Thong tin khoa hpc cong ngh§ m o
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\/AP DUNG HE THONG QUAN LY AN TOAN VA DANH GIA RUI RO TRONG KHfil TH^C THfiN LQ THIEN
In recent years, the coal and mineral setor has paid much attention to the contml and prevention of the industrial accidents, increase of the safety and labor sanitation Many solutions haver been applied with good Initial results However, the low work safety has been at open pit coal mines. Therefore, Improvement of the safety management and nsk assessment system for ensuring the minimization of the Industrial accidents has been considered as an urgent and essential Issue
An toan lao ding Id mgc tidu hang d i u trong cde ngdnh cdng nghiep, dac bidt trong cac ITnh vye cd mdc d i nii ro eao nhy khai thac d i g khi, khai thdc md vd cde ngdnh cing nghipp ndng khdc. Ngdnh eing nghipp khai thac than lp thien trong giai doan hien nay dang tdng bydc hipn dpi h i a cdc khdu eing nghe vd thilt bj. Trong nhdng ndm g i n ddy, ngdnh Than - Khodng san dd cd nhilu e l gang kiem scat vd ngdn ehan tai nan lao ding, ndng eao cdng tde an todn ve sinh lao ding (AT-VSLD). Nhilu giai phdp dypc dp dgng vd bydc ddu da cho k i t qua t i t . Tgy nhien, tinh trang m i t an todn lao ding tai cdc m i than lp thien vdn thydng xuyen xay ra. Vi vay, van d l hoan thidn hp thing quan {•) an todn va ddnh gid nii ro d l dam bao giam thilu sy co vd tai nan lao ding d mdc thip nhit Id ein thiet vd eip bach.
ThS DO NGOC TUOC ThS. PHAM XUAN TRANG ThS. LS BA PHUC
Viin Khoa hgc Cdng nghd Md - Vinacomin Bien tgp: TS. Luu Van Thuc
1. Hipn tr^ng cong tac quan ly an toan trong khai thac than lp thidn
Hipn nay, tpi cdo mo than l i thien eua Tap dodn TKV, ngydi chiu trdch nhipm chinh v l an todn lao d i n g la Gidm d i e mo, Phd giam doc phg trach An todn, phdng An todn, cdc phdng ban chdc ndng va cac tilg ban an toan tai cing trydng, phan xydng, t i san xuat.
Theo thong ke, trong 5 nam (200902013) tai 09 md l i thien thuic Tdp dodn TKV da xay ra 16 vg tai nan nghidm trpng Idm 17 ngydi chit (hinh 1). Trang dd, ede vy tai nan lidn quan tnj'c tiep d i n khai thde m i g i m 13 vg (13 ngydi chet) bao gom cdc nggyen nhdn nhy; Vdn tai, bdi thai, cgng d p dipn, sda chda, che biln than, trypt ngd tren ting... Cdn ipi la cde nguyen nhan khac.
(hinh 1).
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Hinh 1. Biiu dd thdng ki sd vu tai nan, sd ngudi chit theo timg iinh vgc
KHCNM S 6 1/2015 • CNKT LO T H I S N
W"
Thdng tin khoa hgc cong nghg md
Cdc nguydn nhdn xay ra tai nan lao ding trong ngdnh md c i nhilu, nhyng chu y l u Id do ngydi lao ding thilu cde kiln thdc v l AT-VSLD, hode vi pham cdc quy t i e kJ thudt; v l phia ngydi sd dgng lao ding thi bgdng long quan ly ky thudt, khing thydng xuydn tuyen truyin, gido dgc ]^ thdc chip hdnh ede quy djnh phdp luat v l AT-VSLB cho ngydi lao ding [3].
Nhin Chung, cing tdc qudn ly an todn tpi cdc m i than l i thidn da dypc thyc hien tyong d i i tit. B i mdy dilu hdnh, thyc hien cing tdc an todn tpi m i khd d i y du. Cing tdc kilm tra an todn dype phdn eing cg t h i t d Gidm die d i n cdc nhdn vidn kJ thudt. K l hoach dng cdu sy c i , tim kilm cdu nan dypc thyc hidn d i y du theo cdc quy djnh hidn hdnh. Tuy nhidn, vide hodn thidn hd thing qudn \j an todn vd ddnh gid nil ro cde sy c i v i n cdn nhilu bit cdp do ehya c i cdc hydng d i n cg t h i theo tdng d i i typng.
Ddy cOng Id tinh trpng chung cua cdc don vj trong Ngdnh than.
Vi vdy, d l ndng cao mdc d i an todn ddm bao gidm thilu cdc sy c i c i t h i xay ra, c l n tyng bydc hodn thidn eing tde qudn ly an todn vd ddnh gid nii ro v l tai nan lao ding theo hydng hd thing hda vd chuydn m i n hda cg t h i trong doanh nghidp khai thde than l i thien.
2. Hf t h i n g qudn ly an todn vd ddnh gia riJi ro trong khai thdc than 1$ thidn
2.1. H$ th6ng quin If an toin Vide dp dgng hd thing qudn ly AT-VSLO phdi dya trin cdc tidu chl, tidu ehuin vd hoat ding triln khai thyc hidn d n g tdc AT-VSLB, Dilg ndy nhdm mgc dich cung d p phyong phdp ddnh gid vd cdi thidn vide thyc hidn hoat ding, phing ngda tai nan vd s y d xdy ra tpi noi Idm vide.
thing qua hoat dpng quan ly cd hidu qua cdc nguy CO vd nii ro tpi noi Idm vipe. Ddy la phypng phdp mang tinh logic vd theo thd t y bdc thang nhdm quylt djnh dilu gi d n Idm, Idm t h i ndo d l thyc hidn t i t nhit, qud trinh gidm sat nhdm hydng tdi nhdng mgc tieu dd d l ra, danh gid mdc d i thdnh odng vd ghi nhan d c khu vyc dd c i chuyin biln t i t Hd thing ndy d n phai phd hpp vdi nhyng thay d l i trong md hinh t i chdc kinh doanh vd d c quy djnh mang tinh ludt phdp.
Cdc don vj khai thdc than lp thidn bdt buic phli tudn thii dung cdc quy dinh ciia phdp ludt v l AT-VSLD, id trdch nhipm vd nghTa vg ciia ngydi sd dgng lac d i n g vd ngydi lap ding.
Ngydi sy dgng lap d i n g Id ngydi chiu trdch nhidm chinh v l cing tdc AT-VSLD, phdi ddng ra chr dao vd cam k i t thyc hidn cde hopt ding AT- VSLD tpi Cing ty. Hp thing qgan ij AT-VSLfl dype dp dgng phai dam bap d e nil dgng: Chinh sdch, t i chdc b i mdy, xdy dyng k l hcach vd thyc hipn k l hppch, ddnh gid vd hpdn thipn (hinh 2) [41.
Mpt chinh sdch an todn phai dypc lap dudi dang vdn bdn, d i Id eo sd d l xdy dyng thdnh cing m i t chyong trinh an todn vd cd t h i giiip tilt kipm chi phi, tranh nhyng philn phdc vd hdu qga khdc do tai nan lao ding gdy ra bdng cdch ddm bao ring mpi nhdn vidn d i u cd t h i tim hilu, nghidn cdu vd bilt minh phdi ldm gi khi tham gia lao ding sdn xuit.
2.2. Dinh gii rdi ro trong khai thic than /$
thiin
a) Phuong phip dinh gii ril ro Cd nhilu phyong phdp ddnh gid nil ra d e sy c i dypc t h i gidi sy dgng r i t nhilu nhyng d thi t i n g hpp Ipi thdnh 2 phyong phdp: djnh lypng
Hinh 3. Cic ndi dung chinh cOa hi thdng quin If
AT-VSLD Hinh S.Saddhi thdng quin If rOi ro
KHCNM S6 1/2015 * CNKT LO THitN
Thong tin khoa hoc cong nghe m o
Bing 1. Khi nang xiy ra rOI ro Capdg
1
2
3
4
5 Mota
Hiem khi xay ra
Kh6ng ch^c xay ra
C6 kha ngng xay ra
Hay xay ra
Thir&ng xuySn xSy ra
Diin giai
- Kh6ng tr6ng dgt c6 the xay ra trong vong dai cue hoat d6ng;
- Kh6ng chSc c6 the xay ra trong v6ng do-i cua mfit ca t h ^ hogc h? thong m^ n6 chl c6 the bang cSch gia djnh chCr khSng phai b^ng trai nghiem.
H i l m Wii xSy ra trong dflfi cua mOt s6 Idn thanh phan tu-ong t i / - MOt lan trong 15 nam,
- Doi khi c6 ttie xay ra trong v6ng dai cua m6t ca nhan hogc h§ th6ng hoSc trong doi xay ra m6t cgch hgp IJ trong Cd\ cua m6t s6 Ion cac thanh p h i n tu'ong tir vg/hogc;
- Chl xay ra voi xic suat 1/100 000 \kn thyc hi$n c6ng vi$c va/hogc;
- Xay ra v d i x^c s u i t 1/10 000 ngydi t h y c hi6n cong viec.
- Mpt lan trong 10 nam;
- Kha nang 361 khi xay ra trong v6ng ddi cua mpt c^ nhSn hogc h6 thong hoac du'O'C trdng dg-i xay ra mot cSch hp'p ly trong ddi vdi s6 lyong Idn vi hogc cac th^nh phan t y o n g t y vii hoSc;
- Xay ra vdi xgc suat 1/50 000 Ign t h y c hi6n cdng viec vg/hogc;
- Xay ra vdi xgc suat 1/5000 ngydi thyc hien c6ng viec.
- Mpt l^n trong 5 ngm;
- Kha ngng xay ra vgi l^n trong vdng ddi cua mot eg nhgn ho^c h^ thong trong hogt d$ng vdi so Idn cua cgc thgnh phan t y o n g t y vg/hogc;
- Xay ra vdi xgc suat 1/5000 lan t h y c hien cong vi$c vg/hogc;
- Xay ra vdi xgc suat 1/500 ngydi thyc hifin cdng vi#c.
- Se xay ra nhieu hon mpt lan trong nam. Kha nang t h y d n g xuyen xay ra trong v6ng ddi cua mflt ca nhan hogc h$ thdng hogc rat t h y d n g xuy6n xay ra trong hoat ddng vdi so lyong Idn cua cgc thgnh phan t y o n g t y
Bing 2. /WtJic dd nguy hiim ddi vdi con ngudi Capdg
1 2 3 4 5
Mo ta Khdng dgng ke
Thap Trung binh
Cao
Dien giil Dl^u trj so c y u (cd the
|gm vi$c ngay) Oieu trj y t6 (cd the quay Igi lgm vi$c ngay) Can dieu tn y t6 (mat thdi gian dieu tri) T h y o n g tgt nghidm trgng vTnh v i i n Nghigm trpng | Chet ngydi vd djnh tinh. Phyong phdp dinh lypng d n den md hinh ehi t i l t vd toan dipn cua chudi cac s y kidn, ddn den hau qua xde i^nh va phu thuic vao chat lypng cua d d lidu d i i vdi cdc s y kien co ban, nhy hy hdng mpt ehi t i l t cua thiet bi hodc kha nang sai s i t eua con ngydi. Phyong phdp dinh tinh d l dy doan nguy co t d mdi tinh trang nguy h i l m rieng bidt, ehu y l u dya vdo finh huing, tryc giac vd kinh nghipm. Trong ITnh vye khai thae than id thien, viec nhdn dien vd xde dinh nguy co cd t h i xay ra dp dyng phyong phdp danh gid nil ro dinh tinh co ban da ddp dng
Hinh 4, Nguyen If rdi ro chip nhin dugc, phii hap vdl thuc td
dypc cong tde quan ly rui ro.
Danh gia nii ro theo phyong phdp dmh tinh dypc the hipn bang so d l k h i i nhy tren Hinh 3.
bao gom: Thilt lap pham vi, nhdn dien rui ro, phan tieh rui ro, danh gia nil ro, x d ly rui ro va kiem scat, ddnh gia lpi [IJ.
Ddnh gia mdc d i rui ro, dypc t i l n hdnh dya tren t i n suit (kha ndng) xdy ra rui ro vd mdc dp nghiem trpng. Nhy vdy, rui ro ed the tinh toan nhy sau:
Rui ro = Mdc dp nguy hiem x Kha nang xay ra
KHCN.M so 1/2015* CNKT L p THIEN
Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe m o
Bing 3. Ma trin dinh gii rOi ro bing phuang phip djnh tinh
Kha nang xiy ra rdi ro
Hiem khi xay ra(1) Khong chdc xay ra (2) Co kha nSng xay ra (3) Hay xay ra (4) Thydng xay ra (5)
MOK dd nguy hiem Khdng ding kS (1)
1 (KBK) 2 (KBK) 3 (KBK) 4 (KBK) 6 ( T )
Thip (2) 2 (KBK) 4 (KSK) 6 ( T ) 8 ( T ) 10 (TB)
Trung binh (3) 3 (KBK)
6 ( T ) 9 ( T ) 12 (TB)
15(C)
Cao (4) 4 (KBK) 8 ( T ) 12 (TB)
16(C) 20 (NT)
Nghiim trgng (Sj 5 ( T ) 10 (TB)
15(C) 20 (NT) 25 (NT) Bing 4 Ma trin dinh gii rOi ro trong khai thic than 10 thiin
Cong ngh$
Khoan no mln
XLIC b6c
Cdng doan
Ki^m tra mgy khoan
Khoan lo mln
Ngp no mln
XOc
Quay gSu
Cic nguy ca Di$n gigt Tryot ngg Roi ty, sgp can khoan Lgt mgy khoan Bi$n gigt Tryot ngg Roi ty Ket cho6ng Tugt cgp tdi Lgt mgy
Kip, thu6c min no trong khi ngp
Da roi, dg bay Sdng dgp kh6ng khf Mln egm Sgt Id dat dg g y o n g tang
Tryot ngg Va chgm thiet bj Lgt mgy xuc Va chgm vdi ngydi Va chgm vdi thi^t bj Dg roi, dg vgng
Kha nang xayra
5 5 3 3 3 5 2 3 4 4 3 5 4 4 5 5 1 3 1 5 4
MOv nguy hiim
5 4 5 4 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 5 5 3 4
RiJi ro 25 20 15 12 15 25 10 g 12 16 15 25 20 20 20 20 3 15 5 15 16
Bi^n phip han chi Lip dgt R o le dd
Cgn thgn khi di ehuygn, quan sgt trydc, sau
SLF dung BHLD. dgt chuan, quan sgt ky l y d n g
Kiem tra kfi kich phCi hpp Lgp dgt Role r6
Cgn thgn khi di chuyen, quan sgt trydc, sau
S y dung BHLD, dat chugn, quan sgt k? ly&ng
Vgn hgnh khoan dung quy trinh.
Ki^m tra ky lydng Kiem tra kg kich phu hpp Khdng dung dung cu kim loai khi nap min
Xac djnh bgn kinh an togn dg bay, dg roi
Kigm tra chieu dgi bua vg mgt thoang
Kiem sogt chat lygng thuoc min, kip min
Xgc djnh chigu cao tgng vg digu ki$n dat dg xuc
Cgn thgn khi di ehuygn, quan sgt trydc, sau
Tugn thu khoang cgch an togn khi lgm vi$c
DO d6c khflng ch§, khoang rOng dai t o f p t Id
Tugn thu khoang cgch an togn kill lgm vr$c. Chil y quan sgt Tugn ttiu khoang cgch an togn khi lgm vigc
Tugn ttiu khoang cgch an togn khi lgm vi$c. Chu y quan sgt
n K I K N M S 6 l / 2 0 1 5 " C N K T L O T H l E N
Thong tin khoa hoc cdng nghe m d
Bing 4 (tiip theo). Ma trdn dinh gii rui ro trong khai thac than id thiin Cdng
nghi
Xuc boo
VSn tai, thdi dd
Cdng dogn
D d t a l
Dl chuyen
K i l m tra
Nhdn tdi
Di chuyen
D d t a i
Cac nguy err
Va Cham vdi thiet bi Da roi, da vSng Bign gist Tnrpt ng§
Va Cham vdi thiet bj L$t mSy XIJC T r y p t nga Trdi xe SSp ben Va Cham thiet bj Va Cham vdi mdy xiic T r y p t Id, ai roi SSp g i u Xlic Chay t h i l t hi M i t kiem scat Mat phanh Va cham t h i l t bj
Utxe
Trypt Id, da roi Va cham thiet bi L a i x e
Khi nang xayra
5 4 4 5 2 4 5 1 3 2 4 5 1 4 6 5 5 5 3 5 5
Mi>c nguy hiem
4 5 5 4 4 3 2 4 5 3 2 3 5 4 4 5 4 5 3 4 5
Rul ro
20 20 20 20 8 12 10 4 16 6 8 15 5 16 20 25 20 25 9 20 25
Bien phip han che Tuan thu khoang each an toan khi lam vigc
1 uan ttiu khoang each an toan Km lam vigc. ChU y quan sSt L i p cat K o le do Can than khi di chuyen, chU y quan sat
Tuan thu khoang each an toan khi iam vigc
Tuan thu khoang each an toan khi lam viec ChU y quan sat Chii y quan sat, thyc high diing quy trinh
Ke kich, chgn ehong phU hop Quan sat, thyc hign dung quy trinh ChO y quan sat
Tuan thij khoang each an toan khi iam viec
Khong d i xe sat mgp tSng va chan tang
Tuan thO khoang each an toan khi iam vigc
Kiem scat va bao du'ang xe dung quy trinh. PCCC phii hpp Tuan thii Quy pham an toan, kiem soat toe 6d
Kiem scat va bao dydng xe dung quy trinh
Tuan thu van toe va khoang each an toan khi chay xe
Kiem soat t i c do, chii y quan sat Rao chdn, canh bao noi cd nguy CO
Tuan thij quy trinh d d tai Kiem scat t i c do, chu y quan sat d i thai dung quy djnh D l ddnh gia nil ro ta xdy dyng hai tieu ehi:
Kha ndng xay ra rui ro (bang 1) va mdc dp nguy hilm d l i vdi eon ngydi (bang 2). Td dd, lap nen ma trdn ddnh gid rui ro (bang 3).
T d k i t qua eua danh gid t i n g hpp cdc sy c i theo ma trdn rui ro r l i so sdnh vdi thang diem d l k i t ludn ddc tinh cua rui ro.
Mdc rui ro t d 1*4: Rui ro Khing ddng k l
(KDK); mdc rui ro t d 5*9: Riii ro thap (T) c i t h i chap nhan dype theo nguyen ly nil ro t h i p nhit CO t h i chap nhan dyoc (ALAiRP) nhyng rui ro can dypc giam sat chat che; mdc riii ro bdng 9:
Mdc gidi hpn ALARP; mdc rui ro t d 10+25: Rui ro eao (C; NT) va nghiem trpng, khong dype chap nhan, can loai try hoac giam thieu ve nil ro chip nhdn dype.
KHCNM S6 1/2015 * CNKT L p THIEN
Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe mo
Cac k§t qua d\jac so sanh voi Tieu chugn Quan ly mi ro, tijdo, du-a ra nhOng ki§n nghj phu hop nham kilm soat va giam nji ro xudng myc thap, phu hg-p vdi thyc t l co t h i chip nhan du'p'c (nguyen Iy ALARP) [2].
b) Danh gia rui ra trong khai thac than 16 thien Trong khai thac than lo thien, cac rui ro v§ tai nan lao dgng tilm gn trong tiit ca cac khau cong nghe, cac quy trinh san xuit. Cac khau cong nghe chinh trong hoat dpng khai thac cac mo than lp thien hien nay chu y l u la: Khoan - no min, xuc boc, vgn tai, thai da va cac khau phu trp" khac nhy: Thoat nydc, sCra ch&a... Do vay, d l danh gia rui ro, can phai chia nho cac khau cong doan chinh thanh cac cong doan nho hon theo trat ty trudc - sau. C l n dat ra mpt so cau hoi trong qua trinh phan tich, xac djnh moi nguy hilm theo tCrng cong nghe ap dung, cac dieu kipn lien quan den qua trinh san xuat, sy c6 khac nhau CO the xay ra va tac h^i cua no,... Can cu"
vao CO so dy lieu tai nan dyoc tdng hp'p ty cac mo CO dilu kien tyang ty va nhyng sy co da xay ra trong mo trong thdi gian xac ^ n h , lap bang ma tran rui ro d l xac djnh myc dp rui ro va cac bien phap kilm soat rui ro trong mo lp thien.
Bang 4 gidi thipu ma tran danh gia so bg rui ro trong md lg thien.
3. K i t luan
Cac phyong phap danh gia rui ro da dyg-c nhilu to chyc va cac nha khoa hgc nghien cyu nham han c h l d i n mu-c thip nhit cac sy c6 c6 the xay ra dya vao cac dij" lieu rui ro dyp'c thong ke qua cac giai doan, cac thdi ky san xuat cung nhy tyng loai hinh cong cy ap dyng Cac mo than 16 thien Viet Nam hipn nay da c6 nhyng bydc tien vypi bac v l cdng nghp va thilt bj khai thac dam bao hgn c h l d i n myc thgp nhit cac rui ro, tyng bydc hoan thien he thing quan ly an toan, quan ly rui ro. Tren co so do, cac mo cln triln khai sau rpng nhim danh gia myc dp rui ro, loai tn> cac mdi nguy hilm tiem I n phat sinh, giam thilu tai nan lao dpng trong khai thac than lp thien, cac tac gia co mpt s6 d l xuit sau:
- Xay di/ng cac van ban quy djnh cu the d l dya danh gia rui ro vao ap dung rpng rai trong thyc t l , dya viec danh gia va kilm soat rui ro vao Quy djnh an toan ngi bg cung nhy trong cac quy dinh cua nganh Than ~ Khoang san.
- Xay dyng quy trinh h u i n luypn, dao tgo chuyen nghiep d l nang cao nhgn thtpc cho ngydi lao dgng va ngydi sy dung lao dpng v l v i n de "An toan va Si>c khoe nghe nghiep" trong nganh cong nghiep khai thac than. Phat triln thanh he thing quan !y an toan hoat ddng co hipu qua va dyq^c hd ira boi mot h§ thing giam sat giai quyet tat ca cac van de ve an toan a d p Cong ty, Tap doan. Thyc hien day du cac quy djnh va hydng dan v l cdng tac quan ly an toan theo phap luat.
- Triln khai viec danh gia, kiem soat rui ro trong t i t ca cac khau san x u i t trong mo, cac quy trinh van hanh may moc, thiet bj. Treo cac bang danh gia rui ro cd t h i hien mCrc dp nguy hiem cua tyng cdng doan tai vj tri tac nghiep cung nhu- treo tgi khu vyc d|it may moc, thilt bi. Trydc moi ca lam viec, tiln hanh thao luan to, nhdm, dpi,...
d l dya ra nhu-ng nguy ca tiem an trong qua trinh thyc hien cong viec va cac bipn phap khic phuc n l u xay ra rui ro, sy co.
- TLF cac rui ro da dyp'c danh gia va triln khai, phai cap nhgt, bo sung cac co so dy lieu va nhyng nguy co cd t h i xac djnh d l danh gia lai, dam bao tilp tyc hoan thien va hoan thien hon nya he thong quan ly rui ro cua doanh nghipp.
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. AS/NZS ISO 31000-2009: "Quan 1^ mi ro:
nguyen tic va huung dan" Australia/New Zealand, 2009.
2. ALARP -As Low As Reasonably Practica- ble - Tieu chuin quan ly rui ro.
3. Bui Xuan Nam: " An toan va v$ sinh lao dgng trong nganh mo". Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc Ty nhien va Cong nghe, Ha Npi, 2014.
4. "So tay himng din ap dung h$ thSng quin ly an toan v$ sinh lao dgng". Dy an RAS/08/07M/JPN, Viet Nam, 2011.
Ldi toa so^n:
Bii viit niy phin inh kit qui thuc hiin Nhiim vij:
"Xiy dung nOi dung cdng tic quin /y an toin theo quy dmh tai ThOng tu sd 43/2010/TT-BCT ngiy 29 thing 12 nim 2010 cua BQ COng Thuung trong iinh vt/c khai thic than 10 thiin".
Nhiim vu thuQC Chuong trinh Qudc gia vi an toin lao ddng, v$ sinh lao dOng giai do^n 2011-2015. do Viin Khoa hoc COng nghi Md - Vinacomin chO tri thuc hue hidn.
K H C ^ M S 6 1/2015* CNKT LO THIEN
