TAP CHf PHATTRIEN NHAN LOC - s O ^ B
TIM HIEU NHOTNG TIEU CHIDANH GIA TOI PHAM AN
THSNGUYENTRANNHI/KHUI'-' THS.KGUVENANHVO'"'
if Viet Nam, TOM TAT
Tgi phgm an vd hgu qud aia nd dd thu hut sU quan tdm cua cdc nha khoa hgc. (
mdc du da cd nhihig nghien cdu ve tgi phgm dn nhung h$ thdng ly lugn ve ITnh vifc nay cdn hgn che. Tgi phgm dn thudng chidu(fc nghien cvtu chung vdi nhifng vdn de ly ludn khdc cua tgi phgm hgc. Do do. de phdt trien han he thdng ly lugn tgi phgm hgc va dap dng yeu cau phdng chdng tgi phgm, cdn phdi tiep nic nghien ciiu ve tgi phgm dn. Mgt trong nhihig vdn de ly lugn can dugc nghien cihi chinh la nhihig lieu chi ddnh gid tgi phgm dn. Bai viet nay xdc dfnh va phdn lich nluTng tieu chf ddnh gid tgi phgm dn vd cdng la tai lieu tham khdo cho nhifng bgn dgc quan tdm de'n he thdng tri thifc tgi phgm dn trong tgi phgm hgc.
Tili khoa: idi phgm dn; tieu chi ddnh gid cua tgi phgm dn, vUng dn, do dn, nguyen nhdn an va thdi gian dn.
Tdi pham an - mdt phan cua IhUc trang tinh hinh tdi pham - li ddi tUdng nghien cdu quan Upng cfla tdi pham hpc. Khii niem lpi pham an dUde hieu "Tgi phgm dn Id tgi phgm dd xdy ra nhiing chiia bi cd quan chUc ndng phdt hien, xdly vd khong ton tgi trong thdng ke toiphgm"^'K Theo do. tdi pham an cd ba dau hieu cd bin:
- Tpi pham chUa bi phil hien chi'nh thdc.
- NgUdi pham ldi chua bi phdt hien chfnh thdc.
- Tdi pham, ngUdi pham tdi chUa bi xfl ly vl hinh sU mac du cd the di bi phii hien mdt cich chfnh thdc. Tdc Ii chua bi cic cd quan lidn hinh id lung xfl ly bing cic quyet dinh.
'•"' Cuang vien khoa Lugt - Hpc vi^n Can bp TP.HCM '" Dp h.?c Lujl TP.HCM Gido irinh Toi phgm hoc 2014 (bai
"Tinh hinh tgi phfim"). N\h Hong Dire - Hpi Luii gia Vi^i Nam. uang 137.
bin in theo quy dinh cua phip luit hinh sfl vi td lung hinh sd.
Tfl khii niem va die diem tren, de dinh gii mpt each he thdng ve tpi pham an can phii nghien cdu cic lieu chf dinh gii cua tpi pham an, dd la: vung an, dp ^n, nguydn nhan ^n vi thdi gian an.
1. Viing an
"Vung" cd nghTa li mien, khu vUc Idn'^'.
Vung an dUdc hieu li nhflng mien, nhflng khu vUc (ITnh vdc) tdn tai tdi pham an. Nhflng vung an khic nhau cd mdc dp thuan ldi khic nhau ddi vdi viec che giau hinh vi pham tpi da dddc thUc hien.
Qua nghien cdu die diem vung an cua tpi pham cd hai Ioai:
'-' Nguyen Nhu Y: Dgi tit dwn nn, HaNpi. 1998. irang 1837.
Tieng livi. Nxb Vai a tht'ing
THS. NGUYENTRAN N H U K H U g J H S . NGUYEN ANH VO -TIM Higu N H Q N G T I E U C H L
Mgt Id, vung an li lmh vdc boat dpng kinh le - xa hpi cd tdi pham an. Vdi mot Iinh vUc kinh le - xi hdi nhat dinh, vung an him chda nhflng dieu kien thuan ldi ddi vdi viec che giau hinh vi pham tdi da dddc thdc hien'-'. Cd nhflng vijng an chda nhieu dilu kien tdn tai tpi pham an. Vf du, d nddc ta hien nay, IMi vdc hoal dpng cua cd quan bio ve phap luat la vung an cua nhdm tpi xam pham hoat dpng tu phip; cic ITnh vUc nhu xiy dUng cd ban, hii quan, lhanh ua nha dat... la vung an cua nhdm toi tham nhung.
Hai la, vung an li khu vdc dia ly ma d do cd nhiing dilu kien din ddn tinh uang an cua mpt sd lpi pham.
TDy vio tdng khu vdc khie nhau mi mdc dp an cua tpi pham khic nhau:
(1) Khu vUc bi6n gidi thudng Ii vung an cua toi budn lau, budn bin ngddi... Theo ThUdng Wdng Le Thd Tiem, Thfl tnidng Bd Cdng an, hoat ddng tdi pham mua bin phu nfl, tre em nhin chung vSn dien phflc tap, tfnh chat quy mo vi thu doan pham tdi ngay cang tinh vi, xio quyet, cd td chflc chat che va xuyen qudc gia. Mdc dp tiem an tdi pham cdn rat Idn, dia phddng xiy ra tinh Uang uen nhilu nhai la Hi Giang, Lao Cai, Lang Sdn, Quing Ninh, Hi Npi, Nghe An, Lai Chiu, Bic Giang''^'; khu vdc ving ve, ft ngddi qua Iai la vung an cua cac tpi hiep dam, gidt ngUdi, cUdp tii sin...
(2) Vung dong bio dan tpc it ngddi d mien nui UTjng du phfa Bic, mien nui cic tinh Tmng Bd (Nghe An, Hi Tinh), giip bien gidi
"' Ph^iin Vin Tinh: 'Tinh hinh tpi ph^m d nuoc ta", Tgi phgm Ape, Ludi Hinh .M/ vd Lual To lyng hinh sir Vi^i Nam, Nxb.
Chinh tq quoc gia. Ha Npi. 1995, trang 37.
'*' Tir website- http7/www6 vnmedia vn/newsdetail.asp''
Viel - Lao tiiUdng an cae tdi pham vl ma tuy.
Ly do khu vUc dia Iy cic vung niy gan Lio (nUdc tiep giip vdi tmng tam sin xuat thudc phien Tam giic ving), dia hinh miln nui hiem trd khd kiem soat nen tdi pham ma tuy xiy ra nhilu, phat hien xfl ly ft.
Tfl trddc ddn nay, khi ndi ddn tdi pham, ngddi ta thddng quan tam chu yeu den tinh hinh tpi pham d thinh thi, ft cd sU dinh gii day du va nghien cflu nhilu ve tdi pham d ndng thdn. Kdl luan thdng thudng la: tdi pham d ndng thdn ft hdn, ddn giin hdn vi tinh hinh ft cd bien ddng so vdi d thinh lhi. Ndu li'y con sd tpi pham binh quan tren sd dan cU (thudng la lay tren 100.000) thi ty le dd d ndng tiidn thi'p hdn d do thi. Nhilu cdng trinh nghien cdu cho thay thudng la thi'p hdn td 1,5 den 2 Ian. Tuy nhien. neu quan sit ky, chung ta se thay khdng the dinh gii tinh hinh bang cich so sinh giin ddn nhd vay. Trong nhdng nim gan day, d ndng thdn cd su ling nhanh (so vdi d thanh thi), bp phan dan cU li tre em dddi 14 tuoi va sd ngUdi gii tren 60 tudi. Chfnh vi vay, ma con sd binh quin ndi tren khdng the cung cap chfnh xie vl tinh hinh gia ting cua tpi pham d nong thdn. Ndu xet ve mflc dp kiem soil tdi pham, d ndng thdn mdc an cua tpi pham ldn hdn so vdi thinh thi. Ly do Ii d ndng thdn, quan he hp hang, bi con loi xdm la quan he Unyen thdng; quan he do Iim cho ngddi din quan ngai khi trinh bao vl hinh vi pham tpi ma hp bidt. Mat khic, dieu kien giao thong, lien lac. dieu kien lam in, sinh sdng khdng thuan ldi cho viec ngddi dan tdgiic tdi pham'^'.
'=> Dao Tri Uc (1999): "Van d^ kidm soat lpi pham". Tap chi .\/ia nuac vdphdp lugl (6), trang 10.
18 THS. NGUYEN TRAN NHU KHU£,THS. NGUYEN ANH VU - T I M 1 =J;HL
Hoat ddng phdng ngiia tdi pham cho diay.
NTJng an cua tdi pham t\- le nghich vdi hieu qui hoat dpng cua cd quan nhi nddc d viing do. Khu
\Uc nio mi cd quan nhi nUde phil huy dUpc vai trd cua minh, boat ddng quan ly nha nddc dat hieu qui lhi d do tpi pham khd cd dieu kien bi "che giaii" vi ngddc lai. Mat khac, d khu vifc nio, vung nio cdng lic myen tm\'ln. phii huy dddc vai ud cua quan chung nhan dan. td chflc uong boat ddng td giic tpi pham, dau tranh phdng chdng lpi pham dddc tiidc hien tdt se gdp phan lim giim tdi pham an d vung do.
Tdm lai, vung an cua tdi pham phan anh die diem ITnh vUc boat ddng kinh id- xi hdi hoic die diem dia phUdng, dia ly. dia hinh cd khi ning Iim \ual hien. tdn tai tpi pham an. Cd nhflng vung cd nhilu tdi pham an. cd nhflng vung ft ldi pham an.
2. Do an
"Dp" cd nghTa li mdc xie dinh trong thang do, he thdng tfnh loin'*''. Dp an cua tdi pham dddc hieu Ii khi ning an khuat khic nhau cua tflng loai lpi pham hoic tflng nhdm tdi pham.
Mdi loai ldi pham hoic tpi pham cu the deu cd dp an cua nd. Se cd nhflng tpi pham cd khi ning an rat cao, cd nhflng tpi pham cd dp an tmng binh vi cung cd nhflng tdi ma dp an tha'p. Dp an phu thupc: (i) khi nang bpc Id hanh \ i pham tpi va hau qua tpi pham; (ii) thii dp. nhan thdc cua nan nhin vi mdi quan he gifla nan nhin vdi ngUd'i pham tdi. Trong khoa hpc Tdi pham hpc, dp an cua tdi pham dupc chia thanh 4 cap'^'. Tuy nhien, khdng ndi
(6) \gii\5n Nhu V: DQI n'rJii-n Tihig Vi^t. N\b. Van hoa thong tin. HaNoi- 1998, irang 653
\~) Ph^ni N'anTinh: "Tinh hinh ipi pham onirdc la". TQIphgm h(>c. Lugt Hinh sir vd Ludi To lung hinh sir 1'iC'i .Vam. Nxb Chinh iri quoc gia. H J \ 6 i . 1995. irang 34-35.
rd moi ci'p dp an mdng dng bao nhieu p ian trim. Chung ldi dong tinh \ di \ iec phan chia dp an thinh 4 ci'p nhdng cung nen dda ra ch sd an (%) cua moi ci'p do, mic du chi cd tfnh Udc lUdng mdt each tddng ddi.
- Dg dn cdp I: ci'p dp ^n nhd nhi'l. hinh vi pham tpi bi in khudt ft nhi'l. Cd the' xem dp
^ d mdc 10 - llYc cfla ldng sd loai tpi pham dddc thdc bien. Khi ning phdt hien, khim phi tot pham cao nhi't. Die diem cua cap dp niy trddc bet li viec thUc hien tpi pham mang linh Id lilu cao, gay ra nhilu tiidng tin vi lan uuyen nhanh, de Iai nhilu dau vet, hiu qui thi'y rd. Khi tdi pham xiy ra, cd nhieu ngddi bidt vl ldi pham vi cung ci'p chdng cd vdi td cich ngUdi lim chdng, vf du tpi pham gidt ngudi (mic du ly le phi in vin chUa dat tdi 90%), cd y giy thddng tfch, cUdp tii sin, chdng ngUdi thi hinh cdng vu, gay rdi trat tU cdng cpng... Mat khic, trong nhflng loai tdi pham nay, ldi ich gifla nan nhin vdi ngddi pham tpi cd mau thuan, xung dot. Nan nhan thddng mong mudn tri thii vi ddi boi thddng thiet hai nen phan ldn hp td giic tpi pham, tfch cUc cung cap chdng cd de giii quyel vu in.
Nhu viy, nhflng tpi pham hoac loai tdi pham cd dp an cap 1 khi hoi lu day du hai ydu tdlim cho tdi pham dl bi phat hien. Dd la khi ning bdc Id hinh vi pham tdi, hau qui tpi pham va thai dp cua nan nhan cung nhU mdi quan hd gifla nan nhan vdi ngUdi pham tdi.
- Do dn cap 2: d cap dp niy, hinh vi pham tdi khdng bdc Id rd nhU d cap dp i va dp an khoing 30 - 40% cua tdng sd loai tpi pham dupc thuc hien. Vf du, tdi Udm cip tai sin cua cdng dan, lita dao chiem doat tai sin cua cone din, Ida ddi khich hing... Hinh vi pham tdi
THS. N G U Y ^ N T R A N NHUKHUgjHS. NGUYEN ANH VU -TIM HIEU N H Q N G T I E U C H L
thddng ft ngddi biet hoic khdng ai bidt nen ft cd ngddi lim chflng. Die biet ia trong trddng hdp diiet hai khdng ldn nen nan nhan khdng mudn trinh bio vdi cd quan chflc nang. Nan nhan cd thii dp bdc xuc, mong mudn Uifng phat ngUdi pham tdi nhUng khdng den mflc cing thing nhd nan nhan cua tpi gidt ngUdi.
cUdp lii sin. Nan nhin cung khong cd tiiii dp che giau tpi pham da gay ra thiet hai cho minh.
- Dg dn cdp 3: nguon thdng lin ve tdi pham (hinh vi, thiet hai) ft ngUdi bidt den, thudng chi cd ngUdi pham tpi vi nan nhan bidt. Trong uudng hdp niy, nan nhan tuy cd bdc xuc nhUng khdng id giac tpi pham, tham chf cdn mudn gifl kfn sU kien pham lpi di xiy ra vi nhilu Iy do. nhd sd inh hUdng den danh dU, uy tin, tUdng lai... Gida nan nhin va ngUdi pham tpi ddi khi cdn cd mdi quan he tinh cim, huyel thdng, Ie thupc vit cha't, cdng tic... Nhdm nay thudng li nhflng tdi xam pham nhan pham, danh dd cua con ngddi nhU ldi hinh ha ngddi khac, lpi cudng dim. tdi hiep dim... Nhflng tpi pham cd dp an cap 3, an khoing 50 - 60%
cua tdng sd Ioai lpi pham dUdc thuc hien vi c6 ly Ie tdi pham bi phat hien, xd ly chda den 50%.
- Do dn cdp 4: cap dp an eao nha't. hinh vi pham tpi dUdc che day rat tinh vi. cd khi dUdc che day bdi ydu td quyen Idc, chuyen mdn, ky thuat phdc tap nen rat ft ngddi biet de'n. Thiet hai khd phit hien va khdng phii ai va bit cfl IrUdng hdp nio cung cd quyin tidp can nhflng thdng lin thiel hai. Tpi pham cd dp an cap 4 Ihudng khdng cd nan nhan, nan nhan khdng cu the hoic nan nhan thudc quyin quan ly cua ngUdi pham tdi nen loai trfl kha ning id cio tfl
nh.-._,r,an n k : , , , i t / ^ r,l-,nm Whi>n<i t o l p h a m
cd dp an ci'p 4 thudng an khoing tren TOTr tdng sd loai ldi pham dddc thUc hien. vi the khi ning phit hien, xfl ly tdi pbam chieni ty le rat tha'p, \ i du cic tpi pham tham nhung (tham d. nhin hdi Id...), cic tdi pham xim pham trat td quin ly kinh td (udn thud, budn lau, cd y lim trii quy djnh cua nhi nddc ve quin ly kinh id giy hau qui nghiem Upng...).
Tdm lai, nhflng tdi pham khic nhau cd dp an khic nhau vi cd bdn cap dp phan inh mdc dp an tpi pham ting dan. Xie dinh dp an cua tdi pham cin cd vio die diem hanh vi pham tdi (kha nang bpc Id hanh vi va de lai dau vdt).
die diem thiel hai do tpi pham gay ra, thii dp nan nhin vi mdi quan he gifla nan nhan vdi ngddi pham tpi. Viec phin chia ci'p dp an se gdp phan danh gia day du hdn ihuc trang cua tinh hinh tpi pham. Tdc li thUc Uang cua loai tpi pham, ngoii phan ldi pham rd, can tfnh ddn dp an cua nd de bidt phan tpi pham an.
Tfl do giup cd quan cd tham quyen dl ra bien phip dau uanh phdng chdng tdi pham thfch hdp.
3. Nguyen nhan an
Nguyen nhin an hay ly do an cung la tieu chl dinh gii tdi pham an.
Nguyen nhin an cd lien quan die diem hinh vi vi nhflng chu the tham gia vio hoat dpng td lung. Cd the xac dinh mpt sd nguyen nhin Iim cho tpi pham bi an nhu sau:
- Nguven nhdn tit chinh dgc diem hdnh vi phgm tgi:
Hinh vi pham tpi ft cd kha nang bpc Id ra ben ngoii mpl cich Id lilu (nhu tham o, trdm cip,...) cung lim cho tpi pham de bj an hdn.
Diy cung Ii cin cfl xac djnh dp an cua tdi pham.
50 THS. NGUYEN TRAN NHU KHUE, THS. NGUYEN ANH VO - f i M HIEU NhiUNGj!£2J
- Nguyen nhdn tif phia ngudi phgm lgi:
Tim ly chung cua ngUdi pham tpi la ludn tim mpi cich che giau tdi pham, the hien d giai doan chuan bi pham tdi. khi vi sau khi thUc hien lpi pham.
Giai doan chuan bj pham tpi, de Uanh bj phat hien. ngUdi pham tdi thudng lap ke hoach ti mi. chuan bj chu dio cdng cu. phUdng tien pham lpi. tim hieu ky quy luat boat ddng eua nan nhan. lUa chpn dja diem, thdi diem thUe hien lpi pham thfch hdp nha't... de ft cd khi ning bj phil hien nhi't.
Giai doan thUc hien ldi pham, de che giiu lpi pham. ngUdi pham ldi ludn tim cieh ihUc hien ldi pham vdi nhilu phddng thdc. thu doan tinh vi, it de Iai di'u vdt, tao hien tmdng gii nhim ddnh lac hddng dieu tra.
Giai doan sau khi thdc hien tpi pham, de che giiu tdi pham di thUc hien. nhflng ke pham tpi thudng tim mpi cich xda diu \ et ldi pham, tieu huy cdng cu phUdng tien pham lpi, mua chudc, de dpa, uy hidp nan nhan, nhan chdng... Die biel, uong cic ldi hidp dim. loan luan, ke pham tpi thudng xuyen du do. de dpa, uy hidp nan nhan lim cho nan nhin khdng dim tdgiic. Di man hdn. cd tmdng hpp ngUdi pham tdi gidt nan nhan, nhan chdng de bit dau mdi. Ben canh thu doan khdng chd nan nhan, nhin chdng, ngUdi pham tdi cdn dung nhieu mdi quan he anh em. ban be, ling xdm, quan he cdng tic. hpc tip, quan he quen bidt... de ddi phd. an nau nhim trinh sU phit hien. Tai nhflng ndi nay. ngUdi pham tpi thudng lao nhflng \ d bpc nhU bit hda lrong gia dinh, vd nd... de tin dung sU thdng cam che chd. Cd ngUdi sau khi giy in lai thay ddi nhan dang.
iha\ ddi ho ien. lao ndi cd tru mdi de udn
Uinh. Chfnh v\ vi\, chung ui can phii nghien cdu nhin tiian ngUdi pham tdi. dac bie nghien cdu cdc kieu nhan tiian. cac loai ng ^ i tilde hien tdi pham de rdt ra loai nhin than (pham ldi) nio cd khi ning iih^i' t^ong viec che giau hinh vi pham tdi cua minh.
- Nguyen nhdn tii phia ngn nhdn cua tgi phgm:
Nan nhin cd vai trd quan Upng trong qud Uinh phil hien, dilu Ua. iruy td xet xfl ngddi pham lpi. Nan nhin khdng chi Ii ngddi bi tiiiet hai do tdi pham gay ra cd quyen yeu cau giii quyet vi'n dl bdi thddng thiet hai mi cdn li mpt ben bupc ldi Id, mot chu the cung cap ldi khai (ngudn chdng cd) tddng IU ngUdi lam chdng. Trddc hel, nan nhin bidt thdng tin tpi pham cd the td giac tdi pham. Td giac cua nan nhan cd ndi dung chi tidt, minh chdng ro ring hdn so vdi nhflng ngUdi khic biet vl vu dn nen IhUc tien to' tung thifdng sfl dung nhU mpt cin cd quan trpng de khdi id vu in"*'. Cd mpt nghiSn cdu d Ddc cho thi'y phSn Idn vu in bi tmy td khdi dau bang viec ngddi bj hai nop ddn td giic tpi pham'**'. Viec khdng td giac tdi pham xuat phit tfl nhieu Iy do:
-I- Nan nhin khdng nhin thdc dUdc mdt each dung dan, day du ring minh bj thiet hai do tpi pham gay ra nen khdng td giic tdi pham. Vf du, trong cic tdi pham cudng doat tai sin, cUdng dim, giao cau vdi tre em, hanh ha ngddi khic...
'" Le Nguyen Thanh: "Quyen ciia ngiroi bi hgi va vin d6 bao ve nguoi bj hai trong to tyng hinh s\r Vi^l Nam". Bao dam quvkn con ngirai tmng tir phap hinh su Viit Nam, Nxb. Dai hor n ' gia TP.HCM, TP.HCM 3010. trang 158 v^^ Vuoc
"I Markus Loffelmann: The Victim in Criminal I'roc • i
•iystcmalic portrayal of \icnm protection under Getn,a„ r^'' nai procedure law. tir website: hHp://www unafei.or jp/. ','"""
pdr/PDF_rm5/no70/p031-t0.pdf, tmy c^p ngay 2()isi2^2^
THS. NGUYEN T R A N N H U K H U £ , T H S . NGUYEN ANH VU-TJM HIEU N H Q N G TIEU CHf..,
+ Nan nhan ngai tiep xuc vdi cd quan nha nddc cd tham quyin, sd thu tuc phien hi, tdn Um khi td cio nhdng chda chic cd kdt qui nhu mong dpi.
+ Trong mpl sd UUdng hdp, gia dinh cua k^ pham tdi thdc hien viec boi thudng cho nan nhan, nan nhan thay ring viec boi tiiddng nhd v^y la du, khong cln phii td cio.
+ Ddi vdi nhdm tdi ve sinh ly (tpi cddng dam, giao ciu vdi tre em, hidp dam...) thi tim ly ehung li sd tdn hai danh dd ciia chfnh nan nhan va thin nhin cua hp, vi viy, thdng thddng nan nhan cua nhdm tpi niy khdng td cio tdi pham.
+ Cd trddng hdp ngddi pham tdi de dpa, bupc nan nhan khdng dddc khai bio, ndu khai bdo se bi u i thii, giy ra noi sd hii cho nan nhin.
+ TrUdng hdp gifla nan nhan va ngddi pham tpi c6 mdi quan he gia dinh thi viec khdng thong bio vl tpi pham d mdc do cao hdn, bdi ie neu thdng bdo se anh hudng den quan he gia dinh nen hp thudng td giii quyet vdi nhau.
+ SU nl nang, phu thupc cua nan nhan ddi vdi ngUdi pham tdi, vi vay nhieu ngUdi Ii nan nhan cua cic vu cUdng dam nhdng nan nhan khdng dim lim gi vi sd bj dudi viec do ke pham tpi li cap Uen trdc tidp cua hp.
•f- Mpt ly do khac la nan nhin sd viec td gidc tdi pham se Hen quan den nhflng sai pham, tham ehi Ii tdi pham cua nan nhan.
Tfl phin U'ch uen cho thay ty le tpi pham an phu thudc rat nhilu vio ty le td giic tpi pham cua nan nhin. S6 dT ndi nhU vay vi nan nhan thddng Ii ngUd'i bidt nhieu tiidng tin chinh xdc ve hanh vi pham tpi vi ngUdi pham tpi.
V;^-; ho c6 td gvac ?.d: nh?m hsv l-dhoag se gay
anh hudng true tiep vi d mdt mdc dp dang ke den ty Ie tpi pham an, den hieu qui dau Uanh, phdng ngfla tpi pham.
- Nguyen nhdn tif phia ngudi ldm chdng:
Nguon thdng tin ve tpi pham do ngUdi lim chdng cung cap cho cd quan tidn hanh tdtung td hoat dpng lay ldi khai la mpt trong nhflng ngudn chdng cfl quan Upng de chflng mirdi vu in. Ndu vi ly do nao do ngUdi lim chdng td chdi khai bao hoac khai bio gian ddi thi khd cd the phit hien sU that vu in. Ndi cich khic, su tang hoac giim ty le an cua tpi pham cdn phu thupc vio viec thdng bio hoic tdgiic tpi pham cua cic cdng dan bidt vl nhflng tinh tiet cua vu an da xay ra. Vi the, vai trd cua ngddi Iim chflng trong viec phit hien tpi pham Ii rat quan Upng. Chflng nao ngUdi dan cdn thd d vdi tpi pham, cdn ngai tiep xuc vdi cic cd quan bao ve phip luit, cdn sd bj Ui thii thi tinh hinh tpi pham an van tdn tai. Ngoii ra, cd nhflng tmdng hdp do khdng hieu bidt phip luat nen ngddi chflng kidn hinh vi pham tpi khdng bidt dd Ii tpi pham vi do do hp khdng td giic tpi pham. Viec tham gia cua ci nhin.
td chdc Uong viec phdng chdng tpi pham, phat hien vi td giac tdi pham cd y nghTa vd cung quan trpng trong viec giim tpi pham an.
- Nguyen nhdn tif phia ca quan co thdm quyen tien hanh tdtung:
Cd quan cd tham quyen tidn hinh td tung bao gdm: cd quan lien hanh tdtung (Cd quan dilu tra, Vien kiem sit, Tda in) va cd quan cd tham quyin tidn hinh td lung khac (Bp dpi bien phdng, Hii quan, Kiem lam, Ldc Iddng Canh sit bien va cac cd quan khic ciia Cong an nhan din. Quan dpi nhan dan dddc giao nhiem vu tidn hinh mot sd hoat dpng dilu
52 THS. NGUYEN TRAN NHU KHUE.THS. NGUYEN ANH VU - TlM HI^U N H a N G T l f l i S t
tra). Trong qui trinh thUc hien nhiem \ u, tdi pham an \a\ ra la do ning lUc khim phi tpi pham cua nhflng cd quan tren cdn han chd (do chuyen mdn nghiep \u. do phUdng tien k> thual khdng dip dng dUdc...), do tieu cue nhd nban hdi Id hoic vi nhflng dpng cd khic nhau di cd y bd Ipt lpi pham. ngUdi pham tdi (khdng tmy cflu ngudi cd tdi. khdng ra bin in, lim .sai lech hd sd vu in...)... Hau qui la lpi pham. ngUdi pham tdi khdng bj phat hien hoic bj phil hien nhUng khdng bj xfl ly. Dd li mpt lrong nhflng nguyen nhin iim xui't bien.
ton lai tdi pham an.
Nghien cflu ngu\en nhan in tdi pham tfl phfa cd quan cd tham quyin tidn hinh tdtung li can thiel trong cdng tic daii Uanh phdng chdng tpi pham. Bdi le tdi pham an xuit phil id cd quan cd tham quyen tidn hinh td tung se inh hudng xiu den qua trinh quan iy nhi nddc; lim mil idng tin cua nhin din ddi vdi sd nghiem minh cua phip luil; Iim ngUdi dan mat di tfnh tfch cue trong viec hdp tie vdi cd quan phap luat de phong chdng tpi pham.
4. Thdi gian an
Thdi gian an li khoang thdi gian tfl khi thuc hien tdi pham cho den khi tpi pham bi phit hien'"". Cho den nay. chUa cd tai lieu nao xac dinh cu the hdn khoang thdi gian an cua tdi pham va phin Ioai nd. Theo quan niem cua chung ldi vl tpi pham an thi cich hieu thdi gian an nhU vay li cdn thidu sdt. Khdng phii khi "tpi pham bj phal hien" dUdc xem li mdc thdi gian cudi cung khang dinh tpi pham khdng cdn an nfla mi li thdi diem tpi pham
chua hi .xu ly vS hinh su. Thdc tiln diu tran vdi tdi pham ludn dit r^ nhilu diach thdc.
nhflng vu in cd the bit qui umg. pha an ngay khi xiy ra, nhung cung cd nhdng vy khien cd quan dilu ua phii ldn khdng ii nid hoi cong sfle, tiiim chf la xddng mau va co khi phii mi't tdi 1 nim, 3 nim. 10 nim hoic liu hdn nfla... mdi kdt thuc ^u in dUdc: cd nhflng vu dn khdng Ihl xfl ly bdi khdng tim ra tiiu pham"". Cd ra't nhilu ngddi pham tpi da trd'n trinh phip luat uong tiidi gian dii td vai nim den hing chuc nim giy khd khin cho cdng tic dilu tra, tmy bii ldi pham. Nhd vu in Vd Vin Thanh sau khi gidt ngddi di trdn khdi ndi giam d uai K20 Bdn Tre, y da chuyen toin bp gia dinh den An Giang sinh sdng. Tfl khi y giy in den khi bj bit keo dii 14 nam"-'. Nhfl vay, thdi gian an cua tdi pham can hieu day du hdn: thdi gian dn dugc hieu la khodng thdi gian tU khi thUc Men tgi phgm cho den khi tgi phgm bi phdt hien, bi xii ly hinh sii. Day la kdt qui cua sd tic ddng qua lai gifla dp an, Iy do an va vung an. Cu thd la thdi gian an cd lien quan den: dac diem hinh vi pham tpi, hiu qui cua tpi pham; nhan than ngUdi pham tpi;
thii dp cua nan nhan, ngUdi lam chdng va mdi quan he gifla hp vdi ngUdi pham tdi; nang lUc - pham chat ngUdi cd th^m quyin tien hinh td tung, phUdng tien phdng chdng tpi pham;
dac diem ITnh vdc kinh td- xa hpi va dia I^, dia hinh cd tdi pham xay ra. Vi the can phii nghien cflu chi tidt hdn cic yeu id inh hudng
I'" "Khong tpi ph^m nao co the dioai ni-u bj di^t website: htip://iaiiinhin.net'PhapluaL'10943/Khi
"" Ph^m \'iln Tmh "Tinh hinh tpi ph^m o nuoc ta". Tpi phgm hpc. Lugl liinh sir iii Lutjl To tung hinh sy Met \am. Nxb.
Chinh tn quoc gia, lla Ndi. 1995. trang 37.
'ra ky". tir
•the-lhoat-neu-bi-dieu-tra-ky-Lhiml, injy rSn'' ^ T ' 8/5/2020. ^^ "say
Trin Hiru Trdng (2000) "Mpi s6 % '
ph^manoViC'iNara". TapchiZ.Ha//if>r(3j. irang I5 "•= 'i"h hmh tpi
THS. NGUYENTRAN NHL/KHUg.THS. NGUYJN ANH VO -TIM HIEU NnQNGTIEU CHf...
den thdi gian an de cd tiie tim ra bien phip nit ngin tiidi gian an cua tpi pham.
Ket luan
Nhu vay, nhan tiiflc ve tpi pham an, ngoii viec lim rd khai niem, cac dau hieu cd ban cdn can dinh gii tdi pham an b^ng cic tieu chf vung an, dp an, nguyen nhin an vi thdi gian an.
Tdi pbam an da vi dang "im tham" giy ra thiet hai cho ci nhan ndi rieng vi xa hpi ndi chung mi khdng bj phat hien, xd ly. Sd ton tai cua tpi pham an dan ddn he qui md ta khdng ehinh xie bdc uanh tdi pham vi nham lin Uong viee td chdc hoat dpng phdng chdng tpi pham cung nhu dinh gii hieu qua cua hoat dpng niy. Mit khac, thUc Uang tdi pham an gdp phan phin inh sU bi't cdng Uong xa hpi, sU yeu kdm cua he thdng cic cd quan nha nude cd chflc ning, nhiem vu phdng chdng tpi pham, sU thieu tin tddng cua ngUdi dan ddi vdi luat phip vi cdng l^. Vi the ben canh cic daii hieu cua tpi pham an, ve mat ly luan cung can tim hieu nhflng tieu chf dinh gii tpi pham an. Tfl dd cd the dinh hddng cho thdc tien phdng chdng tpi pham nhim han chd, khac phuc thUc Uang an cua tpi pham vi nang cao hieu qui phdng chdng tpi pham ndi chung.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Dai hpc Luat TP.HCM: Gido trinh Tgi phgm hgc 2014 (bai "Hnh hinh tdi pham").
Nxb. Hdng Ddc - Hdi Luat gia Viet Nam.
2. Nguyin NhU Y: Dgi tit dien Tieng Viet, Nxb. Vin hda tiidng tin. Hi Ndi. 1998.
3. Pham Van Tinh: "Tmh hinh tpi pham 6 nudc ta", Tdi phgm hgc, Lugt Hinh sU va Lugt Tdtung hinh su Viet Nam, Nxb. Chi'nh trj qudc gia. Hi Npi. 1995.
4. Dio Tri Uc (1999): "Van de kiem soit tdi pham". Tap chf Nhd nUdc vd phdp lugt (6).
5. Tran Hflu Trang (2000): "Mdt sd van de ve tinh hinh tpi pham an d Viet Nam", Tap chf Ludt hgc (3).
6. LS Nguyen Thanh: "Quyin cfla ngUdi bj hai vi van dl bio ve ngudi bj hai trong tdtung hinh sU Viet Nam", Bdo dam quyin con ngUdi trong tuphdp hinh sU Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc Qudc gia TP.HCM, TP.HCM. 2010.
7. Markus Loffelmann: The Victim in Criminal Procedure: A systematic portrayal of victim protection under German Criminal procedure lcnv;tiiv/ehsiie:http://www.un3fei.
or.Jp/engIish/pdf/PDF_rms/no70/p031 -40.
pdf, truy cap ngiy 20/5/2020.
8. Tfl website: http://www6.vnmedia.vn/
newsdetaiI.asp?NewsId=I77687&CatId=22, tmy cap ngiy 20/5/2020.
9. "Khdng tpi pham nao cd thi thoit ndu bj dieu ua ky", tfl website: http://taranhin.
net/Phapluat/10943/Khong-toi-pham-nao-co- the-tiioat-neu-bi-dieu-tra-ky-l.htmI, tmy cip ngiy 18/5/2020.
