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PHAN TICH CAC NGUYEN NHAN CUA TAI NAN LAO DONG TRONG CONG NGHlEP XAY DU'NG BANG MO HJNH PHU'aNO"
TRiNH CAU TRUC (SEM)
Ngay nhan bai: 10/7/2014 Ngay su'a bai: 15/7/2014
Ngay chap nhan dang: 30/7/2014
T O M
TAT:
Bai bao nay trinh bay cac ket qua cua sy phan tich cac nguyen nhan cua tai nan lao dgng (TNLD) trong xay
dyng. Nghien ciJu dygc thyc hien bang khao sat bang cau hoi. Cac nguyen nhan dugc phan tich bang cac cong cu thdng ke. Ket qua cua nghien ciiu la mgt mo hinh mo ta mdi quan he giiia cac nhom nguyen nhan ciia TNLD. Cac cac giai phap nham cai thien sy thyc hien an toan lao dgng cung dygc de nghi vdi thii tU yu tien theo tinh hieu qua.
Tif khoa: tai nan lao dgng; an toan lao dgng; cdng nghiep xky dyng; SEM; EPA; CFA.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents results of analyzing causes of labor accidents m the construction industry in Vietnam
using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study was conducted through questionnaire surveys. Causes was analyzed by statistical tools:
EFA, CFA, SEM. The study resulted in the model describing relationship
between the cause group of labor accidents in construction. Solustions in improvmg safety performance also
proposed with thepriority in termsofeffectiveness.
PGS.TS. Lriu Tnidng \ ^ , Bg mdn Ky thuat Xay Dyng, Dai hgc Quoc Te, Dai hgc Qudc Gia TRHCM (email: [email protected], dien thoai di dgng: 0972016505)
KS. Bui Ki^n Tin, Hgc vien cao hoc nganh Quan ly xay dyng, Dai hgc Bach Khoa TRHCM (email- [email protected], dien thoai di dons- 0982163316) " ' ^'
Lu'u Tru'dng Van, Bui Kien Tin
1. Dat van de
Tai nan lao dong (TNLD) trong xay dung la moi quan tam hang dau cOa tat ci cac ben tham gia dU an. Mot so nghien ciiru trudc chi dirng lai 6 viec x^p hang cac nguy§n nhan TNLD trong xay dung, hoac xem xet su anh hi/dng don le cua tirng nhom nguyen nhan TNLB chiJ chi/a xem xet sy anh hudng cac nhom nguyen nhan TNLD mot each dong thdi trong m6t mo hrnh duy nhat. Bai bao nay trinh bay cac ket q u i nghien c^u trong viec xem xet suinh hudng cac nguyen nhan TNLD dong thdi trong mot mo hinh, qua do danh gia miic dd inh hudnq tung nhom nguyen nhin TNLD trong nganh xay dung. Tren co sd do, dUa ra cac bien phip cii thien su thuc thi an toan lao dong (ATLO) trong xay dyng.
2. PhUcmg phap nghien cihi
Quy trinh nghien cufu bao gom cac bude nhUsau:
Bydc 1: Tong quan cac bai bao va luan van da cong bo d trong va ngoai nUdc ve tai nan lao dong trong xay dUng, ket hop vdi phdng van nhOng chuyen gia cd kinh nghiem trong xiy airng ae loc ra cac nguyen nhan
cua tai nan lao dong trong cdng nghiep xay dyng.
Bydc 2: Thi^t ke bang cau hdi so bo va thUc hi§n khao sat thCf nghiem (pilot test) v6i cac chuyen gia (hon ^ . f
10 nam kinh nghiem) de cd dugc cac nguyen nhan ban dau phu hop vdi dieu kien Viet
Nam. •- .f
Budc 3: Can cuf ket q u i khao nghiem so bo (pilot test), tien hanh thiet ke bing cau h6i chmh thUc.
^ . . . l ' ^ ' ^ ^ . ' * - / ' ' ' ^ " P*""' ^^^ ' ' ^ " g ca" hdi chmh thurc den cac doi tuong khao sat da chon. Sau do tien hanh thu thap cac bang cau hdL
Budc 5: Can cii dOf lieu tCr cac bang cau hdi da thu thap, thUc hien phan tich nhin t6 kham pha (EFA).
*/> ^f"?':!.^'^^ I"'^" P*?^" ^'^^ "'° h'"^^ Pf^^°'"g f m h c l u true (SEM, Structural Equation Modeling) bang phan mem AMOS.
Budc 7: Nhan xet, danh gia ket q u i phan tfch va nit ra cac nqu v
Budc 8: Ket luan. '^' o >/'"^? ^^^^'^ " ? ^ ' ^ " ^"^^ ^^ ™"g ^° t""^" ^^^ 9'^' va Viet Nam (Al-Tabtabai, 2002; Arslan
f o n T , : ? ' ^ ^ ^ " ^ ^* ^'•' ^ ° ^ ^ ^ ' ^"'''^^^' ^^ «'•' 2008; Farooqui et al., 1008; Haslam etal., 1005; Latief et al., 2011; Li & Xiang,
2011, LUU & Do, 2002; Tam et al., 2004; Tran, 2008), dong thdi tham khio them y kie'n cnuyen gia co 30 nguyen nhan quan trong i n h hudng den TNLD trong nginh xay dUng augc nhan dang so bo. Sau do, mgt bing ciu hdi so bo da dUoc thiet k^ va dUdc gdi trac tie'p aen cac chuyen gia trong ITnh vyc xay dyng d^ khao sat thCT nghiem. TCr ket q u i khio sitthiJ nghiem noi tren, mgt bing cau hdi chfnh thiic da dugc thiet ke. Bing cau hdi
chfnh thiic dugc phan phoi va thu thap theo 2 dang thiJc: phat bing cau hdi true ti^p va su dung Google Docs. Nghien cUu da thu thap dugc 137 bing cau hdi tren 350 bing cau
36 08.2014
Cac nguyen nhan ciia TNLO trong xay diTng Dieu kien va thiet bj
AIV4 AIV3 AIV2 AV2 AV3
Dieu kien lam vi§c khdng the doan trudc dugc.
Dieu ki^n v i t ly han che.
Cdng viec nang nhoc, phUc tap.
Vat lieu thiet bi kem chat lugng.
Thi^t bj lam viec khong an toan.
Nhan thufc cong nhan Aim
AIII2 AII4 AIII3
Hanh ddng khdng an toan cCia ngUdi cdng Cdng nhan cd thai do an toan kem.
Ap luc ve tien do hoan thanh cdng viec.
Cdng nhan chua dugc dao tao an toan.
Van b i n phap luat AI4
AI5 AI3
Phap luat ATVSLD con phUc tap, chong cheo.
Qua nhieu thu tue hanh chinh.
Quy djnh p h i p luat ATVSLD chUa chi tiet, rd rang.
TochuTcvaquclnly AII2
AII1 AII3
Thieu cac cudc hpp toan thudng xuyen.
N h i n thiic cua lanh dao cdng ty v^ an toan kem Thieu sU ki^m tra, giam sat an toan thudng xuyen.
Ky nang cdng nhdn AIII8
AIII9 AIII7
Thai dp sii dung PPE cdng nhan kem.
Phuong phap v i trinh tU khdng an toan.
Thieu sU phoi hpp lam viec trong nhdm cdng
ThUc thi phap luat AI6
AI2
Giam sit, kiem tra thUc thi phap luat ve ATVSLD con han che.
Che t i i cua p h i p luat ve ATVSLD chua du sUc ran de.
Factor loadin
.804 .785 .706 .662 .586
.883 .862 .698 .566
.875 .742 .640
.851 .823 .607
.871 .673 .619
.845 .714
Initial Eingenvalue
4.524
2.360
2.229
1.482
1.311
1.113
Tong % phUcAig sai dUcTc giiii thich (tich luy)
% phUoTng sai duac gidi thich
22.619
11,799
11.496
7.411
6.556
5.566
65.447
Bang 1. Ket qua EFA cac nguyen nhan cua tai nan lao dong trong cong nghiep xay dung hdi p h i t ra (chiem t y le 39.14%). Doi t u g n g k h i o
s i t la nhUng ngUdi boat d p n g trong nganh xay dung, d i e biet tap trung vao nhufng e i nhan da tUng lam viec trong ITnh vUc q u i n ly ATLD.
3. Ket qui nghien cihi va thio luan 3.1. Ket q u i cua phan tich nhan to kham phi (EFA) va phan tfch nhan to khang djnh (CFA)
DO lieu t u 137 b i n g cau hdi hdp le dugc nhap vao pham mem SPSS. TCr ket q u i phan tfch EFA, ed 6 n h d m nguyen nhan dugc trinh bay trong B i n g 1.
DUa vao 06 n h d m da 6MC rut trich tU phan tfch nhan t o kham p h i EFA, tiep tue thUe hien phan tich nhan t o khang d m h CFA vdi phan mem
AMOS 22. TU ket q u i CFA (Hinh 1), m d hinh ban dau da dugc loai b d bien AII4, AV3 (trpng sd chuan hda < 0.5) va t h e m mdi quan he tUOng quan giUa 2 sai sd e l 3 va e l 4 theo t h d n g so dieu chinh Ml (Modification Indices) de m d hinh phu hgp hon.
SU phu hgp cua m d hinh CFA vdi duf lieu nghien cUu dugc danh g i i theo c i e ehi tieu do ludng dp phu hgp: ehi-square/df = 1,580 < 2; CFI
= 0,904 > 0.9; GFI = 0,872 < 0,9; RMSEA = 0,065 <
0,08. N h u vay m d hinh cd m d t chi tieu do lUdng khdng dat nhung m d hinh cd the chap nhan duge. Cac trpng so (chuan hda) deu Idn hdn 0,5 va eac trpng so (chua chuan hda) deu cd y nghTa t h o n g ke (P-value = 0,000) nen c i e khai niem dat gia trj hdi t u . Khdng ed sU t u o n g quan giUa c i e sai sd cua c i e khai niem khac nhau nen thang do ludng dat tfnh d d n nguyen.
Hinh 1. Mo hinh CFA da chuan hoa
TU eac ket q u i eua EFA, CFA, viec xem xet c i e mdi quan he ly thuyet ve anh hUdng eua cac nhdm nguyen nhan (bien tiem an) TNLD, m d t m d hinh da dUdc de xuat de m d t i sU i n h hudng giOfa eac bien tiem an (eic nguyen nhan cua TNLD trong xay dUng). Cie g i i thuyet eua m d hinh dupe m d t i n h u t r e n Hinh 2.
TU m d hinh de xuat ban dau tien hanh thUe hien SEM de ed dupe m d hinh SEM cudi eCing (Hinh 3) da duac hieu chinh nhieu lan vdi viec t h e m vao c i e sai sd giUa c i e bien do ludng theo t h d n g sd dieu chinh Ml va tien hanh loai b d nhOng g i i thuyet ed anh hUdng thap. Ket q u i m d hinh SEM cudi eung cd: ehi-square/df
=1,549 < 2; CFI = 0,904 > 0,9; GFI = 0,867 <
Hinh 3. Mo hinh SEM cuoi cung
08.2014B«llllliail37
DiSu kien va thiet bi
Hinh 2. Mo hinh d^ xuit giSa ck bien tiem in
Di^ldenvatliiStbi
Dudng anh hudng cao
Dii6ng anh hirang it hoac Ididng anh htfdng
Hinh 4. M6 hinh chfnh thiifc thi hiln sil inh hudng cQa cac nh6m nguyin nhin TNLfi 0,9; RMSEA = 0,064 < 0,08. Hau het cac thdng s6
d^u dat ehi trU GFI = 0,867 < 0,9 l i khdng dat, tuy nhi§n r^t hi^m md hinh dat tat c i cie thdng s6.
K^t q u i eCia kilm djnh Bootstrap eho thKy khdng cd sU khic biM ed y nghTa thdng ke giUa g i i tn tham sd Ude lugng vdi mau thu thap. Gii trj CR nhd hon g i i trj z = +/-1.96 trong phin phoi cliuln (dd tin ciy l i 95%). NhU vay, eic tham sd
38|BIIini[|Bl 08.2014
udc lugng eCia md hinh SEM l i chSp nhin dugc.
Can cU md hinh SEM cu6i cCing, md hinh d l xuat ban d^u 6 Hinh 2 da dugc hi^u chinh thinh md hinh chfnh thUc t h i hl&n sU i n h hUdng cCia cie nhdm nguy§n nhin TNLD (Hinh 4).
4. Cic g i i i p h i p c i i t h i f n sir thUc hidn ATLD trong x i y diTng
Can ciJ md hinh chfnh thCfc t h i hi^n siJ inh hudng cCia cic nhdm nguy§n nhin TNLD (HlnJ 4), cic giii p h i p sau d i y n§n dugc thUc hifen « giim tai nan lao ddng v i cii thifen sU thi/c hifn ATLD trong xiy dUng:
4.1. G i i i p h i p c i i thifen n h i n thiJc cdng n h i n
G i i i phap c i i thien si/thu'c hien ATLD trong xay dUng T i n g eUdng kiem tra, g i i m s i t
Bat budc cdng nhan sUdung phUdng tien b i o hp ca nhan Cung cap dung eu PPE dung va du
Tien h i n h kiem tra dot xuat
Cdng nhan cd q u y l n tU chdi lam viec khi t h i y xuat hien nguy co TNLD
Thudng xuyen t d ehUc huan luyen va dao tao cdng nhan C i i tao dieu kien l i m viec
Thudng xuyen t o ehUe c i e cudc hpp ve an toan
Xay dung chUdng trinh an toan cho cdng ty hoac cdng trUdng Ddng vien, khich le cdng nhan
Tang eUdng giam sat d tat ea eic cap tU trung Udng den dja
phuong
Tuyen truyen van hda an toan cho cdng nhan G i i m s i t toan dien
Dieu chinh trong q u i trinh thue thi va chinh sUa cho phu hpp Van b i n phap luat can p h i i ed tfnh k h i thi cao
Gia tri MEAN 4.0000 3.8889 3.8889 3.7500 3.6250 3.5556 3.5556 3.4444 3.4375 3.2353 3.2000 3.0588 2.7333 2.7333 2.6875
ThurtUiAitien (theo MEAN)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Bang 2. ThiJ tu Uu tien ve miJc do hieu qua cua cac nhom giai phap cai thien sif thifc hien ATLC trong xay dung (xep hang theo MEAN) Phan Idn cdng nhan nganh xay dUng tai Viet
Nam deu xuat phat tU cac vung ndng t h d n di lam thue. Khi vao lam viec chi dupe hUdng dan ve cac thao t i c CP b i n t r o n g cdng viec vl vay hp khdng hieu biet phap luat ATLD, khdng biet e i c mdi nguy hiem can p h i i de phdng trong mdi trudng lam viec. Hp khdng dUpc dao tao ve ATLD hoac da dupe huan luyen ky ve ATLD nhUng do ehu quan, y thuTc chap hanh ky luat kem, nen da gay ra nhUng TNLD dang tiec eho b i n than va nhUng cdng nhan khac. Vi vay, m d t sd g i i i p h i p c i i thien sU thuc hien an toan t h d n g qua nang eao nhan thUe cua cdng nhan nhU sau:
• Thudng xuyen t o ehUe huan luyen va dao tao cdng nhan
• Tuyen truyen "van hda an t o i n " cho cdng nhan.
• Bat budc cdng nhan sU d u n g phUPng tien b i o hd ca nhan.
• Khuyen khfch va cho phep cdng nhan cd quyen tU ehoi lam viec khi thay xuat hien nguy CO TNLD.
• D d n g vien, khfch le cdng nhan khi ho thUc hien t o t ATLD.
4.2. G i i i p h i p c i i t h i f n to chuTc va q u i n ly De e i i thien sU thUe thi ATLD thi p h i i bat dau tU cdng t i e t o chufc va q u i n ly cua cdng t y thi cdng cung nhU b d p h i n an toan tren cdng trudng:
Tang eUdng k i l m tra, g i i m s i t ve ATLD tren cdng trUdng eua tat c i e i c ben lien quan (project parties).
• Thudng xuyen t o ehcrc eac cudc hpp ngan (15 phut) ve ATLD tren cdng trUdng XD.
Xay d u n g va van hanh chuong trinh an t o i n eho cap d p cdng t y v i cap dp cdng t r u d n g
4.3. G i i i phap c i i thien dieu k i f n lam viec va thiet bi
• Cung cap dung eu bao hd lao ddng (PPE) dung loai va d i y du.
• C i i tao dieu kien lam viec tai cdng trUdng.
4.4. G i i i phap lien quan den cung co va tang cUcmg sUthUc thi phap luat ve ATLD
• Tang cudng g i i m s i t cua cae co quan q u i n ly nha nUde ed lien quan d tat e i c i e cap.
Cdng t i e giam sat, k i l m tra sU thuc hien ATLD p h i i dUpc thUe hien m d t e i c h toan dien d tat e i cdng viec, cdng trudng xay dUng cOa c i c cdng t y thudc e i c thanh phan kinh te khac nhau.
Cie eo quan q u i n ly ATLD trong nganh x i y dung nen tien hanh nhQng dot k i l m tra dot xuat m d t e i c h t h u d n g xuyen hdn bdi vl ed rat nhieu cdng t y t h d d , lo la, neu khdng muon ndi la vd trach nhiem
vdi ngUdi cdng nhan trong d i m b i o ATLO.
4.5. G i i i phap lien quan den van ban phap luat
• Vin b i n phap luat lien quan den ATLD can phii cd tfnh k h i thi cao.
• Thudng xuyen dieu chinh van b i n p h i p luat lien quan d i n ATLD trong qua trinh thue t h i .
4.6. Miirc do hieu q u i cOa c i c g i i i phap Di xac djnh thuf t u uu tien cua tUng g i i i phap ve mUc dp hieu q u i , 20 b i n g cau hdi (5-point Likert scale:
1-kem hieu q u i v i 5-rat hieu qua) d i diigc gdi den e i c ddi dugc t u g n g k h i o s i t l i nhOng ngudi tren 5 nam kinh nghiem boat ddng trong nganh x i y dUng hoac tren 3 nam kinh nghiem ve q u i n ly an toan xay d u n g . Sau
khi phan tfch MEAN, thU tU Uu tien cua 15 g i i i p h i p ben tren (xep hang theo MEAN) nhU sau:
B i n g 2. ThU tU Uu tien ve mUc d p hieu q u i eua e i c nhdm g i i i p h i p e i i thien sU thUe hien ATLD trong xay dung (xep hang theo MEAN)
Qua t h U t U Uu tien eua tUng g i i i phap (Bang 2), cae ben lien quan se ed nhOfng phuong an eu t h i rieng eho tUng cdng trinh cu t h i nham c i i thien sU thi ATLD
5. Ket luan
Bai bao trinh bay c i c k i t q u i eua m d t nghien eUu trong viec xem xet sU i n h hUdng cae nguyen nhan TNLD dong thdi trong m d t m d hinh khoa hpc. Mdt m d hinh chfnh thUe t h i hien sU i n h hudng eua e i c nhdm nguyen nhan TNLD da 6\jiac d l nghj t h d n g qua c i e phan tfch t h d n g ke thich hpp (EFA, CFA, SEM). 15 giai p h i p nham cai thien sUthUe hien ATLD trong xay d u n g eung da dupe de nghj vdi t h U t U Uu tien t h o e mUe d p hieu q u i . T U k i t q u i ndi tren, eac ben lien quan va e i c eP quan chUe nang ed the dUa ra cae p h u o n g an eu the rieng cho tUng cdng trinh cu t h i nham c i i thien sUthUe thi ATLD trong xay dUng.
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