Tu- tirong cua Nguyen Trai ve giao due
Nguyen Ba Cuolig"
Tom tit: Nguyin Trai la ngudi cd nhtag nr ttrtag sau sic vl vai tro va ndi dung cua g,ao due. Tu nrtag cua Nguyin Trai vl giao due phu hop vdi cac chuin muc cua Nho gtao. Nhieu noi dung trong Ur nrtag vl giao due cfla ong co gia tri dd, vdi su nghiep giao due, xay dung vfa hoa, con ngudi Viet Nam hien nay
Tir khoa: Nguyin Trai; giao due; dao due, Nho giao.
1. M d d a u
Nguyen Trai (1380 - 1442) cd mot vi ui ddc bict quan Ugng ddi vdi su phdt triln cua Hch sfl dfa lgc va ljch su tu lutag Viet Nam. Ong da dat cg sd cho tu tutag c t a nudc, gidi phdng dfa tdc va xdy dung trilu dai mdi Le so, trilu dai dugc coi la thita vugng cua chl do phong kiln nudc ta. Dilu do thl hien d taflng cdng hiln hit sue to lta cfla dng Uen cdc Itnh vuc chita ui, qufa su, triet hgc, vfa hod, ljch su, dia li, ngoai giao, nghe thudt... Trong he thing tu tutag cfla Nguyin Trai, vin dl con ngudi va gido due con ngudi dugc dng quan tdm Uudc toat. Ong cho rtog, d mgi thdi dai, lu hrtag va chita sach gido due con ngudi, trong dung tato tdi cd tdc ddng true tilp va sdu sac ttri su phdl triln cua dit nudc. Da cd mgl sd tac gia nghidn cuu vl tu lutag giao due cfla Nguyin Trai d cdc phuong dien vd muc do khdc taau [6, tt.8, 13]. Trong phfai vi bai vilt nay, chtog tdi gdp phin lam rd hon hr tudng cua Nguyen Trai vl giao due, qua dd khfag dita them tatag gid tri ttong hr nrtag cua dng dli vdi su nghiep gido due con ngudi Viet Nam hien nay.
2. Tu- tudng Nguyin Trai ve vai tro cua gido due
Nguyen Ttdi data gid ril cao vai ud cua
gido due ddi viji su nghiep bdo ve dpc lap dto tdc, xay dung vd phdl ttiln xd hdi. Dilu dd dugc the hien d tatag cdng viec dao tao con ngucri, ttgng dung tato tdi, gift gin va phat huy dao due, hofa thien tato tam. tDng Uifl:a tafa gido due co vgi Ird dao tgo nen lap ngu&i cd li luting cdng hiin cho ddi nudc-, gido due Id con dutag lao ra tatag site manh vdl chit cho xa hdi, tao ra "thg tot", "thay tdt" de lam cho "dit nudc vtag ben, non sdng dli mtii" ("Nen dig nen thiy vl cd hoc/No fa no mdc bdi hay lam"
[10, tr.l031]). Tft dta hutag ciia nin giao due Nho hpc, ong da due nit dugc tatog gia tti cao quy cua gido due vd coi dd Id ciia bau nghin ddi CThi, Thu diuc iy bdu nghin ddi"
[10, U.658]). Ddi vdi dng, vai ttd to lta cua gido due la phdi ddo tfa nen tatag Idp ngudi cd li tutag cing hiln cho dit nudc.
Dd la tatag con ngudi bilt "coi viec quic gia lam cdng viec cua mita; liy dilu lo cua smh dfa ldm dieu lo thill ki" [10, tt.l42].
Ong quan niem, ngudi hpc bao gid ctag hoc tap ngudi diiy khdng chi vl dao li md cd vl con dutag cdng data su nghiep; chi hutag cfla hp (ra lam quan giup nudc hay d in) diu ' ' Tien sr, Tmcmg Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi GT. 0983221671. Email. cuongnb@hnue,edii,\
TapchiKhoahocxahoi VietNam, so 5(102) - 2016 dta hutag tu ngudi thay ("Ddng ttta ndo ai ching btiri diiy" [10, tt.690]).
Khac vcri lu tutag Nho gido phong kien bao thu chi quan tam gido due cho giai tfag lhdng In, Nguyen Trai cho rfag giao due phai taam den tafa dfa de ddo tfa hg ttd thata con ngudi phdt ttien tofa dien, cd ich cho ddt nudc, biet hi sita, cdng hiln cho dfa lpc; gido due va ddp lao con ngudt la tadm phdt huy sue mfah ndi sita xdy dung nen thai bita, thita tri. VI thl, khac vdi tatag tad tao chuyen day hpc lam kl sita taai, dgi thdi de tiln thto vao con dutag quan lai, dng coi viec day hgc cin phdi dal muc dich luyen truyen gido due tu tutag tadn nghia taam diuc hien 11 tutag c t a nudc, gidi phdng dto tdc va xdy dung cudc sdng no dm, yen binh cho tato dfa. Chita vl y thuc sau sic dugc vai trd va muc dich ciia gido due tau vay nen Nguyin Trai ddi hoi tad giao cfa phdi cd ldi due hon ngudi [10, tt.650]. Mdt khdc, dng cflng yeu ciu bdc tri thuc (taa Nho, tad giao,. .) phdi bill lo trudc cai lo cua thien ha, phdi cd trdch nhiera vdi su fa nguy cfla dit nudc. Dilu dd ctog cd nghia ring, gido due ndi chung hay su nghiep cfla mdi tri thuc ndi rieng khdng the tdch rdi khdi bli cata chita tri - xa hdi va Irach taiem vl nudc, vi dto.
Nguyen Trai khdng dinh ring gido due lao nen nhtag gia trj to Idn cua kiln thuc, cfla sir thanh dat trong cudc sing cua cd nhan va cd cpng ding xd hgi. Ong quan niem sir giau cd khdng phai la nhilu cua cat val chat ma chinh la gidu vln van hda vdn hicu biet (chu nghia). Dl dal dugti dicu dd Ihi moi ngudi phai tu hoc, phai lu lu dutag bdn than ("Nhilu cua iy chang qua chtt nghia/Duong ngudi cho keo nhpc Chan laj"), Nen gido due ill phai dao lao dugc con ngudi loan ven, vtta cd due, vua 82
cd tai. Ong xem viec gido due rto luyen con ngudi cd dao due cdn quy hgn mudn vto cua cai ("Thien tho fa sdch qua ngay thfag/Mgt khfa cam nen miy lang vtog") [10, tr.977, 768],
Theo Nguyen Trdi, gido due cdn cd tac dung md mang dfa tti, giup ngudi lao dpng cd ttita dp kien Ihuc dl lam viec vd cing hien. Ong khing djta, niu bilt chdm lo cho giao due thi se dat thdta qud tau mong mudn. Y nghia cudc sing cfla con ngudi la d su hieu biet ("Mudn to ttdi, dutag nen cay/Ai hpc thl hay, mua le chiy"). Ong coi viec hgc la vd ctag ("rtog Nho", "hiln hoc"); ngudi di hgc phdi thutag xuyen thu lugm kiln thuc, tap ttimg hilu rd npi dung cfla sach vd dl van dung vao thuc ll cdng viec chdm lo ddi song cho tafa dfa, chd nen bon chen tim dutag cdng dfah mpt each ich ki ("Dpc sdch thi thdng ddi nghia sach/Dam dfa mua no mit Idng dan"
[10,lr.957,985, 1053]).
Nguyin Trai cdn chi rd gidn due cd tac dung lam thay ddi bdn lita con ngudi, hutag con ngudi vl vdi bto chit lhi?n ("Trdi phu tinh, udn nen hinh/Al da trimg trtag neo thud sinh"). Su thay dli dd dupc dng tain nhan mdt each thuc tl tren quan diem duy vat mdc mac (tailu khi dugc lilp thu ttt tri thuc vto hod dfa gian). Khi nhin mata den su tat: dpng cua hofa cdta, moi trutag xa hpi ddi vtri con ngudi, dng vill;
"l^hoi cflng dua dai nen biy dai/Kit miy thfag khdn hpc nit khdn/d ding thip thi nen dang thip/Den gin muc, dd gin son";
"Coi pham tue khdi long phdm tuc/Hpc thanh nhfa chuyen thdi Ihanh tato"
[10,lr.856, 981,1059].
Trong khi xdc djta rd vai trd cua gido due, Nguyen Trai cho ring, muc dich giao due la xay dung tafa each con ngudi,
Nguyin Ba Cutag hirtag tdi tatog mdu ngudi II ttrtag (ke si,
bac dai ttirgng phu, ngudi quto hr...). Ddo t»o ngudi qufa tu dugc dng xac dita Id muc lieu cfla gido due. Nhtog phim chit co bfa cfla ngudi qufa hi md dng neu len mang cdc chuto mtrc dao due truyin thing cfla ngudi Viet Nam, cd nhilu yiu t l khdc vdi hmh mail ngudi quto tu cfla Nho gia Trung Qudc. Cu thl, ngudi qufa tti trong tu tutag cua Nguyen Trai cd Idng tato due, dal muc dich cudc sdng vdo su phuc vu tafa dto, thuc hdta tato nghta dl mgi ngudi sdng ttong cata thdi bita, bilt gata vac tatag vipc "cd quan he l t a din su thata hay bai cua qudc gia, ctag noi vui hay buin cua dm chtag", gift chfl tin, "ldm viec phdi dutag hofag", ludn Ihuc thdi vd "xu tri dtog thdi", khdng c l chip tatag viec da qua, stag cd ttach taiem ddi vdi Ijch su, biet dl cao qudc thl va data du ca tato [10,tr.558, 721],
Vdi tu tutag dl cao vai trd cfla giao due, Nguyen Trai da gdp phin dfag kl trong to chuc, xay dgng nin gido due, khoa cu diu didi Le so, thdi diflc mdi tao sita, cdc bdc tti thuc cflng toto xa hdi thiy rd vai trd, ttdch nhipm cua mita trong viec thuc thi m\ic dich gido dvic dl ra. Cd thl ndi ring, vdi tim tu duy giao due sat vdi thuc tl xd hpi, d?t tdi ntah dp khdi qudl ttilt hpc sau sic, tofa dipn, Nguyen Trai da dl lai bdi hpc cd y nghia to Ita dl cdc tad gido due, tad ttr tutag vd cac trilu dai sau nay ttip thu vd hien thye hda d tatog muc dp tail djta. DI taien, ttong phfai vi han chl chung cfla thdi dji vd cfla ting ldp tii thuc tao hpc dugng thtri, tu tutag giao due cfla Nguyen Trai van chua vugt ra khdi ttr ttrtag gido due cua Nho gido, chi mdi chu trpng dao tao tatag "thin dto" dl chfl yiu phyc vu cho trieu dai quto chu; chua chfl
ttgng dao tao tatog "cdng dta" thtrc thu, phdt trien nhto cdch, ntog luc mot each toto dien, dgc lap, dac biet la phdt ttiln khd ntog tu duy sfag tao, ttr chu.
3. Tu- ttrdng Nguyin Trai ve npi dung giao dyc
Ngay hi diu Nguyen Trdi dd lira chgn con dutag lap thto vd giup ddi theo hgc thuyet Nho gia Trong sl cdc hgc thuylt duong thdi (dfa Nho, dao Phdt va dao Lao) thi dao Nho Id hpc thuylt taap thl, dl cao dao lam ngudi, ttong dd cd tatog phim chat cao quy tau; tafa, nghia, tri, tin, hilu, ttung, dtag, liem, chita [2, tr.l07]. Bfa thto su nghiep cfla dng dugc thdta tuu ctag mgt phin Id nhd hgc Nho. Bgi thl, lu ttrtag cfla dng vl ndi dung giao dyc lap trung vao vipc gido due dfa due theo tita difa Nho hpe. Day vua Id dilm nil trdi, taung ddng digi ctag Id hfa chl, thilu tofa dipn trong ndi dung gido due theo quan diem cfla Nguyin Trai.
Tu nrtag coi ttpng gido due dao due da dugc Nguyen Ttai neu lto ngay ttong bdi dau tien md diu phin "Bdo kinh cdnh giai"
(Ldi khuyen rfa tau mgt tim guong sfag quy gid de soi) cfla Qudc dm thi tgp: "Dao due hiln lata dugc mgi phugng". Trong nhtog phim chil dao due co bto cfla dao ldm ngudi, dng coi ttpng gido due "tato",
"nghia" ("tato nghia") "ttung", "hilu",
"can". Theo dng, niu ai cd dugc tatog pham chdt dd thi ching tatag gift dugc su bita yen lau ddi md cdn cd dil bilt each vugt qua khd khfa, hoan nfa frong cudc sdng de dat dugc sy hanh ttidng, ttiita dat ("Nhto nghia ttmg cin giu lich ninh/Khd thl hay kheo, khdn hay hata" [10, tt.938, 944])
Trong ttr lutag Nguyen Trai, tafa nghia chita Id long yeu thuong con ngudi, tita ngudi, sy chfa thdta, thdi do khom dung
83
Tap chi Khoa hpc xahoi VietNam, so 5(102)-2016 dp lugng; khi co giac ngoai xam thi nhan nghTa the hien tinh than yeu que huong dat nuac va the Men trach nhiem ca nhan phai danh giac cuu nuctc, ciiu nha; khi dat nuac hoa binh thi phai doc het tam siic, tai tri xay dung dat nuac, dem lai cuoc song am no, day dil cho nhan dan.
Nguyen Trai cho rang, mpi suy nghi va hanh dpng can phai bat nguon tir nhan nghTa bai nhan nghTa co tac dpng to Ion thu phuc long ngucri, tao nen sue manh tmh than de con nguoi vuot qua mpi kho khan tro ngai dan toi thanh cong. Mot mat "phai liy nhan nghTa lam goe" nhung mat khac, can "lly tri luc lam su ho trp". Ong cung khang dinh:
"Muu tinh viec Ion phai lay nhan nghTa lam goe, hoan thanh cong to phai lay nhan nghia lam dau. Nhan nghTa gom dii cho nen vipc va cong at xong" [10, tr.366, 377].
Neu nhu Nho giao quan niem nguoi co long nhan se ganh dugc nang, ducmg xa van den dich dugc (la vi nhcr co sue manh thu phyc long nguai nen co nhieu nguoi giup da, ho trp) thi Nguyen Trai cho rSng nguai dua vao "nhan" se dugc cai tha vimg chdc cua nili. Dao nhan d6i voi nguai ta khong tu CO ma phai trai qua qua trinh tu tu duang ban than, cung nhu co xanh tu sinh truong trong tu nhien vay [10, tr.685, 663]. Neu noi theo quan diem hien dai thi do la tu tuong tu than van dgng, tu than phat trign trong qua irinh tir dao tao.
Tren co so m6i quan he gitra y thirc, dao dirc \'di dieu kien vat chdt, Igi ich, Nguyin Trai khuyen mpi nguai khong nen vi lpi ich vat chat ma an o thigu nhan nghTa Dii tiing thieu. kho khan van giu dugc long nhan nghia, nhat dinh khong vi doi an, thigu mSc ma diing ciia cai ciia nhirng ke bat nhan, bk nghTa ("Com ke bit nhan, an, ky cho/Ao nguoi vo nghia, mac, chimg tha"). Ong 84
cung nhm nhan ra k8t cyc ciia nhirng ke bit nhan a dcri, dii giau co thi cua cai ciing khong ton tai dugc dai lau ("BSt nhan vo s6 nha hao phu/Cua ay nao ai tung dugc chay"). Dieu dac biet la Nguygn Trai da vugt len quan niem cua Kh6ng Tii va Manh Tii de dua npi dung moi vao tu tuong ve nghTa va Igi. Kh6ng Tii cho rSng "thiy lgi phai nghT den nghia", "hgp nghia thi nhan lgi" (Lugn ngit). Nguyin Trai di xa hem bang each nhan manh rSng phai lam cho dling nghia ("Th3y lgi thi lam cho phai nghTa/Mua tay mat khign lien 16ng dam"
[10,tr.725, 1027, 1031]).
Tai sao Nguygn Trai Iai dg cao "nghTa"
nhu vay? Vi ong quan niem rSng, trong troi dat, xua nay con ngudi di theo cimg mpt con duang, do la dao tam cuong (quan thin, phu tir, phu phu). Trong ba moi quan h? co ban do ciia xS hpi thi "nghia" (dugc higu 1^
tinh cam va trach nhipm) chi ph6i tat ca:
gitra vua va bg toi, giira cha va con, gitJa chong va vg ciing deu phai co nghTa voi nhau. Nhu thg, ong khong nhimg tigp thu gia tri nhan van trong hgc thuyet cua Khong Tir va Manh Tii vg nghia ma con ngu Ien mpt nhan thuc mai khi coi nghfa la sgi day noi kgt tat ca cac m6i quan hp xa hpi. Ong khang djnh siic bgn vung cua nghia hon ca da, vang. Ong cho rdng dii cho da c6 m6n nhung "nghia ching mon", dii nghin kigp thi "nghia van con". Ong kgu gpi mpi ngucri hay gin gitr de nghia ngay cang hung d^t [10,tr.849, 836].
Tir thuc tien ciia dcri sfing xS hpi, Nguygn Trai da khai quat ket qua ciia cac mfii quan hp giiia nguoi voi nguai. Ong cho rang, ngu song co tinh yeu thuang va thuan hoa (Ianh hign, nhu) thi moi quan h? iy dugc bgn chat, thSm thiet ("nhieu ke chupng"); con ngu sfing khdc nghiet, kho
Nguyen Bd Cutag khm, ctog taic ("dft", "cuong") thi mli
quan he ttd nto taata phai tta ("ching ai mtog"). Tu dd dng dua ra tafa dita: ttta yeu thugng con ngudi Id dao li Ihutag cd d ddi ("Ydu taau ching da dao thutag diutag" [10, tt.979]). Nguyin Trai quan tam giao due tita yeu thuong con ngudi vd tmh thin ttach nhiem ddi vdi taau ttong ttag moi quan he xa hgi.
Ddi vdi ngudi dto, Nguyin Trai dac biet chli ttpng gifa due tita yeu thuong va ttdch nhiem ciia moi cd tato trong xa hdi. Tir triet li "con ngudi cd to cd tdng", "ngudi ttong mdt nudc thi thuong taau ctog", dng khtog dita: "Ddng bdo cot taye nghta cfag ben/Cdta Bic, cdta Nam mdt cpi nen" [10, tt.969]. Vi thl, lita yey ttiuong ddng bao, yeu ttiuong ngudi dto phdi la lita yeu diuong rdng Ita tait. Day ctag Id nin ttog cita tafa nghia Dai Viet ma dng da khdi quat: "Viec tato nghTa col dl yen dto",
"Ldy dai nghia dl Uiing hung tfa, dem chi tato ma thay cutag bao" [10, tt.39]. Theo dng, tato nghTa vi dfa thi ldm viec gl ctag phdi thuong yeu dto, bao ve dto, bill hi sita lgi ich bfa thto dl lam liji cho dto, phai cd bta lita Uidng thin Id cdo, lto an chien ttata va sy tto bao khdc doi vdi dto, vd quan ttpng la phdi Uiufa long dto. Nhto nghia vi dfa Uil phdi thfa dfa, "cd chita sdch khoan tafa", phdi tin ttrtag sue mfah cua taaii dto, lin vao khd ntog ciia tato dto ("min ngudi cd tafa la dto, md chd Uiuyln vd lal Uiuyln ctag Id dfa" [10, tt.l 85]). Nhfa nghia vl dfa Uil phai "tru dpc, ttir tham, ttit bao ngugc" dl "khiln cho dan ttong thdn xdm ving khdng cd radt tieng hta gifa ofa siu", dl "ddn giau dii khip ddi phucmg" [10, tr.946, 1025).
Ddi vdi ata em, Nguyen Trai cho ring, phdi bill yeu Uiuong taau, khdng dugc ldm
hai taau vi ctog do cha me sita ra, ctog tau cdta. Id, hoa, trdi ctag do mdt cay sita ra; hodc a t a em tau Uil chfa tay (tiieo tita thto da dugc dto gian diic nit). De khdc sau giao due tita nghTa a t a era, dng mupn hita dta "tttog khdc cdm Uiin lita" cila cay khi chtog kien cdta tatog cata cay khd (ma ttirdc day qua, hat cdn ttroi xata tten dd) Uiieu ndu hat chin tten ngpn lua hung bfa (dng taic lai cau chuyen Tao Thyc - Tdo PW tiidi Tam Quoc). Ong tain mata ring, thl gian ai cd ata em thi bilt tag liy, chd cd quen "nghia de huyta" [10, tt.987].
Ddi vdi tatog ngudi la hpc trd, Nguyin Trai dtag le tu taito dl gido dyc luto li dao dtic vd tita cdm yeu thuong con ngudi.
Ong cho ring, ban be ctag hgc phdi coi taau tau a t a em, tya tau ctag chung mgt hp (ldng tdc), tya tau nhilu taata, tailu cdta taung ctag chung mdt cay, rapt glc ma ra. Vi till, chd cd xem taau la xa (phfa biet thfa sg), chd cd nghe Idi giem pha njta bg dan den co ldng rieng lay thu ghet oto taau, phai bilt tiiuong yeu Uito thich tau chto tay. Theo dng, d ddi sy yeu Uiuong quy ttpng ngudi dung la ctia cdi (ctia dl data), neu ralta cd gdp phai hoan nfa thl hg se lai gitip ralta khdi phieu bat, Ifa dan [10, tt.975]. Dd ctag la tinh nhto qud tit yeu ttong lita yeu Ihuong con ngudi.
Nhu v a y . j d i ndi dung gido due tato nghia, Ngttyin Trai khdng tatog neu ien tatog chuin raye cy thl frong dli xit giua ngudi vtii ngugi md cdn chi ra nguyen tic gidi quyel cdng viec cto cu vao tafa nghia.
Ong muln mpi ngudi tti dutag dl trong mgi suy nghi va hata ddng diu dua tren nen ttag phuong phdp lufa ctia tadn nghia.
Ddy ctag la ttr nrtag chii dao va xuyen suit su nghiep cto nudc, an dfa cung nhu sy nghiep sfag tac ciia dng.
85
p chi Khoa hpc xa hpi VietNam, so 5(102) - 2016 Ciing vai "nhan nghia", thi "trung",
"hieu", "can" ciing la nhimg pham chat dao due CO ban trong nfii dung giao due ma Nguyen Trai coi trpng. Tu tucmg ciia ong ve "trung", "hieu", "can" the hien a ba npi dung chinh sau:
Thu nhdt, "tmng" gan lien vcri yeu nuac, thuong dan "Trung" a Nguygn Trai khong giong vai "himg" trong he thfing hpc thuygt Nho giao phong kign (theo nghia "tmng voi vua", "trung than bat su nhi quan"). Theo fing, trung chi voi nhtmg fing vua vi dan vi nuac. Mo rpng hem, do la "tmng vcri nuoc".
Day chinh la digm khac biet mang tinh nhan van Dai Viet va ciing la su sang tao dfic dao ciia Nguyin Trai trgn phucmg dien tu tuang Nho hgc mang ban sdc dan too. Tu tuong ciia Nguyen Trai vg "trung" thg hien thfing qua chinh cufic dai ciia minh. Ong sinh ra va ldn lgn trong gia dinh co tmyen thfing Nho hpc va khoa bang. Nhung ong d§ vugt Ien nhtmg han che ciia Nho giao tmyen thfing trong quan niem vg "trung" dg CO phucmg thirc xii thg hanh dfing Iinh hoat mang linh tign bfi ro ret so voi nhieu tri Ihlic Nho hgc duang thoi. Khi nha Tran suy vong, nha Ho Ien thay, fing da ra iing thi, do d^t va Iam quan duoi trigu dai nha Ho, mSc dil fing v6n la dong doi Nho gia va dugc an lpc cua trigu dai nha Trdn (dugc sinh ra va duang due duai mai nha ciia fing ngoai la quan Tu do Trdn Nguygn Dan), Khi nha H6 de mat nuoc, fing theo Lg Lgi (thii llnh nghTa quan Lam Son) de danh giac, toan tam phuc vu xay dung nghiep de vuang cho nha Le. Vi le do, nha bac hpc Le Quy Don n h ^ xet: "Cii xem fing giiip chinh tri hai trieu vua, het long trung thanh, tuy dang loi khuyen. thuong bi de nen, ma khfing timg chiu khudt" [9, tr.266]. Cuoc doi va su nghipp giup vua dung nuoc ciia Nguyen
Trai cho thay mot bai hgc co y nghia sSu sdc rdng: "trung" chi co gia trj la mpt phdm chat cao quy ciia dao lam nguoi khi no dugc dat trong mfii quan hp vai mgt trigu dinh bigt lo cho nuoc, biet lam cho dan yen fin, an nhan, khong thuc hien ngn "chinh s\f phign ha" [Binh Ngo dgi cdo] va nguoi dure hien "tmng" chi co mgt muc tigu cao nhit la phung su ddt nuac va nhan dan.
Theo Nguyen Trai, "tmng" la su bigu hien tam long trung thanh son sdt ciia moi nguai doi vai quoc gia, doi voi nha vua biet vi dan vi nuac. Moi khi chimg ta dugc bung bat cam an, dugc song trong canh thanh binh, ygn on thi cdn phai bigt cm dfii voi dat nuoc ("Bat cam xoa nho xS tdc"). Tuy nhien, do van anh huorng sau sdc boi tu tucmg ton quan nen ong chi moi chii y giao due y thlic biet cm dfii voi vua, chiia; fing quy tat ca mpi thii trgn thg gian nay (con nguai va mpi vat), truoc sau dgu do vua chiia quyet dinh; con nguoi co trung thi phai CO y thiic biet on va co hanh dpng bio dap vua chiia. Ong vifit: "Thiiy chung mB vat deu nho- chiia"; "Cho vg cho a dgu on chiia"; "An tu la dy ygu ducmg chiia";
"Dimg Igc thi hay nghia chiia nhieu"
[10, tr.669, 690, 764, 1001, 1013]; "l/ocbe tra an minh chiia/Hfit khoe phii dao thanh nhan" [10, tr.719]. Ong quan nipm rdng mong uoc va quygt tam thfii thi chua thi gpi la tmng dugc ma phai thong qua moi hanh dgng, su vipc cu thg de khdng djnh long tmng thanh, vi nhu chi khi gap h o ^ nan, gifi bao, loan lac, ngheo kho moi biet dugc long tmng thanh, kien djnh cua dao be tfii ("Khi bao moi hay la co cimg/Thud ngheo thi biet co tfii lanh") [10, tr,944].
Theo Nguyen Trai, bfi toi co "tmng" thi phai Iam mpi each dg nuac giau, binh manh, dem Iai ich lgi cho nhdn dan.
Nguyin Ba Cutag Nguyen Trai chii ttirgng gido due y tiiirc
kien tri yd 11 ttrtag stag mong mudn dugc cdng hito nhilu nhdt dugi trilu dai ctia tatag mmh quto, dit phdi ttai qua nhilu gifa nan, vln "mpt tilt bin bing da", yeu nudc, tiiuong dfa md "tdc dd bac mudi phto" taung van "tad chua long cdn son mpt tic" [10, tt.826, 1015], Niu y chi cdng hien dugc thda nguyen till dit nuoc dugc giau mata vd vtog vtog, cudc sing dugc hutag tu do tity tiuch tten sy tiiata bita yen vui tau Uidi tiiita tti Nghieu Thuin.
Nhu the, tiimg vgi vua taung Uiuc chit da dugc mg rgng fliata long lo nudc yeu dto ("niem tm ai").
Nguyen Trai gido due ldng nimg tiiata vol ddt nudc Uidng qua tatog hdta ddng cu till. Quto sT Uii phdi "bing tira long ttung nghia, vdi chi khi dtog cdm,... hit long ging sue, lo bao nutJc tad, ddta duii gidc tiiu, Ulu ve bg coi... hit Unng vtri nugc, ctog long hgp sue, muu rira mdi tauc quic gia, ddta frdn gidta chiln tiling, din dau ctag lap dugc cdng" khiln cho "lilng Uigm Itag lay, sft sdch luu ttnyin" [10, tt.589, 590], Ong ctog yeu ciu bl tdi phdi "hll ldng ttimg phung sy ttilu dita", liy dd id sd nguyen Uiyc sy ctia ddi mmh. 6 day, ong da hgp taat hda giag dyc "trung", dd Id ttnng vdi nutjc, trung vtii vua, vtii ttilu dita. Trung vdi nudc Id vd dilu kien, cdn trung vdi vua, viW ttilu dmh Id cd dilu kien. Dilu kien dd Id vua vd ttilu dita phdi vi dfa ("ttilu dita khofa tafa"), biet chfai lo dyng xay dit nudc, lam cho dfa yen In, an tato.
Thti hgi, "ttimg" gin liln vdi "hilu".
Nhu tten da ndi, "trung" d Nguyen Trai la trung vtii vua, md rtag ra Id trung vdi nudc.
Theo Nho giao vi "Nudc gdc d tad"
("Qudc chi bfa tai gia" - Mgnh Tu, "Ly Ldu tiiugng") nen "ttimg" tiiutag gdn liln vdi
"hilu". Tuy taien, d Nguyen Trdi, "hilu"
dugc quan niem trudc hit la hilu vdi cha me, md rpng ra la hiiu vcri ddn (thutag dugc coi la dai hilu). Ong la tim gutmg dien hita vugt len tatog hfa chl ctog taac khudn mau giao H vl hilu ciia Nho gido. Viec dng tiiyc Men 11 hrtag cfa nudc do ngudi cha ttnyin day Id sy ntah chtog cho tu tutag ctta ong vl ttdch nhiem ctia ngudi con ddi vch Td qudc, dli vdi tafa dfa. Ong cho ring, dao hilu cd d raoi nguoi nen tatog ngudi cd bin phfa Idm con phai lay Idng thao kita bdo ddp cdng on cha mp.
Dya tten ttilt li dfa gian, dng ttnyin tdi tita thfa hilu thuto mdt cdch rit gin gui raa ai ai cung hilu fliiu dugc: "Nudi con mgi bill ldng cha mc", "Smh dugc con Uii cam due cha", "Cd con mdi bill on cha nfag" [10, lr.952, 725, 1013], Nhu till, hilu vdn Id pham chat dao dtic co bto ttong dao li ttnyen flidng ctia ngudi Vipt Nam; "hilu" la nen ttog ctia "ttnng"; ctog tau gia dita (tad) la CO so cua qudc gia (nudc). Nguyen Trai nhilu lin khing dita mpi ngudi phdi cd ttdch tihiem tiiuc hipn ttnng hilu: "Bui cd mdt niim chtog nd tte/Bao ldm con lan dao lam tdi"; "Quto tiifa chua bao Idng earth cdta"; "Bui cd rapt Idng ttnng lan hieu/Mai chtog khuylt, taupra chfag den";
"Bui rapt tira ldng trung lan hilu/Dem ngay cuon cudn nudc ttilu ddng" [10, tr.637, 653, 800], Nhtog luan dilra trto cho flidy rdiig, ttr ttrtag ciia Nguyen Trdi vl ttnng hieu khong hoto lofa la ttr nrtag cua Nho giao Trung Qudc.
Thd bg, "cin" phai gin vdi chdra lo lao ddng.^cong hiln va thyc hata tilt kiem.
Nguyen Trdi qufa niem "cin" thl hipn trudc hel d viec hpc tap cua raoi ngudi.
Ong cho ring, du tdi nfag cd thl cdn han che taung ngudi hpc cin phdi thl hien y chi quyel lara lira hilu vd thuc hdta dao 11 tiidta hiln, nghiln ngam kita sach cua Nho
Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, s^ 5(102)-2016 giao, phai coi viec dpc sach chuygn can nhu viec dam duong ganh vac cfing viec trieu chinh ("Nghigp cii thi thu hang mpt chiirc").
Ong da neu ien qua trinh tich liiy tri thiic dan dgn thanh cong ciia nguoi hpc theo phucmg cham "phai lam nen viec 1cm tir cr viec nho". Theo do, nguoi hgc chi khi "coi chir nghia quy hem ciia cai", chuyen can tich luy tri thiic, gitr gin liem khiet, thi hg moi CO duoc tri tue man tiep, co tai nang.
Ong quan niem "can" con the hien a tinh than hpc tap lac quan, y chi vugt kho dg dat toi vinh quang ("Kho khan thi mac co mang bao/Cang kho bao nhigu chf moi hao"
[10,tr.650,663, 794, 716J).
Trong tu tuong vfi giao due ciia Nho giao Tmng Qufic co quan digm coi thuoTig Iao dgng chan tay (xem viec trong cdy la cita ke tieu nhan ma ngucri dgc sach thanh hien khong mang tinh dgn) thi trong tu tuong vg giao due ciia Nguyen Trai co quan digm col trpng thanh qua ciia nhan dan lao dpng. Ong khdng dinh: "An lpc dgu on kg cay cay" [10, tr.977]. Tinh thdn yeu Iao dgng 6 ong dugc bdt ngufin tir triet li dan gian tmyen thfing rdng lao dfing la dg nufii sfing ban than, con nhtmg ke luoi bieng chi biet an thi cua cai chdt dfing nhu mii non cting hgt ("Tay ai thi Iai lam nuoi mipng/
Lam bigng ngfii an lo mii non") [10, tr.983].
Chinh vi thg, fing khfing chi nfiu lgn ygu cdu gan kgt giifa iao dfing tri 6c va lao dpng chan tay ma con chu trpng giao due tinh ygu Iao dpng, tinh thdn lac quan trong Iao dpng. Ong coi vipc cufic ddt nhu khi di choi xuan, thanh thoi ngam nga vinh canh ("Cay chong luygtngam doi canh/Cu6c choi xuan khap mpi dfii"). Theo fing, khi coi Iao dpng la mpt thii vui thi nguoi ta se dfic hgt sire minh de cay mpng cufic vuim va lam cac cong viec khac ("Ao can vdt beo cdy
mufing/Dia thanh phat co uong sen"; "Ang ciic lan xen vai dau kg" [10, tr.748, 798, 800]). Ong khuyen day con chau cdn bigt lao dpng cham chi, tan dung co hpi vfi tSn trai cho dfi khong tra ngn ngheo kho phai di vay mugn. Ban than Nguyin Trai la tdm gucmg ve tinh yeu lao dgng, dii "lung gdy da xi tuong Iii khii" nhung ong van lam nhirng viec co ich nhu "day lang gigng mdy sinho"[10,tr.665, 669].
Nguygn Trai ciing quan tam dgn giao due nghg nghiep on dinh va y thiic thuc hanh tiet kiem cho mfii nguoi. Theo fing, moi nguoi nen co mfit nghg nghiep fin dinh va can phai lam nghg do mpt each thanh thao, cho tham lam nhigu nghg theo kigu
"hai tho- ba giong". Y thiic thyrc hanh tiet kiem dugc ong the hien ngay trong cupe song thanh bach ciia minh. Do cung la tdm gucmg CO tinh giao dyc cao cho ngucri ducmg thai va h§u thg. Ong khfing doi hoi phii quy phfin hoa ma yen vui voi canh ngheo ("Ccrm an chdng quan dua mu6i/Ao mac nai chi gam theu"). Digu ma ong vugt lgn tu tuomg Nho giao Tmng Quoc con the hien fir cho, ong coi viec tigt kipm tro thanh mpt dirc tinh dang quy, thfi hien cai chi cua bac anh hiing trong cufic sfing ("Phon hoa chang dam ngat ygn phan/Trong thfi anh hiing dy moi bigu" [10, tr.796, 906]). Voi fing, moi giay phiit, thai khdc qua di deu dang gia ngan vang, vi thg ong khuygn mpi nguoi cdn tiet kiem thoi gian. Theo do, chi nhirng nguoi ham mg cong viec (dpc sach va thuc hanh dao li) thl moi cam nhan sau sSc dugc thoi gian vfi cimg quy gia, khfing gi sanh bSng va hg moi co su mong uoc thai gian va cugc doi keo dai hem dg tiep tue CO CO hpi tan hucmg nigm vui vfi tan khi dugc tham thdu va thuc hanh y chi cong hien ciia ban than dfii vai xa hpi.
Nguyen Ba Cudng , 4, Ket luan
I u ttrong ciia Nguydn Trai vl gido dyc con ngudi ttty chii yiu theo flta thin Nho giao taung dugc van dung ttieo fliyc tiln 't ctia xd hdi duong flidi kit hgp vdi dao dta ' truyen thing dto tdc Viet Nam. Nguyen 'j Trai tiiim tauin Nho hgc taung khdng
; giao dieu theo kilu "hit tao". Ong ludn V luon cd y tinic va khdng ngtog van dung
Nho hpc ndi ehung va li lufa gido dyc Nho I hpc ndi ritog vao ddi song Uiuc lien xa hdi
;• nhdm dem lai hipu qud cao tait trong cdng cugc xay dung va phat triln dit nudc (Chu Xdn, sit tad Thata Sfag Dai Viet vdo ndm Chita Hda Uiu 4 (1683) cd tailu flio hay vl Vipl Nam dang lto trilu dita Trung Quic, trong dli cd ldi ton vita Nguyen Trai la ngudi ndi fling vl kita tl [9, tr.284). Sir gia Phan Huy Chii cung khing dita Nguyen Trdi cd sy nghiep "kita bang tl thl" [1, tr.277]). Vdi Nguyin Trai, giao due cd vai trd quan trpng dli vtji vipc ddo tao tato tdi, gitt gin va phdl huy dao due xa hgi, thay dli bto lita va hofa thien phim chit tato each con ngudi; la con dutog tao ra tatog sta mata vat chit va tatog lyc lugng tiln bd thlic day xa hdi phat triln. Ong chii Irpng gido due tatog phira chil co ban ciia dao lam ngudi, tap trung vao nhto nghia, ttnng, hieu, cin, kiera, liem, chita... Chita ong Id m^pt tim gugng sfag vl dao lam ngudi vdi cot cdch dfa lgc va tita hoa tafa loai. Mac dil cdn cd nhtag han chl tait djta trong qufa niem vl vai trd cua giao due vd npi dung gido dyc nhung tatog cing hiln ciia dng da dugc khing dinh. Sy nghiep cua Nguyen Trdi mdi mai trutag lln trong lich sir dto tdc Vipl Nara (Sau khi trich bdi chl vfa truy tfag Nguyen Trai ludc T I vto hiu:
"vfa chucmg sy nghiep chi Iruyln, vita thity hdu till" (Iruyln tung vfa chugng sy nghiep, de mai ddi sau), Le Quy Ddn khing
dita: Nguyen Trdi - "ngudi cd cdng lao dtog diu v l viec giup rap vua, till ngfa nam khdng flil mai mpt dugc" [9, fr.266]).
Tdi lieu tham khao
[1] Phan Huy Chu (2006), Lich triiu hten chuang logi chi, t.l, Nxb Qiao dyc. Ha Npi, [2] Nguyen Ba Cutag (2008), "Tu tutag Nguyen Trai vl dao lam ngudi ttong Qudn trung tic menh lap", Dgc san khoa hpc, Tnrtag Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi.
[3] Nguyin Ba Cutag (2013), "Con ngudi Uong tu tudng Nguyin Trai", T(ip chi Triit hpc, sl 7.
[4] Nguyin Bd Cutag (2013), "Tu tutag cua mpt sl tad Nho Vipt Nam vl ttach nhiem trong quan h? gia dinh". Tap chl Khoa hgc xahpi Viet Nam.
[5] Nguyin Ba Cutag (2013), "Nguyen Trai - Nhd giao due lieti bilu trong ljch sir dan tpc". Tap chi Dgy vd Hgc ngdy nay, so 10.
[6] Nguyen Tiln Doan (1996), Nguyin Trdi - nhd giao due Viet Nam, Nxb Giao dyc. Ha Npi.
[7] Dgi Viel sir ki loan thu (1985), 1.2, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Npi
[8] Vo Xuan Dan (1996), Tu tudng Nguyin Trdi Irong liin n-inh Hch su Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoa - Thong lin. Ha Npi.
[9] Lc Quy Ddn (1977), Todn tgp, t.2, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Npi,
[10] Mai Quic Lien (Chti bien) (2001), Nguyin Trdi loan tdp (Tdn bien). t.l, in lan thir hai, Trung tam Nghien cta Quoc hpc va Nxb Van hpc. Ha Npi.
[11] Nguyin Thi Tuylt Mai (2001), "Nguyin Ttai noi ve giao dyc va ddo tao con ngudi", Tapchi7>/eV/j(jc, so 1.
[12] Biii Vin Nguyen (1984), Vdn chuang Nguyen Trai, Nxb D?i hpc va Tmng hpc chuyen nghiep. Ha Npi
[13] Bill Van Nguyen (Chii bien) (1995), Tdng Idp van hpc Vifl Nam, t.4, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
