VON XA HOI TRONG QUA TRINH DO THI HOA
QUA K H A O S A T M O T X A VEN DO HA NOI
BUI VAN TUAN*
Dat van de
Vdn xa hdi (social capital) cd lhi dugc hieu la mdl ngudn lyc bao gdm cac quan he xa hdi, cac quy tic va gia tri di lien vdi chiing, ma lir dd cac thanh vien ciia mgng ludi nay dugc hudng Igi. Nd nhu mdl logi vdn, ben cgnh cac loai vdn khac nhu vdn kinh te.
vdn van hda, vdn con ngudi. Trong nhung nam gan day da cd nhieu Ihanh tuu nghien Cliu ly luan va thuc tien v i v6n xa hdi. Tren the gidi. Lyda Judson Hanifan dugc coi la ngudi diu lien dua ra khai niem vdn xa hgi vao nam 1916. Ong dtmg khai niem vdn xa hdi d i chi tinh than hiiu, sy thdng cam lan nhau, ciing nhu tuong tac giiia cac ca nhan hay gia dinh'. Theo Alejandro Portes, vdn xa hgi phai dugc xay dyng thdng qua viec diu tu cd chien thugt hudng vao viec the che hda cac quan he trong nhdm, vdn xa hpi cung CO thi dugc su dung nhu la mdt ngudn tin cay cho nhiing lgi ich khac^. Coleman (1988, 98-100) cho rang vdn xa hdi nam trong quan he xa hdi, Lin (200: 24-25) cung cho ring von xa hdi d trong mang ludi xa hdi... Khdng nam ngoai xu the ciia cac hoc gia tren the gidi, cac nha nghien cim trong nudc da va dang quan tam den chu de nay.
Hon mpt Ihap ky trd lgi day, cd nhieu bai viel, cdng trinh nghien ciiu v i vdn xa hpi. Le Minh Tien trong bai viet "Von xa hgi va do ludng vdn xa hdi" khai quat mdl sd quan niem ve vdn xa hdi. trinh bay mdl sd each van dung cac nghien ciiu nudc ngoai xay dung cac chi bao do ludng vdn xa hdi. Tir dd, dinh hudng viec xay dyng cac chi bao do ludng vdn xa hpi d Viet Nam, bai viet "Von xa hdi, vdn con ngudi va mang ludi xa hgi qua mdl sd nghien cilru d Viel Nam" cua tac gia Le Nggc Hung"* da dua ra khai niem vdn xa hdi theo hudng tiep can tir gdc do kinh t i , tir dd chi ra vdn xa hgi va vdn con ngudi khdng chi cd chirc nang kinh te ma cdn cd chiic nang xa hdi. Bai viit "V6n xa hpi - Mdt dgng lyc d i phat yiin"^ cua lac gia Trinh Hda Binh da chi ra nhiing thudc tinh
j NCS.; Vien Vift Nam hoc va Khoa hoc phat trian, Dai hgc Qu6c gia Ha Npi.
Dan theo Nguyin TuSn Anh (2011), "V6n xa hoi va sa ckn thiit nghien ciiu v6n xS hoi 6 nong thon Viet Nam hi?n nay", Ky yeu Hpi ihao Quic ti: Dong gop cua Kfioa fioc xd hgi - nhan van trong phat triin kinh le - xa hgi, Wh Npi.
- Alejandro Portes (1998), "Social Capital. Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology", Annual Review of Sociology. Tr. 3.
L6 Minh Tien (2006). "Vdn xa hoi va do lucmg v6n xa hpi", Ky yiu Hpi thao khoa hoc: Vdn xa hdi trong phal trien.
Le Ngpc Hung (2008)."Ven xa hpi, v6n con nguai va mang Iu6i xa hpi qua mpt s6 nghien ciru CT Viet Nam . Tgp chi Nghien ahi Con ngitai, S6 4(37).
Trjnh H6a Binh (2007), "V6n xa hpi - Mpt dpng lire d l phat triin", Tap chi Hogt dong Khoa hoc, S6 4(575),
50 Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi so 5(80) 2015
Bui Vdn Tudn ciia vdn xa hdi, khing dinh vai trd cua vdn xa hdi trong qua Irinh hdi nhap kinh ti qudc te. Theo tac gia, v6n xa hdi la ngudn lyc. cdn ban the - la ddng lyc de phat trien xa hdi,... Mdi cdng trinh, bai viel Igi cd mgt hudng tiep can nghien cuu rieng, nhung ket qua nghien ciiu tap hgp lgi tao thanh mdt biic tranh da dang va phong phii vi vdn xa hdi trong qua trinh phal yien, cd y nghTa ggi md van de, cung cap nhiiu ihdng tin cd gia tri lam CO sd cho viec nghien ciiu von xa hdi d nudc ta hien nay.
1. May net ve von xa hgi va quan he co ket cpng ddng d ven do Ha Ngi Tir xua tdi nay, d nudc ta, trong phgm vi mdt lang, vi cudc sdng lao ddng gian khd cho nen con ngudi da tao ra truyen thdng doan kit, hgp tac, lien kit vdi nhau chdng chgi vdi nhiing khd khan, Ihach ihiic va cung nhau giai quyil cac cdng viec chung ciia cgng ddng. Chinh dieu nay da tgo ra su gan bd giiia con ngudi vdi thien nhien, giua con ngudi vdi nhau Irong mdi quan he gia dinh, ddng ldc, hang xdm lang giing. Tinh cd kit cgng dong dugc the hien dudi nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau nhu viec tuan thti va giii gin cac phong tuc tap quan bieu hien trong viec ihd ciing td tien. Id chiic hdi lang, tham gia cac phuang, hgi,... Tinh cdng ddng ben chat dd cang dugc the hien ro thdng qua viec Iham gia vao nhiing hogi dgng xa hdi mang tinh tap thi va sy hgp tac, hd trg, giiip do nhau yong lao dgng san suat cua cac nhdm cdng ddng dan cu. Khu vyc ven dd Ha Ndi dugc xem la cac quan, huyen nam d vi yi chuyen tiep giiia khu vuc ndi thanh va ngogi thanh , la khu vyc cac Iang xa ndng nghiep cd truyen dien hinh d vung chau thd sdng Hdng, trong dd linh Iang nghia xdm, cac mdi quan he cd ket cgng ddng da trd thanh dac Irung CO ban va het siic ndi bat d day.
Qua trinh do lhi hda da va dang tac ddng rat mgnh den su chuyen ddi co cau lao ddng - viec iam, ldi sdng, van hda ciing nhu each thiic td chirc xa hgi viing ven dd, bugc ngudi dan noi day khdng the khdng thay ddi mgt sd tap quan trong ddi song sinh hogt va lao ddng san xual. Trong boi canh ay, ngudi dan ven dd dudng nhu dang lim each cd kit vdi nhau han, giiip nhau trong ddi sdng va lao dgng san xuat, tham gia vao cac boat dgng cua tap thi, cua ddng hg va hang xdm lang gieng, qua dd lao dyng dugc ngudn vdn xa hgi vdi biiu hien cu the la niem lin, cd di cd lai, md rdng mdi quan he trong kinh doanh, lam an, budn ban. Bdi vdn xa hdi la "lap hgp nhiing ngudn lyc hien hiru hoac tiim lang gin vdi viec cd m^t mang ludi bin viing nhiing quan he quen biit hoac thira nhan lin nhau it nhieu dugc the che hda va ed the hda quyen cua cac hinh thiic vdn khac nhau. Riit cudc, lit ca mgi hinh thiic vdn deu quy ve vdn kinh ti"^. Tinh cd kit cdng ddng se mang lai he qua tich cue cho ngudi dan ven dd trong hogt dgng kinh ti, hg biit each khai thac ngudn von xa hdi ciia minh trong cac hoal ddng cpng ddng tai dia phuang di tim kiem cac lgi ich trong phat trien kinh te cho gia dinh. Day chinh la he
* Michael Leaf (2010), "NhOng bifin gi6i do thj mai: Qua trinh do thj hoa vung ven do vk (tai) lanh th6 hoa a Dong Nam A". Vi^t Nam hpc, Ky y i u Hpi thao Quic t i \kn thir 3: l-'/e/ Nam: HQI nhgp va Phal triin. Tap IV, Nxb. D?i hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Tr. 461.
T pjerren Bourdieu (1985), "The social space and the genesis of groups". Social Science Information, 24, (1985b) 2, Phuang phap, 195 - 220.
Nghien ctiu Con ngudt s65(80) 2015 ^ j
Vdn xd hdi trong qud trinh...
qua tich cue ciia tinh cd kit cdng ddng dugc bieu hien qua viec ngudi dan da van dung cac thanh Id cua vdn xa hdi di tim kiim lgi ich qua viec chuyen ddi va phat trien nghe nghiep, thay ddi cudc song trong dieu kien mdi, dung nhu nhan dinh ciia Michael Leaf:
"Chit lugng cudc s6ng dd thi phu thudc rit nhieu vao viec con ngudi ddi xir vdi nhau nhu the nao hon la sy hoanh trang, nguy nga cua cac tda nha cao tang, hien dai ".
Ngay cang cd nhieu bang chumg cho Ihay vdn xa hdi cd nhQng ddng gdp lo ldn cho sy phal triin bin viing cua xa hdi. Su ben viing cd nghia la chiing ta de lgi cho cac lhi he tuang lai nhiiu co hdi hoac nhieu han co hgi so vdi cai chiing ta cd. Dau lu cho co hgi ddi hdi mdt sy md rdng cac logi nguon von. Ndi each khac, quan niem truyen thdng ve vdn can dugc md rdng them khai niem ve vdn xa hdi. Vdn xa hdi la chat keo gan ket xa hpi ma neu khdng cd nd thi khd cd the hinh dung ra sy tang trudng kinh te va hgnh phuc cua con ngucri. Dau tu cho cac quan he xa hdi (mdt dgng vdn xa hgi) cd the giiip cho cac chii the hanh dgng nhgn dugc nhiing lgi ich ve kinh te, hoac tri thiic, hoac uy tin, va ngugc lgi. Thyc te da chiing minh la cd nhieu ngudn cd the tgo thanh vdn xa hpi yong dd cd cac quan he gia dinh, ddng ldc, iang xdm. Tinh co ket cgng ddng cd thi dugc nhin nhgn nhu la mot mgng luoi nhiing trach nhiem tgo thanh mdt mang ludi xa hdi ma cd the dugc khai thac mdt each hieu qua de dgt dugc nhiing muc dich chung cho xa hdi.
2. Von xa hoi qua tinh cd ket cgng dong trong phat trien nghe nghiep phi nong nghiap ff Me Tri
Tir nSm 2014, Me Tri da la mot phudng Ihudc quSn Nam Tir Liem, nhung d Ihdi diem chiing ldi khao sat van cdn la mpt xa thugc huyen Tir Liem, ngogi thanh Ha Npi, vdi ting dipn tich 446,2 ha va 24.322 nhan khiu^. Vdi nhiiu thudc tinh khac nhau, vdn xa hgi cd the bieu hien tren nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau. Trong nhung lin khao sat gin day d Me Tri, chiing tdi khdng cd dieu kien khao sat tit ca eac vin di dat ra, ma chi di sau nghien ciiu ve vdn xa hgi qua sy cd ket cgng ddng trong phat triin nghi nghiep phi nong nghiep d xa Me Tri (ma theo chiing toi la vin di cd vi tri dac biel quan trgng yong qua trinh dd thi hda dang dien ra nhanh chdng va mgnh me nhat d cac vung ven do, dac biet la viing ven do Ha Ndi). Nghien ciiu cua chiing tdi trong bai viit nay la nghien ciiu trudng hgp, nen nhung nhan xet, danh gia chung cua chiing tdi hoan loan chi la nhiing ggi y tham khao.
2.1. Trong sdn xudt tieu thu cong nghiep
Tit xua, cac nghe liiu thii cdng nghiep ludn chiim vi tri quan trgng trong ddi sing kinh le - xa hdi d cac viing ven dd va ngogi thanh Ha Npi, Ml Tri cung khdng phai la trudng hgp ngoai Ie. Trong qua yinh do thi hda, sy phat Iriin cac nghi tiiu thu cdng
Michael Leaf (2011), "Quy hoach do thi tai Vigt Nam c6 vai trd tUCTng d6i md nhat trong vi6c tao dimg hinh anh do thj", Nguon: http;//gsneu.edu.vn/vi-sao-bo-mat-do-thi-viet-nam-bi-chap-va-_i93IOI.html.
Bui van Tuan (2011), "Tac dpng cua do thj hoa din chuygn d i i c a c k nghi nghi?p ciia nguai dan vung yen do H i Npi", De tai cap co so. Ma s6: VNH. 11.03, ITruimg hpp nghien ciru xa Me Tri, huyen Tu Liem, H4 Npi). i & VP &
^ 2 NghiSn ctiu Con ngudt s6S(80) 2015
BuiVdn Tudn nghiep cd y nghTa lan trong viec chuyen dich co cau kinh le ndng thdn, ndng nghiep. Di thuc hien muc tieu phat triin kinh ti xa bdi, cung vdi viec hd yg va phat trien cac nganh nghe, lang nghi lieu thit cdng nghiep, hogi ddng san xual lieu thu cdng nghiep d M8 Tri da cd nhiing budc chuyen kha quan. Nganh nghe tiep tuc phal yien da dgng, giai quyit viec Iam va thu hiit mdl lugng ldn lao dgng trong va ngoai phudng. Ddng thdi, su phat trien ciia cac nganh nghi lieu thii cdng nghiep cQng la each de sir dyng thdi gian ndng nhan cua ngudi dan, nhu nghe iam cdm, nghe iam vang ma, nghe lam mdc,... Viec day manh va phat trien cac nganh tieu thu cdng nghiep se tgo dieu kien thugn lgi cho viec chuyen dich co ciu kinh te ciia Me Tri theo hudng cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda. Qua trinh do thi hda nhanh d5 lam cho co cau kinh te ciia Me Tri cd sy thay ddi ldn Iheo hudng chuyen dan ttr ndng nghipp sang cdng nghiep va dich vu thuang mgi. Ti Irgng cac nganh dich vu thuang mai, cdng nghiep, xay dyng co ban tang nhanh qua cac nam.
Sy phat trien mgnh me ciia cac nghe lieu thu cdng nghiep da tac dgng tich cyc vao viec thay ddi tap quan ttr san xuat nhd, phan tan, ddc canh, ty cip, tu tuc sang san xuit hang hda da nganh, ket hgp san xuat nong nghiep vdi cdng nghipp va dich vu.
Me Tri cd cac nghe truyen thdng ndi tieng nhu lam cdm, biin, moc,... nhung chi phdt trien nhd, do cac hg gia dinh ty lam chu. Hien nay. Me Tri cd hon 200 hd gia dinh san xuat cdm theo miia vu, chii yeu boat dgng vdi quy md vira va nhd. Viec duy Iri va phat trien cac nganh nghe nay cung da mang lai thu nhgp nhat dinh cho cac hd gia dinh, nang cao ddi sdng va tgo viec lam cho lao ddng du thira d ndng thdn. Cac nghe tieu thii edng nghipp thudng gan vdi lich su iau ddi, cha truyen con noi nen sd thanh vien va so the hp trong gia dinh la mdt yeu td quan ygng ddi vdi nhiing hg iam nghe lieu thii cdng nghiep.
Hien nay, d Me Tri, cac gia dinh truyen thdng vdi nhieu the h^ cling chung sdng cdn tdn tgi kha phd biin, do vgy trong linh vyc san xuat lieu thii cdng nghiep, sy tham gia ciia cac gia dinh nhiiu the he vao boat ddng nay cung nhieu ban. De md rpng san xuat, kinh doanh va ho trg nhau phat trien cac nghe lieu thii cdng nghipp, ngudi dan d Me Tri da biit khai thac ngudn vdn xa hgi ciia minh thdng qua cac quan h6 xa hdi yong hg hang, lang xa, cgng ddng nhim huy dpng siic manh ve ngudn luc con ngudi, tai chinh di cd thi diy manh san xuit, md rdng lhi irudng tieu thu.
Bang 1: Quan hf va hinh thirc hop tac trong phat trien tieu thu cong nghiep (%)
Hinh thlic quan h$
Anh em ho hang Nguoi ciine xom Nairai nROai x6m, cung lang Npuoi ngoai lang Ran be
Chung vonde san xuat
23.1 6.5
-
3.1 7.7
Cimg tham gia san xuSt 38.5 47.4 51.6 46.9 46.2
Trao doi thong tin kinh nghiem
3.8 10.5 6.5 6.3 38.5
Iff
26.9 36.8 32.3 40.6 7.7NghiSn Cliu Con ngudl so 5(80) 2015 53
Vdn xd hdi trong qud trinh...
Tren co sd niim lin, quan he cd di cd lgi trong mgng ludi xa hgi, ngudi dan Ml Tri da biit dua vao nhau, ciing lien kil, ho Irg di tim kiim lgi ich trong boat dgng san xuit tieu thu cdng nghiep.
Cd nhiiu hinh thtrc hgp tac, ho trg nhau trong lam an kinh ti dii khdng can huy dpng ngudn vdn ldn nhu cac nganh nghi khac, nhung de san xuit cd hieu qua, san pham co chit lugng thi cin mgt lugng tai chinh nhit dinh de duy tri hogt ddng. Nhu trong phin quan diim ly thuyit vi tinh cd kit cdng ddng - vdn xa hdi da de cap den, vdn xa hpi trong nhiing diiu kien nhil djnh cd thi dugc chuyen thanh vdn kinh ti. 0 day, ngudi dan Mi Tri da huy dgng ngudn v6n xa hpi cua minh trong mgng ludi xa hdi nhu anh em, hg bang, lang xdm than can, hay ngudi than quen, bgn be trong lang, trong xa di huy dpng ngudn vdn kinh ti. Hinh thiic chung vdn di san xuat se giiip cac hg gia dinh, san xuil tiiu thit cdng nghiep huy dgng dugc ngudn vdn can thiet de phyc vu cho san xuit va md rdng quy md. Hinh thiic hgp lac nay phd bien nhat trong moi quan he vdi anh em, hp hang, chlim 23.1%. Hp hang ludn la mdt mdi tuang trg ldn trong viec san xuil tiiu thu cdng nghiep cho cac gia dinh. Dac diem quan ygng cua cac nghe thii cong truyin thing la hogt ddng dya tren quan he hg hang. Neu mgt hd gia dinh van hanh xudng san xuit tiiu thii cdng nghiep lhi nhiing ngudi lam viec yong xudng san xuSl thudng cd quan he hg hang vdi nhau
Ngoai chung vdn, dya tren sy tin tudng va cac quan h | quen biel, cac gia dinh d Me Tri cung ciing nhau tham gia cac hoat ddng san xual lieu ihti cdng nghiep. Tuy khdng phai cac lang nghe san xuat lieu thii cong nghiep phat trien nbu d cac dia phuong khac nhung chi vdi mdl so hp gia dinh boat ddng Irong lmh vyc lieu Ihii cdng nghiep cung giiip Me Tri giai quyel dugc phan nao ngudn lao ddng du thira d dia phuong nay. Vdi nhiing nganh nghe khac nhau, sd lugng lao dgng can ciing khac nhau nen mgi ngudi khdng Cli gi anh em, hg hang trong nha thudng ciing tham gia vao boat ddng san xuat.
Day la hinh ihiic hgp tac, hd trg nhau Irong nhiing nam gan day d Mi Tri. Nhung ngudi ciing tham gia san xuat ngoai mau mu hp hang cdn cd ca nhiing ngudi trong lang xdm, ngoai lang va bgn be than ihich, Irong dd nhirng ngudi ngoai xdm ciing lang tham gia chung vao cac hogt ddng san xuit liiu thii cong nghiSp, chiim ti le la 51.6%.
Ben canh viec ho trg, giup dd nhau ciing san xuit trong ITnh •vyc tiiu Ihti cdng nghiep, cac gia dinh lam nghi cung trao ddi, hgc hdi va chia se, truyin dat kinh nghieni cho nhirng ngudi trong mang ludi xa hdi minh quen biit di ciing lam ra nhihig san pham cd chal lugng phuc vu ngudi lieu dting. Cach hgp tac nhu vay thi hien tinh thin doan kel, ho trg nhau san xuit chii khdng ich ky, giiu nghi, giiu kinh nghiem vi khong mudn ngudi khac ban minh. Viec giup dd nhau vi kiin thiic, kinh nghiem chiim ti I?
cao nhat d nhdm bgn be la 38.5%. Diiu nay cho thiy, vdi viec khai thac ngudn vdn xa hgi, ngudi dan cd the cimg nhau iham gia san xuit, hgp tac trong lao ddng, phat huy cd
5 4 NghiSn ciiu Con ngud! so 5(80) 2015
Bidi Vdn Tudn hieu qua tinh than doan kit, tucmg yg nhau trong lao dgng, khdng nhiing thi nd ciing giiip cho tiin do cong viec dugc diy nhanh, sdm hoan thanh cac don dat hang, cho nang suat tang cao.
Vdi ngudn vdn xa hgi la sy cd di cd lgi, ngudi dan hogt dgng Irong ITnh vyc tieu thii cdng nghiep d Mi Tri cho rang, nghe minh cd dugc la do hgc hdi lir cha dng, tir ban be, va tir ngudi khac, qua thdi gian lam viec ma kinh nghiem dugc tich liiy, lay nghe dugc nang cao. Chinh ttr su yuyin dat va hgc kinh nghiem lan nhau khdng nhiing tay nghe cua ngudi san xuit dugc nang Ien, san pham cd chat lugng hon (Igi ich ma von xa hgi mang lai) ma cdn Iam tang su lien ket giua cac thanh vien trong cdng ddng vdi nhau, qua do tinh cam giiia nhiing ngudi ciing lam nghe ciing dugc cung cd, gin bd va than thiet vdi nhau hon (nhDng he qua tich cue cua tinh cd ket cdng ddng dugc phat huy).
Ben canh hgp tac phat trien nghe thi thi Iruong lieu thu san pham da va dang la van de sd mdt cua cac doanh nghiep ndi chung va cua cac hg san xuat tieu thti cdng nghiep d Me Tri ndi rieng. Mudn cd dugc lgi nhugn thi san pham phai dugc tieu thu yen thi trudng vdi gia ca hgp ly, san pham phai dap iing dugc nhu cau va thi bieu ciia khach hang. Do vgy, lhi Irudng tieu thy san pham la van de khdng the coi nhe trong nen kinh le lhi Irudng. Van dung ngudn vdn xa hdi trong cac mdi quan he quen biet tir quan he trong gia dinh, hg hang, lang xdm, bgn be, cac hg san xuat lieu thu cdng nghiep d Me Tri da ket ndi, md rdng thj trudng lieu thu san pham, dua mat hang ciia minh den vdi ngudi lieu diing khip noi. Day la nhiing kenh hd yg vi thi trudng bieu qua ma ngudi dan ven dd da biet khai thac va sii dung di md rgng diu ra ctia san pham. Hp da lan dung cac mdi quan he trong hg hang, lang xdm di dua san pham ctia minh ra thi trudng (voi 26.9% qua anh em hg hang, 36.8% qua hang xdm Iang giing).
Ben cgnh quan he gin gui nhu trong hg hang, hang xdm than can, ngudi dan d Me Tri ciing huy ddng nhiing kit ndi khac trong mgng ludi xa hdi ciia minh nhu mdi quan he ban be, nhiing ngudi quen biet trong iang, xa de md rdng lhi trudng tieu thu. Trong do, qua kenh ngudi quen ngoai lang hd trg tieu thy san pham chiem ti le cao nhit la 40.6%. Va ban thi, mdi quan he tir ngudi than, hang xdm, ban be,... nbu la chd dya, giiip da hieu qua ca vi vdn, nhan lyc, kinh nghiem ian dau ra cua san pham. Nhd ngudn von xa hdi tao dung dugc ma nhiing san pham tieu thii cdng nghiep ctia ngudi dan iam ra khong chi dugc tieu thu trong lang xa (45.3%) ma da md rgng lhi trudng ra nhiing tinh thanh khdc la 37.5%, va thgm chi cdn dugc tieu thu 1.6% d mgt sd thi trudng qudc ti. Diiu nay cho thiy ngudi dan Ml Tri da khai thac cd hieu qua ngudn vdn xa hdi cua minh vdi nhting bieu hien cu the nhu la sy lin tudng, cd di cd lai va md rgng cac quan he xa hgi d& tim kiim lgi ich frong vipc md rgng thi trudng tieu thu san phim.
Nhd tan dung ngudn vdn nay ma trong hogt dgng san xuit, cac hg gia dinh iam nghi tiiu thli cdng nghiep cd the dya fren su tin tudng de chung vdn, hgp tac yong san xuit;
SgMSn eiiu Con ngutjf sd 5(80) 2015 ^^
Vdn xa hdi trong qud trinh...
dua yen sy cd di cd lai di trao ddi thong tin, chia se va giiip da nhau ve kinh nghiem san xuit; ddng thai dua fren cac mdi quan he di khai thac nhiing thi frudng tieu thu mdi. Khi da tao dung dugc uy tin va sy tin tudng cua khach hang thi san pham lieu thu cdng nghipp cua ngudi dan ven dd se dugc gidi thipu rdng rai tgi nhieu dia phuang khac. Nhimg biiu hien cu thi cua tinh cd kil cgng ddng nhu viec hgp lac, giiip dd va ho frg nhau trong san xuil tiiu thii cdng nghiep da lam cho cac mdi quan he ctia ngudi dan d Me Tri cang dugc ciing cd. Tinh cam giiia anh em, hang xdm lang gieng, ban be mgt lin niia dugc khing dinh, duy tri va that chat. Tir dd ma linh than doan kel frong Iao dgng va san xuit dugc diy manh va phat huy nhim mang lgi lgi ich frong ITnh vyc san xuil tiiu thu cdng nghiep. Hon niia, cac gia dinh boat dgng trong ITnh vyc tieu thu cdng nghipp hiu hit la cac gia dinh cd hai hoac ba thi he vdi bi day kinh nghiem, voi ngudn nhan cong ddi dao la mdt lgi the, va hon the nira la linh cd ket trong gia dinh, ddng hp sg cao ban cac gia dinh khac. Do vgy cd the ndi vdn xa hdi khi dugc khai thac da thuc sy mang lai lgi ich kinh ti cho cac gia dinh san xuat liiu thu cdng nghiep d Me Tri hien nay, hay ndi each khac, tinh cd kit cdng ddng da phat huy he qua tich cue ciia nd Irong hogt ddng san xuat lieu thu cdng nghiep.
2.2. Trong hogt ddng kinh doanli, budn bdn
Trong ddi sdng kinh ti xa hgi cd nhieu bien ddi nhu vimg ven do thi quan he hg hang va lang xdm ludn ta chd dya vi val chat va tinh than cho mdi ca nhan. Cac dinh che hp hang va lang xdm khdng chi quy dinh tinh than trach nhiem va y thiic tuong frg giiia cac ca nhan vdi nhau ma cdn cho phep ngudi la tin cay ian nhau. Tir sy luong trg va lin cay lan nhau dd da tgo ra su gan bd, than thiet trong lien ket iam an va qua dd linh than tap the, tinh than cgng ddng dugc de cao, nhat la trong kinh doanh budn ban, ddi hoi moi ngudi phai cd ngudn von xa hgi de tgo dyng dugc niem tin lir ngudi khac, lir khach hang va cd dugc nhiing mdi quan he de phal trien thi trudng tieu thy. Ro rdng cdc quan he kinh te dd lien ket v&i cdc quan he xa hdi vd phdt trien cdc gia Iri xd hpi, ldm gidu them vd ldm cho vdn xa hdi them phong phu.
La mdl xa ven dd, cimg vdi qua Irinh dd thi hda dan tdi su chuyen ddi co cau nghe nghipp, cac nganh kinh doanh dich vu dang phat trien mgnh mg de bat kip vdi xu huong phat trien kinh te xS hdi cua khu vyc nay. Niu nhu trudc kia Me Tri la mdl xa thuan nong, ngudi dan chi biel lam rugng, ydng mau thi ngay nay, khi nin kinh li thi Irudng da va dang di vao timg dudng lang, ngo xdm, ngudi dan da md rgng giao luu, thdng thuong lam an vdi ban be tai cac khu vuc trong va ngoai viing, xa hon la ngoai nudc, khai thac Igi dii cua khu vyc ven dd de chuyin sang ITnh vyc phi ndng nghiep. Cimg vdi nhimg nghi liiu thii cdng nghipp, kmh doanh dich vu dang phat triin mgnh va thu but dugc nhiiu ngudi ttr ndng nghipp chuyen sang kinh doanh budn ban. Sd gia dinh cd ngucri dang hogt dgng yong ITnh vyc kinh doanh, budn ban, dich vu tap trung nhiiu hon d cac hg gia dmh phi ndng nghiep.
5 6 NgtuSn cdu Con ngudt s6 5(80) 2015
Bill Vdn Tudn Bilu do ]: Tinrag quan loai hinh kinb ti voi si hp gia dinh kinh doanh dich vu
23.7*
• Phi nOng nghiap
• K3nhi7P
Qua bieu do tren ta thay cac hd phi ndng nghiep cd nhieu ngudi tham gia trong ITnh vuc budn ban, dich vu ban cac hd gia dinh kinh te hon hgp: 76,3% so vdi 23,7%. Khi nen kinh te thi trudng dang phat trien, nam bat duge nhu cau tieu diing cua nguoi dan, nhieu hg gia dinh dang iam nong nghiep da tim mdt hudng di khac de chuyen ddi nghe nghiep mong tim kiem co hdi ve phat trien kinh te. Nhieu hg da manh dgn dau lu vao kinh doanh budn ban, dich vy, nham Ihoal khdi ddng rugng.
Cdc gia dinh lam nghe kinh doanh, budn ban, dich vu chu yeu tap trung d nhiing gia dinh cd ttr hai thi he trd len. Kinh doanh budn bdn cilng ddi hdi phai cd ngudi ho trg, vi vgy nhiing gia dinh cd ddng ngudi se la mdt lgi the de phat frien kinh doanh vi nhieu khi mdi mgt khau, mdt cdng dogn trong kinh doanh lai can cd mdt ngudi dam nhiem, hogc nhiiu nguod cd thi budn ban dugc nhieu mat hang ban. Vi vay, tan dung ngudn nhan luc sin cd trong gia dinh, cac gia dinh d Me Tri cd the md rdng kinh doanh budn ban. Phan tich sd lieu tuong quan giiia sd the he trong gia dinh vdi sd gia dinh cd tham gia budn ban, dich vu cho chiing ta thay, cac gia dinh cd hai the he cd sd ngudi boat ddng frong ITnh vyc budn ban, dich vu chiem ti le cao hon vdi 59,9%. Diing Ihu hai la cac gia dinh cd ba thi he vdi 38%. Cac gia dinh cd mdl the he va fren ba thi he cd rit it ngudi hogt dgng trong ITnh vuc nay. Khi gia dinh cd nhieu thanh vien ciing tham gia vao cdng vipc kinh doanh budn ban thi linh cd kel yong gia dinb cung dugc cung cd han.
Di cd diiu kipn lam an dugc vdi ben ngoai, trudc bet ngudi dan d Me Tri da khai diac dua vao cac mdi quan hp cd sin ma chii yeu la mdi quan he trong ddng hg. Tinh cd kit cgng ddng cd the thay da cd vai yd quan trgng trong ddi song kinh ti xa hgi nong thdn do thi hi^n nay. Khi ggp khd khan, tiing thieu thi da sd cac gia dinh hogt dgng trong ITnh vyc kinh doanh djch vu Igi nhgn dugc sy giiip dd tir phia hg hang, lang xdm, nhiing ngudi than thiit yong lang.
NghiSn cdu Con ngudlsSS(ao} 2015
Vdn xd hdi trong qud trinh...
Bang 2: Moi quan he va hinh thirc hgp tac trong kinh doanh, buon ban, dich vu (%)
Hinh thirc quan he Anh em, ho hang Nguoi cirng xom Nguoi ngoai xom, ciing lang Nguoi ngoai lang Ban be
Chung von kinh doanh buon ban
8.0 2.4 1.6 1.1
-
Tham gia kinh doanh
buon ban ciing nhau 18.0 7.3 8.1 17.4 17.6
Trao doi thong tin kinh nghiem
18.0 9.8 14.5
4.3 11.8
Ho trg trong tieu
thu san pham
48.0 70.7 69.4 69.6 58.8 Song trong khu vyc dang cd nhieu bien ddng dudi lac ddng cua dd lhi hda, ngudi dan khdng chi giiip dd nhau ve tinh than ma cdn ve val chat khi gia dinh gap khd khan. Tinh thin tuong than tuong ai, chia nggt se biii khdng chi tdn tgi frong phgm vi gia dinh, hg hang ma cdn md rdng ra frong mdi quan he xdm gieng, bang hiju. Khai thac vdn xa hdi trong nhiing mdi quan he nay, ngudi dan da van dung vao frong cdng viec kinh doanh budn ban de tang them tiem lyc vdn kinh te, phat huy ngudn nhan lyc con ngudi, hgc hdi va truyin dat kinh nghiem iam an ciing nhu khai thac va md rdng them thi trudng mdi. Tir nhiing viec lam nay cang lam cho mdi quan he trong lam an budn ban ciia ngudi dan dugc cung cd hon, mgi ngudi tin tudng, than thiel nhau hem va cdn giiip cho cdng viec kinh doanh dugc thugn lgi.
Tmdc tien, ngudi dan d Me Tri da khai thac ngudn von xa hgi bing sy tin tudng va cac quan he xa hpi de md rgng thi yuong tieu thu san pham va hgc hdi kinh nghiem lin nhau.
Thj tnidng tieu thy san phim la mdt khau quan ygng quyet dinh sy thanh cong frong cdng vipc kinh doanh. Vi vgy, ngudi dan ven dd da biet each khai time cac mdi quan he xa hdi de md rpng thi trudng lieu thy, giiip san pham ban dugc nhanh hon. Trong cac hinh thiic hgp tac kinh doanh, budn ban, hinh tiiirc giiip dd, hd trg nhau tieu thu san phim chiim li Ie cao nhat frong lat ca cac mdi quan he dugc ngudi dan ven do khai thac. Trong dd ngudi ciing xdm cd tam quan frgng, vdi 70.7% gia dinh hogt dpng frong ITnh vuc kinh doanh, budn ban nhan dugc sy giiip dd ve tieu thu san pham. Ddi vdi ngudi dan, ddi khi cac quan hp hp hang xa do it tiip xiic lai khdng than thiit, gin giii bing ba con ldi xdm, vi dd la nhihig ngudi "tdi lira tat den cd nhau" chii khdng phai nha nao biii nha iy. Khdng chi hd trg, giiip nhau frong ddi sdng sinh boat ma frong san xuit, kinh doanh, hang xdm cting giiip da nhau nhiet tinh. Tinh lang nghTa xdm ludn Iudn dugc coi Irgng nen chuyen giup da nhau la chuyen ihudng nhgt d khu vyc ven do.
Ben cgnh hang xdm gin nha la ngudn ho trg die luc cho cac hg lam nghe kinh doanh, dich vu, nhiing ngudi ngoai xdm frong cimg iang hay nhimg ngudi ngoai lang ciing la kenh quan trgng de nguai dan ven dd khai thac md rdng thi truong tieu thu san pham. Sy giiip dd ttr phia hai ngudn nay ciing chiim gin 70%.
58 Nghien ctiu Con ngtiM sS 5(80) 2015
BuiVdn Tudn Ngoai ra bgn be cung giup dd nhiiu ve thi trudng lieu thu san pham cho nhiing gia dinh lam nghi kinh doanh, budn ban, dich vu. Day la mdi quan he ciing dugc nhimg ngudi lam kinh doanh khai thac triet de de ho frg hg phat trien kinh te (vdi 58.8% hp gia dinh nhan dugc sy giup da vi thi irudng tir ban be).
Ve sy hd trg, giup da nhau md rdng lhi trudng lieu thu san pham, quan he hg hang chiem li lp thip nhil (48,0%). Tuy nhien, mdi quan he anh em, hg hang Igi giiip do dugc nhieu trong viec trao ddi thdng lin, kinh nghiem. Mudn kinh doanh dugc thuan budm xudi gid, khdng phai ai cung cd the iam dugc. Nhirng Irudng hgp thua Id dan den ddng ciia khdng phai la hiem. Vi vay de kinh doanh dugc thugn Igi va mang lgi lgi ich kinh te, ngudi kinh doanh, budn ban cung phai hgc hdi kinh nghiem lir nhiing ngudi than quen, ban be, hang xdm. Su chia se thdng tin, kinh nghiem cho nhau se giiip ngudi lam cdng viec kinh doanh van hanh tot hon cdng viec cua minh. 6 ven dd, anh em, hp hang la nhiing ngudi cd vai trd ldn trong cdng viec kinh doanh cua hg gia dinh (vdi 18% cac gia dinh hgc hdi dugc kinh nghiem lam an tir hg hang). "Anh em nhu the tay ehan" nen nhiing bi quyet lam an, kinh doanh cd hieu qua nhieu khi anh em trong nha chia se vdi nhau chir cung it khi truyen lgi cho ngudi ngoai. Vi trong kinb doanh, budn ban ngudi ta de cao lgi ich kinh te ca nhan, sy lya chgn quan he lam an cung ddng nghTa vdi vipc danh gia Iai cac quan he cgng ddng dua tren lgi ich ca nhan. Vi vay ma ngudi Irong nha cd the giiip dof nhau vi kinh nghiem, chir cac mdi quan he xa giao ngoai xa hgi vi lgi ich kinh ti ca nhan nen ngudi ta cgnh tranh nhau va cd khi giau bi quyet kinh doanh, khdng truyin dat lai cho ngudi khac, coi do la vdn rieng cua minh.
Ngoai anh em, hg hang, ban be ludn la nhiing ngudi giiip dd nhau rat nhiet tinh khi gap khd khan. Nhiing kinh nghiem, bai hgc Iam giau trong kinh doanh, budn ban dugc bgn be ri tai" nhau di cimg liin len. Ddi khi bgn be coi nhau nhu anh em yong nha ma giiip dd hoan loan khdng vu lgi. Ngudn vdn xa hgi dugc ngudi dan van dyng trong viec giiip do nhau vi kinh nghiem ihdng qua cac mdi quan He xa hdi da lam ttnh cam anh em, hg hang, ban be cang dugc cung cd va than thiel nhau hon vi cang thudng xuy^n trao ddi, giiip do nhau thi tinh cam cang gin bd, than thiet, day la mat lich cyc ciia tinh co kel cdng ddng.
Trong kinh doanh, budn ban, dich vu, niem tin va chir tin dugc dat len hang diu. Do vay, ngudn vdn xa hdi bieu hi^n la sy tin ludng ian nhau, sy cd di cd Iai yong mang ludi xa hgi cd vai frd quan trgng trong vipc lya chgn ddi tac iam an. Khi lya chgn nhiing ngudi cting tham gia chung von kinh doanh, ngudi dan ven do Ihudng lya chgn nhiing ngudi minh quen biet, dang tin cay. Co sd ciia su hgp tac ve vdn phai la nhiing ngudi dang tin cay, cd quan he quen biel. Dya fren su tin cay, nhiing mdi quan he quen biii, neudi iam cdng viec kinh doanh, dich vu da khai thac mdi quan he trong gia dinh, bgn be, ngudi quen di chung vdn, hgp tac lam an. Tiiy timg muc dich kinh doanh Idn hay nhd, vdi sd vdn ty cd ma ngudi dan ven dd phai huy ddng them ngudn vdn tir anh em, ban be. hang xdm. Khi da tgo dung dugc Idng lin, hg sg nhan dugc su giiip do khi thiiu
NgtttSn Cliu Con ngudl s65(80) 2015
Vdn xd hdi trong qud trinh...
thdn v i ngudn vdn di kinh doanh. Thuc ti, mdi quan he anh em. bg hang la ngudn ho trg hieu qua cho nhung gia dinh boat ddng trong ITnh vuc kinh doanh, dich vu. 18%
nhiing ngudi cd quan he hg hang da cimg tham gia san xuat, kinh doanh vdi cac hg iam nghi nay, va 8% giiip dd v i vdn Ihdng qua hinh thiic chung vdn de kinh doanh.
Cling tham gia vao cdng viec kinh doanh, budn ban, ngoai anh em, hg hang cdn cd bgn be, nhiing ngudi ngoai iang ciing tuong trg, giiip da dugc nhieu cho cdng viec kinh doanh ciia cac gia dinh. Day la hai mdi quan he cd vai trd khdng kem so vdi anh em, hg hang frong viec hd trg, ciing nhau kinh doanh (vdi 17.4% ngudi ngoai lang va 17.6%
bgn be ciing tham gia kinh doanh, budn ban). Diiu nay cho thiy, ngoai mdi quan he frong gia dinh, nhd khai thac tdt mdi quan he xa hgi ma ngudi dan cd the tgn dung dugc ngudn vdn, ngudn nhan lyc de phat trien kinh doanh.
D i cdng viec kinh doanh dugc thuan lgi, nhiing hg gia dinh hogt ddng trong ITnh vyc nay ciing khai thac ngudn vdn xa hgi thdng qua sy giiip do, hd trg cua cac gia dmh frong xdm va nhiing ngudi ngoai xdm trong ciing mdl iang ca ve ngudn vdn va nhan lyc. Viec khai tiiac nhiing mdi quan he nay de pbat trien kinh doanh da giiip cac gia dmh ven do md rpng dugc till trudng tieu tiiu san phim; cd ngudn vdn kinh te va nguon lyc eon ngudi de md rgng quy md kinh doanh, budn ban; ddng thdi cd them kinh nghiem va tgo dung dugc niem tin thdng qua sy chia se va hgc hdi kinh nghiem lan nhau. Dd la nhiing lgi ich thiet thyc khi ngudn vdn xa hpi dugc khai thac trong hoat ddng kinh doanh, budn ban va dich vu da mang lgi cho ngudi dan d Me Tri. Dong thdi, sy lin tudng lan nhau, sy cd di cd lai va khai thac cac mdi quan he xa hdi de tuong tac, giiip da nhau, nang cao sy hpp tac, tuong than tuong ai, tinh thin lap the trong epng ddng lang xa ciing la bieu hien tich cue cua linh cd kit cdng ddng.
Ngudn vdn xa hgi da mang lgi cho cdng ddng cu dan ven do nhiing lgi ich yong phal trien kinh te. ngudi dan d Me Tri da Hen ket, hgp tac, giup da nhau trong qua trinh Iam an, kinh doanh, budn ban va chuyen ddi nghe nghiep, viec lam de cirng nhau lam an cd hipu qua. Thdng qua sy hgp tac, lien ket, giiip do va ciing nhau tham gia cac hogt dgng kinh doanh, buon ban da lam cho sy tin cay giiia ban be, ddi tac va tinh cam anh em, lang gieng dugc cung cd, nang cao va ngay cang gin bd, sin sang giiip do nhau trong cdng.
vipc ciing nhu nhiing khi gap khd khan. Bdi vgy, cd lhi ndi thdng qua cac hgat dpng san suat, kinh doanh va budn ban, ngudi dan d khu vyc ven do da biit khai tiiac ngudn vdn xa hpi ma minh da va dang tgo ra d i lim kiim su tiiuan Igi yong phat triin kinh t i hd, va day ciing chinh la he qua tich cyc cua tinh co ket cdng ddng d khu vyc nay yong qua trinh dd thi hda cd nhieu bien ddi hien nay.
Ket luan
Cd the thay, tat ca cac gia Iri xa hdi do con ngydi tao ra va lien kit cac mdi quan he trong xa hgi tgo thanh vdn xa hgi. Phat Iriin vdn xa hgi ddi hoi sy ddng bd v i phat trien kinh te xa hgi, yong dd giao due, dao tao, van hda va t h i c h i phap ly minh bach, rd rang phai dugc ca xa hgi va nha nudc quan tam.
6 0 NgMSn eiiu Con ngudl s6 5(80} 2015
Bili Vdn Tudn Vdn xa hdi la mdt dgng lyc phat triin mgi mat ddi sdng xa hdi ciia cdng ddng dan cu ven dd. Nghien ciiu that thiu dao va xac dinh rd rang vdn xa hpi yong bdi canh do lhi hda hien nay se la mgt viec iam hit siic cin thiet de cd the van dung, phat huy bieu qua yong cdng cugc xay dung va phat triin ben vung Thii dd Ha Ndi.
Bang ngudn vdn xa hdi la sy cd di cd lai, sy tin tudng lan nhau va khai thac nhihig mdi quan he san cd da mang lgi cho ngudi dan ven dd nhirng lgi ich Irong boat ddng kinh te.
Ngudi dan da hgp tac, giiip do nhau frong kinh doanh, budn ban, dich vu di cimg nhau lam an cd hieu qua. Thdng qua sy hgp tac, giiip dd va ciing nhau tham gia cac hogt dpng kinh te da lam cho tinh cam anh em, hg hang, tinh lang nghTa xdm, tinh ban be than thiet hon, ngudi la khdng chi sin sang giiip dd nhau ve tinh than ma cdn giiip da vi vat chit neu cac gia dinh gap khd khan, hoan ngn. Do vay cd the ndi thdng qua cac hogt dgng kinh te, ngudi dan ven dd da biet each khai thac ngudn vdn xa hgi minh lao dyng dugc de lim kiem lgi ich, va thdng qua dd tang cudng tinh co kil cdng ddng.
Tuy vgy, trong bdi canh chuyen ddi chung cua ca vting va chuyen ddi lao dgng nghi nghiep d dia phuang, nhirng each thiic lien ket hien tgi chua lao nen nhirng thay ddi mpi mat trong ddi sdng ciia cgng ddng, vdn xa hgi tren thyc te cdn yeu va mdng manh bdi chinh cac thanh vien cua mgng ludi van dang trong dieu kien ciia mgt doi song muu sinh. Cac hinh thirc tuong trg lan nhau da cd, nhung thuc chat nd vin chi dugc tao bdi nhihig ngudi than tinh, rudt thit nhat. D6 khdng phai la xa hgi ma su tuong ho, phan chia cac bd phgn cd chiic nang chuyen biel. Do vgy, von xa hgi tuy cd song nd chua dii siic de tgo nen sy thay ddi can ban tir ben trong. Cac chuan myc va gia tri ddng gdp vao viec duy yi va cung co cac quan he trong edng ddng xa hdi ven dd. Tuy nhien, khdng phai mgi quy tac iing xii va cac gia tri cd the tgo nen vdn xa hdi tich cyc. Cdng ddng dan cu d Me Tri duy tri tinh cd ket cgng ddng truyen thdng, mdl kieu lien kit dya tren CO sd quen biii lan nhau, de nhgn ra nhau. Trong khi dd gidi tre lai tim each vuon ra ben ngoai di xay dyng nhiing mdi lien kel mdi. Nhung quan he mdi d ngi thanh cd thi giiip thuc hien trao ddi lao ddng va tao them viec lam.
Qua yinh do lhi hda khu vuc ven do hien nay can phai giai quyet van de la lam thi nao di chuyin ddi sy lin cay cua mdt nhdm xa hgi nhd sang toan the cdng ddng; lam thi nao di niim tin trong xa hdi yd thanh ddn bay cho qua trinh phat triin kinh ti - xa hdi ven do, nhit la d khia canh chuyen ddi co cau Iao ddng, vipc iam, nang cao thu nhap.
xay dyng co sd ha ling va xay dyng he thdng chinh yi,...
Dk phat huy nhiing uu diem cua vdn xa hdi trong xay dyng, phat triin dd thj bin virng vtrng ven do, trudc hgt chiing ta can xay dyng niem lin, gia tri, chuin myc trong triin khai cac chinh sach va giai phap phat Iriin dd thj; tap trung khai thac v6n xa hdi tren ca ba cip do: ca nhan. hd gia dinh va cdng ddng xa hdi, nhat la d cac phuong dien chuyin ddi ca cau nghe nghiep, Iao ddng, viec lam; hudng vao xay dyng cac gia In iing xii lien quan den kinh te, xa hdi. van hda, mdi trudng,... ctia limg cgng ddng. Vdn xa
NghiSn ctiu Con ngudl s6 5(80) 2015
Von xd hoi trong qud trinh..
hoi can dugc coi nhu la mgt nguon lire quan trong trong qua trinh phat trien do thi, vi the chinh quyen cac cap can phai co trach nhiem day du va tao moi dieu kien thuan lgi cho phat trien von xa hgi. Trong qua trinh phat trien viing ven do phai huong den sir nang dgng hoa cac moi quan he cong dong truyen thong, dong thai mo rong cac moi lien ket ciia xa hgi dan sir hien dai, coi do nhu la moi truang phat huy cac nguon luc xa hgi, von xa hgi trong qua trinh do thi hoa khu vuc ven do Ha Ngi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyin Tuan Anh (2011), "V6n xa hoi va sir can thilt nghien cim v6n xa hoi a nong thon Viet Nam hien nay". Ky ylu Hoi thao Qudc tl: Dong gop cua Khoa hoc xd hoi - nhdn vdn trong phdt trien kinh le - xd hgi. Ha Npi.
2. Alejandro Portes (1998), "Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modem Sociology", Annual Review of Sociology, Tr.3.
3. Trinh Hoa Binh (2007), "Von xa hpi - Mpt dpng lire dl phat triln". Tap chi Hoat dgng Khoahgc, S6 4(575),Tr 14-15.
4. Pierren Bourdieu (1985), "The social space and the genesis of groups". Social Science Informaiion, 24 (1985b) 2, Pp.195 - 220.
5. J. S. Coleman (1988), "Social Capital in the Creation of Human-Capital",/fmerican Joiimo/
of Sociology. 94, S95-S120,
6. Le Ngpc Hiing (2008), "Von xa hpi, v6n con ngucri va mang luai xS hpi qua mpt s6 nghien cuu a Vi?t Nam", Tap chi Nghien cuu Con nguai. S6 4(37).
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Viet Nam: Hoi nhgp va Phdt triin. Tap IV, Nxb. Dai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Npi, Tr 461.
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62 Ngliif ciju Con ngum .65(80) 2015
