KHOA HOC VA CONG Eli mi
CNM
NONG DO DUI VA KHI DOC TAI CAC GUONG LO DA KHI THI CONG VA CAC DIEN PHAP HAN CHE SUANH HUOTNG
Q
ua trinh thi cdng cac edng trinh ngam bao gdm nhieu khau khac nhau va cac khau nay deu It nhieu la nguyen nhan gay ra lUdng bgi va khi ddc tai gUdng Id. Khi gUdng Id cd bgi va khi ddc da lam anh hudng den nang suat lao dong cua c6ng nhan va thiet bj, ddng thdi anh hudng den siic khoe cua ngudi lao ddng.1. Thuc trang ve nong do bui va khi doc tai cac guong Id da trong qua trinh thi cong.
Hien nay d vung than Quang Ninh, khi thi cdng cac dudng Id da thi cdng nghe dao chdng Id dUdc sii dgng chii yeu la khoan nd min va chdng Id bang vi thep Idng mang, be tdng hay vi neo be t6ng phun. Vi vay ngoai yeu td dae diem dja chat cua dat da thi cdng nghe dao id eung la mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhan gay ra lUdng bgi va khi ddc tai gUdng Id trong qua trinh thi edng.
• Nguyen nhan gay ra bgi va khi ddc tai gUdng Id da
+ Nguyen nhan sinh bgi.
Qua trinh khoan cac Id min da gay mot lUdng bgi Idn, qua trinh nd min lam pha vd dat da tao ra nhung hat bgi cd kich thudc nhd va rat nhd chung bay Id iCfng trong khdng khf. Qua trinh xuc bdc va van chuyen, qua trinh thdng gid va thanh phan ed hat cua dat da tai gUdng Id cung la nguyen nhan lam cho cac hat bgi da lang lai dUde day bay len.
+ Nguyen nhan sinh khi ddc
Qua trinh khai thac than lam phat sinh mot loat cac khi doc, khf chay nd nhu: CH4, CO, C O j , N P y (NO, NO2...), S O , (SO2, SO3,...), H2S, v.v... Ham lUdng cua cac chat khf nay trong khong khi phg thupc vao cudng dp va mat dp eua cac hoat ddng nhu nd min, xuc bdc, van tai, sang tuyen. Thanh phan hoa hpc cua dat da tai gUdng Id, thanh phan hoa hpc cua thudc nd sCf dgng, khi thai do thiet bj dUdcsLf dgng thai ra.
• Ndng dp bgi va khi ddc tai cac gUdng Id da d vung than Quang Ninh
Vdi nhung n g u y e n nhan tren da lam cho ndng dp bgi va khi ddc len c a o . Tai cac gUdng Id da d vung than Q u a n g Ninh lupng bgi va khi
ThS. TO BICH HANH
Trwdng Dai hoc Cong nghiep Quang Ninh
ddc dao d d n g t r o n g k h o a n g dUdc the hien d trong Bang 1.
Bang 1. Nong dd bui va khi ddc tai cac guang Id da thudc viing than Quang Ninh
Thanh phan Bui 1 SO2
NO2 NO CO NH3 H2S CO2 CI2 CH4
Ndng do 0,7-:-2,75 0,085^1,800 0,0002^0,096
0,6U0,93 0,009^ 4,36 0,034-;-0,062 0,0184-0,037
0,8:3,8 0,001:0,003
0,0^22,71
Ddn vi mg/m^
mg/m^
mg/m^
mg/m'^
mg/m^
mg/m^
mg/m^
mg/m^
mg/m^
% Ham lUdng bgi du'dc phat thai phg thupc vao dae diem cua cac hoat ddng san xuat. Theo Tieu chuan ve sinh lao ddng 3733-2002 ciia Bp Y te quy djnh ndng dp tdi da eho phep bgi trpng lUdng c6 ch^a ham lupng silic Idn hdn 20 den 50 % la 2 mg/m^ So sanh ket qua quan trac tai mot s d dudng Id thudc Quang Ninh vdi TCCP cho thay:
• Tai Ld chd via 7 m^c +250/+300 F11^F12:
Ham lUdng bui do dUdc la 2,75 mg/m^ vUdt TCCP 1,37 Ian.
•:• Tai Ld DV 6 miic +250: Ham lUdng bgi do dupe la i2,56 mg/m^, vUdt TCCP 1,28 Ian.
m^c +250: Ham lUdng bgi do VUdt TCCP 1,3 Ian.
m^c +173: Ham lUdng bui do dat TCCP.
7B m^c +173: Ham lUdng bgi do dupe la 1,48 m g / m ^ dat TCCP.
• Tai Ld XV 4 + 8 miic +131: Ham lUdng bgi do dUdc la 0,98 m g / m ^ dat TCCP.
• Tai Ngam TGVT mu'c +71 via 1C: Ham lUdng bgi do dUdc la 2,25 m g / m ^ vUdt TCCP 1,12 Ian.
• Ciia Id dpc DV 6A miic +120: Ham lUdng bui do dupe la 1,42 m g / m ^ dat TCCP.
•:• Tai Ld DV 5 dupe la 2,61 mg/m^
•:• Tai Ld DV 7 dupe la 1,63 mg/m^
•:• Tai Ld XV 7^
CONG NGHIEP MO SO 6 - 2 0 1 0
CNM
KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO•:• Tai Ld XV6A miic +71: Ham lUdng bgi do dupe la 1,37mg/m^ dat TCCP.
•:• Tai Ld chd V6A miic +71++120: Ham lUdng bgi do dupe la 2,37 mg/m^ vUdt TCCP 1,18 Ian.
• Tai Ld DV 8 miic +320: Ham lUdng bgi do dupe la 1,45 mg/m^ dat TCCP.
3
•:• Tai Ld DV 7 m^c +320:
dUdc la 1,43 mg/m^ dat TCCP.
• Tai Ld DV 8 m^c +260:
dUdc la 1,67 mg/m^ dat TCCP.
• Tai Ld DV 7 m^c +260: Ham lUdng bgi do
^Udc la 1,73 mg/m^ dat TCCP.
Ham lUdng bgi do Ham li/dng bgi do
2.5
1.5
0.5
H L 6 cbtf V 7 + 2 5 0 / + 3 0 0 F l 1 a F l 2 E3L6 DV5-1-250
• Lo X V 7-:- 7 B m i i t + 1 7 3 E3Ngam T G V T + 7 1 via I C 0 L 6 X V 6A mijCt + 7 1 n L o D V Smijfc + 3 2 0 H L o DV 8 miJtt + 2 6 0 a T C V S L D 3 7 3 3 - 2 0 0 0 2
• L 6 D V 6 + 2 5 0 i n L o D V ? mure + 1 7 3
! 3 L 6 X V 4 - : - 8 mLj(>: 1 3 1 H C Lfa 16 D V 6 A m dec +1 20 H L 6 cha V 6A miirc + 7 1 - : - 1 2 0 S L o D V 7 milrc + 3 2 0
CaLo D V 7 mijfc + 2 6 0 H. 1. Ham luang bui do tai mdt so guang Id da
Utm4mmmmii££u
2. Anh huotng cua bui va khf doc den sure khoe ngudi lao dong
• Tac hai eua iDgi den ed the.
Bgi trong khong khf tdn tai d 3 trang thai phan theo kfch thude hat.
- Cac hat ed kfch thudc > 0 ^m roi cd gia tdc trong khdng khf gpi la bgi.
- Cac hat cd kfch thudc 0,1^10 |j,m rdi tdc dp deu trong khdng khf gpi la may bgi (hoac sUdng mu).
- Hat cd kfch thUde 0,001+0,1 jim ehuyen ddng Brae khdng roi gpi la khdi.
Tae hai eua bgi ddi vdi cd the phg thupc vao kfch thudc dudng l<inh hat bgi.
- Bgi kfch thUde > 50 ^m chi bam vao doan dau cua dudng hd hap, khdng gay tae hai.
- Bgi 10+50 nm di sau hdn nhung vao phdi ft, khdng dang ke.
- Bgi < 10 i^m Ipt vao tan phdi ed hai cd the. Dae biet bgi eh^a SiOj gay cUdng mang phdi va gay ra benh: benh phdi nhiem bgi da hay cdn gpi la benh Silicol dupe tao ra do bgi da chiia SiOj la chat dpc.
khi tae dgng len phdi lam gc che sg hoat ddng cua eae te bao phdi. Khi phdi bj nhilm Si02, phdi tg ve bang mdt sd te bao vay quanh cac hat bgi (gpi la te bao xd hoa) va cac te bao do mat ch^c nang hd hap. Khi sd hat bgi vao cang nhieu thi sd te bao sd hoa cang nhieu, cae te bao cdn lai phai lam nhiem vg hd hap qua siic cCia minh. Do vay phdi se yeu di, vi khuan gay benh se ed dieu kien xam nhap, dac biet la vi trung lao.
Qua trinh phat trien cCia benh bgi phdi chia lam 3 giai doan:
- Khi lao dong nang cam thay khd thd, dau nggc, ho khan va yeu met
- Khd thd khi lao dong chan tay va lam nhung viec binh thU'dng cung dau ngUe, ho khan cd ddm, do md hdi chan tay.
- Thd gap khi lam viec binh thU'dng, khi nghi ngdi ho cd ddm ra mau.
Ngoai ra bgi cdn gay ra mdt sd benh khac nhU:
benh dUdng lid hap, benh ngoai da, benh dudng tieu hoa.
• Tac hai ciia khf dpc den cd the CONG NGHIEP MO SO 6 - 2 0 1 0
KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO CNM
Bang 2. Tinh chat, mUc do nguy hiem va nguyen nhan sinh ra cac loai khf ddc Khf
SO2 NO2 CO H2S
CO2 CH4
Tfnh chat, miic dp nguy hie'm
Khdnq mau, vi hdi cay, 0,0002 % gay khd chju, 0,5 % gay nqat.
Lam chay nUdc mat, niidc mui va ho. Vdi liidng 0,025 % (theo the tfch) cd the gay nqat. Khf NO, bi phan hu^ manh trong hdi nifdc va ni/dc Khdng mui, khd ngufi, gay met mdi, chdng mat, ij tai, non mCfa. Ndng dp 0,01 % gay ngat, 0,4 % gay chet ngUdi, 12,5+74 % gay nd.
Khdng mau, mui thdi, vi hdi ngpt, rat de hoa tan trong nudc. Vdi 0,00001
% da tac ddng den khiiu giae, 0,001% bj nhilm dpc, >0,05 % thi nguy hiem, 0,1 % cd the gay chet ngifdi.
La chat khf khdng mau, khdng mui, khdng vj. Vdi 0,1 % gay ngat, cd the din tdi tii vong. Khi 0,01 % neu tiep xuc nhieu se anh hifdng tdi sifc khoe lau dai La chat khf khdng mau, khdng mui, de chay nd. Cd the no d ndng dp 5+14
%. Khi nd sinh ra mot lifdng ap suat Idn gap 8 Ian so vdi tnidc khi nd, nhiet dp sinh ra khi nd cd the ien tdi 1850 °C va san sinh ra cac san pham khi dpc hai dac bityaJfeblCO rat nguy,Mam,fitp tfnh mang con ngudi.
Ngudn gdc Do nd min Sinh ra do nd min Do ddng cd dot trong, ndmin, ndbgi...
Tfch tg trong khe da va cac tang nude ngam
Do nd min, chay md.
Thudng tich tg d cac hoc da va khe nut
3. Cac bien phap han che' s u anh hUcing bui va khi doc den sure khoe ngudi lao dong
Thgc te tai cac md thudc vung than Quang Ninh phUdng phap chCi yeu su dgng de giam lupng bgi va khi ddc la phUdng phap thdng gid. Tuy nhien liieu qua dat dUde chUa eao. Vi vay tae gia xin dUdc dua ra mdt sd de xuat ve giai phap lam giam lupng bgi va khf dec trong md nham cai thien dieu l<ien lam viec cua ngudi edng nhan va giam bdt sg anh hudng den sge khoe eua hp.
• Giai phap giam lUdng bgi Chdng bgi khi khoan Id min
Bign phap khoan udt: cdn gpi day la bien phap riia Id khoan. Nhd bien phap nay bgi khdng thoat ra khdi Id khoan d dang tg do ma ket fidp vdi nude, bgi id khoan bj day ra ngoai eung vdi nude d dang dung djeh. LUdng nUde can cung cap eho 16 khoan de dat dupe hieu qua khii bgi khdng dUdc nhd hdn 31/phut ddi vdi loai khoan nhe va 51/phut ddi vdi loai khoan nang.
Lam am sd bd via than bang eae Id khoan nhd Khoan ban Udt: day la bien phap khii bgi khi khoan nhd bpt vang. Mieng Id khoan dupe bijt kfn nhd mot Idp bpt vang, nd cd the ^iu bgi tao ra do khoan, lam cho bgi khdng cd kha nang tung vao khdng khf. PhUdng phap nay thudng dung d nhifng md hiem nude hoac de giam dp am trong kh6ng khf hay de bao ve dat da d nen Id.
Chdng bgi khi khoan khd: bgi khoan dupe hut ra khdi 16 khoan theo hai each: hut bgi qua mieng 16 khoan hoac qua ranh eua ti khoan.
• Chdng bgi khi nd min
Dung man sUdng nUdc: bien phap nay tien hanh bang each tao ra sau guong Id mot doan dai tg 10- 20 m mot man sUdng gdm nhifng hat nude vd cung nhd, cac hat nude nay lam am bgi, khi dd trpng
lupng cua bgi tang len va bat budc chung phai lang dpng.
Nap bua nude cho eae 16 min ket hdp eae tui nude treo: day la phUdng phap dung bua nude thay eho bua dat set. Vd tui nUde dupc che tao tg pdlietylen va ed dudng kfnh < dUdng kfnh 16 min 1-3 mm, chieu day vd tui tg 60 -70 |am. Khi min nd, tui nude vd va tao ra cac hat nUdc nhd.
.1
H.1. Nap bua nudc
<• Chdng bgi thii sinh
Khi xuc bdc: Xuc bdc can than, kh6ng chat qua tai, che chan bat kfn thung xe. Giam sg roi vai, mat mat do tran va bay tat trong qua trinh van tai, chdng bgi bang each phun nudc len khoang san va dat da khi xuc bd'c.
Chdng bgi khi van chuyen: tudi nude lam am be mat cCia than bang he thdng phun sUdng, han che tdc do gid, phun tudi nude thudng xuyen d cac diem chuyen tai than, dat da...phun nude tUdi d ndi xuc bdc, phCi bat kfn than hoac dat da tren xe khi tham
CONG NGHIEP MO SO 6 - 2 0 1 0
CNM
UlrtliJlia Irti I'SliiE SiHsU gia giao thdng tren dudng. Cai tao nang cap dudng.Trong dd phun tudi tao dp am ve mat thiet bj rat ddn gian va ed the ap dgng rong rai va hieu qua vdi dieu kien cua cac md d thdi diem hien nay.
Sii dgng thdng gid de chdng bgi khi dao Id trong da. Khdng khf dUa vao phai sach, khdng ch^a bgi, ndng dp bgi tdi da trong khdng khf <2 mg/m^ khdng khf. Lull lupng gid dUa vao phai du de lam loang ndng dp bgi.
• Giai phap giam lUdng khf dpc
Nap bua nude cho cac id min ket hpp cac tui nude treo. PhUdng phap nay mdt mat chdng bgi, mat khae do tae dgng lam lanh tao ra kha nang chdng chay khf va bgi than, ddng thdi edn hap thg tdt eae chat khf khi nd min (oxit nitd...).
De dam bao an toan va de phdng tai bien chay nd khf metan trong cac md ham Id can thiet lap dat he thdng kiem seat khf metan tu dpng cho toan bp cac dudng Id nhUsau (H.2).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Du Dau cam bien ( r
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dng dat Tram phan tfch
sd lieu
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Tren mat dat Accu an
toan tia .<.
Ilia
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* phan tfeh so lieu
/ ' May tfnh dieu khien
VWSS ^^mmmiR tfc
H.2. Sa do hoat ddng cCia he thong kiem soat khf me tan tU ddng Dam bao tdt che dp thdng gio md, thudng xuyen kiem tra lUu lupng gid, ham lupng khf dpc trong ham Id bang may do ham lupng khf CH4 chuyen dgng. Cae dudng Id thdng vdi cac khu vUc da l<hai thac khdng cdn sif dgng phai bjt kfn de khf doe trong vung da khai thae khdng tran ra eae dUdng Id dang hoat ddng. Cac trang thiet bj dung trong ham Id phai la thiet bi an toan nd.
Giam bgi va khf dpc bang bong bdng khi: Dung thiet bi phun bong bdng ehga khf bay Id lifng trong khoang khong trUde gUdng Id de hap thg bgi vakhf dec. Khf dupe dung lam bong bdng la klif Nitd. Khf nay cd khdi lupng phan tii la 28 nhd hdn khdi lupng cua khong khf la Idve. D6 dd bong bdng khi dUdc phun ra se nhe hdn khdng khf va bay len nhung do SLf dgng mang nude nen bgi se bam vao bong bdng, ddng thdi cac khf nhu CO2, N02...se dUde hap tiig vao mang bdng bdng va dUde lang xudng.
Vl the ham lupng bgi Ip liing va khf ddc trong khdng khf trude gUdng Id se giam.n ,
1. Nguyen Van Dude, Vd Trpng Hung. Cdng nghe xay dUng cdng trinh ngam trong md. NXB GTVT. HaNpi. 1997.
2. Ngd Doan Hao. Bai giang bao ve m6i trudng an toan lao dpng.
3. Dang Vu Chf. Thdng gid. Bai giang dai hpc.
4. Hoang Van Nghj. Nghien eiiu lUa chpn phUdng phap dieu chinh luu lupng gid cho mot sd md ham Id vung Quang Ninh.
5. Cac bad eao ket qua quan trie mdi trudng tai mot sd md thupc viing than Quang Ninh.
6. Dust extractors principle of operation, Howden group. UK.
Ngudi bien tap: Ho Sy Giao
py-':5n' ] ,,,,i^,.,.j.^,.,v.,.,_,,.:,,,armful j;
gests: the solutions to j ;
NGHllN 0U1J XAY DUNG
(Tie'p theo trang 16)
nang eao cdng tac dilu hanh san xuit va hieu qua eua day chuyin tuyIn va la phin khdng t h i thilu cua mdi day chuyin.C!]
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Trin Xuan Hda. Quy hoach, thuc tiin va triln vpng phat triln nganh Than Viet Nam. Tap chi Than-Khoang San Vift Nam. IHa Islpi. 2010.
2. Nghien ciiu thilt k l c h i tao va xay dung he thdng dilu khiln tap trung-do ludng tu xa thdng sd cdng nghe nha may tuyln. Bao cao tdng kit d l tai.
Vien Khoa hpc C6ng nghe Md-TKV. Ha Noi. 2002.
3. Hoang Minh Hung va nnk. Nghien ciiu cac giai phap c6ng nghe nhIm nang cao c6ng tac sang tuyln phuc vu chiln luge phat triln bin vung trong khai thac, su dung than d Viet Nam. Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe Md. Vien KHCN Md. Ha Noi. 2007.
Nguai bien tap: Dao Dac Tao
i v study to form the concentrated system supervising and controlling the coal sifting line
in the Quang Ninh enterprises. '''••••••''//•.•y-,^..\\
CONG NGHIEP MO SO 6 - 2 0 1 0
