50 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So'6 - 2008
» ' l . r ' f ' i f
VE TRAO LlJlJ PHIJC HlUVG I^UO GIAO d TRUING QUOC HIEM MAY
Trao lUu phuc hUng vdn hoa truyen thong •; ,, ; ; i,,H>;
Trong ddi sd'ng tinh t h i n ciia ngfldi Trung Qud'c nhflng nam g i n day, xuat hien mot xu the mdi la, dfldc bao chi goi la "Cdn sd't Qud'c hoc", vdi y nghia Qud'c hoc la van hda truyen thd'ng Trung Qud'c.
Ngoai phd', ngay cang thay nhieu ngfldi mac trang phuc cd (Han phuc), Tai cac trfldng tieu hoc va trung hoc, thfldng thay cac em nhd mac Han phuc ngdi xep bang trdn dfldi dat doc "Kinh", tflc la cac sach kinh dien cua Trung Qud'c cd dai nhfl Ludn Ngii, Tam Tii Kinh,... Tdi tdi, eac
gia dinh tu tap hao hflc theo doi chfldng trinh "Dien dan Qud'c hoc" tren ti vi. Cac trfldng dai hoc dua nhau md Ldp Qud'c hoc hoac Vien Qud'c hoc. Trfldng Dang Trung fldng Trung Qud'c td chflc bao cao ve Mot sd vdn de trong Cdn sdi Qudc hgc hien nay. Cudi nam 2005, Trfldng Dai hoc Bac Kinh md Ldp Qud'c hoc Can Nguyen, cdn gqi la Ldp Qudc hoc ciia thii trfldng (chi nhan can bo cap Vu trd len hoac giam ddc doanh nghiep), hoc 3 nam mdt khda; hoc phi cao tdi 22 nghin yuan (tfldng dfldng 3000 USD) mdi nam ma het chd ngay, nhieu ngfldi khdng dfldc nhan.
Mdi day, Trfldng Dai hoc B i c K i n h dfl
NGUYEN HAI HOANH'*'
dinh se dao tao cac thac si, tien si mdn Quoc hoc. Theo sang kien ciia Phd Bi thfl D i n g liy quan Hoang Cd (Thanh phd T h i m Dfldng), 70 trfldng tieu hoc trong quan nay vdi 70 nghin hgc sinh bat diu hoc cac sach Tii ThU, De Tii Quy,... n h i m giao due luan li dao dflc cho cac em. Cac sach k m h dien ciia Khdng Tii, Manh Tii, Trang Tii... in hang trieu ban ban bet ngay. Nha nfldc Trung Hoa hao phdng bd tien ti md 100 Hdc vien Khdng Tii tren k h i p the gidi de day chfl Han va van hda Trung Qud'c cho ngfldi nfldc ngoai (tdi nay da lap dfldc hdn 40 hdc vien d 36 nfldc)...
Ro rang, xa hoi Trung Qud'c dang cd mot phong trao phuc hdi cac truyen thd'ng van hda cd xfla, mot ddng thai tfl tfldng rat quan trong khdng the khdng quan tam.
Ndi dung hdn, day la trdo lUu phiic hdi Nho gido, vi Nho giao la ndi dung chu yeu cua Qudc hoc.
Vay do dau ma cd trao lflu ay? Tai sao nd lai xuat hien vao thdi budi nay? Nd la mdt phong trao tfl phat hay do Nha nfldc Trung Hoa phat ddng?
Thflc ra, trao lflu nay b i t d i u xuat hien tfl thap nien 90 the'ki trfldc. do gidi
*, TS., Ha Ndi.
hoc g i i n g h i e n cflu Qud'c hoc khdi xfldng.
Ve t i n h chat, nd la k e t q u a cua sfl s u y nghi ve mdi quan he giiia hien dai vdi truyen thd'ng. N g a y nay, T r u n g Qud'c da tien mot bfldc r a t dai t r e n con dfldng h i e n dai hda va b a t d a u t i e n s a n g t o a n c i u hda; ddi sd'ng v a t c h a t - t i n h t h i n cua ngfldi d a n da cd sfl t h a y ddi r a t Idn. Dfl cd cd' tinh p h u n h a n di nfla thi cung k h d n g the khdng t h a y ndi d u n g c h i n h cua hien dai hda va t o a n c i u hda, ve thflc c h a t la theo van m i n h Phfldng Tay. Cac nfldc PhUdng Tay ( n h a t la Hoa Ky) cd vai trd d&n d i t tien t r i n h n a y . V a n hda PhUdng Tay cd sflc hflt cflc Idn t r e n t o a n c i u , n h a t la gidi tre, dieu n a y t h a y ro d b o a t ddng ca nhac, dien a n h , an p h a m , v a n hda mang... Cho tdi nay, dfl Phfldng Ddng da hien dai hda r a t n h i e u , cd nfldc nhfl Singapore, H a n Qud'c... cdn vfldt c i C h a u Au ve mdt sd' m a t (GDP d i u ngfldi, khoa hoc cdng n g h e . . . ) , nhflng xu hfldng c h u n g van la Phfldng Ddng hoc Phfldng Tay.
Trong giao lflu v a n hda, Phfldng Ddng
"nhap" n h i e u h d n "xuat". C h a n g b a n , gia tri x u a t k h a u cac m a t h a n g (va dich vu) van hda ciia T r u n g Qud'c chi b a n g 1/14 gia tri n h a p k h i u v a n hda. Ddi vdi T r u n g Qud'c, mdt nfldc sd' d a n chiem 1/4 t h e gidi va k i n h te dflng thfl 3 t o a n c i u , xfla kia tflng cd n e n v a n m i n h 5.000 n a m riic rd, thi sfl "lep ve" ay ve v a n hda dong c h a m tdi tinh c i m d a n toe.
Trao lflu p h u c hflng v a n hda t r u y e n thd'ng d a n tdc b i t d i u x u a t h i e n tai T r u n g Qud'c tfl cac hoc g i i di r a q u i n chung va g i n day bflng nd m a n h . Cdn sd't ndi t r e n c a n g n d n g hdn khi x u a t hien
"Hien tfldng Vu Dan", dfldc coi la sfl kien van hda ndi n h a t van hda T r u n g Qud'c hien nay. T r o n g t u i n nghi Qud'c k h a n h
1/10/2006, ba Vu D a n , 41 tudi, Giao sU Khoa T r i e t hoc, Trfldng Dai hoc Sfl p h a m Bac K i n h len Dai T r u y e n h i n h T r u n g fldng t h u y e t g i i n g 7 budi ve de tai Thu hog,ch dgc sdch Ludn NgU trong chfldng t r i n h Dien ddn tram nhd, t h u h u t h a n g t r i e u ngfldi xem. S a u dd, cac bai giang n a y in t h a n h s a c h Thu hofich dgc Ludn NgU ciia Vu Dan, n g a y t u i n d i u tien da b a n dfldc 1 t r i e u cudn, s a u vai t h a n g tieu t h u b e t 3 t r i e u cudn, lap ki luc ve x u a t b i n . Ki nghi T e t D i n h Hdi, ba Vu Dan lai t h u y e t t r i n h 7 budi ve Thu hoach dgc Trang Tii t r o n g chfldng t r i n h t r u y e n h i n h ndi t r e n , t h u hflt ngfldi xem r a t ddng.
Cudn s a c h cflng ten ngay l i n in d i u tien b a n dfldc 1 t r i e u cudn. Ban doc chen n h a u xep h a n g t h a m dfl nghi thflc tac g i i ban sach cd ki ten. Sud't n g a y hdm ay, tac g i i da ki hdn 15 n g h i n l i n , tdi niia dem mdi b e t ngfldi m u a . Vu D a n trd nen ndi tieng.
T a p chi My Forbes b i n h ebon ba vao td'p 100 ngfldi dflng d i u "Bang D a n h n h a n T r u n g Qud'c n a m 2007", vdi t h u n h a p trong n a m 2006 len tdi 2,6 trieu yuan, chii yeu la n h u a n bflt 2 cudn sach ndi t r e n . Dac biet n h a t , mdi day, Vu Dan dfldc 19 cd q u a n t r u y e n t h d n g binh ebon vao vi t r i thfl 3 t r o n g d a n h sach "50 p h u nfl dep n h a t T r u n g Qud'c n a m 2007", bd xa cac ngdi sao dien a n h Trieu Vi, Ciing Ldi va Chfldng Tii Di (thfl 11, 14 va 24)!
Ngfldi t a gan cho ba dii thfl d a n h hieu:
"Nfl sieu n h a n hoc t h u a t " , "Hoc g i i - Mi nfl", v.v...
T h a n h cdng dd gay r a mot cudc t r a n h l u a n dn ao. Mfldi vi tien si ciia cac trfldng dai hoc B i c K m h , T h a n h Hoa, T r u n g Sdn, Ky N a m lien d a n h t u y e n bo tren m a n g : "Se chd'ng bon Vu D a n tdi cflng" vi tdi d a m "bang bd" n e n van hda t r u y e n
52 Nghien cun Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
thd'ng Trung Qud'c. Ho ndi, sach ciia Vu Dan chi la "mdn fastfood van hda", cd nhieu chd sai. Nhflng y kien ay cua bq hi da sd' bac bd. Ho hi coi la nhflng "anh he bang nhang". A nnv'.* ;•..•:,
P h i n Idn ngfldi Trung Qud'c khen viec Vu Dan giang giii sach cua Khdng Tii, Trang Tii la da dfla hoc thuat cao sieu ra khdi "thap nga", den vdi q u i n chflng nhan dan, md ra cue dien mdi cho viec truyen ba van hda truyen thdng, tiep sflc sd'ng mdi cua nen van hda dd cho sfl phat trien xa hdi dfldng dai. Ho cho rang, viec ba lam la phuc vu cdng cudc phuc hUng van hda truyen thd'ng. Lich sii cho thay, sfl phuc hflng ay thfldng cd ngdi nd la viec tai giai thich cac sach kinh dien, Ngfldi ta hi vong, Vu Dan se cham ngdi nd dd, va coi "Hien tfldng Vu Dan" la sU kien danh dau thdi dai phuc hUng van hda Trung Qud'c da b i t d i u . Giao sU Du Ddn Khang d Vien Khoa hoc Xa hdi Trung Qud'c phan khdi ndi: "Chflng ta chd da 50 nam, gid day thdi dai phuc hflng van hda Trung Qudc rdt cudc da den". „; - ,,-,,. ,-..,,,,.
Vi sao phdi "phuc hUng" nen vdn hoa truyen thdng"? i i • ' , ;} ,, ui
Ngfldi Trung Qud'c dflng tfl Qud'c hgc de phan biet vdi Tdy hgc. tflc van boa, hoc thuat cua Phfldng Tay khi nd du nhap vao Trung Qudc. Qudc hoc bao gdm nhieu Hnh vflc, tfl triet hoc Khdng Manh tdi Qud'c boa, Trung y, chfl tfldng hinh... cd lich sii 5.000 nam va cd nhieu diem doc dao khac b i n van mmh Phfldng Tay, la niem tfl hao Idn nhat ciia ngfldi Trung Qudc. Trong nen van hda cua mot qud'c gia, van hda tfl tfldng chiem vi tri quan trong nhat. Tfl tfldng truyen thd'ng cua Trung Qudc cd 3 phai chinh la Nho gia (hoac Nho hoc, Nho giao), Dao gia va
Phdp gia, ngoai ra cdn cd Phdt gia (Phat giao) du nhap tfl An Do. Nho giao do Khdng Tii sang lap each day 2.500 nam.
sau dd dfldc Manh Tii, Tuan Ttf va nhieu ngfldi khac ke thfla, phat trien, cd i n h hfldng Idn nhat, sau sac nhat tdi xa hdi
•Trung Qud'c, cung i n h hfldng Idn tdi Nhat B i n , Han Qud'c, Viet Nam. Do dd, ndi Qud'c hoc cflng tflc la chii yeu ndi Nho giao. Sach Ludn Ngii. gdm cac ldi day ciia Khdng Tii do cac hoc trd chep lai, la kinh dien so' mot ciia Nho giao, la "Kinh Thanh" ciia Trung Qudc. Hoc thuyet Khdng Tii cd nam ndi dung chinh gdm cac quan niem Le, Nhan, Trung Dung, Thien Menh va tfl tfldng giao due, trong dd Le la quan trong nhat, cung vdi Tinh Thien Ludn ciia Manh Tii, trd thanh quan diem chinh thd'ng ciia t i n g ldp phong kien Trung Qudc (vi the Nho giao cdn dUdc gqi la Dao Khdng Manh). Nho giao cd cac quan niem gia tri khac vdi Phfldng Tay, chu yeu gdm: cdi gia tri cua dae nghia cao hdn gia tri cua danh ldi, gia tri ciia dao dflc cao hdn gia tri ciia tri nang, gia tri ciia tap the cao hdn gia tri ciia ca nhan, gia tri cua binh yen cao hdn gia tri ciia tfl do, gia tri cua sfl hai hda cao hdn gia tri cua canh tranh,
Nhin chung, van hda truyen thd'ng deu tham sau mot each tfl nhien trong mau thit mdi ngfldi dan, trd t h a n h p h i n quan trong cd mat trong ddi sd'ng h i n g ngay ciia dan tdc. Nhflng van hda truyen thd'ng Trung Qudc, chii yeu la Nho giao, thi trong sud't the ki qua lai bi chinh ngfldi Trung Qudc xa lanh, phe phan, che trach tham te coi la can ba cua che do phong kien, la ganh nang can vflt bd, la vat can tren con dfldng tien len giau manh, van mmh. Vi the, ngay nay, ngfldi Trung
Qudc mdi ndi den viec "phuc hflng" van hda truyen thd'ng, tflc phuc hflng Nho giao.
Sfl phe phan ay xuat hien khi van minh Phfldng Tay du nhap vao Trung Qud'c hdi the ki XIX. Nen van minh nay, vdi hai dac diem tien tien chinh la ddn chii vd khoa hgc, trdi hdn b i n le giao phong kien chuyen che va thdi quen tfl duy dfla vao kinh nghiem trong van hda truyen thd'ng Trung Qud'c, da lam gidi tri thflc nfldc nay tinh ngd, hieu ra la van hda Trung Qud'c qua lac hau so vdi the gidi. Mat khac, viec chinh quyen nha Thanh budc p h i i nhfldng bd trien mien trfldc tau chien va dai bac ciia cac cUdng qud'c PhUdng Tay, mac cho lanh thd Trung Qud'c bi nUdc ngoai xau xe, da dem lai ndi nhuc dan tdc, TrUdc tinh hinh dd, ting ldp tinh anh Trung Qud'c vdi nhflng dai dien tieu bieu nhfl Khang Hflu Vi, LUdng Khai Sieu,... bat d i u tim dUdng cflu nude. Luc nay, ho thay ro bat cfl loai hinh van hda truyen thd'ng nao ciia dan tdc minh nhfl Nho, Dao, Phap, Phat...
deu khdng the cflu dfldc Trung Qud'c, tham tri cdn la ganh nang hoac vat cin, Ldi thoat duy nhat chi cd the la tfl bd he tu tfldng truyen thd'ng cua minh, tien hanh cii each duy tan, hoc tap van minh Phfldng Tay, hien dai hda nfldc minh ve moi mat trong dd cd hoc thuat. Nhat Ban da neu mdt gfldng sang chflng td dfldng ldi ay la dung.
Thdi Ngu Tfl (1919), cac bee gii Trung Qud'c tien tien thudc phai Vdn hda mdi di dau phe phan cac mat lac hau, bio thu ciia van hda truyen thd'ng, nhat la Nho giao, COI dd la chd dfla tfl tfldng ciia che do phong kien thdi nat, nguyen nhan khien Trung Qud'c thua kem Phfldng Tay va do dd bi ho b i t nat. Ld Tan khuyen
thanh nien chd nen doc sach Trung Qud'c, doc sach nfldc ngoai xong thi ban trd nen tfl cfldng, phan dau, dau tranh; doc sach Trung Qud'c xong thi ban khdng ciu tien, chi nhan nai chiu dflng, Ngd Tri Huy Idn tieng keu gqi "Vflt bet sach cd vao nha ve smh". T r i n Doc Tu (nam 1921 la Tdng Bi thfl d i u tien Dang Cong s i n Trung Qud'c) hd hao "Di dio Khdng gia diem", de xuat tiep thu quan diem dan chii va khoa hoc ma dng goi la "Dflc (doc la De) tien sinh"
va "Trai (doc Sai) tien sinh" (D:
democracy; S: science). Dieu thu vi la nhflng ngfldi d i pha Nho giao lai chinh la cac Qud'c hoc dai sfl (tai Viet Nam Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chu Trinh va nhieu sT phu Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc cung chinh la cac bac tuc nho!)
Chfl Han cd lich sii hang nghin nam tflng la niem tfl hao cua Trung Qudc, nhflng lai hi ldp tri thflc tre dac biet ghet.
Ho cho rang, vi chfl Han khd hoc, chi mot thieu so' tinh anh hoc dfldc nen mac sflc ap bflc q u i n chflng, do dd sinh ra chuyen che, vi the cin cai each chfl Han. Dai hoc gii ngdn ngfl La Thflc Tfldng ndi, Trung Qud'c cd thflc hanh van tfl phien am thi mdi thflc hien dfldc dan chii. Tien Huyen Ddng yeu ciu'ngfldi Trung Qud'c hoc tieng Anh, bd tieng Trung Qud'c. Mao Trach Ddng cung ndi "Ldi thoat ciia chfl Han la Latinh hda".
Trfldc tinh hinh van hda truyen thdng va Nho giao bi d i kich nhfl vay, nhat la tfl khi chii nghia Mac du nhap vao Trung Qudc, van cd mot so' hoc gii Trung Qudc benh vflc dao Khdng, khdng tan thanh phai Vdn hda mdi phu dinh Nho giao. Ho cd gang tim each giai thich Nho giao cho hdp vdi xu the thdi dai. Trong khi kien tri tinh than ciia Nho giao, ho v i n tan thanh
54 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
dan chii va khoa hoc. Sd' nay hinh thanh phai Nho gido mdi thdi hien dai. Khi nfldc Cong boa Nhan dan Trung Hoa thanh lap, p h i n Idn ho chay sang Dai Loan, Hong Kong va nfldc ngoai, tiep tuc nghien cflu va cd nhieu cdng hien vao viec phat huy cac gia tri tich cflc cua Nho giao. Trong khi dd, tai Trung Qudc, cae tdn giao cung nhfl mdt so' gia tri cua van hda truyen thdng deu hi phii nhan. Cudi thdi "Cach mang Van hda" (1966 - 1976), Nha nfldc Trung Hoa phat ddng phong trao toan dan phe phan Khdng Tii. Nho giao hi "ma quy hda", bi cam ghet. Tfl tfldng nay an rat sau vao tiem thflc nhieu ngfldi cho tdi nay van chfla bet. Hdng ve binh dap pha nhieu di tich lich sii, den mieu, ke ci Khdng mieu.
Tai cac nfldc trong "Vanh dai Van hda Trung Qud'c", Nho giao cung hi phe phan, ha be. Ngay tfl thdi Duy tan Mmh Tri (1868) trd di, Nhat B i n b i t d i u bd b i n Nho giao, cham dflt che do phong kien chuyen che, chuyen sang che do quan chu lap hien, hoan toan tiep thu van minh Phfldng Tay va gap rflt hien dai hda dat nude. Nhd the, Nhat Ban nhanh chdng trd thanh cUdng qud'c cdng nghiep - quan sii, trong 10 nam (1895 - 1905) hen tiep danh thang hai cUdng qud'c la Trung Hoa va Nga. Thay chfl Nhat (bit chfldc chfl Han) qua khd hoc, khd viet, Bd trfldng Bd Giao due Nhat Bin hdi ay tflng de nghi ngfldi Nhat chuyen sang dflng tieng Anh (nhflng khdng dfldc chap nhan). Tfl niia cud'i the'ki XX, Nhat Ban da hoan toan Tay hda, dfldc xep vao nhdm Phfldng Tay (G7). Khi de ra thuyet "Xung dot van hda" (1993), S.Huntington khdng ghep Van mmh Nhat vao Van mmh Nho giao ma tach rieng thanh mot loai hinh ddc lap.
Tai Viet Nam, Phan Chu Trinh di d i u chd'ng phong kien va Nho giao. Nam 1905 (trUdc Ngu Tfl 14 nam), dng da hd hao:
"Khdng bd chfl Han thi khdng cflu dfldc nfldc Nam" va md nhieu trfldng day chfl Qudc ngfl d Q u i n g Nam. Nam 1907, cac si phu Bac Ha lap trfldng Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc (DKNT) tai thii dd Ha Ndi, ra sflc d i pha moi hii tuc phong kien, chii trfldng hoc van minh Phfldng Tay, dflng chfl Qud'c ngfl thay chfl Han, td chflc day dai tra chfl Qud'c ngfl. Sach giao khoa ciia Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc la Qud'c ddn Dgc bdn viet: Nen giao due nfldc ta xfla nay dap khudn Trung Qud'c "dat dao dflc len d i u , xem tri nang la thfl yeu, cho nen khdng ndi tdi giao due qudc dan...chi nhflng ai cd tri lam cdng khanh. dai phu mdi di hoc. Dd khdng p h i i la giao due qudc dan nham phd bien rong rai tri thflc trong dan chung ma la dinh phan tren dfldi, gifl gin le phep". Dat dao dflc len tren tri nang chinh la mot quan niem gia tri cua Nho giao, vi the dan chung khdng dfldc hoe chi biet gifl cai "Le" lam nd le cho vua quan. Cha trach Ld Tan phe phan dao Khdng phuc vu giai cap thd'ng tri phong kien, dung de cai tri dan.
Xu hfldng hoc van minh Phfldng Tay trd thanh trao lflu chinh d tat ca cac nfldc PhUdng Ddng cho tdi nay. Tuy vay, do chiu i n h hUdng ciia van hda Trung Qud'c hang nghin nam nen khdng it quan niem gia tri ciia Nho giao nhat la quan niem Le, van bam re trong tu duy ciia ngUdi dan cac nUdc thudc "Vanh dai Nho giao".
Bao Nhan Dan Chu Nhat d i u thap nien 90 the ki XX dang bai eiia mot hoe gia, viet dai y: Chii nghia Mac vao Viet Nam tren cd xe Nho giao. Rd rang, de tien nhanh tren con dfldng hien dai hda, cac
dan tdc Chau A c i n got sach nhflng quan niem bao thu lac hau, ddng thdi phat huy cac mat tich ciic cua Nho giao.
Cdc van de xung quanh phong trdo phuc hung Nho gido d Trung Qudc
Tfl ngay thi hanh chinh sach cii each md ciia, kinh te Trung Qud'c bat d i u phat trien manh me, van hda truyen thdng cung dfldc khdi phuc d i n . Tfl gifla thap nien 80 the ki XX, Nha nfldc Trung Hoa ung hd cac hoc gii tien hanh nghien cflu Nho gido mdi thdi hien dai. D i n din, ngfldi ta thay viec phuc hUng cac gia tri tich ciic cua Nho giao la c i n thiet. Tuy the, xu the nay khi mdi xuat hien cung bi phe phan la "chu nghia bao thii van hda", la di ngUdc chu nghia Mac. Dfl sae, xu the dd van Idn manh d i n . Trung Qud'c b i t diu td chflc cac cudc hdi t h i o trong nfldc va qud'c te ve Nho giao. Nam 1999, lin dau tien sau niia the ki, Trung Qudc td chflc le hdi ki niem 2.550 nam sinh Khdng Tii rat r i m rd tai que hfldng cu.
Phd Chii tich Hoi Nho hoc Trung Qud'c ndi: Thdi ki phuc hflng dao Khdng da xuat hien. Nam 2005, boat ddng nay dUdc td chflc long trong hdn, keo dai tfl thang 4 tdi thang 9. Ngay 28/9/2005, Van mieu d 18 thanh phd' Trung Qud'c va 10 nfldc khac (ke c i Viet Nam) ddng thdi lam le te Dflc Khdng rat trong the. Trong ki hop Qud'c hoi Trung Qud'c thang 3/2005, mdt so' dai bieu de nghi phuc hdi dao dflc Nhan - Nghia - Ll - Tri - Tin va dfla Tfl thfl, Ngfl kinh vao chfldng trinh hoc bac tieu hoc, trung hoc va sat hach cdng chflc... "Cdn sd't Qud'c hoc" xuat hien va ngay cang "sd't" cao.
Ngay nay, ngfldi Trung Qudc ca ngdi Nho giao cd the hflu ich cho viec hien dai
hda va thd'ng nhat Trung Qud'c, nang uy tin qud'c te ciia qud'c gia nay. Ho cho ring, mot so' quan diem ciia Nho giao cd the giflp giai quyet cac van nan cua the gidi hien nay: xung dot va chien tranh xiy ra lien mien, mdi trfldng sinh thai bi pha hoai nang, ddi sd'ng nhan loai ngay mot cang thang do ldi sd'ng cdng nghiep, dao dflc xa hdi suy ddi... Thi du quan diem Thien nhdn hdp nhat (con ngfldi va thien nhien la mot) chu trfldng nhan loai phai tdn trong thien nhien, khdng dfldc khai thac tdi mflc tan pha thien nhien. Quan diem Nhdn chinh hgc ciia Manh Tii chu trfldng ngfldi lam chinh tri phii biet thfldng dan. Ho cho rang, cac gia tri cua Nho giao va cua Phfldng Tay cd md'i quan he bd sung, giflp nhau ud'n nan cac lech lac; cin giii thich mdt each sang tao va cii tao, ddi mdi cac gia tri quan ciia Nho giao, n h i m hinh thanh nhflng quan niem gia tri phfl hdp nhu ciu phat trien va the hien dfldc tinh t h i n van hda Trung Qud'c hien nay.
Khdng it hoc gia Trung Qud'c da de xuat y tfldng Xdy diing lgi Nho gido, hoac Hien dai hda Nho gido. Cd de nghi cflc doan: Trfldc tien de Nho giao tien vao trung tam quyen life chinh tri, sau dd la cac phap nhan doan the xa hdi Nho giao (kieu Hdi Phat giao Trung Qud'c). Lai cd de xuat xay dflng Khu Bio tdn Nho giao hoac Dac khu Van hda Nho giao, lay gia dinh, gia tdc lam cd sd, lay ndng nghiep lam gd'c, si - ndng - cdng - thfldng deu cd, sii dung cac cdng nghe khdng d nhiem, lay sflc ngudi va sflc vat lam ngudn ddng life chinh, gia cdng thii cdng nghiep la chinh, lich phap dflng am lich, ki nguyen tinh tfl ngay sinh Khdng Tii; phuc hdi truyen thd'ng vfla lam rudng vfla day hoc.
56 Nghien cmi Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
thi hanh che do khoa cii, day cac kinh dien Nho giao,v.v...
Tuy vay, da sd'hoc gii Trung Qud'c van deu cho rang, viec nghien cflu Nho giao can ket hdp quan diem lich sii vdi quan diem hien thflc. nham tdng ket quy luat khach quan ciia viec phat trien van hda tfl tfldng, cac bai hoc kinh nghiem lich sii va i n h hfldng ddi vdi xa hdi hien nay, tim ra mdi lien he gifla Nho giao vdi sfl phat trien xa hoi, khai thac y nghia hien dai cua Nho giao nham ddi phd vdi cac thach thflc cua thdi dai, khac phuc cac thanh p h i n bao thii ldi thdi va can ba.
Hien nay, viec giii thich Nho giao van cdn nhflng chd chfla dn va chfla nhat tri.
Chang ban. cd hoc gia ndi: "Ngfldi Trung Qudc tfl Hoa ma ra". Hoc gia khac bao:
Xfla nay, chflng ta chfla giing hda bao gid. hdn bac nem di. hdn chi nem lai. Mot hoc gia ndi: Nho giao de xfldng Hoa vi quy, la dac trflng ciia dan tdc Trung Hoa.
Trong lich sfl. Trung Qud'c chfla he cd chien tranh kieu Thap tfl quan, chfla bao gid xam chiem cUdp doat cac dan tdc khac"'('^),...
Khdng it hoc gia Trung Qudc hien v i n gifla thai do phe phan truyen thd'ng tfl tfldng Nho giao va cdn sd't Qud'c hoc, Vudng Kiet d TrUdng D i n g Trung Udng Trung Qud'c cho r i n g , trong cdn sd't Qud'c hoc hien nay c i n canh giae vdi cac khuynh hudng dan tdc hep hdi va b i o thii van hda, sii ngoi day me tin phong kien va te ldi dung cdn sdt nay de kiem tien, ddng thdi canh giac vdi mot sd ke mUdn cai mu phuc hdi qudc hoc de tay chay va bai xich van hda tU tudng PhUdng Tay, Ngoai ra, cdn cd Ly Trach Hau va Du Anh Thdi, dUdc Tdn Kinh Bdo (xuat ban d Bic Kmh) ngay 7/7/2007, gidi thieu la
"nha triet hoc, nha tU tudng cd i n h hUdng nhat Trung Qud'c" va "sii gia Trung Qud'c vi dai nhat" thdi nay, bdi hai hoc gii nay cd nhieu y kien ddc dao ve van de Nho giao Trung Qud'c.
Khdi vong phuc hi£ng nen vdn hoa truyen thong Trung Hoa
Sau ngdt 30 nam thi hanh dUdng ldi cai each md eiia, Trung Qud'c ngay nay da trd thanh ngfldi khdng Id kinh te, song ve van hda ho chfla dat dfldc vi tri tfldng xflng. Hien nay, kinh te Trung Qudc dflng thfl 3 toan c i u . Trung Qud'c xuat sieu nhieu hang hda nhat the gidi, nhflng ve van hda lai "nhap sieu" kinh khiing.
Trung Qud'c sap phdng ve tinh tham dd Mat Trang nhflng lai chfla cd giii Nobel khoa hoc, giii Nobel van chfldng hoac giai Oscar... Mot hoc gii Trung Qud'c viet:
Khi di ra tfl dd'ng gach vun cua "Cach mang Van hda". n h a t la sau khi sang thap nien 90. chflng ta da coi van hda Phfldng Tay la muc tieu va tam gfldng ciia minh. Va dng dat cau hdi: Cd dflng la van hda hien dai Trung Qud'c dang "hd then khd ndi" trfldc van hda Phfldng Tay va van hda cd dai Trung Qud'c hay khdng'-'? Tham chi, nha Han hoc ngfldi Dflc Kubm cdn ndi van hoc dfldng dai Trung Qud'c "la mot ddng rac"''''. Trong Hdi t h i o Trung Qud'c hoc td chflc tai Thfldng H i i (9/2006), mot hoc gii My ndi:
Trung Qud'c hien nay can p h i i dfla nen van hda cua ho theo kip trao lflu the gidi... Gid day, cd le cac hoc gii Trung Qudc d a n g suy nghi nen lam gi de nen
1. Xem: Quang Minh Nhat Bdo. ngay 4/7/2001.
2. Vuong Phuc Nhan. Tdn qudc hoc vdi nghien cifii vdn hoc hien dai Trung Quae Tap chi Nghien cuu Van nghe, ,sd 3/2007.
3. Xem: Tap chi Tia sang (Bd Khoa hoc Cdna nghe).
sd 9/2007.
van hda cua ho dat dfldc gia tri toan ciu, tfldng xflng vdi bfldc tien ve kinh te. Khat vong phuc hflng van hda dan tdc ngay cang chay bdng trong long ngfldi Trung Qud'c, khi giac md nfldc Idn ciia ho dang d i n trd thanh hien thflc.
Nguyen vong dd rat de hieu, vi sud't may the ki qua, nen van minh Phfldng Tay lam mfla lam gid tren k h i p the gidi, trong lflc nen van minh 5.000 nam qua cua Trung Qud'c ngay xfla tflng cd thdi rflc rd hdn Phfldng Tay nay lai bi lep ve, va bi chinh ngfldi Trung Qud'c xem thudng, tham chi phu nhan. Thap nien 80 the ki XX, Qud'c hoc Dai sU Quy Tidn Lam de ra thuyet den the ki XXI van minh PhUdng Ddng se thay vi tri thd'ng tri cua van minh PhUdng Tay. Thuyet "30 nam sdng chay ben Ddng, 30 nam sdng chay ben Tay" nay hdi ay da gay ra mdt cudc tranh luan Idn d Trung Qud'c'^'.
NgUdi iing ho chang dUa ra dUdc y kien gi mdi. NgUdi phan ddi cho r i n g van minh PhUdng Tay van la ddng chay chinh. Sau khi Lien Xd tan ra, cd ngUdi ndi ddng van hda chinh trong the ki XXI la da ciic, chang Ddng ma cflng chang Tay. Giao sfl Quy Tien Lam nay da g i n 100 tudi, tuy chang ai cdn ndi nhfl dng nfla, nhflng nhieu ngfldi van mong quan diem ciia dng se thing. Sau khi vao WTO, kinh te Trung Qud'c phat trien nhanh hdn, trd thanh "nha may ciia ca the gidi", ngfldi Trung Qudc cang hi vong viec tai giii thich cac kinh dien Nho giao se giflp tim ra li le giii thich sfl n h i y vqt t h i n ki cua
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bq va gdp p h i n giii quyet cac van nan cua toan ciu.
Sau mdi chang dfldng tien len phia trfldc, gidi tinh anh ciia cac dan tdc deu khdng the khdng nhin lai qua khfl va suy ngam ve truyen thd'ng (chu yeu la van hda truyen thd'ng) cua dan tdc minh; tien cang nhanh thi cang lo ling suy ngim xem gifla truyen thd'ng vdi hien tai cd van de gi khdng. Trung Qud'c da tien mot bfldc rat dai ke tfl nam 1979. Ngay nay, Trung Qud'c dang p h i i ddi mat vdi cac van nan nhfl d nhiem mdi trfldng, dao dflc xud'ng cap, tham nhflng, phan hda giau ngheo...
Trong tinh hinh dd, qud'c gia nay cin suy ngam, khai thac nen van hda truyen thd'ng cua minh, nham tim kiem ngudn sflc manh de giai quyet cac van nan ndi tren. Sau ci tram nam xa lanh, tham chi tfl chdi nen van hda truyen thd'ng (trong dd cd Nho giao), gid day, "sflc manh mem"
(soft power) la thfl Trung Qud'c rat cin de thflc hien sfl "trdi day hda binh". Xet theo 4 tieu chuan cua mot cfldng qud'c'"' la kinh te phat trien, quan sfl manh, khoa hoc ki thuat manh va van hda cd sflc hap dan, thi cd le hien nay, Trung Qudc cdn chfla dat tieu chuan cudi cflng. Bdi vay, viec ngfldi Trung Qud'c len "Cdn sd't Qud'c hoc", hoac ddi hdi phuc hflng nen van hda Nho giao truyen thd'ng cua ho la dieu tat nhien./. , .
4. Xem: Thdng tin Ly ludn, sd 1/2000.
5. Brzezinski. Van cd Idn (The Grand Chessboard), 1999.
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