< NGUCn TRAN THUAT TRONG TIEU THUYET VIET NAM Tir 1986 DEN 2000
PHAM TH! THUY TRANG*
TOM TAT
Ngudi trdn thudt la mot thdnh to quan trpng trong cdu trUc ciia vdn bdn truyen ke.
Ngudi Irdn thudt Id ngudi dirng ra trdn thudt nhirng tlnh huong vd su kiin trong truyen. De xdc dlnh ngudi trdn thudt. ty su hpc cdn cir vdo bayeu to: diim nhin trdn thugt, ngoi ki vd gipng dieu. Trong tieu thuyit giai dogn tir 1986 din 2000 xudt hiin phd biin hiin tupng chuyen doi linh hogt giira nhiiu diim nhin, nhieu ngoi ke. Ngodi ra, gipng dieu trdn thudt trong tiiu thuyet giai dogn ndy cung cd suphdn hoa da dgng. Sir xudt hien ciia nhirng hiin tupng ndy Id do doi tuong phdn dnh co bdn cua tieu thuyit giai dogn ndy hudng din con ngudi da dien vd cudc sdng trong xu thi van dong, biin doi khong ngirng.
Tir khoa: ngudi tran thugt, tieu thuyet Viet Nam.
ABSTRACT
Narrators in Vietnamese novels from 1986 to 2000
Narrator is an important constituent of a narrative text. That person is the one who narrates situations, events and charaters that are presented. To identify a narrator, narratology bases on three fiindamental constituents: point of vieM'. person and voice. In Vietnamese novels from 1986 to 2000, there are widely flexible point of view changes, multiform person combinations and diversified voice displacements because the primary subjects of novel of this period are multifaced human beings and life in the dynamic and unpredictably changing trend.
Keywords: narrator, Vietnamese novel.
1. Khai IiTffc ve ngirdi tran thu^t thuat eiia anh ta so vdi nhiing tinh hudng, trong tac pham ty sy sy kien va cac nhan vat trong truyen ke Ngudi tran thuat (narrator) la ngudi cd the gan hoac xa. Khoang each nay cd diing ra tran thugt nhirng tinh hudng va the la khoang each vg thdi gian, ve tara sy kien trong truyen ke. Ngudi tran thuat tri nhan, vg raiic do thdng higu, vg mat hien dien d cap do van ban truyen ke. dgo dire...
Trong radt truyen ke cd the cd it nhat radt Nhung dii ngudi tran thugt cdng ngudi tran thugt. Ngudi tran thugt ed thg khai hay khdng cdng khai, hiiu bilt hay xuat hien cdng khai hoac rad nhgt, cd thg khdng, cd kha nang ty nhan thirc nhu thg dugc nhan biet thdng qua nhiing chi tiet nao, dang tin hay khdng thi anh ta cd the trong van ban. Anh ta hien dien khap noi chi la ngudi diing ngoai thl gidi ciia trong truyen ke, cd kha nang tu nhgn thirc nhung tinh hudng, sy kien va nhan vat ve rainh, dang tin cay hoac khdng dang dang dugc trinh bay trong truyen kg, tin. Hon nfla, khoang each tir vi ti-i trin hogc anh ta cd thl la radt phin ciia thl
NCS, Trudng Dai hgc Su pham TPHCM; Email: [email protected]
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gidi iy. Khi dd, ngudi tran thuat cd thg ddng thdi la mdt nhan vat trong truyen kg hoac khdng phai. Trong trudng hgp ngudi trin thuat ddng thdi la nhan vat, anh ta thudng cd chirc nang hogc nhu radt nhan vgt trung tara trong nhtmg su kien dugc kg lai. Nhung anh ta ciing cd thg xuit hien nhu mdt nhan vat thii yeu hoac chi don thuan la ngudi quan sat.
Ngudi tran thuat, mac dii hien dien khap noi trong van ban truyen ke, nhung can phai dugc phan biet vdi tac gia thyc tg (author), ngudi ed thg tgo ra nhieu van ban truygn kg khac nhau (ma mdi van ban lai tuong iing vdi nhung ngudi tran thugt nhat dinh). Ngudi tran thuat cung khdng phai la ngudi tran thuat hara an (iraplied author): ngudi tran thugt ham an khdng dung ra ke Iai nhiing tinh hudng va sy ki?n trong truyen kg (nhung nim vai trd ehi phdi cho sy lya chgn, sap xep va phdi hgp ehiing); ngoai ra, anh ta cd thg dugc suy Iuan ra tir toan bg van ban chii khdng dimg Iai d mdt ngudi tran thuat cu thl nao trong truyen kg. Mac dii sy phan biet nay cd liic mo hd (trong trudng hgp ngudi tran thugt xuat hien trong hinh thiic ngudi tran thugt vang mat, tire la ngudi dimg ra trinh bay cac tinh hudng va sy kien nhung hiu nhu khdng dl Id ra nhtmg dau hieu ciia su dan xep trin thugt va khdng cd chi din cu thl nao trong truyen ke hudng din viec phoi bay hogt ddng trin thugt eua anh ta), nhung ciing cd liie trd ngn rd rang (trong trudng hgp ngudi trin thuat ddng thdi la nhan vat trong the gidi truyen kl).
Nhin chung, ngudi tran thuat cd thl dugc nhan biet thdng qua ba ylu td: dilm nhin tran thuat (point of view), ngdi kl
(person) va gigng dieu (voice).
Trudc hit, dilm nhin trin thugt la I mgt vi tri raang tinh quan niem va nh^
thirc, tir vi' tri nay nhflng tinh hudng va sy I ki?n trong truyen ke dugc trinh bay, [ Dilm nhin trin thuat chi phdi truyen Jsl I cd thg la ciia ngudi tran thuat toan tri voi I vi tri trin thual cd thl bien ddi, khd xac I dinh dugc cy the. Tam bao quat ciia anh I ta khdng bi gidi han trong nhiing nhan [ thlic va quan niem nhat dinh nao. Hoac I la, diem nhin tran thugt cd the dugc xac I dinh trong the gidi truyen ke hay chinh I xac hon la thugc vg mgt nhan vat. Do la I diera nhin ben trong va mgi thii dugc the I hien gidi han trong nhiing hieu biet, cam [ Xlic va nhgn thirc cua ciing mdt nhan vat hay ciia nhting nhan vat khac nhau, Trong Irudng hgp nay, diem nhin c6 the 1 cd dinh (ragt va ehi mgt diem nhin Iran | thual eiia mgt nhan vat dugc xac trong thg gidi truyen kg), hoac cd the bien | ddi (diem nhin tran thuat ciia mgt vai I nhan vat duge xac lap trong the gioi I truyen ke, chimg lan lugt trinh bay nhirng I chudi su kien khac nhau), hoac phiic hop I (ciing mdt sy kien hay chuoi sy kien I nhung dugc tran thuat hon mdt lin, va I mdi lin dudi mdt diem nhin trin thuat I khac nhau). Cudi cimg, dilm nhin trk I thuat cd the bat ngudn tir mdt diem nhin [ trung tam dugc xac dinh eu thl trong the I gidi tran thuat nhung nim ngoai bit cit I nhan vat nao trong dd (diing ngoai bit cit I suy nghT va cam nhgn nao ciia cac nhan I vat); do do, digm nhin nay loai tru tit ca I thdng tin vl suy nghT, hanh ddng ciia cac I nhan vat va dugc gidi han trong viec the I hien hanh ddng va ngdn tu ngoai hien ciia I hg ma thdi. Day la diem nhin ben ngoai-1
Tren day la each phan biet cac hinh thiic diem nhin tran thuat dugc de xuat bdi G.
Genette, dua tren co sd mdi quan he ciia ngudi tran thuat vdi nhflng tinh hudng, su kien va nhan vat trong truyen kg, eiing nhu each thuc ngudi tran thuat trinh bay chting. Cach phan biet nay eua G.
Genette cd anh hudng quan trgng trong nghien eiru ty sy hgc.
Trong tu sy hgc, ngdi kg la khai niem dg chi mdi quan he gifla ngudi Iran thuat vdi cau chuyen dugc ke Igi. Ngdi kg trong cau tnic ty su la mdt yeu td thudc ve hinh thirc nghe thugL nhung trong mdi quan he vdi nhung tinh hudng va su kien dugc tran thuat, nd khdng don thuan la ngdi ngfl phap thuan tiiy. Van de ngdi ke gan lien vdi su bieu hien ciia hinh tugng ngudi tran thugt. G. Genette khi ban ve van de ngdi ke da khang dinh:
"Viic thay ddi ngoi. thirc su Id sir thay doi quan he giira ngirdi ke chuyen vd cdu : chuyen cua anh ta - ndi cu the hon, no
cdn cd nghia Id sir thay doi ngudi ke chuyen" [9, tr.l88]. Thdng thudng, cac : nha tu su hgc phan biet giua kigu tran
thugt ngdi thir nhat (ngudi tran thugt ddng thdi la nhan vat trong nhung tinh hudng va su kien dugc tran thuat) va kieu tran thuat ngdi thii ba (ngudi tran thugt khdng phai la nhan vat trong nhiing tinh , hudng va su kien dugc tran thuat).
j Cudi cimg, radt ygu td quan trgng jkhac giiip ngudi dgc nhan thiic dugc , ngudi trin thugt trong ragt van ban truyen ,ke la gigng dieu. Gigng dieu bao gdm , mdt chudi nhimg dau hieu ngdn ngfl diing , de xac dinh ngudi tran thuat trong truyen , ke, nd chi phdi mdi quan he giua nhiing ,tinh hudng va sy kien dugc trin thuat vdi
viec tran thuat chiing. Gigng dieu cd y nghTa rgng md hon ngdi ke va thudng van cd su nham lan gifla khai niem nay vdi digm nhin tran thugt. Diem nhin tran thuat cung cap thdng tin ve van de ai
"nhin", ai nhan thirc, diem nhin ciia ai chi phdi viec tran thugt; trong khi dd gigng dieu eung cap thdng tin ve viec ai "ndi".
ai la ngudi tran thugt, va rihung gi se dugc trinh bay trong van ban truyen ke.
Gigng dieu thyc chat la hinh thiic tao ra mot dudng dan bang Idi ndi dgn vdi ngi dung truyen ke, nd tao ra mdt su tuong tac giao tiep giua ngudi tran thuat vdi nhan vat cung nhu each thirc trinh bay cac tinh hudng va su kien. Ndi each khac, gigng dieu la hinh thuc phong each hda tran thuat thdng qua viec ''sic dung cdc tir dinh gid vd ddu phong cdch ciia cdc thdnh phdn van bdn dinh hudng cho thinh gid hdm dn cua mpt dien ngdn ndo do " va '''bin ngodi sir khuc xg trong giao tiep. chiing ta khdng co bdt ki loi ndo de thdm nhdp vdo bdn thdn npi dung tham chieu trdn thudt" [1].
Ba ygu td hinh thiic la digm nhin tran thugt, ngdi kg va gigng dieu gan bd chat che vdi sy the hien eua hinh tugng ngudi tran thugt. Mdi ygu td cd mdt vai trd khac nhau nhung ciing gdp phan Iam nen chinh the, tao ra dien mao hoan chinh cho ngudi tran thuat trong mgt truyen kg.
2. Dac diem cua ngu'di tran thuat trong tieu thuyet Viet Nam giai doan tir 1986 den 2000
Tu sau 1986, nghe thuat ke ehuyen trong van xudi ndi chung va tigu thuygt ndi rieng cd su chuygn ddi diem nhin tir digm nhin tran thuat ben ngoai dgn digm nhin tran thuat ben trong, tu ngudi tran
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thugt ngdi thii ba toan tri den ngudi tran thuat da thiic. Cac nha viet tigu thuygt bit diu nhan ra it nhieu ban chg cua digm nhin toan tri, chuyin sang ngdi thu nhat kit hgp raigu ta ndi tara nhan vat. Khdng chi va>'. trong nhieu tieu thuyit cdn xuat hien hien tugng chuygn ddi, phdi hgp linh boat gifla nhieu diem nhin, nhieu ngdi kg.
Trong sy van ddng va phat trign ciia tilu thuyit Viet Nam tu 1986 trd di, dgng truyen ke mgt digm nhin giam dan va dugc thay thl bdi kieu tran thuat linh hoat trong chuyen ddi digm nhin vdi sy dan xen. xam nhap ciia nhigu kigu nhin.
Cd tilu thuyit dugc kg tu ngdi thir ba song mang digm nhin nhan vat nhu: Thdi xa vdng, Chim en bay, Ben khong chdng.... Cd trudng hgp ngudi tran thuat cd thg xuat phat tir nhieu diem nhin khae nhau dg ke chuyen, chuygn tu ben ngoai vao bgn trong (Noi buon chien tranh, Ca hpi ciia Chua...). Cd dgng ngudi tran thuat xung "tdi" vira mang vai ngudi kg chuyen vira mang vai hanh ddng, vua d vai ngudi chiing (Lgc rieng, Cuon gia phd de lgi...).
Sy chuygn ddi Hen tuc digm nhin tran thuat cd khi cdn la do viec trao quygn kg chuyen cho nhan vat (An mdy dt vdng, Lgc rirng...). Trong trudng hgp nay, hinh thiic tran thuat thudng la phdi hgp kieu kg chuygn ngdi thii ba cua ngudi tran thuat toan tri va kilu kg chuyen xung "tdi" ngdi thu nhit. Day la md hinh ke ehuyen vira dam bao tinh khach quan cua cau chuyen vua cd the di sau vao thg gidi ben trong nhan vat. Liic nay, vai trd cua tac gia bi md hda, nhan vat hanh dgng, suy nghT, ndi nang ddi liic
vugt qua tim nhin cua ngudi tran thu^
Su can thiep cua tac gia cd chang la o nhtmg ldi chi din dl ddc gia kham each nhin cita nhan vat qua nhtmg dong tran thugt mang tinh giai bay.
An may di vang la cudn tieu thuyft sdm ddi mdi ve nghe thual tran thuat. Tac phim lien tuc chuygn digm nhin. co ngudi trin thuat ximg "tdi" - Hai Hiing kg vl minh vdi cai nhin tu trao. cd nhaji vat ngudi trin thugt ngdi thii ba ke ve
"tdi" - Hai Himg. Cudi tac pham. ngum trin thuat ngdi thii nhat Iai trao quyen ke chuyen cho nhan vgt dai iiy Tudng ke lai toan bg cau chuyen ve cugc ddi cua Ba Suong (trong qua khu) va ba giam doc Tu Lan (trong hien tgi) ma "tdi" - ngum kg ehuyen chinh hoan toan khdng biet.
Chim en bay dugc ke chii yeu tu diem nhin bgn ngoai ciia ngudi tran thual ngdi thii ba. Nhung rat nhieu lan trong tieu thuygt, diera nhin tran thuat lai xual phat tir suy nghT va cam nhan ciia nhan vat chinh la Quy. Dd thudng la nhirng liJc Quy suy tu vg vg nhflng ndi dau tinh than ma vTnh vign chi phai mang sau nhihiE thang nara sdng trong chien tranh: "HinI nhu chien tranh bupc con ngirdi phai song nhanh hem, gdp hem nhung gl cor' ldu ho mdi co. Hinh nhu chinh bpn dc 6r<
trong nha giam hpi dong xa da bien ck tir mpt cd be thdnh mpt co gdi qud sm de vinh vien khdng bao gid chi con duoi ldm mdt ngudi phu nit binh thirdng nita [2, tr.l31]; ''Nhihig ngdy ndy kliong hih sao chi ndm nhd lai nhung gi dd xay ^'^
trong cupc den minh. Nhimg trd qua trii lgi nhiiu nhdt vdn Id dn tupng vi w/iiffij cdi chit. Nhirng cdi chit ke thii mang 0 cho gia dinh chi vd nhirng cdi chit c^
gieo cdy cho chung. Chi dd giet nhirng tin dc dn khet tieng nhdt bdi cdch mgng doi hoi chi ldm nhu vdy. Vdy md, bdy gid khdng hieu sao, chi cu thdy long minh khong yen... Co mpt cdi gi do ngodi ly tri bdt chi phdi suy nghT, trdn trd. Cdi gi?
Hinh nhu nd d ddu dd trong con ngudi chi. trong mpi con ngudi hang ngdy chi tiip xiic. Hinh nhu nd d trong ddt, trong nudc... " [2, ir.150].
Cung viet ve de tai sd phgn con ngudi ti-ong chign tranh, nhung Ben khong chong chu yeu khac hga ddi sdng cua nhung ngudi ndng dan, trong dd xoay sau vao ddi sdng tlnh than cua nhiing ngudi phu nu sdng d viing hgu phuong ndng thdn raign Bac. Dg khac hga sau sac hien thyc ddi sdng ay, ngudi tran thuat giau mat thudng di chuyen diem nhin tir bgn ngoai vao bgn trong ndi tam nhan vat, sir dung Idi ke nira tryc tiep de vua the hign hoan canh suy tu ciia nhan vaL vira ggi Ien suy nghT ciia chinh nd. Chang hgn nhu doan mieu ta suy nghT ciia Hanh:
"Me lgng le ra khoi buong. Su im ldng trien mien nhu dang chd dpi diiu gi do sdp xdy ra. Hgnh cdm nhdn ro se cd tai hpa dpi xuong ddu Hgnh. Tir ngdy Hgnh duac d ngdi nhd mdi ndy, ddn ldng Ddng vd ngudi trong hp Nguyen nhin Hgnh khong cdn dam thdm nhu xua. Hanh khiep sa nhung dnh mdt lgnh liing vd nhung ldi di ngh} "Bd thieu td phu nhdn bi diec ". Cir nghT din nhirng ldi riia cay dpc dy Hgnh lai thdy rd rdi vd chim nghim trongdo dnh" [3, tr.257].
Xuit phat ttr tinh chit ddng cua the loai, tieu thuygt Viet Nara thdi ki ddl mdi tir 1986 din 2000 cd su linh hogt trong chuyen ddi diem nhin ciia ngudi tran
thuat. Trong sy luan phign thay thg digm nhin ciing vdi cau tnic tran thuat da ngdi, tigu thuyet Viet Nam thdi ki nay da md ra nhieu hudng tigp can hien thyc phong phli. Tieu thuygt giai dogn nay phan anh cam quan vg tinh hdn loan, bat dn cua trgt tu ddi sdng; su xao trdn giua thuc va hu, cai cao ca va cai tam thudng; xuat hien su nhan thiic lai cac gia tri dn dinh trudc do ve chien tranh va ddi sdng; su phire tap ciia ddi sdng tinh than ciia con ngudi ca nhan; xem sang tac la su tim tdi, thg nghiem nhiing phuong thiic tran thugt mdi; trd chai cau tnic, biit phap gilu nhai, nghich dj, huyen ao... Dieu nay dan dgn viec khudc tu digm nhin tran thuat toan tri dg chuygn sang sy thay ddi linh boat cac kieu nhin khac nhau.
Trudng hgp trugt digm nhin it gap trong tigu thuyet truyen thdng nhung Igi trd nen phd bien d tieu thuyet thdi ki nay, khi khat vgng nhan dien va phan anh cudc sdng da chigu trd ngn biic thigt Sy xuat hien hien tugng nay xuat phat tu y thuc sang tao, sy thay ddi trong quan niem tham mi, he tham mT mdi da chi phdi each ke, each td ehiic ciia tieu thuyet. Diem nhin tran thuat trd thanh he quy chigu tu tudng, quan niem ciia nha van. Nhiing each tan tir phuong dien digm nhin nhan mgnh su da dang cua cac kigu ngudi tran thuat. Tu dd, Idi tran thuat da tri, ngudi tran thugt da thiic din trd nen phd bien trong tieu thuyet Viet Nam tu 1986 trd di. Ngoai ra, xu hudng va nang lyc tham mT ciia ngudi dgc cung thay ddi, dan den viec hg cam thay hiing thil hgn vdi nhiing tieu thuygt dugc viet theo ldi mdi va cd nhu cau dugc thudng thlic chiing. Cd the ndi tigu thuyit Viet
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Nam trong thdi ki nay da it nhieu dem lai mdt tinh thin dan chii trong sang tgo va tiep nhan thg loai nay.
Trong tilu thuyet Viet Nam thdi ki tir 1986 din 2000, vin dl gigng dieu ttan thuat cung la mdt phuong dien quan trgng dg nhgn dien nhiing dac diem ciia ngudi tran thugt va nhimg dgc diem co ban ciia tieu thuygt thdi ki nay.
Gigng dieu tran thugt ciia tigu thuyit giai dogn nay phan hda da dgng (gigng dieu trung tmh, gigng dieu trilt Ii, gigng dieu gigu nhgi; gigng dieu trfl tinh...). Trong tigu thuygt tu nam 1986 trd di, sy xuat hien nhieu gigng dieu tran thuat (van hgc each mang trudc 1975 vg CO ban la gigng trang trgng, su thi) nham dap ling nhu cau thara mT ciia thdi dgi.
van hgc ngay cang quan tam dgn y thuc ca nhan, bi kich ca nhan. Khi cai bi khdng cdn phai de nen, ne tranh tat yeu se xuit hien gigng budn thuong. Cac tieu thuyit An mdy dl vdng, Bdm cu&i khong CO gidy gid thii, Noi budn chien tranh...
la nhflng tac pham sdra cd gigng budn thuang. Khi cai xau, cai kech cdm ngay cang dugc phoi bay rd net, tat yeu gigng trao long, cham biem Ien ngdi (Thdi xa vdng, Thien su, Cuon gia phd de lgi...).
Khi van hgc ngay cang di sau vao ban thg, ban chat cude sdng, gigng trigt li suy tudng ngay cang dam dac (Mpt cat nhan gian be ti, Cff hpi cUa Chua...).
Su tuong tac va chuygn hda cac phgm tril tham mT dan dgn su hda trdn, dan xen cae gigng dieu tran thuat. Ngudi dgc de dang nhan ra su dan xen nhilu gigng dieu trong timg tac pham, timg tac gia. Gigng dieu tgo nen phong each tac gia. Q mdi tac gia thudng ndi len mdt
chit gigng rieng trong ban hda ara nhieu kilu gigng dieu khac ciia thdi dai. Cung nhu thl, mdi thdi dai van hgc khdng bao gid chi tdn tai mdt gigng dieu duy nhit.
Nhtmg xu hudng van hgc khac nhau, nhung phong each tac gia khac nhau tao ndn su da dang ve gigng dieu d mgt thoi ki. Gigng dieu trin thuat trong tieu thuyit thdi ki nay thudng la kieu ket hgp nhilu am sic, thg hien sy phong phu trong each nhin va each cam vl hien thyc va con ngudi cua cac nha van. Trong cac tieu thuyit, thudng xuygn xuit hign hien tugng dan xen cac kilu gigng trin thuat khac nhau: budn thuong nhung cung day suy tudng, gigu nhai nhung khdng khoi chua xdt, cham bilm, raia mai nhung giau chit trilt li... Viec da dgng hoa gigng dieu trin thuat trong tieu thuyit 1986 din 2000 eho thiy y thirc ddi mdi sang tgo nghe thugt tieu thuyet d cac nha van thdi ki nay khi hg ehii trgng den tinh chat linh hoaL dan chii ciia the logi trong tuong quan vdi ddi tugng phan anh co ban ciia tieu thuyet dd la con ngudi da dien va cudc sdng trong xu thg van dgng, bien ddi khdng ngimg.
Gigng dieu chii dao trong Tltdi xa vang la gigng gigu nhai vdi myc dich thuat lai nhtmg chuyen "that nhu diia'".
Nhung dg the hien gigng ehii dao ay, ngudi tran thuat ngdi thu ba khdng phai luc nao cung su dung nhung hinh thiic ngdn tir cd tinh cham bigm, gay eudi ma tieng cudi thudng den tu chinh sy van dyng linh boat cae gigng dieu tran thuat de lam bat len ban chat ciia cac nhan v^
cung nhu vgch tran tinh chit bi hai cua cac tinh hudng ddi sdng dugc the hien trong tac pham. Chang hgn trong do?n
ngudi tran thugt migu ta suy nghT ciia nhan vgt Toan, sy ddi tra va dg tien cua nhan vat, cung nhu tinh chat xau xa trong cac mdi quan he tinh cam cua anh fa da bi vgch tran bang mgt gigng khach quan lgnh liing: "Vdi tinh yeu, ke biet doi trd thudn thuc bao gid ciing ldi cudn ngudi con gdi hon rdt nhieu nhirng ngudi chi biet bieu hien long thdnh that. Ngudi con gdi mdi ldn da yiu ngudi ddn ong co vo, cd con vd chung vdi nhau mpt cdch tu nguyen thl khong bao gid lai cd the yiu ddm duoi duoc mpt cdu con trai "chay tinh" cirng lira tuoi vdi minh. Todn biet rdt ro Chdu cdng "cdm thii". cdng xi vd cdng chimg td co con yiu anh. Guc vdo long hay tdt vdo mat deu Id nlmng biiu hiin ci'ia tlnh yiu, cd gl la lg. Ai cung biet anh chdng bp dpi nhd que khong the ldm song day tinh cdm thiing liing cua Chdu nen anh khong viic gl phdi lo so hdt hodng khi cd di lay chong (...) Khong ai hdu hg minh bdng mu vo dd co hai con ldn vd "mdt the" cd vi tuoi tdc ldn su hdp ddn. Ra khdi nhd lgi khong co gi dot chdy long khao khdt bdng tlnh yeu vung trpm " [6, tr.323].
Cuon gia pha de lgi chu yeu dugc kg bang gigng phi thanh kinh, gieu cgt cua ngudi tran thuat xung "tdi". Tuy nhign, trong tigu thuyet nay ciing khdng thieu nhung dogn ma gigng kg ciia ngudi tran thuat xung "tdi" trd ngn chua xdt, suy tu trudc su phi li cua ddi sdng con ngudi: "Tam phdo ldm! Tien bac viet nhu nudc vdo muc md cupc khdo sdt kia, cira tien cira hdu ddng bdo thui viet. lot tay cho dng nghi di xe, dua chdn bd pho tdi thuc dia. Rdi nhung gd ciing lan chit nhu ngd rg cho hp Trdn hpp hdnh. tdng boc
mimg nhau quyit dinh dirac du thdo, quyet dinh dd ki, quyet dinh dang trien khai cho cdi vu... tdm phdo. Trong luc do md md cu Chi Dgo khong ai nhac nhd.
khdng ai din rdy co, thop hucmg, trong nhd thd thuy to khong ai xin ddng gop mpt xu di sua chira, bdo ton; nhirng ngdy gio tit biin thdnh ngdy ddnh chen, ngdy tdi cua to tiin cgnh ehde, phi bdng. gdy sir ddnh nhau" [5, tr.279].
Ngoai ra. trong tieu thuyet tir 1986 den 2000, Idi ke chigm mdt ti le ldn va cd vai trd quan trgng. giiip ngudi tran thuat cau tnic ngn radt van ban ty sy. Ve co ban, ndi dung truyen dugc hoan chinh dan theo mgch tran thugt ciia nhflng ngudi tham gia kg. Thdng thudng, kieu phat ngdn nay tdn tai dudi hai hinh thiirc:
ldi trung tinh cua ngudi ke giau mat va Idi chil quan ciia ngudi ke chuyen ngdi thii nhat. Ldi kg la mgt dgng phat ngdn chil ygu ciia ngudi tran thuat trong tieu thuygt duong dai. Cd ldi kg ngdi thii nhat: An may di vdng (Ma Van Khang), Cuon gia phd de lgi (Doan Le), Lgc ritng (Trung Trung Dinh)... Cd Idi ke la ldi ngudi tran thugt - tac gia an tang:
Thdi xa vdng (Lg Luu), Mdnh diit ldm ngirdi nhieu ma (Nguygn Khac Trudng), Ddm cudi khong cd gidy gid thii (Ma Van Khang)... Trong qua trinh ke Iai nhtmg cau chuyen ay, ngudi tran thugt cd thg vua kg vua mieu ta, vira binh Iuan vua cai them ldi true tigp eua nhan vat vao. Tham chi, ngudi tran thuat cd the chi thuan tuy kg. hga hoan mdi mieu ta hoac binh Iuan. Tieu thuyet Viet Nam giai dogn nay dudng nhu trgng vg ke hon ta. Cd le vi khac vdi tieu thuyit truyin thdng. tu sau 1986, phat huy vai trd cua
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 7(73) ndm 2015
mdt thg loai "khdng ddng ciing", ludn d
"thdi hien tai khdng hoan ket", tieu thuygt ddn chiia nhieu manh vd cua ddi sdng hon. Tinh chat duong dgi vdn yeu cau tieu thuyet cung cip that nhanh, that nhieu nhimg thdng tin, hudng ngay den tam diem ciia truyen. cua nhiing su kien dang dien ra trong ddi sdng.
Nhin chung, trong giai doan tii 1986 din 2000, nghe thuat trong tilu thuygt Viet Nam cd su chuygn ddi digm nhin tir diem nhin tran thuat ben ngoai dgn digm nhin tran thuat bgn trong, tu ngudi tran thuat ngdi thii ba toan tri dgn ngudi tran thuat da thiic. Trong nhieu tigu thuygt cdn xuat hien hien tugng chuyen ddi, phdi hgp linh hoat gifla nhieu diem nhin, nhieu ngdi kg. Trong sy Iuan phien thay thg diem nhin eiing vdi cau tnic trin thuat da ngdi, tieu thuygt Viet Nam thdi ky nay da md ra nhieu hudng tilp can
hien thyc phong phii. Gigng dieu trin thuat ciia tilu thuyit thdi ki nay phan hoa da dgng (gigng dieu trung tinh. gigng dieu triet Ii, gigng dieu gidu nhgi. giong dieu trfl tinh...). Ngoai ra, trong tieu thuyet, ldi ke chilm mdt ti le ldn va co vai trd quan trgng. giiip ngudi tran thuai eau tnic ngn mdt cau tnic tu sy. Vi khac vdi tigu thuyet truyen thdng, tir sau 1986, tieu thuyet tap trung thg hien cam quan vg tinh hdn logn, bat dn cua trat ty din sdng; sy xao trdn gifla thuc \ a hu, cai cao ca va cai tam thudng; xuat hien sy nhan thuc lai cac gia tri dn dinh trudc do v§
chien tranh va ddi sdng... Digu nay din den viee tigu thuygt coi trgng sy linh hoat trong chuyen ddi digm nhin tran thugt, da dgng hda gigng dieu kg ehuyen. tap tinng truyen tai that nhanh va chan thyc nhiing hien trgng ddi sdng, nhan sinh duong thdi.
10.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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Chu Lai (2009), An mdy di vdng, Nxb Lao ddng, Ha Ndi.
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Prince G. (2003), Dictionary of narratology (revised edition). University of Nebraska, United State of American.
(Ngiy Tda so?n nhin 6uryc bii: 04-5-2015; ngiy phan bi$n dinh gii: 17-7-2015.
ngay ch4p nhin dang- 22-7-2015)
