T U LIEU T R O N G Nirc^n
TUC NGU'THAI THANH HOA
TRAN SINH
T
rong bai viet nay, chting tdi neu mdt sd chil dd ndi bat trong kho tang ttrc ngir Thai Thanh Hda, nhdm gdp phan bdo tdn mdt linh vuc quan trgng trong ngudn tri thtfc ban dia cua ngudi Thdi Thanh Hda. Ngudn tu lieu ehil yeu la nhiJng cau tiic ngif dugc suu tam tren dia ban cu trti cua ngudi Thai Thanh H d a ( l ) .I. Tuc ngiif ve ndng nghiep
Ngudi Thdi dtic riit duge nhidu cau ttrc ngif dd khuye'n ndng. Ngudi Thdi da ed nhidu thuc tidn tren linh vuc lam lira nudc, coi trgng nhtfng khau lien hodn trong viec cay trdng nhu nudc, gidng, phan. Hg khuye'n khfch phat tridn rudng nudc. han che phdt nuang lam rdy, dieu dd thd hien d cdc cau ttrc ngtf sau:
Hay tem ta
Bau pdn nd hdi ngi
Nuang bao la khdng bdng rudng nhd mpt thua
Pf day sd ddy khoai Pl xia sd tdi gidc
Ldm nuang rdy ndm duac thi dug'c trdu Ndm mdt thi chet doi
Lam nuang rdy phtr thudc nhidu vao thien nhien, ne'u nam nao mua gid thuan hda thi nam dd dugc mtia, cdn ne'u nam ndo thdi tiet khde nghiet thi mat mtia eugc sd'ng bap benh. Mat khde lam nuong rdy la pha rung, huy hoai mdi sinh, mdi trudng anh hudng den ddi sdng con ngudi, chi lam rudng nudc mdi chti ddng, con ngudi cd the dp dung ky thuat, dua nang suat san lugng len cao. Do vay, trong nhan thtfc, ngudi Thai cho rdng dtt nuong rdy rdng bao nhieu cung khdng chdc an bdng mdt thua rudng con.
Y thtfc ldm rudng cdn dugc thd hien thdng qua viec lap mudng, ban. Mudng, ban cua ngudi Thai Thanh Hda ndi chung bao gid cung
Trong qua trinh lao dgng san xuat va giao tiep ung xuf, nguoi Tliai Thanh Hoa qua nhieu the he da tich luy kinh nghiem, tao nen mgt nguon tri thuc phong phu, do la nhiifng cau tuc ngiif. Viec suu tap, djeh tuc ngiif Thai Thanh Hda da co mgt so ngudi thuc hien nhung viec gidi thieu tuc ngiif Thai Thanh Hda thi chua cd cdng trinh nghien cuu chuyen sau nao.
theo ngudn nudc, noi nao cd sdng sudi thi nai dd cd ngudi Thdi thdnh lap ban mudng. Hudng nhd ciia ngudi Thai thudng dira lung vao ntii, mat trude nha quay ra hudng sdng sudi hoac canh ddng de tan hudng ngudn nudc:
Khau dti na, pa dti nam
Cham chdng day kin, non nghin tai gidc Lua dudi rupng, cd dtfdi nUdc
Kheo ldm co dn, sieng ndm che't ddi
Do gdn bd lau ddi vdi nghd Itia nudc nen trong kho tang tri thtfc dan gian Thai Thanh Hda cdn bao luu dugc nhidu kinh nghiem lien quan de'n nghe gieo trdng Itia nudc. Qua trinh khai khdn dat dai lam rugng nudc da gitip ngudi Thai rut ra nhidu kinh nghiem, chgn nhtfng nai dat mdu md de san xuat va sang tao ra rudng bac thang. Ttr lao ddng sang tao, ngudi Thai tao ra sir lien ket siic manh cgng ddng, stfc manh ay cd cdi ngudn ttr nhu cdu tao ra nhidu lira gao de nudi sd'ng con ngudi.
2. Tuc ngOr ve khuyen lam Ngudi Thai Thanh Hda ndi:
Tai pd phang, nhdng pa lieng Sd'ng rifng nudi, diet rifng chdn
Viee bdo ve rirng, trdng ritng, nudi dudng rung da ttr lau la trach nhiem eua cdng ddng, trd thdnh luat le cua ban mudng duge ngudi Thai luu truydn qua cdc the he:
56 313 pi Thang 7-201 oil]
THOMC TIM VAN HOA NGHE T H U A T
Dom pa bay lun lang chdng ma Bay hd nam chti bd lay ldng
Phd chtf day khoam nan mdn chdng pen can Giif rimg cho mudn ddi phdt trien
De cho mudn md nifdc tudn trdo Ai nhd duac cdu dy thi thdnh ngtfdi
Quan niem ctia ngudi Thai la rtrng phai cd cay cd thu che chan cho cac cay con va mudn loai sinh vat phat tridn. cting vf nhu trong ban trong mudng cd ngudi gia lam trii cdt, hudng ddn con chau xay dtrng ban mudng phat tridn.
Nhd rtrng cd nhidu cay cd thit ma giif dugc mtin, dai cdn tai sinh, mitn rac khdng trdi xudng lap rudng, nghen sudi, nude mua ngam vao Idng dat ngan nhtfng con lu d'ng, lu quet.
Cdch tfng xir vdi rtrng nhu vay la rat khoa hgc va nhan van trong cai nhin sinh thai hgc:
Pa ddng xdng cdt May mi khdn Can mi nudt RiUig bat ngdn
Cdy cd long (cdy cd thu gd'c moc reu) Ngudi cd rdii
3. Tuc ngif ve khuyen hgc
Ngudi Thai rat coi trgng viec hgc hdnh, tdn trgng thay giao, ed giao, ngudi da day cho minh vao ddi, ddng thdi cung khuyen mgi ngudi phat huy tfnh ttr lire, ttr cudng khdng trdng chd y lai, thd hien qua cau ttrc ngtf:
Pd me tay, bau qua xay xon Xay xdn bau pdn chd bdn hd ngdm Bd me dgy khdng bdng thdy gido dgy Thdy gido dgy khdng bang minh ttf suy Xac dinh viec hgc hanh la viec lau ddi, hgc sudt ddi, cdn sd'ng cdn phai hgc:
Hoc lac hoc ctin tai Hdc lai hdc tam thau Hgc khdn hoc de'n khi che't Hgc kheo hgc de'n gid
Mgt minh nghi khdng trdn, mdt than lo khdng dugc, vang mudi xep chat kho, chdng biet lieu lo cting bdng vang ri. Hgc thdy hgc ban vd van phong luu. Lam ngudi ma dugc khdn ngoan, cung nhd hgc tap mgi dang mdi hay, nghd gi ta cd trong tay mai sau rdi cung cd ngay cd fch.
4. Tuc ngOr khuyen can
Ttrc ngtf Thai ca nggi, khfch le ngudi sieng nang cham lam va lam an cd tfnh toan biet gdn cudc sd'ng cua ngudi lao dgng dd'i vdi vai trd, vi trf cua minh trong xa hdi, dugc xa hdi quy men, tran trgng. Ngay ttr ngay mdi trudng thdnh eon trai Thdi phai hgc nhtfng viee cdn thiet cua ngudi dan dng nhu dan lat, tap chat dao, riu, tap cdm cdy btra..., con gai Thai phai hgc det thd cam, theu thtia, may vd, cdc cdng viec ngi trg:
Ba hap lua Hua pe ddp
Xong hae he ki nip pd tong Xong md hfu mac phac Vai gdnh citi
Ddu giti be' •.
Hai ndch kep bd dong Hai tay dm bd rau qud Khodng sd bau pd mtr Khoong sir bdu pd mtia
Et day, ddy kin, non nghin tai giac Cita xin khdng dti ngdy,
Cita mua khdng dti ndm,
Chdm ldm cd dn, sieng nam diet doi Gidc mi kin nha ndng
Giac et hdng nha non
Mud'n cd dn ddng sieng ngdi Mudn gidu difng sieng ndm Ngan kham khoong phi pha Khau nam khoong phi then Khoe khen et sd day Vdng bgc Id cua trdi Ggo ntfdc Id cita then, Khde tay ldm se dug'c
Nhting cau ttrc ngif tren xay dimg dtfc tfnh yeu chudng ngudi ham lam, quy ngudi xdc vac, ghet ngudi nhae viec. Ludi bieng chang ai thiet, sieng viec ai cung mdi chdo.
5. Ve giao due each sdng, each urng xir Tire ngtf Thai cdn day dao lam ngudi, giao due mgi ngudi doan ket sd'ng vi cdng ddng, an d phai cd trudc cd sau, sd'ng cd phudng cd ban, sd'ng ngay thdng that tha, tdn trgng ngudi gia, quy trgng tre em:
Cdn ntfng ngdm bau no Cdn nung lo bau khdp fnriSo3i3
M l Thang 7-2010
TLf LIEU TRONG Nl/rir^
Mpt ngifdi nglu khdng ndi Mpt ngifdi lpi khdng khdp
Ngudi Thai quan niem, sd'ng le loi khdng ban be dtt cd tdi gidi den may cung khdng the xay dtrng nen lang, nen ban. Mud'n xay dtrng nen lang nen ban can phai doan ket tap hgp nhieu ngudi cd gia, ed tre:
Lai mdc pin phan Lai cdn pin ban
Nhieu mdy trdi mdi dd nufa Nhieu ngudi mdi nen ldng nen bdn Et phiic nom pha ddy dti di
Et phuc nom phi day dti thdu
Ldm phitc vdi trdi thi duac hifdng lpc de'n gid Ldm phuc vdi ma thi duac thg them tudi Trong giao tiep hang ngay, cdng ddng ngudi Thai cting chti y va giao ditc cho mgi ngudi cdi nen lam, cai khdng nen lam:
Up phai ngdm Hdm phai danh Ndi phdi suy Di phdi nhin
Giae kin ban sd ptic cud'i Giac thtfc xdi sd lac khoai Giac tai xd in mua pi nogng Mudn dn nggt thi trdng chudi Mudn cd tpi thi trpm trdu
Mudn mat ddu tlu yeu vcf ngifdi ta Phep lich sir vdi khach den nha:
' Khdch tdu huan tf ma Cti ma huan linh ngi
Khdch den nhd ddng ddnh did Cd bgn den did ddnh con Mac ndn nha dang lua ddc Pac phdc nha dti khd tang Hay ngii difng ddt ciu muc Hay ndi tuc did a gdn dudng
Vd tfnh cdng ddng, quan niem cua ngudi Thai Thanh Hda cho rdng vd tay can nhidu ngdn, ban ky can ddng ngudi, nhidu cay ldm nha mdi dep, nhidu cgt chd'ng vtfng san, nhidu anh em nha mdi vui ve, sd'ng cd ban cd phudng mdi hay, biet lo thi dugc vg. Chd eo xeo cam dai khdch, chd do dech chd qua lai, chd le la ndi maeh, chd ndi ddi an gian, khdng di tdt vd
ngang, lam ngudi phai trdng rdng nghe xa, biet luat, biei ly mdi la ngudi tinh, rd dudng phai trdi phan minh, sdng cd nghIa ed tinh mdi nen.
Kho tang tuc ngif ciia ngudi Thai Thanh Hda la mgt trong nhtmg phuang tien dd giao due con ngudi trong gia dinh va xa hdi. Ttr nhifng cau tuc ngu cting chii dd, ngudi Thdi da xau chudi thanh nhifng bdi ca ed van dieu, nhdm ran day con ngudi each sd'ng. Nhtfng bdi nay dugc ngudi Thai chep tay va luu truydn phd bien qua nhidu the he trong cdng ddng ban mudng, dugc truydn ggi la nhtfng bai ran day:
Xdng luc pdy tdi khoam md phi Luc dc cham khfnh pd oi
Tdng nghin tgc nhang mi chd khan Pd khodm Itrm bdu mi md khun ma Bau khoam cha khoam chien hd luc Chdng xtfp bay mua na et can Dti luan lang tdnh huan da xang Hiia chd quang man chdng et pin...
Dgn con trudc liic nhdm mdt di xa Con quy, con yeu oi
Mat trdi lan de'n khi lai mgc Bd ra di khdng trd lai bao gid Phai ndi ldi chia tay vinh biet Dan dd con didu an d lam ngudi Con d lai mud'n nha cao cira rgng
Phai cd ta'm ldng thuang men bao dung...(2) Tuc ngtf Thai Thanh Hda la mdt kho trf tue, mdt kho eai khdn cai kheo eua ngudi Thai, ddng thdi nd cung chtfa dung nhidu gia tri vd lich sir, dan tde hgc mang dam ban sdc dan tde ttr each nghi, each ndi. Tuc ngtf Thai Thanh Hda da tdn tai va phdt tridn cting vdi nhtfng ngudi sang tao ra nd hang bao ddi nay. Dd Id mdt ngudn tri thtfc ban dia trong van hda phi vat the cua ngudi Thai Thanh Hda •
TS
1. Tiic ngu gidi thieu trong bai vie'^t la ur lieu suu tap ciii Ha Nam Ninh. Pham Quang Tham.
2, Tac gia gidi thieu loan van bing tie'ng Thai va dich.
Vi ly do ky thuat, tda soan chi xin trich it cau.
Sd313f.]
Thang 7-2010l>J
