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yen woa CHINH TRI vfi UCH scr DCTG^I GOC NHiN V^N HOfi CHINH TRj
PHAM HONG TUNG. V a n h o a c h i n h t r i va lich sdf dxidi goc n h i n v a n h o a c h i n h t r i . H.: Chinh tri qudc gia, 2008, 412tr.
VIETKHANH gidi thieu
N
hfl tac gia cua cong trinh cho biet trong Ldi md ddu cda cudn sach thi cudn sach nay cbi la "khdm phd biidc ddu ve vdn hoa chinh tri vd Id mgt thd nghiem vdn dung cdch tiep cdn vdn hoa chinh tri vdo nghien cdu mgt so vdn di lich sd'. Cach dat va'n de nhfl vay cda tac gia la than trgng va dflng mflc, bdi le nhflng cong trinh nghien cflu v i van hda chinh tri d nfldc ta chfla xua't bien nhiiu.Trfldc dd dung 10 nam, Nha xua't ban Van boa da cong bd' cdng trinh cua Nguyen Hdng Phong "Vdn hoa chinh tri Viet Nam: truyin thd'ng vd hien tai", va tfl d6 den nay chfla cd nhieu nghien cflu cd ban ve van de nay dfldc an hanh. Dac biet, cbfla cd cdng trinh nao gidi thieu nhflng ly thuyet va d c h tiep can cua khoa hgc chinh tri bien dai tren the gidi ve van hda chinh tri va sfl van dung nhflng each tiep can dd vao viec nghien cflu trong d c khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan van.
Cudn sach cua t i c gia Pham Hdng Tung la mgt tap hdp gdm 14 chuyen
luan, dfldc chia lam hai nhdm cbinh nhfl sau:
Nhom thd nhdt gdm 5 chuyen luan, trong dd chuyen luan dau tien tap trung gidi thieu nhflng ly thuyet va each tidp can cd anh hfldng Idn nhat cua gidi nghien cflu van hda cbinh tri phfldng Tay doi vdi van hda cbinh tri va cac dd'i tfldng nghien cflu kbIc cd lien quan, nhfl he tho'ng chinh tri, moi trfldng chinh tri, qua trinh chinh tri va quyen lflc chinh tri v.v... Trfldc het, ve pham trfl "van hea chinh tri", tac gia da he tho'ng hda, so sanh va gidi thieu d c h dinh nghia va tiep can chd yeu cda mgt so' trfldng phai khda hgc chinh tri d My va Dflc. Theo dd, tuy xuat phat tfl nhflng ly thuyet hgc thuat khac nhau, nhflng gidi khoa hgc chinh tri phfldng Tay deu nha't quIn coi van hda chinh tri la "chieu cgnh chu quan cua nhitng cd sdxd hgi cua cdc he thd'ng chinh tri'. bdi le b l u nhfl tat ca d c trfldng phai nghien cflu van hda chinh tri d phfldng Tay diu dfla tren nhflng luan diem dfldc hai t i c gia ngfldi My la Gabriel A.
Van hoa chinh tri va lich sir... 25 Almond va Sidney Verba neu ra lan d l u
tien vao nam 1963 trong cdng trinh "The Civic Culture" (Van hda cong dan). Vi vay, trong chuyen luan nay, tac gia Pham Hdng Tung da cd chu y ro rang khi gidi thieu kha chi tiet nhflng luan diem va each tiep can cua hai tac gia tren, dac biet la each thflc d c dng luan chflng de neu ra sd do va he quy chieu de phan loai, mo hinh hoa va so sanh nhflng dac diem cua ba loai hinh van hda chinh tri tieu bieu, tren cd sd do dfla ra nhflng nhan xet tong quat CO tinh chi dan v i phfldng phap nghien cflu van hoa chinh tri.
Tiep do, chuyen luan cung gidi thieu mgt cIch tiep can mdi do'i vdi van hda chinh tri d phfldng Tay. Dd la d c h tiep can do Aaron Wildavsky de xua't tfl nam
1987. Ndu Gabriel A. Almond va Sidney Verba dat trgng tam nghien cflu cda
minh vao cac dinh hfldng chinh tri {political orientation) cua ngfldi dan ddi vdi cac "khach the chinh tri" (political objectives), thi A. Wildavsky lai coi ban chat cua cbinh tri chinh la sfl Ifla chgn chinh tri (political preference). Day chinh la can cfl de A. Wildavsky dd xuat md hinh phan loai va each tiep can mdi ddi vdi van hda chinh tri cua d c nhdm xa hgi va cac dan tgc.
Neu trong chuyen luan thfl nha't tac gia chd yeu tap trung vao \aec gidi thieu nhflng d c h dinh nghia, ly thuyet va each tidp can cua gidi nghien cflu phfldng Tay doi vdi pham tru "van hda chinh tri" theo kieu "thuat nhi bdt tdc", thi chuyen lu^n thfl hai la kdt qua nghien cflu dgc lap cda chinh tac gia ve mdi quan he gifla moi trfldng chinh tri, he thdng chinh tn, qua trinh chinh tri va van hda chinh tri. Day la nhflng van d i da dfldc ban luan kha soi ndi d nfldc ngoai, nhflng dfldng nhfl van cdn kha xa la vdi gidi nghien cflu Viet
Nam. Trong khudn khd mgt chuyen luan, Pham Hdng Tung tham gia vao cugc thao luan d6 theo each rieng cua minh: dat nhflng van de mang tam ly thuyet cua khoa hgc chinh tri phfldng Tay vad trong khung canh nen chinh tri va van boa chinh tri phfldng Dong va Viet Nam de
phan tich, l«^, PHiMxSMSTjNG lap luan va
dfla ra kien giai rieng cda minh.
Nhd dd ma tac gia vfla trinh bay tdng quat, nhflng rat cu the va sau sic dfldc mo'i tfldng tac bien chflng Iicxi
nil tri
VA LICH SU DUOl GOC NHiN VAN HOA CHiNH TRI
31
r«-i& xu&T BAN o w * 4 m QUOC a *gifla cac yeu to ndi tren.
Trong chuyen luan thfl ba, tac gia cudn sach gidi thieu mgt each khai quat nhflng luan diem cd ban cua sau tac gia phfldng Tay ndi tieng ve xa bgi, nen chinh tri va van hda chinh tri phfldng Dong, la:
Karl Marx, Max Weber, Karl August Wittfogel, Harry J. Benda, Benedict Anderson va Clark Neher. Trong sd nhflng tac gia nay. c6 nhflng tac gia da trd nen rat quen thuoc d Viet Nam nhfl K.
Marx bay Max Weber, nhflng cac tac gia khac dfldng nhfl cdn kha xa la. Song, theo tac gia, trong cdng trinh nay ong khong the va cung khong dat ra muc dich gidi thieu toan bg nhflng luan diem cda cac tac gia tren ve cac van de khac nhau. ma ngfldc lai, chi tap trung gidi thieu va phan tich nhflng luan diem cd lien quan den nen chinh tri va van hda chinh tri A Dong va Viet Nam ma thoi. Day la mgt chuyen luan cd gia tri tham khao rat tdt cho gi6i nghien cflu KHXH Viet Nam.
26 Thdng Hn Khoa hoc xa hoi. so S.2009 Hai chuyen luan thfl nam va thfl sau
tap trung thao luan ve mgt chd d i chuyen biet: kbIi niem ve lo'i sd'ng, thanh nien va lo'i sdng thanh nien. Van d i thfl nhat dfldc tac gia tap trung l l m ro chinh la tinh tfldng ddng, chdng lap va khIc biet gifla bai khai niem "van hda" va "ldi sd'ng".
Khong it nha nghien cflu tflng danh ddng hai khai niem nay. Sau khi tham bac k h i rgng rai d c y kien khac nhau ciia gidi nghien cflu trong va ngoai nfldc, Pham Hdng Tung cho rang lo'i sd'ng chi la
"nhflng chieu canh chd quan cua van hda, la q u i trinh hien thflc hda cac gil tri van hda thdng qua boat dong sd'ng cda con ngfldi" (tr. 146).
Van dung quan diem nay vao nghien cflu lo'i song cda mgt ddi tfldng cu the la thanh nien Viet Nam, sau khi chi ra nhflng dac diem xa bgi, van hda, tam ly hgc, sd hgc v.v... cda thanh nien vdi tinh each la mgt nhdm xa hgi dac thu, tac gia da cbi ra nhflng bat cap d n Iflu y cua nhflng nghien cflu v i thanh nien dfla tren ly thuyet "tieu van hda" (subculture theory) vo'n dang r l t thinh hanh d phfldng Tay hien nay. CIch tiep can ma Pham Hdng Tung d i xuat cho viec nghien cflu v i thanh nien la each tiep can da chiiu (multi-dimensional approach) va lien nganh (interdisciplinary approach). Tuy nhien, nhfl t i c gia thfla nhan, vi nhieu ly do day la nhflng each tiep can kbdng d i van dung trong thflc tien.
Nhdm thd hai gdm 9 chuyen luan v i mgt so' van de cu.a lich sd Viet Nam can dai dfldc tiep can chu yeu tfl khia canh van hda chinh tri. Tren cd sd cho r i n g lich sd xa hgi la do con ngfldi s i n g tao nen trong nhflng diiu kien lich sd nha't dinh va theo nhflng d c h thflc nha't dinh - ma each thflc nay lai do nen tang van hda - tdng hda cua d c dieu kien khich quan va
chd quan cda boat dong sd'ng cda con ngfldi quy dinh, vi vay, k h i m pha cac sfl kien va qua trinh lich sii tfl gdc do van hda chinh tri cd the mang lai nhflng nhan thflc mdi ve cac hien tfldng va qua trinh dd. O day, tac gia mdi chi chgn mdt so' sfl kien va qua trinh Uch sii cua Hch sd Viet Nam can dai cho nghien cflu thd nghiem cua minh.
Nhom sd kien vd qud trinh lich sd thd nhdt lien quan den y thdc ddn tgc, phitdng thdc hinh dung vi cong dong ddn tgc vd tdm thdc ddn tgc cua ngddi Viet Nam. Day la nhflng van de dfldc de cap tdi trong d c chuyen luan so' 7, 8 va 9. Di cap tdi d c h dinh nghia ve pham trfl "nha nfldc - dan tgc" t i c gia Pham Hdng Tung chi ra yeu to' cd't loi nha't cua mgt nha nfldc - dan tgc cbinh la d c h thflc cac thanh vien cua cong ddng ay chia se mgt hinh dung chung ve cdng ddng nha nfldc - dan tdc, tren cd sd dd binh thanh nen y thflc dan tgc - yeu to' tao nen sfl co' ket cua cdng ddng quoc gia dan tgc. Day la ket qua ciia viec t i c gia van dung ly thuyet ve "cdng ddng tfldng tfldng"
(imagined community) do Benedict Anderson de xuat. Di xa hdn, dfla tren nhflng cfl li§u lich sii xlc ding, Pham Hdng Tung da chi ra, cd it nhat hai phfldng thflc binh dung khIc nhau ve cdng ddng qudc gia - dan tgc, dd la phfldng thflc hinh dung loai trfl (exclusive imagination) va d c h hinh dung kbdng loai trfl (inclusive imagination) da tflng tdn tai trong lich sii q u i trinh dan tgc Viet Nam.
Van de thfl hai dfldc tac gia cudn sach dat ra de thao luan la lich sd qua trinh hinh thanh dan tgc Viet Nam. Day la vln d i da va van cdn dang dfldc ban thao soi ndi tren van dan khoa hgc d trong va ngoai nfldc. Tren cd sd tdng quan nhflng
V&n hoa chinh tri va lich si>. 27 each tiep can chd yeu cda cac nha khoa
hgc Viet Nam va nfldc ngoai ddi vdi v l n de lich sd q u i trinh dan tgc Viet Nam, t i c gia cbi ra nhflng bat cap va phien dien cda cac each tiep can dd, n h l t la viec qua nhin manh vao vai tro cua mgt so' yeu to' ben trong hay ben ngoai nao dd, nhfl nan ngoai xam, to chflc n i n nong nghiep trdng lua nfldc va cong cugc tri thuy, Nho giao hay vai trd cda lang xa v.v..., trong kbi khdng chfl trgng day du den qua trinh hinh thanh va p b I t trien cua y thflc dan tgc.' Kit qua cda nhflng d c h tiep can ndi tren la sfl trinh bay phien dien, mgt chieu ve lich sd dan tgc Viet Nam trong d c bg
"qudc sii" trfldc day va cac sach giao khoa lich sd bien nay: chi chu trgng trinh bay lich sd "chinh tho'ng" cua "dong chd Iflu"
trong hanh trinh lich sd cua cong ddng dan tgc Viet Nam, ddng thdi bd ngd lich sd cda nhflng cdng ddng ngfldi gia nhap muon hdn vad qua trinh dan tgc Viet Nam. Tren cd sd dd, t i c gia d i xult mgt each bieu mdi v i lich sd dan tdc Viet Nam: dd phai la lich sd cda ta't ca nhflng cdng ddng ngfldi da tflng sinh sd'ng tren bd coi Viet Nam bien nay va sfl tfldng tac gifla nhflng cong ddng ngfldi do de hinh thanh nen mgt qudc gia - dan tgc Viet Nam.
Nhom sd kien vd qud trinh lich sd thd hai la mgt sd van d i lien quan tdi cugc van ddng giai phdng dan tgc va duy tan dat nfldc trong thdi ky 1900-1945, bao gdm d c chuyen luan so 6, 10, 11, 12, 13 va 14, trong dd, mdi chuyen luan di sau tim hieu v i mgt v l n d i dfldc tiep can theo hfldng lien nganh lich sd va van hda cbinh tri. Cd chuyen luan la mgt nghien cflu cdng pbu, tdng q u i t v i l i d sd tfldng tac gifla bai nen van minh phfldng Dong va phfldng Tay trong d c binh thflc cu the cua qua trinh thflc dan hda va phi thflc dan hda thdi can dai, trong khi mgt so
chuyen luan khac lai khao cflu nhflng khia canh mdi cda cac van d i cu the nhfl:
triet ly giao due cda Trfldng Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc, he luan qudc td cda cugc van dong cflu nfldc do Phan Bgi Chau lanh dao v.v... Mgt so'van de dfldc tac gia d i cap den khong phai la van d i mdi, nhflng lai dfldc soi rgi, phan tich dfldi gdc nhin mdi, nhfl van d i ban chat phat xit cda tap doan thd'ng tri thflc dan Phap d Viet Nam trong thdi ky Chien tranh the gidi lan thfl II, van d i ban the chinh tri cua pheng trao giai phong dan tgc Viet Nam hay van d i cung eo' khdi dai doan ket dan tgc trong cugc Cach mang thang Tam nam
1945 v.v....
Trong so' nhflng chuyen luan thudc nhdm thfl hai nay, nhflng van de ma tac gia neu ra trong chuyen luan so' 6 "Dong A trfldc nhflng bidn chuyen cua the gidi va nguy ed xam thflc cda chd nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay" la nhflng vln d i r l t dang dfldc quan tam, va quan trgng hdn, ddi vdi moi van d i tac gia deu neu ra nhflng kien giai mdi, sic sao. Trfldc bet la van de ban chit cda chu nghia thflc dan hien dai. Lln dau tien d Viet Nam, tac gia da dat van d i xem xet ve ban chat cua chu nghia thflc dan trong bd'i canh cda toan bg lich sfl cua qua trinh tiep xuc va dung do gifla van minh phfldng Dong va van minh phfldng Tay. Tiep do, tac gia da chi ra, r i n g chd nghia tbflf dan thdi can dai chinh la mgt san pha lich sd cua chu nghia tfl ban Tay Au, vdi ca nhflng mat tich cflc va tieu cflc cda no dfldc hoc 16 ra trong qua trinh banb trfldng, xam thflc the gidi cua n6. Lich sd xam thflc cua chu nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay d Ddng va Dong Nam A cflng dfldc tac gia trinh bay khai quat va theo mgt each tiep can mdi.
Theo tac gia thi trong hai giai doan hanh trfldng cua nd, chu nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay da bgc 16 hai hinh thflc va hai
28 Thdng Hn Khoa hoc xa hoi. so a.2009 ban chat khac nhau. Giai doan nhflng
nam 1511-1799 dfldc t i e gia ggi la "thdi ky chu nghia thflc dan thfldng mai", trong khi giai doan tiep theo, tfl nam 1800 den d l u the ky XX dfldc ggi la "thdi ky sung man cda chd nghia thflc dan" hay "chu nghia thflc dan de qud'c". Tie gia cflng khao sat nhflng phfldng thflc flng phd cda cac dan tgc Ddng A dd'i vdi nguy cd xam thflc cua chii nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay.
Ba md hinh flng phd chd yeu dfldc tac gia chi ra la: chap nhan, khang chien va d i each, trong dd chi ed con dfldng cai d c h la eon dfldng dung dan nha't, cd the giup cho cac dan tgc A Dong bao ve dfldc chd quyin dan tgc va tien theo con dfldng tfl cfldng, bien dai hda. Day cbinh la nhflng luan cfl quan trgng de tie gia tham gia vao cugc ban thao ve y nghia cda cae cugc van dong cai d c h no ra d Dong A thdi can dai vdi nhflng kien giai mdi.
Chuyen luan so' 11, di sau tim hieu v i
"he luan quo'c te*' va van d i "vgng ngoai"
trong chien Ifldc cflu nfldc cua Phan Bgi Chau, cflng la mgt nghien cflu dang chu y. Theo t i c gia, Phan Bgi Chau trfldc bet la mgt nha Nho yeu nfldc, ddng thdi la mgt lanh tu cua phong trao Duy Tan. Tuy Phan Bgi Chau chd trfldng cflu nfldc theo con dfldng bao dong, nhflng dng trfldc bet la mgt nha Duy Tan Idn, luon cd vu cho cugc van ddng canh tan d l t nfldc theo mo hinb hien dai hda kieu phfldng Tay. Yeu nfldc va duy tan chinh la dong cd goc, la ban chit tfl tfldng yeu nfldc cua Phan Bgi Chau. Xuat phat tfl dd ma dng chu trfldng clu ngoai vien de d i n h dd Ich thd'ng tri thflc dan cua ngfldi Phlp. Va cbinh vi vay, khi d u ngoai vien that bai thi Phan Bgi Chau da nhanh chdng chuyen sang con dfldng " d u hgc" va xfldng ra phong trao Dong Du ndi tieng. Tac gia cuo'n sach cdn di sau phan tich va cbi ra anh hfldng cua "chu nghia Dac-uyn xa hgi" ("Social
Darwinism") do'i vdi tfl tfldng cda Phan Bgi Chau va d c nha Nho d p tien cflng the he vdi cu (tr.311-314). Day la quan diem ma T r I n Van Giau, David G. Marr va Masaya Shiraishi da neu ra nhflng cdn chfla nhan dfldc sfl tan ddng manh me cda gidi nghien cflu d Viet Nam. Trong nghien cflu cua minh, tac gia da luan giai diiu nay vdi nhflng cfl lieu lich sd chac chan. Nhd dd ma nhflng kien giai mdi cda tac gia ve he luan qud'c te trong chien Ifldc cflu nfldc cda Phan Bgi Chau mang tinh thuyet phuc cao.
Van de nay tiep tue dfldc t i c gia lam sang td trong d c chuyen luan so' 10 va 12 khi thao luan v i triet ly giao due cua trfldng Ddng Kinb Nghia thuc va sfl hinh thanh va p h I t trien cua mgt ban the van boa cbinh tri mdi trong phong trao yeu nfldc, giai phdng dan tgc d Viet Nam thdi can dai. Nhflng nghien cflu cua Pham Hdng Tung dfldc cdng bo' trong tap chuyen luan nay ro rang da md dfldng chd viec nghien cflu ve d c h tiep can van hea chinh tri ddi vdi v l n de dan tgc d Viet Nam thdi ky can dai.
Chuyen luan so' 13 d i cap den mgt van d i kha dac biet cua" lich sd can dai Viet Nam: ban cha't chinh tri phat xit cua tap doan thd'ng tri thflc dan Phap d Ddng Dfldng do Jean Decoux d m d l u trong thdi ky Chien tranh The gidi thfl II. Tfl sau nam 1945, tren the gidi da xuat hien ngay cang nhieu nhflng cdng trinh nghien cflu sau sac v i chu nghia phat xit - ke da gay ra cugc Chien tranh The gidi thfl II khdng khiep. Tfl nhiiu gdc do khac nhau, nhflng nghien cflu nay da lam sang td ban chat, dac diem va nhflng hinh thflc cua chu nghia p h I t xit, gdp phan lam ro hdn nhieu van de cda lich sd the gidi can dai va cung d p nhflng tri thflc cd gil tri phuc vu cugc d l u tranh chdng chd nghia
Van hoa chinh tri va lich su. 29 phat xit mdi, ngan ngfla tham hga chien
tranh.
Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam, trong may chuc nam qua dfldng nhfl khdng xua't hien nghien cflu mdi nao ve chu nghia phIt xit. Gidi sd hgc va khoa hgc cbinh tri nfldc ta dfldng nhfl da yen tam vdi nhflng nhan dinh ve chu nghia phat xit do Dimitrov neu ra tfl t h i n g 7/1935.
Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, viec tim hieu ve
• ban chat cbinh tri cua tap doan thd'ng tri thflc dan Phap d Viet Nam tfl 1940 den 1945 dfldng nhfl cung hi bd ngd. Cac nghien cflu neu c6 de cap den van de nay deu mac nhien coi dd la ke thu cda phong trao yeu nfldc va each mang. Cach nhin nhan van de nhfl vay la mdi chi bd hep trong khung canh lich sd cua Viet Nam ma chfla xem xet van de trong khung canh the gidi cua thdi ky Chien tranh The gidi thfl II.
Nhan ra "khoang trdng" dd, vdi each tiep can van hda cbinh tri, tren cd sd tiep thu ket qua nghien cflu ve chd nghia phat xit cda cae hgc gia nfldc ngoai, n h l t la gidi khoa bgc Dflc, tac gia da phan tich va luan chflng dly dd ve ban chat phat xit cua tap doan thdng tri Decoux. Ddng thdi, dfla tren nhflng sd lieu xac thflc, tac gia da chi ra qua trinh tap doan thd'ng tri thflc dan Phap d Dong Dfldng tfl phat xit hda nhfl the nao.
Viec chi ra ban chat va dac diem phat xit cda tap doan thdng tri thflc dan Phap d Viet Nam trong thdi ky Chien tranh The gidi thfl II cd y nghia quan trgng xet d tren phfldng dien hgc thuat va chinh tri. Vdi ket qua nghien cflu ma tie gia dfla ra, ro rang la tap doan thdng tri thflc dan Phap d Ddng Dfldng tfl 9/1940 den 3/1945 da dflng ve phe True phat xit, va do vay trd thanh ke thfl cda phe Ddng
Minh cho'ng phat xit. Vi vay, khong nhflng viec quay lai tai chiem Dong Dfldng cua ngfldi Phap sau Chien tranh The gidi thfl II khong co cd sd phap ly qudc te, ma le ra, tap doan thflc dan Phap phai hi trflng tri nhfl nhflng ke tdi pham chien tranh.
Ket qua nghien cflu cda tac gia cung gian tiep minh chflng cho tinh chit dan tgc, dan chu sau sac cda cugc van dong yeu nfldc, giai phong dan tgc cua nhan dan Viet Nam dfldi sfl lanh dao cda Dang Cong san Dong Dfldng va Mat tran Viet Minh. Sud't hdn 4 nam, nhan dan Viet Nam da "gan gdc" dflng ve phe Ddng Minh cho'ng phat xit, dau tranh de tfl giai phong va gop phln vao nd lflc chung cua nhan loai n h l m diet trfl chu nghia phat xit. Viec cac lflc Ifldng Ddng Minh, cu the la quan Anh va quan Trung Hoa Qud'c dan Dang khi tien vao giai giap quan Nhat d Viet Nam sau khi Chien tranh The gidi thfl II ket thuc lai khong thfla nhan ngay tinh chit hdp phap cda chinh phd Viet Nam Dan chu Cong boa, khdng cdng nhan nin dgc lap cua dan tgc ta, ro rang la trai vdi thflc tien lich sd va phap ly quo'c te lflc do.
Mac du nhflng van de tac gia neu ra trong 14 chuyen luan dfldc tap hdp trong cudn sach khdng phai diu la nhflng van d i mdi, va nhflng phan tich cung nhfl nhflng kien giai ma tac gia de xua't cung khong phai la nhflng van di de dat dfldc sfl n h l t tri cao trong gidi nghien cflu, nhflng nhin chung cd the ndi t i t ca nhflng van de dfldc neu ra dd deu dang dfldc suy nghi va tranh luan. Nhflng tim toi va kham pha hgc thuat cda tac gia la r l t dang gbi nhan, n h l t la vi cac khia canh ly thuyet khoa bgc va d c h tidp can.
