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TRI^N VONIi HdP TAC Vdl CHAU PHI
• TA MINH THUY
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di dien tich ttf nhien hdn 30,2 trieu km^, dan sd hdn 1 ty ngtfdi, giau tai nguyen khoang sdn (chiem 98% crom, 90% co ban va plutin, 50% vang, 9,5% ddu khi...todn the gidi), nhtfng cho den nay, chau Phi van dtfng d hang thap nhat the gidi ve phat trien kinh te ndi chung. Trong do, sdn xuat cdng nghiep cdn lac hau (chi chiem ty trpng dtfdi 2 5 % GDP), nhidu nganh sdn xuat khdng ddp tfng dtfdc nhu cdu tieu thu npi dia, stfc canh tranh qudc te yeu.
Chinh vi thtfc trang yeu kem cua kinh te chau Phi, md chau luc nay dang trd t h a n h mpt thi trtfdng idn thu hut nhldu qudc gia tien the gidi tdi hdp tac iam an.
Nhiing n a m gdn day, chau Phi ngay cang cd vai trd quan trpng trong thtfdng mai qudc te, la thi trtfdng tieu thu Idn ddi vdi nhldu loal hang boa, la ndi cung cap nhldu loai nguyen lieu quan trpng cho cac nganh kinh te. Cac trung tam thtfdng mai hang ddu the gidi nhtf My, EU, Nhat Bdn, Tnmg Qudc, Nga... dang ngdy cang quan tam hdn vdi nhtfng chinh sach va btfdc di cu the de tham nhap thi trtfdng nay. Chinh phu My da ky ket nhieu hiep dinh song phtfdng va thong qua dao luat nhdm khuyen khich tii do thtfdng mai vdi chau Phi. Chau Phi cd vai trd rat quan trpng tiong thtfdng mai cua My, rieng chi ddu Itfa NK ttf chau Phi hien chiem khodng 15% tdng NK ddu cua My ttf thi trtfdng the gidi vd CO the tang len d e n 20% trong
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vong 1 thap ky tdi. EU (nhat la Phdp) ludn coi chau Phi Id thi trtfdng truyen thdng. dang d a n h cho chau Phi nhieu tfu dai vd thue quan khi XK hang hod vao EU. Hien nay. EU la b a n h a n g Idn n h a t vd la thi trtfdng XK chinh cua nhidu ntfdc chau Phi.
Trung Qudc la ntfdc cd btfdc dl ngoan muc trong phdt trien thtfdng mai vdi chau Phi. Den nay, co 190/440 m a t hang XK cua Trung Qudc sang chau Phi dang dtfdc mien thue. Trung Qudc da trd t h a n h ddi tac thtfdng mai Idn thtf 3 cua chau Phi (sau My va Phap), kim ngach thtfdng mai 2 chidu tang ttf I ty USD n a m 1999 len 40 ty n a m 2005 va 106 ty n a m 2009. FDI cua Trung Qudc vao chau Phi den gitfa n a m 2010 da vtfdt 100 ty USD, dtfa Tnmg Qudc trd t h a n h ntfdc cd vdn FDI Idn n h a t tai chau Phi.
Hien nay, Viet Nam dang trien khai giai doan 3 "Chtfdng trinh h a n h ddng thuc day quan he Viet Nam chau Phi" Viet Nam da thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi 5 1 / 5 4 qudc gia chau Phi, 3 qudc gia chtfa cd quan h e ngoai giao la Liberia, Malauy va Cdmo. Viet Nam dd cd quan he thtfdng mai vdi tat cd 54 qudc gia chau Phi.
Kim ngach thtfdng mai 2 chidu dang cd chieu htfdng tang nhanh, ttf 360 trieu USD n a m 2003 len 2
^ n a m 2008. 2.5 ty n a m 2009 va dat khoang 3 t^ USD n a m 2010.
trong do Viet Nam dang d the xuat sieu. Hdp tdc Viet Nam chau Phi thdi gian qua da dtfdc trien khai dtfdi nhldu hinh thtfc nhtf hdp tdc 3 ben. hdp tdc 4 ben. gdn day dang trien khai hdp tac song phtfdng nhtf lien doanh
ddu khi vdi Angieri. Tuynidi, Angola. Libi...; hdp tdc nong nghiep. btfU chinh vidn th6ng,^o dpng... vdi chien Itfdc dai han d e n n a m 2020. da cd 15 nifdc chau Phi 1^ Hiep dinh thifdng mai song phtfdng vdi Viet Nam.
Trtfdc thdi diem gia nhap WTO, mdi cd 13 ntfdc chau Phi ky hiep dinh MFN vdi Viet Nam. den giiJa n a m 2010 da tang len tdi 37 ntfdc. Dac biet. trong 6 ntfdc chau Phi chtfa la t h a n h vien WTO, nhtfng cd 2 ntfdc van danh ifu dai MFN cho hang hoa XK cua Viet Nam. Mang Itfdi cd quan dai dien thtfdng mai cua Viet Nam hien co 5 thtfdng vu tai cac ntfdc Ai Cap, Ma roc. Nam Phi, Angieri va Nlgieria. Nhldu boat dpng xiic tien thtfcJng mai tai thi tnidng chau Phi dang dtfdc Bp Cdng Thtfdng tich ctfc trien khai nham hd trd DN tham nhap thi tnfdng.
Hang hoa cua Viet Nam XK sang till trtfdng chau Phi dang trong xu the gia tang, tiong do nhtfng m a t hang dat kim ng?di XK Idn nhtf 2009 phdi ke den la gao dat 700 trieu USD, tiep den la det may, dien ttf Iinh kiea sdn p h a m cao su. ca phe. giay dep... kun ngach XK nhiing mit h a n g nay chiem tdi 80% tdng kim ngach XK hang hoa noi chung cua Viet Nam sang chau Phi. Vdi dan sd ddng, chau Phi co nhu cdu NK Idn ddi vdi nhieu lo?i hdng hoa n h a t Id nhom hang Itfdng thtfc, thtfc pham va d6 gia dung... vdi tdng kim ngach NK hdng hod ndi chung nam 2009 khodng 200 ty USD. Cd cdu hang hod NK cua chau Phi kha da d^ng. nhtfng nhin chung tifdng ddi phu h0p vdi th^ manh XK ciia
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G$o - m$t hang co kim ngach XK Idn cua Vl$t Nam sang chau Phi
Viet Nam. Hien nay, d chau Phi CO khodng 50 trieu ngtfdi thupc tang Idp "tinh hoa kinh te". hp cd stfc mua ttfdng dtfdng tdng Idp trung ItfU d Tay Au va khodng 350 trieu ngtfdi cd stfc mua ttfdng dtfdng ngtfdi dan Tnmg Qudc va An Dp. Vi the. thi trtfdng chau Phi cd nhieu cd hpi de cac DN Viet Nam khai thac. Trong sd hdn
I ty ngtfdi dang thieu doi tien the gidi hien nay. co tdi hdn 200 trieu ngtfdi dang sdng d chau Phi.
Mpt trong nhtfng nguyen n h a n khien chau Phi co nhidu ngtfdi ngheo doi la do hp phu thupc qua nhidu vao thien nhien trong sdn xuat nong nghiep. b a n che trong tfng dung khoa hpc - ky thuat vao sdn xuat. it quan tam stf dung phan bon va ntfdc ttfdi. Vi t h e . hdp tac vd p h a t trien ndng nghi?p vdi cac ntfdc chau Phi dang la htfdng dl nhldu trien vpng tiong quan he Viet Nam chau Phi. Ddi vdi ttfng thi trtfdng cu the. cd the trien khai cac hinh thtfc h0p tac khac nhau. Vi du.
ddi vdi thi tnfdng Ai Cap. Viet Nam CO the day m a n h XK hdi sdn, tieu. ca phe, dd dien dien ttf, t h i a bl cd khi, cdm dtfa... Ddi vdi Angieri, cd the ddy m a n h XK gao, sam lop, giay dep, dd gd, vat Ilfu xay d\fng... Ddi vdi Libi cd
the XK nong sdn, thtfc pham che bien, phtfdng tien van tdi, hang cong nghiep...
Trong nhiing n a m qua, nhieu DN Viet Nam da t h a h h cong trong hdp tac ddu ttf va kinh doanh 6 thi tnfdng chau Phi tien cac Iinh vtfc nhtf tham do va khai thac dau khi d Angieri, Camdrun, Modambich, Angola...; sdn xuat p h a n bon d Madagaxca, Al Cap...; Idp rap xe mdy tai Mall;
sdn xuat hang may mac va b a n h keo tai Ghana, Angola... Tuy vay, nhin chung hdp tac song phtfdng con 6 mtfc thap. Mpt trong nhtfng nguyen n h a n chinh la do DN Viet Nam vdn chtfa m a n h d a n tiep can thi trtfdng, thieu chien Itfdc kinh doanh dai ban, thieu cd sd p h a p Iy, thieu thdng tin vd thi trtfdng va ve ddi tac, kho khan vd ngon nga trong giao tiep. Theo sd Ueu thdng ke cua Bp Cong Thtfdng, n a m 2009, XK cua Viet Nam sang chau Phi chi chiem 1.6% tdng kim ngach XK cua cd ntfdc va chi bang 0.18% tdng kim ngach NK cua cd chau luc. Trong nhiing n a m tdi, cac Unh vtfc cd the day manh hgJp tac nhtf: Tham do, khai thac ddu khi va khoang sdn, sdn xuat hoa chat va phan bon, sdn xudt hang may mac va
giay dep, che bien gd, sdn xuat vat Ueu xay dtfng, che bien nong lam hai sdn, sdn xuat thiet bi va may ndng nghiep, sdn xuat xe dap xe mdy...
Hdp tac Viet Nam chau Phi thdi gian qua con co nhtfng b a n che, he thdng van bdn phap Iy cho stf hdp tac cdn thieu. linh vtfc hdp tdc con ban hep. qui mo hdp tac b a n che. thanh toan trong giao dich thtfdng mai con kho khan, vi the nhidu DN Viet Nam chtfa quan tam khai thac thi trtfdng nay. Co nhidu DN bay td lo ngai khi giao hang cho cac n h a NK chau Phi, bdi hp khong biet phia ddi tac se thanh toan tien hang cho hp nhtf the nao va hp phdi iam gi de bdo ddm an toan cho khodn tidn ma nha NK chau Phi phdi trd. Khong it trtfdng hdp gap phdi cac ddi tac thieu uy tin, Vi the, van de quan trpng trtfdc bet la ltfa chpn ddi tac. Didu cac DN Viet Nam lo lang la hp biet it thong tin ve thi trtfdng va ddi tac, tham chi cd nhidu ddi tac khdng du k e n h t h a n h toan an toan trong giao dich. Thong thtfdng, cac DN XK Viet Nam phdi thanh toan hang hoa qua ngan hang trung gian, khien cho phi giao dich tang ma lal phidn phtfc vd thu tuc. Theo thdng ke cua Ngan hang Nha ntfdc Viet Nam, den nay chi co Viettinbank, Vietcombank va Agribank thtfc hien cac giao dich thanh toan hang hoa XNK vdi cdc ngan hang chau Phi, tdng gia tri giao dich chtfa nhidu. De phat trien hdn ntfa kinh doanh vdi thi trtfdng chau Phi, Cd Viet Nam va cac ntfdc chau Phi cdn nghien ctfu xay dtfng cac chinh sach hd trd tin dung cho cac DN XNK, xay dtfng cd che thanh toan phu h<?p cho cac ben Uen quan •
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