20 11 TRLTCJNGBAI HODTHUBD HANDI
TIN NGirOfNG THd CUNG TO TIEN CUA NGirdl VIET: KHAI NIEM VA GIA TRI TAM LINH
Nguyen Vdn Thdng, Ngo Tbi Thanh Hmmg, Dd Ngpc Hai, Nguyen Thj Chi Tnrdng Dgi hgc Thu do Ha Ngi
T6m tdt: Tyic thd cUng id tien ciia ngudi Viet da cd lit ldu ddi, vd hiin nay da trd ihdnh mgl gid trj vdn hda, gid tri ldm linh sdu sdc ddi vdi mdi ngudi, mdi gia dinh ngudi Vi^l.
Bdi viel ndy chiing ldi quan Idm gidi ihich, Idm ro han vi khdi ni?m, bdi cdnh vd nhirng gid Irj ldm linh ndy dugc cha dng de lai thong qua nhinig cdm nhgn lu than, gido d\ic vd tilde vd hgc tgp kiin thuc. Qua dd, giup ngudi dgc hiiu hoji, trdn quy han tinh hoa gid trj vdn hda tdm linh dd due kit ngdn ddi nay ciia ddn tgc Vi^l Nam.
Tu khod: lin nguong, thd cung Id lien, gid trj tdm linh.
Nhgn bdi ngdy 12.3.2020; gui phdn bien, chinh sira, duyet dang ngdy 25.3.2020 Lien h$ Idc gid- Nguyen Vdn Thdng: Email: nvthangf^nmu.edu.vn
1. DAT VAN D E
Tuc thd Cling td tidn ciia ngucri Viet la loai hinh tin ngudng dan gian cd siic song lau ben trong ddi sdng vdn hda ngudi Viet ndi ridng va ca dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, nd cd siic lan tda, thdm thau va Itm truydn tir ddi nay qua ddi khdc nhu ddng chdy gid tri vdn hda Ijch sii tdt dep eiia ddn tdc ta. Vl vay, tuc thd ciing td tidn cd anh hudng sdu sdc ddn ddi sdng tinh than cua con ngudi. cung nhu vai frd quan frpng vdi ddi sdng tinh than - ddi sdng tdm linh con ngudi va edng ddng. Tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn khdng chi chira dung nhihig gia fri vdn hod. dao diic tdt dep eiia dan tdc ma cdn thd hidn quan nidm, thd hidn thd gidi quan ciia eon ngudi ddi vdi the gidi xung quanh \'a gitra con ngudi vdi nhau,... Hang ngdn ndm qua, tin nguong thd cung td tien dem Iai nhtmg mdt tich cue tdi ddi sdng cua moi cd nhdn, cdng ddng va xd hdi. hun due ldn tinh thdn dan tdc, dao ly fri an, thanh kinh, tdn thd ngudi cd cdng. ghi tac cm ngudi dudng due sinh thanh,... va, tdt ca nhtmg chidu ki'ch tam cam ay dupc truxen tdi vdo hoat ddng giao dye nhdn each con ngudi Viet lam thda mdn nhu cdu tam linh ciia moi cd nhan, mdi gia dinh vd mdi cdng ddng tu cu frdn dat nude Viet Nam than yeu eua ehung ta.
2. N Q l D U N G 2.1. Mpt so khai nidm
Tin ngudng
_TAP CHf KHDA HOC - SD 3 B / 2 D Z D | 21
Khdi nidm tin ngudng dupc hidu va dinh nghia theo cac hudng khdc nhau, cac gdc dp nghien ciiu, tim hieu khac nhau, ttr khia canh ciia vdn de ma ngudi nghidn ciiu muon tim hieu, khai thdc khdi nidm nay, tuy nhien cdc quan didm ddu tu hudng vao quan diem cho rdng, tin ngudng la su ngudng md, tin tudng ciia con ngudi vdo cdc luc luong sidu nhidn, hu ao, cd tinh chat thidng Iidng huydn bi. Trong ddi sdng thudng ngay. dd cap ddn tin ngudng ngudi ta thudng lidn tudng ddn nhiiiig hidn tupng xa hdi, ddi sdng cd tinh chdt linh thidng, thdn bi, khd li giai, thd hidn niem tin nhdt dinh vd mdt the gidi vd hinh, vd cupc sdng sau khi chet, ve su tdn tai eua Iinh hdn ngudi chdt va sy tae ddng ciia lue lupng nay doi vdi cudc sdng hidn tai eua con ngudi. Hidn tupng nay gdn lidn vdi cdc phong tyc, tap qudn, thdi quen, truyen thdng ciia mdt cdng ddng ngudi hay mdt dan tdc, nd phdn anh nep sdng, cung each ling xir ciia con ngudi cung nhu phan anh lich sii phdt fridn vdn hod eiia cpng ddng ddn tdc dd.
Tir didn tdn gido xac dinh: "Tin ngudng Id Idng tin va sy ngudng md, ngudng vpng vao mdt luc lupng sidu nhidn, thdn bi, luc lupng sidu nhidn do cd thd mang hinh Ihiic bidu tupng la "Trdi", "Phdt", "Chua", "Thdnh", "Thdn" hay mdt siic manh hu ao, huydn bi, vd hinh nao do tac ddng ddn ddi sdng tdm linh ciia ngudi ta, dupc con ngudi tin Id cd that va tdn thd."'''. Giao su. Ddng Nghidm Van cho rdng, d nude ta hidn nay, tin ngudng cd thd hidu theo hai nghTa: Thir nhat, noi vd tu do tin ngudng thi cd the hidu do la sy tu do vd mdt y thlic, ty do vd tin ngudng, tdn gido. Thii hai, tin ngudng cdn dupc hidu vdi nghTa rdng bao friim ldn tdn giao, la mot bd phan chii ydu nhdt cdu thdnh ndn tdn gido, rapi tdn gido ddu cd yeu td cau thanh la tin ngudng.
Trong Viet Nam van hoa sii cuong, nhd nghien cim Dao Duy Anh cho rdng: "Tin nguong Id Idng ngudng md, md tin ddi vdi mdt tdn giao hoac mdt chii nghTa".'" Ciing d gdc nhin nay, Trdn Ddng Sinh Iai di sau phdn tieh khai nidm tin ngudng trdn ca sd nam dac trung: (i) Xem xdt tin ngudng gdn vdi ddi sdng tinh than ndi chung; (ii) Xem xet tin ngudng nhu la kdt qud ciia su hinh thanh va phat fridn quan hd xa hdi. ed tac ddng qua lai cac quan hd do; (iii) Xem xet tin ngudng nhu la phuong thiic bidu hien nidm tin ciia con ngudi vao cai lieng thidng, bidu hidn su bdt luc cua hp trudc siic manh thdng fri ciia lue lupng tu nhidn va xd hdi; (iv) Xem xet tin ngudng nhu mdt hien tupng lich sii, vdn hda cd quy luat hinh thanh va van dpng. bidn ddi ridng; (v) Xem xei tin ngudng nhu Id mdt bd phan ciia y thiic xa hpi frong quan he vdi tdn gido, van hda, ngdn ngtf, fridt hpc, Ijch sir, nghd thuat, khoa hpe. Su tdng hpp, dan xen eiia nam dac trung frdn tao thdnh lat cat bdi didm giao nhau noi Idn ddc tnmg ehung nhdt eiia tin ngudng'*.
Trong cudc sdng, khai nidm tin ngudng tdn giao dupc ngudi dpc, ngudi nghe, ngudi nohien ciiu hidu va thuc hdnh cd khae nhau. Tuy nhidn, 'tin ngudng" vd "ton giao" ndu xet
"^ Mai Thanh Hai (2002). Tir dien ton gido, Nxb tir dien bach khoa, fr. 634 -635, Ha Ngi.
'" f)ao Duv Anh (2002), Viet Nam vdn hda su cucmg. Nxb van hoa thong tin, fr. 283. Ha Ngi.
'* Trdn Ddna Sinh (2002). Nhihig khia cgnh triet hgc trong rin ngudng thd cung id tien ciia ngudi Vie! dddn^^bdng Bdc bd hien na)', Nxb. Chinh fri quoc gia, tr. 32-33, Ha Ngi.
22 II T R U d N B B A I H D C T H D B O H A N D I
cu thd tren nhidu khia canh nhu ndi dung, hinh thiic phan anh thi ddu cd sy tuong ddng, song cung cd sy khac biet d nhidu phucmg didn.
Tin ngudng dupc hmh thanh tir chinh cudc sdng ciia con ngudi, tin ngudng phan anh ty nhidn chua cd ca sd li ludn hoan bi. Do dd, tin ngudng mang ti'nh chat dan gian. gdn vdi sinh hoat vdn hda dan gian. Tin ngudng hinh thanh va tdn tai dua fren co sd nidm tin vao cdc tinh chdt sidu hinh, hu do. phep la, thdn Iinh, td tien. Vi vdy, tin ngudng gdn lidn vdi cac phong tuc, tap qudn ciia con ngudi. CJ tin ngudng chua cd cac he thdng giao ly. luat I | nghidm khdc, ncri thd chung va cdc nghi le mang tinh don gian. Cdn tdn giao dupc hinh thanh va tdn tai frdn ca sd Iy ludn chat chd. cd tinh he thdng va khai quat, cd he y thiic va tdm It tdn gido. 0 frong tdn giao. cdc nghi Ie dupc ddc bidt coi frpng va mang tinh he th^ng, dupc quy djnh chat chd bdi gido Iy, giao luat, mang tinh chat bat bupc vdi cac tin dd. Ddy chinh Id cdch hidu thii nhdt ma chiing ta dang quan nidm vd tin ngudng tdn gido hi^n hihi quanh minh. Q cdch hidu thii hai, tin ngudng va tdn gido Id mpt. hic Id, midn con ngudi c6 niem tin vdo mpt cdi gi dd sieu hinh va hu do thi dupe xem dd Id mdt tin ngudng tdn gido.
Cdch hidu ndy ldm cho tin ngudng. tdn giao frd ndn rdng ldn vd chkp nhdn nhidu hon nhthig tin hihi ciia minh.
Nhd nghidn cim vdn hda dan gian Ngd Dire Thinh da chi ra su khdc bidt git^a tin ngudng vd tdn giao: "Tdn giao cd he thdng gido ly va kinh didn,... dupc truyen thu qua giang day va hpc tap d cdc tu vidn, thanh dudng, hpc vidn,... cd hd thong than didn, ed t6 chirc gido hpi, hpi doan chdt che, cd ncri thd ciing ridng nhu nhd thd, chiia chidn, thdnh dudng,... nghi Id thd ciing chat che, cd sy tdch bidt giiia thd gidi thdn linh vd con ngudi.
Cdn tin ngudng thi chua cd he thdng giao ly ma chi cd huydn thoai, thdn tich vd fruydn thuydt. Tin ngudng mang tinh dan gian gdn vdi sinh hoat van hda dan gian. Trong lin ngudng cd sy hda nhdp giira thd gidi thdn Iinh vd con ngudi, noi thd ciing nghi le cdn phan ldn, chua hinh Ihdnh vd quy ude chdt che"". Tuy nhidn tin ngudng va tdn gido cung cd su luang ddng dd Id; Tin ngudng va tdn giao ddu la hmh thiic xa hdi, ddu la su phdn anh hu do tdn tai xa hdi, thd hidn sy bat lyc cua con ngudi trudc tu nhien va xa hdi. Tin ngudng va tdn gido ddu cd ngudn gdc xd hdi, ngudn gdc nhan thue va ngudn gdc tdm Ii tuang duong frong qua frinh hinh thdnh va tdn tai; ddu cd chiic nang ddn bii hu ao, xoa dju ndi dau hidn thuc va hudng con ngudi ve sy gidi thodt vd tinh thdn. Tin ngudng va tdn giao ddu la su thd hidn nidm tin. sy ngudng md ciia con ngudi vdo cdc thd luc sieu nhidn,...
Nhu \'dy tir nhidu ngudn nhdn dinh eiia cdc nhd van hda, "Tin ngudng" dupe hidu Id:
mpl bd phan. mdt hinh thdi cua y thirc xa hdi, la sdn pham ciia cac quan he xd hdi, dupc hinh thanh trong qua trinh Ijch sir, gan lidn vdi nidm tm, sy ngudng md, siing bdi nhthig sy vat, hidn tupng thidng, nhthig than thanh, simg bai, thd phung nhiing Iinh hdn ngudi chdt, tin rdng cd cudc sdng ciia con ngudi d "thd gidi ben kia" cdu mong sy phii hd, dem Iai hanh phuc cho cupc sdng cua con ngudi, phan anh rd net nhat ddc tnmg van hda dan tpc.
"Ngo Diic Thinh (2001). Tin ngudng vd vdn hda lin ngudng a Vi$t Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc x2 h^i, fr.50,HaNpi.
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To tiin, ihd cung id lien
Theo quan nidm ciia ngudi Viet, d nghTa hep, td tien la nhiing ngudi cimg chung huyet thdng nhu dng ba, cha me, cdc thd he sinh ra ban than minh. ngoai ra, tiieo nghTa rpng thi to tien cung Id nhthig ngudi cd cdng tao dyng nen cudc sdng ciia con ngudi. dem 1^1 kd s^nh nhai, day nghe truydn nghd ddn eho cd mdt cdng ddng nhu: Thanh Hoang lang, To nghd,... Vdi mdt sd noi, td tidn cdn Id nhihig vi anh hiing dan tdc cd cdng bdo v^ xdm Idng, que hucmg, ddt nude khdi gidc ngoai xam. Trong Hch su Viet Nam da ghi lai bidt bao anh hung Ijch sii la Td tidn cua chung ta nhu: Thanh Gidng, Hai Ba Trung, Ld Lpi, Trdn Hung Dao,... Thd ciing td tidn dupc cpng ddng gpi bdng khdi niem rdt dan gian la dao dng ba, dao thd ciing td tidn. Nhd nghien ciiu nhu Dang Nghiem Van cho rang, cd thd gpi Id dao thd ciing td tien eung dupe, nhung dao d ddy khdng cd nghTa nhu dao Kitd, dao Phdt, dao Hdi,... ma phai hidu nhu dao ly lam ngudi, dao Iam con, ,... va nhiing dao dy khdng thd Id mdt tdn gido vl da la mot ton giao thi phai cd gido Iy, cd hdng ngu giao sTvd giao hdi,....
Theo nha nghidn eiiu Trdn Dang Sinh, khdi nidm vd thd cung td tidn Id: "Td tidn la khai nidm dd chi nhimg ngudi ciing huydt thdng, da mat nhu Ky, Cu, Ong, Ba, Cha, Me,...
Id nhiing ngudi ed cdng sinh thanh nudi dudng, cd anh hudng ldn ddn ddi sdng vat chdt tinh than ciia cac thd hd ciia nhirng ngudi dang sdng"'. Trong qua trinh phdt tridn ciia Ijch sir, khdi niem td tidn cung cd su bien ddi, phat tridn. Td tidn khdng cdn bd hep frong pham vi huydt thong, gia dinh, ddng toe, ddng hp,... md da md rdng ra trong pham vi edng ddng, xa hpi, bao gdm tir td nha. Id hp cho ddn td lang, td nghd, td nude - tiic la nhtmg ngudi cd cdng dau tien hoae fruc tiep tdi vide sinh thdnh, md Idng, md nghd, dyng nude. GS Dang Nghiem Van eho rang: "Dao thd ciing td tidn dupe hidu theo nghTa rdng, khdng chi Id nhihig ngudi c6 cdng sinh dudng da khudt, nghTa la nhiing ngudi cd cung huydt thdng, md thd ca nhimg ngudi cd cdng vdi cdng ddng, Idng xd, dat nude'". Phan Kd Binh eho rdng:
"Xet cdi tuc phyng sy td tidn ciia ta rat la thanh kinh, dy eiing la mdt Idng bat vong ban, cung la mdt vide nghTa vu eiia con ngudi"\ Didu nay xem nhu mot tap tuc truydn thdng mang gia frj dao diic, the hidn Idng thanh kinh nghTa cii con chdu.
Trong Tir dien Tidng Viet "Thd dupc hidu theo hai nghTa: (i) Td long tdn kinh than thanh, vdt thidng hay linh hdn ngudi chdt bdng hinh thiic Id nghi. ciing bdi theo phong tuc hay theo tin ngudng: (ii) Tdn kinh va coi la thidng Iidng. Cdn ciing thi dupc hidu: Ddng Id vat len thdn thanh hay linh hdn ngudi chdt theo tin nguong^". Do do, thd ciing td tidn Id thd thong nhdt ciia cae ydu Id: Y thirc vd td tidn, bidu tupng ve td tidn va Ie nghi thd ciing.
Ydu td y thlic vd td tien chinh la hanh ddng "thd" cua con chdu ddi vdi td tidn. Thd td tien la tam linh, la tinh cdm fri an ciia con chau hudng vd cdi ngudn. Con chau thd hidn su
' Trdn Ddng Sinh (2002), Nhirng khia cgnh iriit hoc... Tldd fr. 109. Ha Ngi.
- DangNchiem Van (1996). Ve tdn gido tin ngudng hien na}>,t<\h.Khoahgc xahoi,u3\5.}ia'N^i.
^" Plian K I Binh (1995), Viet Nam phong tuc, tr.20-2\,'Nxh. HaNoi.
^ Trung tam tir didn hgc (2001), Tir diin Tiing Viet, tr. 921, Nxb. Da Nang
2 4 II T R a C i N B B A I H D D THLJ B D H A NDI
Ihanh kinh, Idng bidt cm td tdng. dng ba, cha me 6a sinh thdnh, gay dyng cupc sdng cho minh. Ddng thdi, dd cCing la mong mdi, nidm tin thidng lieng vao sy che chd, giiip do ciia Id tidn. Ca sd ciia su hinh thanh < thiic td tidn la nidm tin vd linh hdn bdt hi, td tidn tuy khdng cdn hidn sinh vat chdt, song linh hdn vong ban vdn tdn tai frong suy nghi thuan khiet va ban thd la chdn tni ngu.
Y thlic vd td tidn dupc hmh thanh va dupc ciing co qua nghi le thd ciing td tien vd bidu tupng vd td tien. Bidu tupng vd td tien Id nhiing hinh dnh dep, la nhiing ngudi tai gidi, cd cdng cd diic dupe con chdu gdn cho td tidn va ludn tdn vinh, khdc hpa frong tdm tudng.
Bidu tupng vd td tidn cd thd dupc thd hidn bdng bdi vi, tupng, dnh dupc trang frf, bay ngu mOt cdch ton kinh, trang frpng tai noi thd ciing. Nghi ll thd ciing Id chudi Id thiic hdnh ddng dupc bidu dat qua hinh thiic, hanh vi Ie. Hdnh vi le ay dupc quy dinh bdi quan ni^m, phong tyc, tap qudn, thdi quen ciia mdi gia dinh, ddng hp, cpng ddng, vd mSi dan tpc. Ll Cling Id phuang tidn dd con ngudi ed thd giao tiep vdi td tidn, frong thyc tiln cdn cd Ih^
nhd tdi m<it tdng Idp frung gian dd Idm vide nay (thay ciing) nhung thudng do ngudi chu gia dinh thuc hien qua dpng tdc nhu dang le vdt, khdn, vdi,...
Nhu vay, thd va ciing Id hai ydu Id cd mdi quan he mat thidt vdi nhau. Trong dd, y^u td y thirc, Ur tudng, tinh cdm tdn thd td tidn Id ndi dung cdt loi, cdn eung la hinh thiic bidu dat ciia npi dung, la phuong tidn truyen tai y thirc, tinh cdm cua con chdu d6i vdi td tidn.
Thd Cling Id tidn Id mot tyc Id, tin ngudng, tdn gido hay truydn thdng dang cdn nhan nhidu y kien khdc nhau. Chiing tdi cho rdng "thd ciing td tidn" la mot Ioai hinh tin ngudng, cy the la tin nguiing dan gian. Tin ngudng thd cting td tidn d Viet Nam la khai niem dupc diing dd chi hoal dpng tdn thd, ciing td ciia nhimg ngudi dang sdng vdi nhiing ngudi dd khudt theo nhihig nghi le cy the tiiy thudc vdo quy dinh ciia timg cpng ddng thyc hidn thd ciing (gia dinh, ddng hp, lang xdm, vung midn, ngdnh nghd, ddt nude,...) nhSm thyc hien sy thda mdn mong mudn, y nghT xudt hien frong tdm tudng. ciing cd cd hidu qud mdi quan he gitfa ngudi sdng vdi nhihig ngudi dd khudt, giiip ngudi sdng tin tudng hem, ty tin hon, vfhig vdng hon vdo cupc sdng hidn tai.
Nhu vay. thd ciing td tidn la mpt hidn tupng mang tinh lieh sii - xa hdi, mdt hidn tupng tdn tai phd bidn d nhidu nude trdn thd gidi frong dd cd Viet Nam. Cho den nay, thd ciing td tidn van cd vai frd quan frpng frong ddi sdng tinh than ciia nhieu dan tdc. Thd ciing Id cdch thd hidn tryc liep sy simg bai tin tudng, ngudng vpng tdi cdc vi td tidn ciia minh, cung cd ngudi cho rdng dd}^ la mpl tap tyc, cd ngudi lai cho la mdt tin ngudng tdn gido bdn dia Id bdi timg cdch hieu va tidp can dudi cdc giac dp khac nhau ma thdi. Qua y kidn ciia cdc nha khoa hpc, chiing ta cd thd thdy rang: Tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn d Viet Nam dupc the hidn d 3 cap dp chii yeu: mdt Id thd ciing td tidn trong gia dinh, ddng tdc; hai la thd nhiing dng td nghd, td su. ngudi cd cdng khai phd vung dal mdi, dung lang, lap dp, ddnh gidc ciiu dan.... dd dupc nhdn dan tdn vinh. thd phung la thanh hoang lang; ba Id thd vua nhu Id vi than ciia qudc gia dan ldc ma didn hinh la thd vua Himg.
^ A P CHf KHDA HDC _ SD 3 B / 2 D 2 D
Gid trj tam linh qua tin ogir&ng thor ciing td tien ciia ngirdi Viet
Tm ngudng thd ciing td lien la mdt Ioai tin ngudng dan gian cd tru\'dn mang tinh khdi quat cao. Ngudi dan Viet Nam ddu cd chung td tidn do la me Au Co, cha Lac Long Quan va^ddu la ddng ddi "con rdng chdu tien". Thd ciing td tidn dd frd thanh mot tap tyc tmyen thong cd vi fri ddc bidt frong ddi sdng tam Iinh ciia dan tpc ta. Id yeu td ca ban tao nen gia tri vdn hoa, bdn sdc vdn hda Viet Nam. Thd ciing td tidn khdng chi la tm ngudng phd bien ciia ngudi Viet ma cdn la ciia mdt so tpc ngudi khac nhu: Mudng, Thai, Dao,... Trdi qua bao thang fram eiia lich sii nhung tdi nay, tin ngudng thd ciing td lidn van ludn chidm dupc vi fri thidng Iidng ddc bidt frong ddi sdng tinh thdn cua ngudi ddn Vipt Nam. "Con ngudi cd to cd long" la y thiic bao tdn frong cOi tam linh vd dupe Iuu fruydn rir thd he nay ddn thd he khdc dii hp cd dang sdng trong dai ddt hinh chii S hay dang sdng d bdt cii noi ddu trdn thd gidi. Tin ngudng thd eiing td tidn ludn duac cdc thd chd tir xua ddn nay thtra nhan va coi trpng, song hanh cimg vdi tidn trinh Ijch su ciia ddn tpc. Qua thdi gian, tyc thd cimg id tien da ket hi thanh gia frj dao dire quy bdu ciia con ngudi Viet Nam, hinh thdnh ndn cot cdch ngudi Viet Nam.
Cho ddn nay cd nhidu gid thuydt vd ngudn gdc ciia tin ngudng thd cung td tien ciia ngudi Vidt. Cd gia thuydt cho rdng, nd dupc hinh Ihanh vao thdi Bdc lhudc va cd su dnh hudng tir van hda Han. Cd quan didm cho bidt tyc thd ciing td tidn ciia ngudi Viet dupc hinh thanh tir van hda ban dia,... Chiing tdi cho rdng, mudn tim hidu sy hinh thdnh phong tyc, tdp qudn, tin ngudng, tdn giao,... cdn bdt ddu tir ndn tdng xd hpi ciia cpng ddng ngudi dd va frdn ca sd tuong tac vdn hda giifa con ngudi vdi thidn nhidn va con ngudi vdi eon ngudi, tir do mdi cd dupc nhdn thiic diing vd tin ngudng ndy. Ca sd quan frpng cho vide hinh thdnh bat cii tdn gido tin nguong ndo ciing la quan niem tdm Iinh eua con ngudi vd thd gidi - thd gidi quan. Nhu nhidu ddn tdc khdc, ngudi Viet xuat phat tir nhan thiic "van vdt hitu linh" - mpi vdt ddu cd linh hdn - va bat dau tir tu nhidn xung quanh minh. Vi thd, Ioai thdn cd sa nhdt dupc ngudi ta siing bdi Id cdc nhidn than, dac bidt la thdn cdy, than mil, thdn sdng,... Bdng each huydn thoai hda, cdc vi nhidn than dupe mang khudn mat cua con ngudi (hidn hau hay dti- tpn,...) tam ly ciia con ngudi (vui mimg hay tiic gian....) cd thd ndi vide nhan hda cdc thdn lu nhidn da tao ra mdt bude chuj'dn cho vide hinh thdnh he thdng nhan hda. Day cung ehinh la giai doan con ngudi bat dau hinh thdnh nhdn thiic va khdm phd vd bdn than minh. Ddn mdt thdi diem nao dd, mdi quan he gi&a cai hihi hinh vd cdi vd hinh nhdt la giiia sy sdng vd cai chdt bupc lara cho eon ngudi phai ban tdm. Vdn vdi quan niem vat Iinh kd fren, hp tin rang trong moi con ngudi ddu cd ''hdn" va "Via". Thd xdc vd Iinh hon ludn gdn bd vdi nhau khi ngudi ta cdn sdng nhung ndu chdt di chung se tdch bidt, thd xde ddn mdt di nhung phdn hdn vdn ludn tdn tai chi la nd se chuydn sang sdng d mdt thd gidi khdc vdi con ngudi dang sdng. Theo quan niem dan gian thi chel Id mdt dang sdng khac d mdt mdi frudng sdng khdc dupc gpi la "edi am", tai ddy linh hdn sdng va cd nhu cdu gidng nhu cupc sdng cua con ngudi d cdi ducmg. Chinh tir quan nidm, linh hdn d cdi am cune cd nhu cdu sinh hoat nhu khi cdn song frdn coi duong. ndu khdng thd phung, cung cdp ddy dii thi se frd thanh ma lang thang, ddi khdt. Vi vdy. khi ngudi than frong gia dinh
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mat di nhiing ngudi cdn sdng ludn tin tirdng rdng linh hdn hp van tdn tai, hien dien. d5t theo. phii hd cho con. chau ndn hp ludn cam thdy cdn phm cd trdch nhidm thd ciing day du, mdt mdt nhdm tri dn vdi ngudi da mdt mat khac ldm cho cac lmh hdn dy cd noi trii ngy.
khdng phai lang thang. phidu bat. Dd ehinh la co sd dd hmh thanh ndn tin ngudng thd ciing to tidn md chiing ta dang hang ngdy thyc hanh nd tai gia dinh, cpng ddng eua minh.
Y nghia ciia lin nguong thd cung id tien
Tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn dupc coi Id Ioai hinh tin ngudng ddn gian truyen thong d ^ chat nhdn ban cua ngudi Viet, thd hien net dep ve Idng biet cm ddng thdi Id mpl net d?p trong bdn sdc vdn hda ngudi Vidt. Ba y nghTa ldn ciia Ioai hinh tin ngudng nay dd chinh Id cd tinh gido due, bao ton gia fri vdn hda va trao truyen cdc gid fri dd cho cac th^ h^
tidp sau. Ddy chinh la mdt frong nhirng li do chiing minh vi sao tin ngudng nay quan frpng b§c nhat frong ddi song tinh thdn ciia ngudi Viet.
Tin ngudng thd ciing td lidn thd hidn dao ly "udng nude nhd ngudn" ciia ngudi Vi^t vira thd hidn dupc Idng bidl cm, kinh frpng doi vdi td tidn, bdc sinh thanh vua thd hi?n frdch nhi?m cua eon chau ddi vdi td tidn. Day la bai hpc giao dye ldn nhat cho mpt eon ngudi, s6ng phai bidt cm thd he di txnac da va song phai diing ti^ch nhiem lam con, ldm chdu.
Trdch nhi^m d day khdng chi dupc thd hidn qua hanh vi tdn frpng cua con chdu doi vdi cdc b?c sinh thanh liic cdn sdng ma cdn la hanh vi ciing Id td lidn thudng xuydn khi hp dd khuat. Ddng thdi, tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn the hien tinh nhan vdn eua ngudi Vidt. To tidn, nhthig ngudi dd khuat ludn tdn tai, hien him frong tdm tri ciia con chau cdn song, hp khdng bao gid hi lang qudn the hien dupc tinh cam mat thidt thidng Iidng trong gia dinh, ddng tpc, giiia ngudi cdn sdng va ngudi da khuat, la spi day kdt ndi giu:a hai thd gidi ngudi sdng vd ngudi da mdt.
Thd Cling td tien la mdt net van hda fruydn thdng ed y nghTa Idn vd td chiic cpng dong frong xd hpi. Day la sy tidp ndi gid tri vdn hda truyen thdng d thd he trong gia dinh, ddng tpc vdi nhau, duy tri vd Idm gia tdng mdi quan he than thidt giira cac thdnh vidn frong gia dinh. giiia cdc gia dinh va vdi cdng ddng. Vdo nhtmg dip cimg le nhu Tdt, ngdy gio,... con chau sd hpi tu, gdp gd lam tdng thdm tinh cdm gdn kdt anh em, fri dn ngudi da cd cdng sinh thanh dudng due... Theo quan nidm dan gian, thdng qua tuc thd ciing td tidn sd giiip tao mdi quan he mat thidt gdp gd ciia con chdu vdi linh hdn id tidn dd khudt.
Tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn gdp phan giii dupe nhirng gia frj van hda thdng qua vide cdc thd he sau tidp thu, phat huy nhtmg gia fri tdt dep ma dng bd dd lai, diing bdi hpc dd dd gido dye, day bao con chdu. Lan lupl cac the he tidp thu ciing nhu frao truydn cac bdi hpc td tidn dd Iai, dd chinh la each bao tdn luu giir bdn viing cdc gid tri van hda dan tdc.
Y nghia tich cue. lau dai ciia tin ngudng thd ciing Id tidn chinh la ehung ta can hudng vd tuong lai. hudng ve phia trudc ma trong hanh trang ciia mdi ngudi Id tinh ydu thucmg, long nhdn ai. tinh than kien cudng vun dap cdc gid fri vdn hda da dupc Id lien truyen lai.
Sdng idt han, cd gdng Idm tot frach nhidm dupc lich sii, gia dinh, cdng ddng giao phd, ddy eung la each dd chiing ta tidp tue giao dye con cdi bidt phdt huy gid frj van hda ddn tdc vd
T A P C H I K H D A H D C - S D 3 B / 2 D 2 D || 27
lam rang rd cdng diic. hidn vinh phiic dudng ma cdc bac tidn nhdn ddy cdng bdo tdn dd day bdo. Dd chinh Id y nghTa tdt dep, tich cue, ldu ddi cua tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn trong vdn hda dan tpc ma chiing ta, mdi cdng dan Viet Nam cdn cd trach nhidm gia gm. phdt huy.
3 . KjfcT L U A N
Tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn cua ngudi Viet Nam frong qua trinh hinh thanh. tdn tai va phdt fridn. dd gdp phdn tao ra nhiimg gid fri dao diic truyen thdng quy bdu nhu Idng hieu thdo, long nhdn di, tinh cdng ddng, phdm chdt cdn cii, tinh thdn sang tao, Idng hidu hpc, tinh thdn ydu nude,... Vi thd, hidu nghTa vdi td tidn, dng, ba, cha, me, ngudi cd cdng vdi ddt nude, vdi cpng ddng.... d moi ngudi Viet chinh la qua frinh lam giau thdm gid fri vdn hda tdt dep ciia ngudi Viet Nam thdng qua tin nguong nay.
Nhitng khai nidm dupe xac lap nhdm ciing ed thdm, rd rdng hon vd ddc tinh ridng cd cua tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn ciia dan tpc Viet Nam, vd qua dd, chiing ta cang thay tudng minh hon gid frj tdm Hnh sdu dn Iuu khdc frong lin ngudng nay dupc bidu dat ra bdn ngoai thdng qua nhCtng hanh vi. Id thiic thd ciing thudng nhdt, dinh ky trong ndm. Gid fri vdn hda tdm Iinh cua tin ngudng thd ciing td tidn cdn dupc bidu dat bdi gia fri giao due dao due, giti' gin, tidp bidn vdn hda truydn thdng va frao fruydn he gid tri ay cho cac thd he tidp sau.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
/. D§ng Nghiem Van (1996), Vi ton gido tin ngudng hiin nay, Nxb. Khoa hpc xd hpi. Ha Ngi.
2. Ngo Diic Thjnh (2001), Tin nguong vd vdn hda tin ngudng a Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hoi.
Ha NOi.
3. Trdn Ddng Sinh (2002), Nhirng khia cgnh triil hgc trong tin ngudng thd cung td tiin cua ngudi Viet a ddng bdng Bdc bd hien nay. Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi.
4. Mai Thanh Hai (2002), Tit diin tdn gido, Nxb. Tir didn Bach khoa. Ha Ngi.
5. Dao Duy Anh (2002), Viet Nam vdn hoa sit cuong, Nxb. V5n hoa Thong tin. Ha Ngi.
6. Phan Kd Binh (1995), Viet Nam phong luc,'Nxb. HaNoi.
7. Trung tam hr didn hgc (2001). Tir diin Tiing Vi^l, Nxb. Da Ndng.
A N C E S T O R W O R S H I P : C O N C E P T S AND S P I R I T U A L VALUE Abstract: The practice of ancestor worship of Vietnamese people has existed for a long time, and now it has become a profound cultural and spiritual value for each Vietnamese person. In this article, we will discuss the concept, context, and spiritual values left by our ancestors through self -conscious, unconscious bias training and acquiring knowledge. Thereby, readers could have a better understand and appreciate the quintessence of spiritual cultural values thai have been summarized by thousands of generations of the Vietnamese nation.
Keywords: beliefs: ancestor worship: spiritual value
