Tranh chap thiFcng mai My - Trung:
Nhin tiF quan diem cua hai phia
Th.S. TRAN MINH NGUYET
Quan hi ihuang mgi My - Trung da phdt triin nhanh chdng ki tic khi hai nu&c tdi lap quan hi ngogi giao vdo thdng I ndm 1979 va ky Hiip dinh thuang mgi song phuang vdo Ihdng 7 ndm 1979. Su phdt trien thuang mgi, mdt mat dem lgi nhieu lgi ich cho hai qudc gia, nhung mgt khdc cung ldm ndy sinh nhiiu mdu thudn giUa hai nuac.
Dieu ndy xudt phdt lic quan diim khdc biel vi he thdng xa hdi, hi thdng chinh tri. y thitc hi giUa hai qudc gia. Bdi viit ndy se xem xet ngudn goc cdc tranh chdp thuong mgi giua My vd Trung Qudc nhin tic quan diim cua hai phia.
Tu kkoa: Quan he Ihucmg mgi, hiip dinh thuang mgi, tranh chdp ihuang mgi, Trung Qudc, My.
K
d tft khi My vd Tmng Qudc tdi lap quan he ngoai giao vao thdng 1 ndm 1979 va ky Hiep dinh thuomg mai song phuong vdo thang 7 nam 1979, quan he thuang mai hai chieu gifta hai nudc tang tmdng khd nhanh. Thdng ke cho thdy, ndra 1979 khi Tmng Qudc bdt ddu cdi cdch kinh te, tdng kira ngach thuang mai My - Tmng radi chi dat 2 ty USD, Trung Qudc dftng thft 23 trong cac ihi tmdng xudt khau cua My vd dftng thft 45 trong cac thi Irudng nhdp khau cua My. Den ndra 2012, thuang raai hang hda song phuang gifta hai nudc dd dat 528 ty USD, Trung Qudc trd thdnh ddi tdc thuang mai ldn ihft hai (sau Canada), Id thi tmdng xudt khau ldn ihft ba cua My (sau Canada vd Mexico), va la thi tmdng nhap khdu ldn nhdt cua My.*Vien Nghign cihi chau My
Sy phat trien thuang mai, mpt mat dem lai nhieu lgi ich cho hai qudc gia, nhung mdt khdc cimg ldm nay sinh nhieu raau thudn, dac biet la sau khi Tmng Qudc gia nhdp Td chuc Thuang mai thi gidi (WTO), cd hai nudc thudng xuydn khieu nai ldn ca quan giai quyet tranh chap (DSB). Ca Washington vd Bdc Kinh dudng nhu thudng xuyen su dung co che giai quyet tranh chdp (DSM) cua WTO dd nhdm muc tieu vao cac vdn de quan Idra ddi vdi cac cu tri trong nudc ciia minh. Trong khi tranh chap thuong mai ciia My ddi vdi Trung Qudc cd xu hudng nhdm muc lieu vao cac chinh sdch cdng nghiep vd thach thftc sy thdng trj cua cac doanh nghiep nha nudc (DNNN) Trung Qudc. Ngugc lai, Iranh chdp cua Trung Qudc chdng lai My lidn quan den chdng ban phd gia va thul ddi khang (CVDs). Tinh ddn hit thdng 8 ndra 2012, Trung Qudc va My da nop tdng cpng 21 dom kien
7 vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TR! THt Giai S6 8(232) 2015-
Tranh chdp thuang mai My - Trung:... Trdn IVIinh Nguyet tranh chap len co quan giai quyet tranh chap
cfta WTO, trong dd phia My cd 14 don kien, 7 don kien tu phia Trung Qudc. Trong 21 trudng hgp tranh chdp cd tdi 10 t m d n g hgp dugc npp len WTO tft ndra 2007. Trong sd 14 khilu nai Trung Qudc, My chiera uu thd khi thdng 11 vu khilu nai, 3 trudng hgp cdn lai dang chd giai quyet. Trong khi dd, Tmng Qudc chi thdng 3 khieu nai chdng lai My va thua 4 vu.
Ngoai ra, hai ben cung thudng xuyen sft dyng CO che giai quyet tranh chap ngoai khudn khd WTO de bdo ve cac doanh nghiep Irong nudc nhu cac bien phap chdng ban phd gia, trg cap vd cdc hd Irg khac.
Trong nhiing ndra qua, WTO vdi chftc ndng la didn ddn dara phan cho cac qudc gia thanh vien, da cd nhieu cd gang nhdm rut ngan khoang each va xoa diu mau thuan gifta hai qudc gia. Mac du WTO cung da cd nhiing thdnh cdng nhdi djnh nhung nhihig bdt ddng trong Ihucmg mai giua hai nudc vdn cdn rdt sau sdc. Dieu ndy xudi phat lft quan diem khac biet ve he thdng xd hpi, he thdng chinh tri, y thftc he gifta hai qudc.
1. Quan dilm tir phia T r u n g Quoc Thii nhdt, chinh sdch kiim sodt xudt khdu cita My sang Trung Qudc.
My da dp dung chinh sach kiera soat xudt khau ddi vdi Trung Qudc trong nhieu nam qua. Luat Qudn ly xudt khau ciia My cam xuat khdu cdng nghd hal nhdn, cdng nghe ten Ifta vd cdc san pham cdng nghe cao sang Tmng Qudc. Phia Trung Qudc cho rdng ludt nay rd rang la de bao ve lgi ich an ninh qudc gia My, khien cho tong kim ngach xuat khdu gifta hai nudc khdng tuong xung, dan den thara hut thuang mai lang len, do la nguydn nhdn goc re cfta cdc Iranh chdp thuong mai. Viec kiem soat xuat khau cua My cung la ly do keo Iheo ty le that nghiep cao, tdng trudng kinh t l
cham d My. Chinh phu My tryc tilp can trd viec xuat khau cdng nghe cao cua My sang Trung Qudc lam tram trgng them su mdt can bang thuang mai Trung - My.
Bp tmdng Thuomg mai Trung Qudc Tran Due Minh trong mpt bai phdt bidu lai Ddi thoai chiln lugc kinh t l My Trung khdi dpng tai Bdc Kinh vao ngay 03/05/2012 cho rang, mat cdn bang thuomg mai hidn nay giua Tmng Qudc va My chu y l u do chinh sach kiem soat xuat khdu cfta My ddi vdi hom 2.400 mat hang xudt khdu sang Tmng Qudc. Ong cho rdng sd rat khd khdn d l hai nudc dat dugc cdn bdng thuong mai nlu My tilp tuc chinh sdch kiem soat nhu vdy;
nlu My khdng loai bd kidm soat xudt khdu sang Tmng Qudc se gay ldn hai cho cdc cdng ty va viec lam cua ngudi dan My, cung nhu ke hoach ldng tdc dp xudt khau cfta My.
Gido su Jialin Zhang cho rdng, cac chinh sdch kidm soat xuat khdu cfta My Id radu thudn, rapt mat My nhan manh vao tham hut thuang mai cua My vdi Trung Qudc, mat khdc Chinh phft My khdng mudn xda bd kiem soat xudt khau, trd ngai chinh trong thuang mai Trung - My. Trung Qudc cd lgi the'trong cac ngdnh cdng nghidp thdm dung lao ddng, trong khi My cd lgi the trong cdc ngdnh cdng nghe cao, thucmg mai hai nudc cd the bd sung cho nhau.
Trung Qudc da ldn dung lgi the so sanh ciia hg de xudt khau sang My, trong khi My khdng md cfta xudt khdu cdng nghd cao sang Tmng Qudc, neu My khdng Ihay ddi chinh sach cdm van cdng nghd cao, tham hul thucmg raai se rdt khd giai quyet.
Cac chinh sach kiem sodt xual khdu cua My va lenh trftng phat keo dai chdng lai Trung Quoc da han c h l dang ke xuat khau cua My sang Trung Qudc cung nhu ddu lu cua My trong ITnh vye cdng nghe cao tren lanh thd nudc nay. Trong ngdn han, cac bien - NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TR! THt GlCf\ So 8(232) 2015
Zt^gjyiinh Nguydt Tranh chip thuong mai My - Trung..
phap nay da cd ldc ddng tidu cue den hgp ldc kinh te va thuomg mai Trung - My. Tac dpng tieu cyc nay cd t h i dugc nhin thdy trong cdc vi du sau:
Trong ndm 1980, Tmng Qudc tiln hdnh cdc cupe ddm phan ky thual va thuang mai vdi cdng ty Westinghouse vd General Electric cua My irong vide mua sdm thiel bi cho nha may dien hat nhdn Tdn Son (300.000 kW) va nhd mdy didn hat nhdn Daya Bay (900.000 kW). Nhung cdc cudc dam phdn khdng thanh cdng do chinh sdch kidm soat xual khdu cua My. Ndm 1985, Trung Qudc vd My da ky
"Hiep dinh hgp tac giua Chinh phft Trung Qudc vd Chinh phu My vd vide sft dung ndng lugng hat nhdn hda binh". Chinh phft Trung Qudc ngay lap tuc chap ihuan. Tuy nhien, Qudc hdi My khdng khang gdn nhieu didu kidn lien quan. Ket qua la, cac giao thftc nay van chua cd hidu lyc. Hidn nay, nganh cdng nghidp dien hal nhdn cua Trung Qudc dang md rpng, thuc day nhdp khau dang ke cdng nghe va thiet bi. Cac doanh nghidp ndng lugng hat nhan cua My da mat di co hpi xudi khau sang Trung Qudc vi chinh sdch kiem soat cua Chinh phft My trong cdng nghe ndng lugng hat nhan.
Vdo gifta nhung ndm 1980, han chd tuong ty cung dugc dua ra ddi vdi cac nha xual khdu My frong mpt thuong vu kinh doanh liem nang fri gia hang ty USD khi Trung Quoc cd kd hoach nhap khdu cong nghe va thilt bj cho mach tich hgp vd bang chuyen mach dien thoai. Trong nhirng ndm gdn day, Trung Qudc van hy vgng se mua linh kien va thidt bi didn tft dugc san xudt tai My. Tuy nhien, mpt lan nfta, chinh sach kilm sodt xudt khau cua chinh phft My da ngdn chan cdc doanh nghiep My ban sdn phdra cua hg sang Tmng Qudc.
Chinh sdch phan biet ddi xft Irong thuang mai cua Chinh phii My ddi vdi Trung Qudc khdng chi khien mpt sd Iugng ldn cac khdch hang Trung Qudc khdng the hgp tac vdi cac nha xuat khdu My rad cdn khiln cac nha xudt khau My ty de mat ca hpi thuang mai. Mdi sd nha phan tich dd ket luan rdng My dd giara trung binh vdi ty USD trong xudt khdu hdng hda sang Trung Qudc mdi ndra trong thdi gian qua tft nhftng chinh sdch phdn biet ddi xft nhu vdy.
Trong khi Chinh phu My duy tri chinh sach kidm soat xuat khdu phdn bidt ddi xft ddi vdi Trung Qudc, rapt sd nudc cdng nghidp khac da huy bd chinh sdch phdn bidt ddi xft cua hg vd Ihdm chi con hd trg tai chinh cho cac doanh nghidp cfta hg khi xudt khdu sang Trung Qudc. Dieu nay chac chdn da lam tdng khd nang canh tranh sdn phdm cfta hg tren thi trudng Trung Qudc. Cdc nudc ihdnh vidn Lien minh chdu Au khdng nhftng khdng tham hut thuang mai, ma cdn dat dugc thdng du thuang mai trung binh hdng ty USD hang nam vdi Trung Qudc.
Chinh phli Trung Qudc hy vgng Chinh phu My se dp dung cdc bien phdp hieu qud dd giam hay Iham chi huy bd cdc chinh sach kilm soat xudt khdu phan biet ddi xft hien nay ddi vdi Trung Qudc dd md ra rapt sy lanh raanh va can bdng trong quan he thuang mai Trung - My. Day la mpt cdch ihyc td de giai quyel van de can can thuang mai giua Trung Qudc va My'.
Thic hai, sd lieu thong ki ve tranh chdp ihuang mgi giUa My vd Trung Qudc cd su khac biit.
http://www.chineseculture.about com/Hbrary/china/white paper/blstrade4.htm
^ vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TRj THt G\0\ S6 8(232} 2015 ^•13.:
Tranh chap thuong mai My - Trung:, Trin Minh Nguyet
Bo thi 1: Su- khac biet trong thong ke thuong mai giua My va Trung Qu6c
4 S O 4 0 O 3 S O 3U30 3 S O
o G t ^ ^ r
20OO 2 0 0 I :?0OJ 3O03 SO&i 2 0 0 S 200h 2007 30a& 70O9 2010 2 0 I 1
0 cao cua T.Q ve xuat khau sang My o cao ciia T.Q ve nhap ithau til My
Nguon: USITC Data Web.
Su radl cdn bang thuang mai cua My la do thdng ke phdng dai gid fri frao ddi thuang mai gifta hai nudc. Van dd dau lien vd quan irgng nhal ttong su mat cdn bang thuong mai Tmng - My la do sd lieu thdng ke khdc biet gifta Tmng Qudc va My. Kim ngach xuat khau cua Trung Qudc tinh theo gid FOB, Uong khi dd kim ngach nhap khdu cua My dya fren so lieu thing kd frong hd so hdi quan nhdp khdu bao gdra ca thud hai quan, chi phi bao hiera va van chuyen hdng hda. Vi vay, gia Iri nhdp khdu cua My tft Trung Qudc iheo tinh loan cua My dugc djnh gia cao hon tinh loan cfta Trung Qudc. Ben canh do, kim ngach nhap khau ciia Trung Qudc tinh theo gia CIF^, Uong khi kim ngach xuat khau cua My tinh theo gia FAS^ (Free Alongside Ship). Chi phi van chuyin tinh theo FAS thdp hon CIF, vi vdy xuat khdu ciia My sang Tmng Qudc theo tinh loan ciia My thdp hcm so vdi linh lodn cua Tnmg Qudc.
Ngodi ra, loan bp ranh gidi Ihdng ke he thdng thuong mai ciia My ndra trong bien gidi, Gia CIF thutrng dirge sii dung trong cac hgp dfing thirong mai quoc te, sir dung phirong thuc van chuyen bang tau bien, gom ti^n hang, bao hi^m va cuoc phi van chuyen.
^ Gia FAS: Gia giao dgc man tau.
BSo c^o ciia My ve nhjp khiu id T.Q BSo c^o ciia My ve xuat Idiau sang T.Q
nhdp cdnh vao khu thuang mai ty do My va kho ngoai quan luu tru hang hda cd trong sd lieu thdng ke. Tuy nhidn, Trung Qudc cd he thdng thuomg mai dac biet, lanh thd hai quan nhu mpt ranh gidi thdng ke, khdng cd hang hda gfti kho ngoai quan. Thdng ke thuomg mai cfta My tren pham vi ldn hom cua Trung Qudc, vi vdy Ihdm hut thuang raai trong thdng kd cua My cao hcm.
Cang Hdng Cdng la mdi vi tri giao dich thucmg mai ddc bidt giua My va Trung Qudc, gid tri tai xuat khau tiep tuc ldng len lam frdm frgng ihdm sy mdi cdn bdng thuang mai gifta hai nudc.
Hdng Cdng la rapt cdng thuang mai dac biet giua My va Tmng Qudc, noi nay ddng vai trd rdl quan frgng nhu radl cdu ndi, hdu het cac mat hang xuat khau cua Tmng Qudc sang My qua Hdng Cdng, sau do lai xudi khau sang My. Dd la mpt ldi Ihong ke ldn, tham hul thuang mai cua My da dugc phdng dai. Gido su Feensfra da chi ra rdng thdng ke dft lieu cdn can thuong mai song phuong cua My la khdng chinh xdc. Trong each tinh cua My, kim ngach nhap khdu cfta My tft Trung Qudc tinh ca gia tri tdi xudt khau sang My tai cang Hdng Cdng do dd da danh gia qua cao gid tri nhdp khau tft Tmng Qudc.
14" - NhOng vin di KINH Tt Mk CHINH TRI TH^ GIOI So 8(232) 2015
Jlgg_Minh Nguyet Tranh chdp thuong mai My - Trung:
Bdn^ 1: Su khac biet trong thong ke xuat khau cua Trung Quoc - Hong Cong sang My va Nhap khdu cua M^ tir Trung Quoc - Hdng Cong
Thong ke xuat khau cua Trung Quoc - Hong Cong sang My
( l ) + (2) + (3) Trong d&:
(1) Thdng ke xuat khdu cua Tmng Qudc sang My.
(2) Thdng kd xudt khdu npi dia cua Hdng Cdng sang My.
(3) Thdng ke cua Hdng Cdng v l boat dpng tai xuat xudt cac hang hda cd ngudn gde Trung Qudc sang My.
Thong ke nhap khau cua My tu Trung Quoc - Hong Cong
(4)+ (5) Trong do:
(4) Thdng kd nhap khdu cua My tft Trung Qudc.
(5) Thdng ke nhap khdu cua My lft Hdng Cdng.
Nguon: USITC Data Web.
Bdn^ 2: Su khac biet trong thong ke nhap khdu ciia Trung Quoc - Hdng Cong tir My va Xuat khau cua My sang Trung Quoc - Hong Cong
Thdng ke nhap Idiau cua Trung Quoc - Hong Cdng tu My
Thong ke xuat khau cua My sang Trung Qudc - Hong Cdng
(l) + (2)-(3)-(4) Trong dd:
(1) Thdng ke nhap khau cua Trung Qudc lft M y .
(2) Thdng ke nhdp khdu cua Hdng Cdng ve tft My.
(3) Thdng ke cua Hdng Cdng v l hoat dpng tdi xudt hang hda cd ngudn goc My sang Tmng Q u d c .
(4) Thong kd cfta Hdng Cdng v l hoat dpng lai xuat cac hoat hda cd ngudn gde My sang nudc thu ba.
(5)+ (6) ^ ( 7 ) Trong do:
(5) Thdng ke xudt khau cua My sang Trung Qudc,
(6) Thdng ke xuat khau cua My sang Hdng Cdng.
(7) Thdng ke cua Hdng Cdng ve hoat dpng tai xudi cac hdng hda cd ngudn gde My sang nudc thft ba.
Ngudn: USITC Data Web.
Cdc chuyen gia Trung Qudc cho rdng thdm linh vye thuang mai, dich vu. Lgi thi cua My hut gde r l ddi vdi Ihucmg mai cua My la trong trong thucmg mai dich vu khdng dugc tinh toan
NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHiNH TR! THt GIOI So 8(232) 2015 15
Tranh chap thuong mai My - Trung:.. Trin Minh Nguyet vao trong tdng gid tri thuang mai song phuomg,
do dd My da cd y phdng dai hoac dau co ldm mdt cdn bdng thuang mai gifta hai nudc.
Thuang mai dich vu rdt khd de thdng ke, ldi vd thidu sdt cd the la tucmg ddi ldn. Tmng Qudc cho rdng thdng du thuomg mai cfta My trong cac ITnh vuc dich vu da bi danh gia thap. Ngay cd khi thdng du thuomg mai My - Tmng khdng tdn lai. Co cdu kinh te ciia My cung se co thdm hul thuomg mai rat ldn. Sy mat can bang thuomg mai Tmng - My ban chat la do cau true kinh te cua My can trd nganh dich vu va cdng nghd thdng tin...
Thii ba, khiing hodng tdi chinh, suy thodi kinh le, thai nghiep eao tgi My. Khi bong bdng bat ddng sdn d My bung nd, nen kinh te My gap rdt nhieu khd khdn, khung hodng tai chinh, suy thodi kinh te... Theo Bp Thuang mai My udc tinh ngay cd khi ndi ldng chinh sdch lien te, tdng tmdng kinh te My van khdng cao, bong bong bat ddng sdn vd khung hoang tdi chinh vdn cdn Id nguyen nhdn chinh cfta suy thoai kinh td.
Thdm chi dang lo ngai hon la su suy giam nilm tin kinh doanh trong cac ITnh vuc dich vy cua My, ty le that nghidp cao. Kinh nghiera lich sft cho Ihdy sftc manh ciia bdo hp thuang mai va phat trien kinh le gan ket chat che vdi nhau, xual khau ddng vai trd ddc biet quan trgng, ddn den cac td chftc cdng nghiep My gay dp lyc ldn Chinh phft My, lao ra cdc cupe xung dpi Iranh chap thuomg mai vdi Tmng Qudc.
2. Quan diem tu* phia My
Tha nhdt, ki hogch thitc ddy sdng tgo ndi dia cita Trung Qudc
Tft ndm 2009, mpt sd cdng ly My da bdt ddu lo ngai v l rapt sd quy djnh ihdng tu cua Chinh phu Tmng Qudc v l viec se Ihilt lap mpt he Ihdng "cdp phep san phdm sang tao npi dia". Vi du, thang 11 nam 2009, Chinh phu Tmng Qudc da ban hdnh mpt thdng tu v l phat ddng cac sdn pham sdng tao npi dia, yeu cau cac cdng ty npp hd so ve cdc sdn phara cua hg vdo thdng 12 nara
2009 de dugc xem xet cdng nhan la "san pham sang tao npi dia". Dai dien cac doanh nghidp My bay td lo ngai sdu sdc v l thdng tu nay, cho rdng Chinh phu Tmng Qudc da bao hp, md rpng uu dai mua sdm chinh phu cho cac cdng ty npi dia Tmng Qudc da phat triin vd sd hiiu tai sdn tri tue, vd do dd phan ldn loai Irft cdc cdng ly nudc ngodi. Phdng Thuang mai My da vidt mpt la Ihu gfti Chinh phu Trung Qudc vdo ngay 10 thdng 12 ndm 2009 vdi npi dung ndi rang
"nhung sdng kidn Irong ihdng lu hau nhu khdng the cho bat ky cdng ty nudc ngodi nao iham gia vdo thi tmdng mua sdm chinh phu cua Trung Qudc, ngay cd nhiing nudc da ddu tu dang ke va lau dai d Trung Qudc, su dung nhan cdng Trung Qudc, va npp thue cho Chinh phu Trung Qudc"*.
Nhdm nay cho rdng, phan ldn cdng nghd cua hg dugc phat tridn tren loan cau vd do do, thi phan cdng nghe dugc phat tridn d Trung Qudc se rat khd dugc cdng nhan.
Mpt cupe khao sat cua Phdng Thuomg mai My lai Tmng Qudc cho thay 40% sd ngudi dugc hdi lin rdng chinh sach ddi mdi ndi dia cua Tmng Qudc se lam tdn thuomg cdc doanh nghiep cua hg va 26% cho bidt cac doanh nghiep cfta hg da bi tdn thuang bdi nhiing chinh sach nhu vdy. Vdo Ihang 11 ndra 2011, WTO da xem xel lai cdc chinh sdch sd hiiu tri tue cua Tmng Qudc, dai dipn WTO ndi rdng chi'nh sdch ddi mdi ndi dia cfta Tmng Qudc da tao ra mpt xu hudng dang lo ngai, phan biet ddi xu nhdm ep bupc chuyen giao cdng nghe.
Trudc mdi quan tam cua My ve clu'nh sach ddi radi npi dia cua Tnmg Qudc, chinh phu nudc nay cho rang hg khdng phan biet ddi xft vdi cac cdng ty nudc ngodi hoac vi phara cdc quy tdc thuong mai todn cdu^. Tuy nhidn, frong chuyin thdm cua Chu tjch Tnmg Qudc Hd Cdm ''http V/w ww.online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/
chinaprocurementletter! 210.pdf.
^Wall Street Joumal, China Defends Rule On 'Indigenous' Tech, December 15,2009.
- NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHiNH TRj TH^ GIOI S6 8(232) 2015
TranJWnh Nguyet Tranh chdp thuong mai My - Trung:
Dao sang My vdo thang 1 ndra 2011, Chinh phft Trung Qudc tuyen bd se khdng dp dung chinh sach ddi mdi ddi vdi hoat dpng mua sdm chinh phu . Trong sudt phien hgp v l Ddi thoai Chidn lugc vd Kinh t l My - Trung dien ra vao thdng 5 nam 2011, Tmng Qudc da cam kit se loai bd tdt ca cdc san phdm ddi mdi npi dm. Ddn thang 11 ndm 2011, trong cac cupe ddra phan cfta Uy ban Thuomg mai hdn hgp My - Trung (JCCT), Chinh phil Tmng Qudc thdng bdo rdng Hpi ddng Nhd nudc da ban hdnh chinh sdch yeu cdu chinh phu cac linh, thanh phd va khu ly Iri loai bd tat ca danh muc sdn pham hodc cdc bien phap dp dung chinh sach ddi mdi ddi vdi cac hoat ddng raua sdm chinh phu^. Dieu nay xay ra sau khi nhdm doanh nghiep nudc ngoai lo ngai rdng chinh sdch ddi mdi npi dia phan bidt ddi xu cd the tiep tuc dugc thuc hidn d cdp dia phuang thara chi sau cara kdt cua Hd Cdm Ddo.
Thu hai, quyen so hieu tri lue
Dai dien cac doanh nghiep va Chinh phu My da len tieng lo ngai ve nhirng thiet hai ve kinh te ngay cang tang md cdc cdng ty My dang phdi ganh chiu do nhiing hdnh vi xam pham quyen sd hiiu Iri tue cfta Tmng Qudc (va cdc nudc khdc). Mpt Irong nhftng vdn de quan trgng nhal ma cdc cdng ty My phai ddi raat khi kinh doanh tai Trung Qudc la dam bao quyen sd hiiu tri tup.
Cac cdng ty My da bay td lo ngai vd dp lyc ma hg thudng gap phai tft cdc td chftc Chinh phu Tmng Qudc ve viec chia se cdng nghe vd sd hiiu tri tud vdi rapt ddi tac Trung Qudc. Mac du Tmng Qudc da cdi Ihien ddng ke quyen sd htm tri tue frong vai ndm qua, tuy nhien cdc doanh nghiep My phdn nan rang ty le vi phara bdn quydn d Trung Qudc van duy Iri d mftc dp cao, gay thiet hai kinh te rat ldn cho hg.
*The White House, U.S. - China Joint Statement, January 19,2011.
' U.S. Department of Commerce, 22nd U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade Fact Sheet, ls(ovember2l,2011.
Chinh phft Trung Qudc cho rang hg da cdi thien dang ke che dp bdo vd sd hiru tri tud, tuy nhien dal nudc vdn cdn thieu ngudn luc vd mpt hd thdng phap ly hipu qua de ddi phd vdi cdc hdnh vi vi pham sd hiiu Iri tue. Chinh phft nudc ndy cung cho rdng hdnh vi xam pham sd hiiu tri tue la rapt van de nghiera frgng ddi vdi cdc doanh nghiep npi dia cua Trung Qudc. Tuy nhidn, mpt sd nha phan tich cho rang sy kera hieu qua trong viec thyc thi quyen sd hiiu Iri lue cua Trung Qudc mpt phan la do tham vgng cua Chinh phil Trung Qudc mudn bidn nudc nay trd thdnh mpt qudc gia cdng nghd cao, do do hg khoan dung vdi cdc doanh nghiep vi pham quydn sd hiru tri tud neu dieu dd gidp cac cdng ty Trung Qudc cd dugc nhiing cdng nghe tien tien.
Bao cdo cua Dai dien Uy ban Thuang mai qudc t l My (USTR) nam 2012 ndi rdng, raac dft Tmng Qudc da Ihuc hien mpt sd cai tien ddng chu y lien quan den che dp thuc thi quyen sd hftu tri tue (vi du: thyc thi thudng xuyen chien dich dac bidt ve sd hftu tri tue), tuy nhidn van de vi pham quyen sd hiiu Iri lue vdn cdn, vi du:
raftc dp nhan hieu hang gia, vi pham san xudt va kinh doanh thudc gid, xual khdu hang gia rat cao. USTC cung ghi nhdn mpt su gia ldng dang bdo ddng cac vu trpm cdp bi mat thuang mai (cd d Tmng Qudc va ben ngoai Trung Qudc) vi lgi ich cua cac td chftc nudc nay. Nguyen nhan cac vy trpm cdp thuang mai rapi phdn xudt phat tft hoat ddng quan ly yeu kem cua nha nudc^.
Cac cupe tan cdng vao cdc cdng ty My da day len lo ngai ve nan danh cap ban quyen sd hiixi tri tue cfta My vdi quy md ldn va ldc dpng kinh le cua nd ddi vdi My. Nhidu nha phdn lich va hoach djnh chinh sdch My cho rdng, Chinh phli Tmng Qudc la khdi ngudn chinh cua hoai ddng gidn diep kinh te tren mang chdng lai cac cdng ty My. Theo mpt bao cao cfta Van phdng Tinh bao qudc gia My (DNI): Trung Qudc la
" USTR, 2012 Special 301 Report, April 2012, available at http V/www. ustr.gov/sites /defaul tflles/2012%
20Special%20301%20Report_^0.pdf.
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Tranh chip thu'ong mai My - Trung: Trdn Minh Nguyet thu pham hoat dpng gidn didp kinh te manh nhdt
va dai ddng nhat the gidi. Vdo ihang 2 ndm 2013, Mandiant, mdt cdng ty bao mat thdng tin cd nhan td cdo mpt don vi cua Qudn dpi giai phdng nhan dan Tmng Qudc tai Thugng Hdi hoai dpng gidn diep mang nhdm myc lieu trpm cdp bi mat kinh doanh va cdng nghe dpc quydn cLia cdc tap doan cua My va cac nudc khac, tuy nhien khdng id cao rd rang Id Ddng Cpng san Tmng Qudc hodc Chinh phft Tmng Qudc cd ddng Ida Irong su xdm nhap nay khdng.
Chinh phft My cdng khai gdn trach nhidm chinh Ihuc len Chinh phft Trung Qudc vao thdng 5 nam 2013. Trong mpt bdo cdo len Qudc hpi My thang dd, Bp Qudc phdng My da viet rdng cdc tin tdc Trung Qudc xdm nhdp khdng gian mang de dn cdp cdng nghe va cac bi mat thuong mai cua My phuc vu cho qudn su vd Chinh phd Trung Qudc. Phat ngdn vidn chinh thftc cua Trung Qudc da thudng xuyen bac bd nhftng cdo bupc nay la "vd can eft".
Phdn ftng lai trudc nhiing ldi cdo bupc cua phia My, mpt phdt ngdn vien cfta Bp Qudc phdng Trung Qudc tuyen bd rdng qudn dpi Trung Qudc chua bao gid nhan bdt ky sy hd trg ndo cfta hoat dpng tin lac. Ong nay luu y rdng lual phap Trung Qudc nghiem cdm cac cupe tan cdng cfta cac tin tac, Trung Qudc cung chinh la rapt nan nhdn cua cac cupe ldn cdng mang, vdi hon 144.000 ldn tdn cdng Irung binh mdi thdng, 6 3 % cac cudc tdn cdng dugc cho la cd ngudn gde tft My.
Ndm 2013, Chinh phu My va Trung Qudc da thanh lap mpt nhdm lam vide cdp cao v l an ninh mang trong Ddi thoai An ninh Chiln lugc My - Trung. Theo Bd Ngoai giao My, lai cupe hgp chinh phft hai nudc da quylt dinh cdc bien phdp thiet ihyc nhdm tdng cudng ddi thoai de hudng d i n hoat dpng trong khdng gian mang dua tren cdc lieu chudn vd nguyen lac qudc le.
Thic ba, chinh sdch tiin te cita Trung Qudc.
Khdng gidng nhu hdu h i t cdc n i n kinh t l phdt friln, Trung Qudc khdng duy tri ty gia hdi doai tha ndi tren thi tmdng. Tft ndm 1994 d i n thang 7 nam 2005, Tmng Qudc cd dinh ddng tiln cua minh, 8,28 nhan dan te/lUSD.
Vdo thdng 7 ndm 2005, Tmng Qudc tdng gia ddng nhan ddn le so vdi USD len khodng 2 , 1 % . De duy tri ty le ngoai te muc tieu vdi ddng USD va cac ddng tiln khdc, Chinh phu Trung Qudc thyc hidn han che va kiem sodt cdc giao dich vdn va da mua USD (va tai sdn bdng USD) vdi quy md ldn.
Theo ngan hang Trung Qudc, lft thdng 7 ndra 2005 den thang 7 nam 2009, ty gia nhdn dan te/USD tft 8,27 nhan dan td/ 1 USD len 6,83 nhan dan te/ 1 USD, tang 21,1%. Tuy nhien, khi nhftng dnh hudng cua cupe khung hoang tai chinh todn cdu trd ndn rd rang, Chinh phu Trung Qudc dftng su ddnh gid ddng nhdn te va sau dd gift ty gid ddng nhdn ddn te/USD tuong ddi dn dinh d muc 6,83 tft thang 7 ndm 2009 d i n thang 6 ndm 2010 dl giup han chd lac ddng cua su sul gidm manh Irong nhu cau toan cau ddi vdi cac san phdm cua Trung Qudc.
Nhieu nha hoach dinh chinh sdch My, dai dien cua cac doanh nghidp nhap khdu cho rdng, mdc du cai cdch nhd, Chi'nh phu Trung Qudc van tidp tuc chu dpng can thiep vdo thi imdng tien te de gift gid Iri ddng nhdn ddn te ihap gia tao so vdi USD. Chinh sach ndy cung cap mpi trg cap gian tiep cho cac nha xudt khdu Trung Qudc (ldm cho hang hda Tmng Qudc re hon d My), trong khi thue danh vdo hang hda nhap khau cfta My vdo Tmng Qudc ldm cho hang hda dat hon. Chinh sach nay ddc biet gdy tdn thuomg den mpt sd nganh sdn xudt cua My dang bi bupc phai canh tranh vdi chi phi thap vdi cac sdn phdra gia re cua Trung Qudc vd da ddn den tinh trang thdt nghiep ddng k l tai My, ddc biet Id trong nganh sdn xudt.
Gidi binh luan cho rang, chinh sach tien te cua Tmng Quoc la mpt ylu td quan trgng anh
- NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj THt G\0\ So 8(232) 2015
Jlinjyiinh Nguyet Tranh chdp thuong mai My - Trung:..
hudng den quy md va raftc tdng thara hut thuomg mai My - Trung. Mpt sd dai bilu Qudc hpi M^ cho rdng, vdi ly le thdt nghiep tai My cao nhu hien tai, chinh sdch tiln le cua Trung Qudc khdng thi dung thft dugc.
Cdc quan chftc Trung Qudc da nhdn raanh rdng chinh sach tiln te hien nay cua hg khdng cd nghia la cd lgi cho xudt khdu han nhdp khau, chinh sdch nay chi dl thuc ddy su dn dinh kinh ll trong nudc. Chinh phii Trung Qudc bay id lo ngai rang vide tft bd chinh sdch tien te, dac bidl la vdi tinh trang hien tai cua ndn kinh td toan cdu, cd the lara suy yeu cac nganh cdng nghiep xuat khau va gay sa thai cdng nhdn Trung Qudc quy md ldn.
Chinh phu Trung Qudc xem dn dinh kinh te la quan trgng de duy tri dn dinh chinh tri. Hg cung luu y rdng thdng du thuomg mai toan cdu cua Trung Qudc da giam manh trong vdi nam qua.
Ngdy 19 thang 6 nam 2010, Ngdn hang Nhan dan Tmng Qudc (PBC) cho biel, cdn cu vao dieu kien kinh te hien nay, hg da quyel dinh tiep tuc cdi each ddng nhdn dan le, che dp ty gia hdi doai, vd tdng cudng linh hoat ly gia ddng nhan dan td. Ke tu thdi diem dd, theo Bp frudng Tai chinh My, Timothy Geithner, ddng nhdn dan td da tdng 13% vl gid tri thyc so vdi ddng USD va 40% (theo gia thuc tl) tft nam 2005. Cdc quan chftc My dd thuc giuc Tmng Qudc tiep tuc nang gid ddng tien cua minh, vd vdi tdc dp nhanh hon.
Nhilu dy dn luat dugc dua ra tai Qudc hdi My frong vdi nam qua de tim each bupc Trung Qudc cdi cdch chinh sach tidn te cfta minh. Vi du, mpt dy ludt lai Qudc hpi khda 108, dp dal thul bd sung Id 27,5% ddi vdi sdn phara nhdp khdu cua Tmng Qudc trft khi Tmng Qudc danh gid cao ddng tidn cua minh den gdn mftc thj uudng. Tai Qudc hpi khda 111, cdc ihdnh vien da thdng qua mpt phien ban sfta ddi, dp dung
thul ddi khang danh vao san pham xudi khau nudc ngoai dugc trg cap.
Tdm lai, quan he thuomg mai My - Trung rapt radt dera lai nhidu lgi ich cho hai qudc gia, nhung mat khdc cung ldm nay sinh nhidu radu ihudn giua hai nudc, ddc biet sau khi Trung Qudc Ihyc hidn chien lugc phat trien kinh te sau rpng, nudc nay ngdy cang gia tdng anh hudng trong khu vuc va Irdn thd gidi, rad ra co hpi cho cac nha lanh dao Tmng Qudc tra dua chdng lai cac nhdm doanh nghiep My. Vi du: Tmng Qudc han chl nhdp khdu gia cam tft My de trd diia lai nhiing thidt hai ma nudc ndy phai ganh chiu tft bidn phap dp thul ldp xe cua My ddi vdi Tmng Qudc; hay quylt dinh cua Bdc Kinh khdi ddng dilu fra vao cdc du an nang lugng sach cua My dl dap trd cac han chl thuang mai cfta My ddi vdi Trung Qudc vd ndng lugng mat frdi.
Mat khac, khi nin kinh ll Mj? tiep tuc phdt Irien, cdc nganh cdng nghiep hd trg se raat lgi thi canh tranh vd phai dya vao nhap khau. Do dd, cac nha xudt khdu Tmng Qudc se tiep tuc phdi ddi mat vdi nhilu cupe dieu tra chdng ban pha gia, thul ddi khang, hdnh ddng ty ve vd cdc bidn phdp hanh chinh thudng xuydn tai thi Irudng My Irong tuomg lai. Tuy nhien, neu Trung Qudc gift gia ddng nhdn ddn Id gdn 6,83/USD, va nlu mpi sd nganh cdng nghiep My tilp tuc cdc bien phap bao ve mdi, cupe chiln thuomg mai se de lai nhiing he qua chinh Iri va phap ly nghiera Irgng. Tmng Qudc rdl cd thd se ihach Ihftc cdc bien phap dp thue ddi khdng cua My trong WTO. Ngoai ra, Tnmg Qudc ciing cd the tham gia vao tra dua cd ve mat tai chinh vd thuang raai. Tranh chap cd the dd ddng Ird thanh frung tdm cua mdi quan he Trung - My Irong radl ihdi gian dai*
NhOng vin di KINH Tt Mk CHINH TRj TH^ Giai S6 8(232) 2015- -|i9;^
Tranh chap thuong mgi My - Trung:... __^ Trdn Minh Nguyet
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Bosworlh, Barry (2012): The Decline in Saving: Threat lo America's Prosperity, Washington DC, the Brookings Institution.
2. Ferguson, N. (2009): What "Chimerica" hath wrought. The American Interest, January - Febmary.
3. International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2011): World Economic Outlook. January, IntemationalMonelary Fund, Washington, DC.
4. KissmgQV,H. (20\iy. Avoiding a US - China cold war, Washington Post, 14 January.
5. Lardy, Nicholas (2012): Sustaining China's Economic Growth After the Global Financial Crisis, Peterson Institute for Intemational Economics.
6. Lazear, Edward, and James Spletzer. (2012): The United Stales Labor Market: Status Quo or aNew Normal?, Paper presented at the 2012 Economic Policy Symposium, Jackson Hole Wyoming, sponsored by the Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank.
7. Koopman, Robert, Zhi Wang, and Shang-Jin Wei (2012): Journal of Development Economics 99: pp. 178 - 189.
8. Martin, Michael (2011): What's the Difference? Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data, Congressional Research Service (Febmary).
9. Morrison,Wayne. (2013): China - U.S. Trade Issues. Congressional Research Service.
10. Thorbecke, Willera (2011): Investigating the Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on China's Processed Exports, Joumal of the Japanese and International Economies, 25, 2, pp. 33 - 46.
11. Woo, Wing Thye, Ming Wu, Jeffrey Sachs, and Zhao Chen (editors) (2012): A New Economic Growth Engine for China, Imperial College Press and World SAhrens, N.
2010, Innovation and the Visible Hand, July, Carnegie Endowment for International.
12. Anderlini, J. (2009): China calls for new reserve currency, Financial Times, 23 March.
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