Von xa hoi trong tuc ngtr, ca dao Viet Nam
Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy
' Trucmg D^i hpc Gido due, Dsii hgc Quic gia Hd Npi.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngdy 25 thdng 4 nam 2019. Chap nhan dang ngay 20 thdng 5 nam 2019.
Tom tat: Tuc ngu, ca dao dupe nhan dan xay dung, due ket tii nhimg kinh nghiem, tinh cam trong qua trinh sinh sdng, lao dpng. Trong dd, long tin xa hpi, each doi nhan xix thi, sy c6 di co lai giiia con ngudi voi nhau la nhimg miit the hien ciia von xa hpi dupe tuc ngii, ca dao de cap den. Tu do cho thay, ngudi dan Viet Nam xua da nhac den va coi ttpng nhung tu tudng, y niem tien than sau xa ciia vdn xa hpi. Phat hien ciia tac gia ve vdn xa hpi ttong tuc ngu, ca dao cita cha dng xua gdp phan dua den cai nhin day dii ve chieu dai phat trien ciia khai niem vdn xa hpi trong nghien ciiu khoa hpc xa hpi hien nay.
Tir khoa: Ca dao, tuc ngCr, vdn xS hpi.
Phan loai nganh: Van hpc
Abstract: Proverbs and ca dao (folk verses) were created by the Vietnamese people from the experiences and feelings in their lives and work. Among those, social tmst, the ways to behave, reciprocity among people, and social norms are the manifestations of social capital mentioned in proverbs and ca dao, showing that the Vietnamese have for ages mentioned and respected thoughts and ideas, which are the imbued predecessors of social capital. The author's findings of social capital in proverbs and ca dao by earlier generations of Vietnamese people confribute to a fiill observation of the development of the concept of social capital in the modem-day social science research.
Keywords: Ca dao, proverbs, social capital.
Subject classification: Literature
1. Dat van de mang nhiing gia tri ve mat tri tue, tinh cam vd nghe thuat bieu hien. Do dac diem ndi Tuc ngu, ca dao la mdt phin phong phu dung va hinh thiic ngdn gpn, cd vdn, de nhit trong van hpc dan gian Viet Nam. Nd nhd, lai mang nliieu y nghTa sdu xa nen tue
ngii, ca dao dupe nhan ddn van dung, truyen mieng qua nhieu thi he. Trong khi dd, vdn xa hdi Id tap hgp nhiing ngudn luc hien hiiu hoac tiem tang, gan vdi viec cd mpt mang ludi ben viing nhiing quan he quen biet hoae thua nhan lan nhau it nhieu dupe the che hda [11]. Vdn xa hdi dupe kit tinh sau mpt qua trinh gdm ed: (1) Sy tin can lan nhau hay niem tin; (2) Su cd di cd lai hay sy tuong hd; (3) Nhiing quy tac hay hanh vi mau muc ehung; (4) Su ket hpp lai vdi nhau thanh mdt mang ludi [2, tr.l3].
Tuc ngii, ca dao dupe nhan dan xay dung tit nhung kinh nghiem, tinh cdm trong qud trinh sinh sdng, lao dpng, the hien quan he vdi thien nhien, quan he xa hdi ttong ddi sdng ngudi lao ddng xua. Trong dd, nhihig bieu hien cua vdn xa hdi nhu ldng tin xa hdi, each ddi nhan xii the, sy cd di cd lai, chuan muc xa hdi... ciing dupe nhan dan due ket ttong cac cau Uic ngu, ca dao. Trong sd hon 2.300 cdu ea dao, tuc ngii thi cd khoang 100 cau ve vdn xa hdi, ehiem 4,3% [7]. Dilu nay ciing cho thdy nhan dan ta tit xa xua da de cap kha nhieu den nhung yeu td ciia vdn xa hdi. Nhu vay, ngudi dan Viet Nam xua rit coi ttpng cac gia tri, chuan muc, cdc khudn phep quy dinh eae hanh vi, iing xir trong cupc sdng ciia hp. Tiep den, hp ludn de cao siic manh ciia su cd ket cdng dong, cua su doan ket, tap hpp thanh mang ludi xa hpi manh me. Su cd di cd lai va long tin xa hdi ciing dupe ngudi dan nhac den khdng it, ehinh nhiing dieu nay se duy tri cho hp nhiing mdi quan he lau ddi va tir do cd thi dat dugc nhiing lgi ich.
Bai viet tap trung phan tich cac thdnh td cua vdn xa hdi dugc ket tinh ttong cac eau
bic ngii, ca dao ciia nhan dan ta the hien thdng qua long tm xa hdi; sy cd di cd lai; gia tri xa hdi; su gin kit mang ludi xa hpi.
2. Ldng tin xa hoi t r o n g tuc ngu, ca dao Ldng tin xa hdi la n i i m tin vao chinh true, dang tin cay giiia con ngudi vdi nhau. Ldng tin xa hdi dua tren cac trdi nghiem true tiep vdi nhung ngudi khac va cd lien quan den ngudn vdn xa hdi. Hay ndi each khac long tin, dp tin cay chinh la co sd, ddng thdi la ddng lyc bao dam sy phat trien ben vung eua vdn xd hdi. "Dp tin cay ay chi cd the dupe xay dyng tren co cau nhiing HSn he minh bach cd gang thda man nhiing quyen Ipi kha the cua mpi thanh phan ttong cdng ddng tren co sd thuang lugng, ddi thoai"
[3, tr.23-24]. Khdng chi d vimg ndng thdn, ma ca d cac cdng ddng dd thi, vdn xa hpi cung cd tdm quan trpng. Dupe hinh thanh va phat trien dua tren long tin/sy tin cay, dp ben viing cita vdn xa hdi tiiy thupc vao mat dp tuong tac/quan he giiia cac ca nhan, cac nhdm xa hdi.
Ldng tin xa hdi dupe ngudi Viet Nam duy tri thdng qua cac mdi quan he giao tiep, qua ddi sdng sinh boat hdng ngay, ede cau ca dao, tuc ngii nay chiem 30% ttong nhiing cau ban ve long tin xa hdi. Ngucri dan cho rang cd tin tudng, tdn ttpng nguai khdc thi ngudi khac mdi tin tudng, ton trpng minh: "Trpng ngudi ngudi lai ttpng than/Khinh di khinh lai, nhu lin ttdn quang" [6]. Viee giii "chii tin", tao dung sir tin tudng ciia ngudi khdc ddi vdi minh rit quan trpng: "Ndi ldi thi gijj j | y j ^
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Dimg nhu con budm dau rdi lai bay" [6].
Bdi mirih cd tdn ttpng, tin tudng ngudi khae thi ngudi khac mdi tin tudng lai minh.
Nhu vay, long tin xd hdi ddi vdi nhan dan can thiet de tao ra nep sdng gan gui, than thiet, dodn ket, tuong ttg Idn nhau. Ngudi xua da biet tdc dung sau xa cua long tin xa hdi nhu mdt loai vdn xa hpi, tao dyng sy gan ket giiia eon ngudi vdi nhau. Bdi vay mdi ed edu: "Bdi anh tin bpm mat bd/ Tin ban mat vp nam co mpt minh" [7]. Sy tin tudng cd tac dung nhu mpt ngudn luc, dpng luc trong ddi sdng lao dpng, nhung cd khi dat niem Hn "nham cho" cung se tao ra nhiing he qud khdn ludng. Xay dyng ldng tin xa hdi la dieu can thiet de ed the phat ttien, tuy nhien can phai xem xet, can nhac nen xay dyng long tin do d dau, vdi ai.
Khdng chi trong sinh hoat bang ngdy, ma ttong ITnh vuc budn ban, ngudi dan Cling de eao sy tin tudng, tin eay nhau.
Trong sd ede edu ca dao, tue ngii ban ve long tin xa hpi thi cd tdi 50% cau de cap den long tin trong lam an, budn bdn [7].
Ngudi dan eho rang lam an, budn ban can that tha, va su tin tudng, tin cay ttd thanh mdt ddng luc, mot ngudn lyc de viec lam an, budn bdn cua ngudi ddn dien ra thuan loi, sudn se: "Quen mat dat hang" [6] hay
"Tin nhau budn ban ciing nhau/Thiet hon, hon thiet trudc sau nhu Idi/Hay gi lira dao kiem Idi/Mpt nha an udng tdi ttdi rieng mang/Theo chi nhiing thdi gian tham/Pha phdi thuc gia tim dudng ddi nhau/Cua phi nghia cd giau dau/CJ eho ngay that giau sang mdi ben" [7]. De budn ban, lam an thanh cdng can phai tao dugc long tin giua eon ngudi vdi nhau. Ddi vdi ngudi dan khi
budn ban thi cd su tin tudng nhau, nhu thi viec lam an mdi cd the tdn tai mdt each Idu ben. Neu cd "gian tham", "pha phdi thuc gia" Vl do la nhung "cua phi nghta", cd giau cimg khdng ben. Budn ban phai tin tudng nhau, that tha, trudc sau nhu mdt thi liic do
"giau sang mdi ben". Neu chi eham eham liia dao de kiem ldi, thu lgi cho ban than thi ciing cd ngay phai tta gia, bdi cua phi nghta, ddi tra thi khdng bin.
Tuy nhien, su tin tudng, dp tin cay khdng phai xay dung mpt each nhanh chdng ma can phai qua thdi gian. Do dd, cd khoang 20% eau ca dao, tuc ngu ve ldng tin xa hpi ciing bay td nhiing kho khan cua viec tao dung long tin: "Thuc lau mdi biet dem dai/Ci Idu mdi biet la ngudi cd nhan" [6].
Sdng cimg nhau, cimg chia se ngpt biii, cung ttg giup liic khd khan hoan nan... mdi ed the biet long ngudi "ed nhan" hay khdng, liie dd mdi cd dugc sy tin tudng vdi nhau. Bdi ngudi dan cho rang: "Dd ai lan xudng vuc sau/Ma do mieng ea, udn edu cho vira/Sdng sau cdn cd ke do/Long ngudi nham hiem ai do cho cimg" [7]. Sdng sau, vuc tham cdn cd the do, chii long ngudi sau can, nham hiem nhu the nao thi khdng the do dugc, ma chi cd the sdng vdi nhau lau dai mdi cd the hieu va tin tudng nhau dugc.
3. Su CO di cd lai trong tuc ngu, ca dao
Sy "cd di cd lai" la mpt yeu td then chot eua vdn xa hdi. Nd gdp phdn giiip cho cae ed nhan xay dung, duy tri va phat trien ngudn von xa hdi cua hp. De tao dung vdn xa hdi bien nd thanh ngudn luc xa hdi, tao dyng su tin tudng, tin cay lan nhau thi can phai cd sy
"co di cd lai" mdt each thudng xuyen, lien tue, can phdi thudng xuyen xay dung, bdi dap cho cac mdi quan he xa hpi. Neu miic dp quan he thua thi su gan ket cua mang ludi xa hdi se mdng hoac giam dan. Trong ddi sdng, su chia se, quan tam, su giiip da, tin tudng khdng chi den tu mpt phia. Mudn xay dyng mdi quan he lau dai, mudn cho mdi quan he dd ttd thanh mot ngudn lye xa hdi thi cdn phdi cd su dau tu cua ca hai phia.
Sy "cd di cd lai" the hien dau tien d tmh yeu thuang giua con ngudi vdi con ngudi, dae biet la tinh cam nam nu. Trong sd cae cau ca dao, tue ngii ve sy cd di cd lai thi cd din 60% sd cau ban ve tinh cam, tinh yeu.
Vdn xa hdi se duoc duy tri vd phat trien ben virng nlu muc dp lien he giiia cae ca nhdn, nhdm dien ra thudng xuyen, khdng gian doan: "Ao nang may nang mdi/Ngudi nang tdi nang thuong", hay: "Ao nang may ndng mdi/Ngudi nang ndi nang than", rdi: "Nang mua thi gieng nang day/Anh nang di lai me thay nang thuang" [7]. Tinh cam, sy tdn ttpng, yeu thuong khdng the den tir mpt phia ma can ed sy bdi dap, se chia, xay dyng tir hai phia. Cudc sdng la su can bang giiia "cho" va "nhan", nhu vay mdi quan he xa hdi mdi lau ben. Khdng the chi mdi
"nhan" va cung khdng the ehi mdi "cho", can phdi cd su dung hda giua "eho" va
"nhan" cd nhu vay ngudi nao cung thodi mai, mdi "toai long nhau". Cac cau ca dao, tuc ngu ve vdn de nay deu cimg y nghia la nlu miic dp quan he thua thi su gan ket cua mang ludi xd hdi se mdng hoac gidm din.
Do vay, mudn xay dyng mdi quan he lau dai, mudn cho mdi quan he do ttd thanh mpt ngudn luc xd hpi thi can phdi cd sy
"dau tu" bing each "An cai rau tta cai dua"
hay: "Cd di cd lai mdi toai long nhau".
Ngoai ra, nhdn dan ta cdn ed nhieu cau tuc ngu, ca dao khac d l ndi v l su chia se, cd di - cd lai d l tao dyng tinh ydu, tinh thuang:
"Thuong ngudi, ngudi lai tiiuong ta/Ghet ngudi, ngudi lai hda ra ghet minh" [7]. Tinh cam cho di thi se nhan dupe tinh cdm dap lai. Thuang ngudi thi ngudi thuong lai va ghet ngudi thi ngudi lai ghet lai. Dd la mpt diem kha can bdn trong xay dyng vdn xa hpi. Vdn xd hdi khde vdi vdn kinh te, cang sir dyng thi cang dupe vun dap, ddi dao, cang "giau cd". Khi tao duge tinh cam cho di, dap lai thi sy cd di cd lai khdng cdn dung lai d mat tinh cam niia ma cdn giiip ich d nhieu phuong dien khac.
Ngoai tinh cam, tinh yeu ndi ehung, sir cd di cd lai con dugc ban den trong mdl trudng gia dinh, trong mdi quan he anh - ehi - em: "Chi nga em ndng" [6], "Muon cbo lam eoi nhieu canh/Mudn cho lam chi, nhiiu anh cay nhd" [7]. Vdi tam ly xem trpng tinh cam nipt thit, "Mdt gipt mau dao hem ao nuac la", vay nen sy yen thuang, chia se qua lai giiia anh chi em trong cimg mpt nhd duge de eao va cd 30% cau ca dao, tuc ngii ve su cd di cd lai ndi den van de nay. Vdi ldng xdm lang gieng, vdi ngudi ngoai da can sy ttao ddi, qua lai thi giira nhiing ngudi than ttong gia dinh dieu nay cang quan ttpng ban. Tinh cam dugc xay dyng, boi d i p bdi cd hai phia. Tuy nhien, ngudi dan Viet Nam ciing mang tam ly:
"Ngudi dung cd ngai thi dai ngudi dung/Anh era vd ngai thi dimg anh em" [7].
Khdng cii gi anh em, chii bdc mdi ddi xii tit
"cd nhan, cd ngai" vdi nhau ma k l cd vm
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Nguyin Thi Bich Thiiy ngudi dung eung vdy, mien sao sdng vdi
nhau that tdt. Neu anh em ma ddi dai vdi nhau khdng tdt thi cung khdng bang ngudi ngoai. Ta ddi xii the ndo vdi ngudi khac thi rdt cupc ta se nhan lai nhu vay: "Trach ngudi mdt, ttdeh ta mudi/Bdi ta bae trudc cho ngudi te sau" [10].
Trong khang chien ehdng My, nhiing cau ca dao, tue ngu d thdi ky nay ehiem khoang 10% ttong sd cac eau ve sy cd di co lai: "Cam Xa Doai gdi vd thi cau Nam Phd ddng bd gdi lai/Hdng lai ttao hang, dau quan ngai chi! Cam chi ngpt thi cau em cung nd ai bi/Cdt lam sao cho tinh Nam Bdc gin chat thi My nguy lam chi ciing khdng sdn" [7]. Cd the cau ca dao la mdt eai cd dl ndi len tinh doan ket ciia nhan dan hai miln Nam, Bac trong eupc dau tranh chdng My nguy. Tuy nhidn, trong cdu nay ciing de cap den viec "Cam Xa Doai gdi vd thi cau Nam Phd dong bd gdi lai", nghta la da cd sy "gdi vd", "gdi lai" de tao ra mdi thdm giao, di lai giiia Nam va Bac. Qua can ca dao nay vira gidi thieu dupe dac sdn ciia hai mien, lai vua ndi len dugc tinh cdm anh em, sy doan kit gin bd, tuong ttg lan nhau trong chiln dau giua hai mien Nam, Bac.
Cam mien Bac ngpt nhung eau mien Nam cung khdng thua, cot lam sao cho "tinh Nam Bac gan chat" de nhan dan d hai mien dat dugc muc dich cudi cung la thdng nhat ddt nude.
4. Gia tri xi hoi trong tuc nga*, ca dao Tuc ngy, ca dao co hang loat cau de cap den viec giao due cho con ngudi each ddi nhan xit the, ca nggi cac gia tri cao dep
ttong tinh yeu, tinh cam giua nhiing ngudi than ttong gia dinh, tinh cdm giua nhiing ngudi cung mot nude, ttong sd cac edu ban ve gia tri xa hdi thi ed tdi 80% ndi den each img xir, ddi nhan xir the, tdn ttpng cac gia tri nen tang: "Giay rach phai giii lay le" [6]
hay "Ddi cho sach, rach cho thom". Du cd ngheo nhung khdng "hen", cd ddi cd rach nhung trong quan niem eua nhan dan ta la con ngudi can phai giu dupe nhan each cho
"sach", cho "tham". Khdng dupe vi ngheo ddi, tiing quan ma sa dpa, suy ddi dao due, rihan pham: "Duong tran phai rdng lam hien/Dimg ttpng bac tien bd nghta bd nhan"
[7]. Con ngudi can phai sdng co "nghta", cd
"nhdn", khdng dupe vi tien bae, vi giau sang ma quen di tinh nghta. Nhan nghta la dao ly quan trpng ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam, du cho ngheo ddi hay gidu sang can phai sdng sao cho ed dupe bai chii nay. Ngoai ra, cdc cau ca dao tue ngii ciing ban ve viec nhd din ngudn edi, nhd on nhiing ngudi da giiip dd, bao bpc minh: "An qud nhd ke ttdng cay/An khoai nhd ke eho day ma ttdng". Con ngudi cdn phai nhd on nhung ai da giiip do, cuu mang, chd che cho minh va hgn niia phai den dap edng on ay, dd chinh la dao ly d ddi.
Ngoai ra, tue ngy ca dao edn cd nhieu cau ban ve khia canh tinh cam gia dinh, nhd on sinh thanh duang due eua eha me, ttong sd cac eau ve gia tri xa hdi thi cd khoang 15% cau dl cap din sy kinh ttpng, hieu nghia vdi eha me: "Cd eha cd me thi ban/
Khdng cha khdng me nhu ddn khdng ddy"
[7]; hay: "Cdn cha got dd nhu son^ln khi cha chit, gdt con den sl" [7]. Cdng on cha me Idn lao khdng biit nao ta xiet, vua sinh
thanh vua duong duo, ngucri dan Viet Nam rdt dh cao vai tro do ctia cha me, cho nen con cai cdn phai ton trpng, nha cm va hon nua cdn phai doi xu co hieu, c6 nghia vdi cha me minh. Vi the, con co cau: "Khon ngoan nho dm cha ong/Lam nen phai doai t6 tong phung tho/Dao Iam con cho hung ho/Phai dem hiSu kinh ma tho tit nghiSm".
Nguai Viet bao gia ciing coi trpng giong noi, dong tpc, cho nen du la ai, di dau, lam gi thi ciing phai nho dSn coi ngu6n, nho den cong lao sinh thanh, duong due cila cha me, nguoi than trong gia tpc.
Trong cac cau ca dao, tuc ngu ve gia tri xa hgi, thi con phan sau cimg cdn phai noi toi la tinh cam yeu thuong, gdn bo giua anh chi em trong gia dinh, c h i t o 5%. Anh chi em trong gia dinh, trong hp tpc phai thuong yeu, diun bpc lan nhau boi: "Mpt gipt mau dao hon ao nuac la" [7]; hay: "Chii nghia la nhuong/Nhuong anh nhucmg chi la nhuong nguoi tren/Ghi long tac da chd quen/Con em phai giu ldy nSn con em" [7]. Da co "mau mu" vdi nhau thi han ngan van "nguoi dung", phai thuang yeu, nhuong nhin nhau:
"Khon ngoan da dap nguoi ngoai/Ga cimg mgt me cho hoai da nhau" [6]. Da la anh em trong mpt nha thi phai giup do, tuong tra, yeu thuong, gdn bo voi nhau han hdn ngutri ngoai.
5. Sir gSn ket t h a n h mang lao l xa hoi trong tuc ngu, ca dao
Von xS hpi lien quan den vi tri mang ludi cua khach the va bao gom kha nang dat dugc cac nguSn luc co trong cac thanh vien
cua mang xa hgi do. Noi each khac, mm, ludi cac quan he la san phdm ctia cac chien luge ddu tu, cua cac ca nhan hoac tap the, cd y thiic hay khong cd y thilc nham thiet lap hoac tai tao cac quan he xS hgi duac su dung true ti6p trong giai doan ngan han hoac lau dai. Trong moi lang xa cd nhimg mang ludi dan nhau lam noi nuong tua cho cac ca nhan, ben ngoai gia tpc va khong le thugc he thdng chinh quyen.
Ngudi Viet Nam dS cao su doan ket, gan b6 giua nhiing ngudi anh em hp hang, trong s5 cac cau ban vi su gan ket thanh maiig ludi xa hgi thi cd 50% cau ndi dSn su gin bd tao thanh mang ludi giua nhung ngucri anh em hp hang: "Anh em nao phai ngum xa/Cimg ehung bac me mgt nha cimg than/
Yeu nhau nhu thd tay chan/Anh em hoa thuan hai than vui vdy" [9]; hay: "Cit dSy bdu day bi/Ai no c&t day chi day em" [7).
Mdi quan he giua nhiing ngudi than khang kbit ddn ndi: "Mpt ngudi lam quan ca hg duac nho" [6]. Khong chi yeu thuang, d m bpc nhau ma cdn phai giiip dd, tuong tro nhau liic khd khan, hoan nan, khi can thiet.
Do la CO sd de tao n6n su gdn kdt xa hgi.
Ngoai ra, nhan dan ta ciing ban den su gdn kdt giua nhiing ngudi trong mgt nu6c, va cac cau ca dao, tuc ngu nay chiem 50%
trong s6 cac cau ban ve su gan ket xa hgi:
"Nhieu didu phu ldy gia guong/Ngudi trong mpt nude phai thuong nhau cung" [7], tit la khdng chi cd cimg ddng mau, la anh em
"mau mu" thi mdi yeu thuong nhau ma &
ngudi trong mgt nude, ehung dong mk
"Tien - Rong" thi phai yeu thuang, tuong tra, doan kdt vdi nhau. Trong Ijch sil dung nude va giu nude cua ong cha ta, viec gan
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ket tuong ttp nhau rdt quan ttpng, dieu do tao ra siic manh vd eung to Idn cd the ddnh dd ngoai xam, cd t h i xdy dung nude nha ben viing, giau dep. Cho nen, ngoai nghta anh em cdn cd nghta ban be, nghta hang xdm lang gieng: "Ban be la nghta tuong tri/Sao eho sau trudc mpt be mdi nen" [7]
hay: "Ban be la nghta tuong than/ Khd khan thuan Ipi dn cdn cd nhau/ Ban be la nghta trudc sau/Tudi tho cho den bac dau khdng phai"; hay: "Ban anh em xa mua ldng gilng gdn" [6]. Ban be, hang xdm lang gilng se tao thanh mpt mang ludi xa hpi rdng Idn, ben canh viee gan ket vi tinh cam con giiip do, tuong ttg nhau khi cdn thiet ve tat cd cac Itnh vuc.
6. Ket luan
Vdn xd hdi trong tuc ngy, ca dao cho thay cdch nhan ddn phat huy nhiing uu diem cita tieng Viet ve mat ngu nghta de bieu hien tu tudng eua minh. Thdng qua tuc ngii, ca dao, ldi an tieng ndi cua nhan dan da duge diie ket lai dudi nhung hinh thiic tinh gian raang ndi dung siie tieh. Tue ngu, ca dao thien ve bieu hien tri tue ciia nhan dan trong viec nhdn thire the gidi, xd hpi va eon ngudi.
Ddng thdi nd cung bieu hien thai dp iing xir va tinh cam ciia nhdn dan ddi vdi nhiing van de cua cudc song. Gan vdi lao ddng, vdi tu nhien va nhimg thang tram ciia lich su, xa hdi, nhdn ddn da bdc Id mdt each sdu sac kinh nghiem sdng, ldi sdng, tu tudng dao diic ciia minh. Nhiing nghien cim ve
• vdn xa hdi ttong tuc ngii, ea dao tren day se
gdp phdn tao nen cai nhin ddy du ve chiiu ddi phat trien ciia khdi niem vdn xa hpi ttong khoa hpc xa hdi hien nay.
T a i lieu t h a m k h a o
[1] Nguyen Tuan Anh (2011), "Von xahoi va may van de dat ra trong nghien cicu von xa hoi a Viet Nam hien n a y , Tap chi Xa hpi hpc, so 3 (115).
[2] NguySn Ngoc Bich (2006), "Vin xS hoi v^ phat trien". Tap chi Tiasdng,sd 13.
[3] Le Dat (2006), "Dan chu va von xa hoi", Tap chi Tia sdng, so 13.
[4] Quy Do (2006), "V6n xS hoi tich luy lau doi", Tap chi Tia sdng, so 13.
[5] Vu Thi Thu Huong (2000), Ca dao Viet Nam - Nhung lai binh. Nxb Van hoa Th6ng tin. Ha Ngi.
[6] Ma Giang LSn (2009), Tuc ngie ca dao Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoc, Uk Noi.
[7] Vu Ngoc Phan (1994), Tuc ngU ca dao ddn ca Viit Nam. Nxb Khoa hgc xa hpi. Ha Noi.
[8] Vu Ngpc Phan (2008), Tuc ngie ca dao ddn ca Viit Nam. Nxb Van hoa Sai G6n, Tp. H6 Chi Minh.
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