang Qudc va My dang cd nhirng dien bien phuc tap, khd ludng.
Cac dang phai chfnh tri d My thay nhau lanh d£to dat nudc, lam tdng thong qua cac
thdi ky khac nhau, dac biet la Dang Dan chu va Dang Cpng hda. John Adams, Tong thdng thft hai la dang vien Dang Chu nghTa lien bang. William H. Harrison, Tdng thing thft 9, John Tyler, Tdng thing thft 10, Zacchary Taylor, Tdng thing thu 12, Millard Fillmore Tdng thing thft 13 thudc Dang Wig. Abraham Lincoln, Tdng thing thu 16 la dang vien Dang Cpng hda khda dau tien nbung sau dd ra khdi dang nay va gia nhap Dang Lien rainh dang qudc gia.
Tdng thdng hien nay cua My la Donal Trump thudc Dang Cpng hda nhung cung da timg la dang vien Dang Dan chu... Cac dang chi'nh tri du Idn nhu Dang Cdng hda hay Dang Dan chu cung rat linh boat. Ai cung cd the la dang vien neu tan thanh muc tieu cua Dang, ai cung cd the ra khdi Dang neu thay kbdng phu hgp vdi nguyen vpng cua minh. Dieu le cua Dang ciing kbdng cd ma chi cd cuong ITnh boat ddng cua Dang trong mdt thdi ky cu the (khdng dai qua).
Vi vay, mdt ngudi cd the tham gia nhieu dang phai chinh tri khac nhau.
Nen tang boat ddng xa hdi cua mpt dat nudc la Hiin phap. Nhung van kien nay cung dupc bd sung va sfta ddi cho phu hop.
Hiin phap Hpp chung qudc Hoa Ky, Dieu V ghi rd: "Qudc hdi, trong trudng hpp khi hai phan ba sd thanh vien cua ca hai vien cho la can thiet se de nghi cac tu chinh an cho ban Hien phap nay, hoac theo ldi yen ciu cua cac ca quan lap phap cua hai phan ba cac tieu bang, se trieu tap mdt hpi nghi cac tu chinh an do. Trong trudng hpp nao cung vay, cac tu chfnh an do se cd hieu lyc vi mpi phuang dien, nhu la mdt phan cua Hiin phap nay..." (13]. Tft khi ra ddi den ngay 15/12/1791, Hiin phap Hoa Ky da sfta ddi 10 lin. Tir ngay 7/2/1795 din 7/5/1992
113
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019
da thay ddi them 17 Ian nfta. Nhu vay, den 1992 Hiin phap Hoa Ky da sfta ddi 27 lan.
tien, dam da ban s i c dan tpc, thfch ftng vdi xu hudng hpi nhap hien nay.
5. Ket luan Tai liSu tham khao
Tfnh nang ddng cua van hda My xuat phat tft lich sft binh thanh qudc gia My vdi dan nhap cu, tu binh dang trong kinh te va ty do, dan chu. Su nang ddng cua van bda My tao nen mdt nen giao due va kboa bpc tien tien, cd tdi 60 trudng Dai hpc trong sd 100 trudng dai hpc danh tieng cua the gidi, Nudc My cd 350 nha khoa hpc, nha van doat giai thudng Nobel, vdi 57.239 bang sang cbe, chiem 2 5 % cua ca the gidi. Su nang ddng, uyen chuyen va Hnh boat cua van bda My the hien tren tat ca cac mat cua nudc My, tao dieu kien cho nudc My phat trien vftng chac va nhanh chdng. Mot sd lugng rat Idn cac an pham van hda My thudc cac ITnh vyc khac cftng da du nhap vao Viet Nam trong sudt may chuc nam qua. Sach cua cac nha khoa hpc, cac chfnh tri gia, cac tudng ITnh tham gia chien tranh xam luge Viet Nam deu dugc dich ra tieng Viet va hang chuc van an pham nguyen ban bang tieng Anh da dugc nhap va xuat ban d Viet Nam. Dd la chua ke hang nghin cudn sach nghien cuu ve van hda My cua cac nudc khac nhu Phap, Nga, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Trung Qudc... dupc dich ra tieng Viet [14]. Dieu nay cho thay sftc anh hudng cua van boa My d Viet Nam. Tim hieu tfnh nang ddng cua van hoa My se giiip Viet Nam dua ra nhiing chi'nh sach phu hpp trong qua tnnh xay dyng nen van hoa tien
[11 Le Dinh Cue (2011), Mgt sd vdn di van hod My lir sau chien tranh thi gi&i thir IJ, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Ngi.
[2] Le Dinh Ciic (2014), Mgt sd vdn de Ton gido My duong dgi, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha N6i.
[3] Ahncbrink (1961), The Beginning of Nature in American, Fiction, Russeland, New York.
[4] Aldridge (1982), Early American Literature, Princeton University Press.
[5] American Government (1994), United States, Information Agency.
[6] American Policy (1999), United States, Information Agency.
[7] An Outline of American Economics (1986), United States, Information Agency.
[8] An Outline of American Geography (1964), United States, Information Agency.
[91 An Outline of American History (1964), United States, Information Agency.
[10] Bergcr, Peter L. (1997), Four Faces of Global Culture, Center for the National interrest No 49.
[11] hllps:/^aomoi.com/10-quoc-gia-giau-nha£-the- gioi-nam-2017/c/24268754.epi
[12] hltps://vieUimes.vn/giao-su-ho-ngoc-dai-toi- Ihay-dau-xoi-vi-khang-ai-nhin-ihang-vao-su- lhat-236620.hlml
[13] hups://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Hi%El%BA%B Fn_ph%C3%Alp_H%El%BB%A3p_ch%C3
%B Ang_qu%El %BB%91 c_Hoa_K%El %BB
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[14] http://vannghethainguyen.vn/2016/07/01/van- hoa-my-o-viet-nam-tiep-theo/
