TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Mai Thi Hdng Tuyit
^ VAN HQC DlTOfl GOC NHIN KI HIEU HOC
MAI THj H Q N G T U Y ^ T '
TOM TAT
Ki hieu hgc vdn hgc Id mot trong nhirng khuynh hudng nghien ciru vdn hgc gidu tiim ndng, ddng duge quan tdm hien nay. Ddy Id khuynh hudng bdm sdt vdo ngdn ngir tdc phdm - dieu md phdn dnh ludn - khuynh hudng dang ngu tri trong nghien cim vdn hgc hiin nay cdn hgn chi. Song du bdm sdt vdo ngdn ngu, vdo cdu true tde phdm, khuynh hudng nghien cuu ndy ciing khdng phd nhdn jy dnh hirdng ciia boi cdnh giao tiip ddi vdi vdn di nghTa cua tde phdm. Vi vgy, nd eho phep ngudi dge di sdu vdo tdt cd.cdc quan he CO bdn eiia vdn hgc vdi hiin thuc, vdi nhd vdn. vdi bgn dge vd vdi ehinh bdn thdn nd. Diiu dd giup cdng vi^c nghien eiru vd gidng dgy vuan tdi su todn di^n, trdnh phiin diin hay cue doan.
Tir khda: van hpc, ki hieu hge, ngdn ngu" vdn hpc.
ABSTRACT
Literature in the view of semiotics
Literature semiotics is one potential trend of literary research which is concerned nowadays. This is the trend closely following the language in the work that theory of reflection, the trend dominating in literature research, is now limited. However, despite closely following the language and work structure, this research trend does not deny effects of communication context on the meaning of the work. Therefore, it allows readers to go into the details of all basic relations of literature to reality, writers, readers and itself. This helps the research and teaching to reach to the comprehensiveness and to avoid the unilateral and extremism.
' Keywords: literature, semiotics, parole.
1. Dat van de nghien ciiu Ld Nguyen (Mgt so vdn de vi Trong bdi Vi ki hiiu quyen, Lotman ki hieu hgc vdn hda) [6], hien nay tren the lu. M. cho rdng, chiing ta dang sdng gidi da cd ba each djnh nghTa khdc nhau:
trong mdt thl gidi ki hieu. Dilu dy cho (1) Cdch djnh nghia mdu muc va thdy nghien ciiu ki hieu hpc la mgt viec phd bien nhdt vl ki hieu hpc la djnh lam cd y nghia thiit thuc. Chinh vi vay, nghia dua vao ddi tugng: Ki hieu hgc Id nhilu nha nghien ciiu dd ddnh nhilu sir khoa hgc ve cac ki hieu va/hoac ve cdc he quan tam cho ITnh vuc nay. He qud la ki thdng ki hieu.
hieu hgc dugc dao sdu, ddng thdi cac van (2) Dinh nghia theo kieu thii hai la dl ki hieu hgc trd nen phong phii, da djnh nghia d\ra vao phuong phap: Ki hieu d^ng vd phiic tap. Chdng han, ngay each hgc Id khoa hgc dem cdc phuong phap hiiu thl ndo Id ki hieu hgc, theo nha ngdn ngCr hgc dp vdo nhung ddi tugng
" TS, Tnj&ng Dgi hpc Su' pham Hd N0i 2; Email: [email protected]
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S3 5(83) ndm 2016
"khac, khdng phdi la ngdn ngii tu nhien.
(3) Dinh nghTa theo kilu thir ba la dinh nghTa ciia Lotman lu. M. Theo Lotman, ki hieu hgc la khoa hgc ve cdc he thdng giao tilp va cdc ki hieu dugc sii d\mg trong qud trinh thdng tin.
Djnh nghTa theo each thii nhdt cd the thdy d cdng trinh cua U. Eco (Mdt li thuyit vi ki hieu hgc, 1976) vd phd biln h-ong dinh nghta cua cdc tir dien en. m.wikipedia. org, Oxford advanced learner's dictionary /'' edition, Microsoft student with Enearta Premium 2008 DVD... Dil dugc chap nhdn rdng rdi nhung each djnh nghia nay I^i qud chung chung. Dinh nghTa thii hai cho thdy mgt khuynh hudng tiep can ma ngudi ta ggi la truyen thdng Saussure. Quan diem sau day ciia I. I. Revzin the hien rd nhdt dilu nay: "Ddi tugng cua ki hieu hgc la mgi khdch the cd the mieu td bdng cac phuong tien ngdn ngir hgc" [Ddn theo 7, tr.97]. Nhiing nhd nghien ciiu theo khuynh hudng nay lay ngdn ngu hpc lam tnmg tdm, ngdn ngtr la true quy chilu dl xem xet cac he thdng ki hieu khac. Djnh nghTa thii ba ciia Lotman gdn chat vdi van de giao tilp vd thdng lin trong giao tiep. Nd Id he thdng tu tudng da giup dng trinh bay thuylt phuc cac vdn dl trong Cdu true vdn bdn nghi thudt. Nhin lai quan dilm nay cd thl thdy Lotman da chi ra ddc tnmg cdt loi nhdt cua ki hieu vd ki hieu hpc. Bdi khdng thl cd ki hieu nao tdn tai ngoai giao tilp, ngugc lai cung khdng the giao tilp nlu khdng cd ki hieu.
Hon niia, cdu tnic ciia ki hieu, nghTa cua ki hieu chi cd thl hinh thdnh vd sdn sinh trong giao tiep. Khi dp dung cdc vdn dl
ciia ki hieu hgc vdo thuc tien vdn hpc, chiing tdi di theo each tiep can nay. Tuy nhien, h-ong gidi han ciia bdi viet, chung tdi dimg lai d viec khdng dinh ban ch^
giao tiep ciia van hgc va lam ro h^ thing ki hieu tham gia vao qua trinh giao ti^
van hpc.
2. Giao tiep van hoc
Vdn hpc da dugc nhin nhan dudi nhieu gdc do khac nhau. Ngudi ta da xem van hgc nhu mdt hinh thiirc phan dnh doi sdng; nhu mpt hinh thdi y thiic xa hoi;
nhu mdt loai hinh nghe thudt sii dung ngdn tir lam chdt lieu... Q ddy, khi xem xet van hpc dudi gdc do cua ki hieu hpc, khdng the khdng nghien cim bdn chit giao tiep ciia nd. Cd the ndi, van hgc noi rieng va nghe thuat ndi chung Id mdt hinh thiic giao tiep quan trgng cua con ngucri.
Ddy la mdt hudng khdm phd cd y nghTa Idn vi: "Nghe thudt la phuang thiic luu trir vd chuyen tai thdng tin dugc nen chat va tilt kiem nhdt" [5, tr.l26]. Han nua, theo Lotman, "viec kham pha ban ch5t nghe thudt vdi tu cdch Id he thdng giao tiep cd the tao ra budc ngoat trong cac phuang phap bao luu vd truyin dat thong tin" [5, tr.54].
Y thiic xem vdn hpc nhu mot phuong tien giao tiep cd the da xudt hien tir sdm nhung mdt hd thdng li thuylt xem van hpc la mdt hinh thiic giao tiep thi lai xudt hien kha mugn. Aristotle trong Nghe thudt thi ca mdi chi ndi den md phdng, chua ndi den giao tilp. Hegel cd ndi den tir giao tiep nhung chua thuc sir quan tam den vdn de nay. L. Tolstoi trong Nglie thudt Id gi? da budc ddu dl c^'p phuong dien giao tidp ciia van hgc nghS thuat.
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Mai Thj Hdng TuyStVao nhflng ndm 20 cua thl ki XX, Voloshinov trong Chu nghia Mdc vd triit hgc ngdn ngir ldm sang td hon van de ndy. T^i Viet Nam, Trdn Dinh Sir la mdt trong nhimg ngudi y thiic rd nhdt bdn chat giao tiep ciia van hgc, ciia hinh tugng van hgc. Trong mdt tai lieu viet tir nam 1972, nha nghien curu nay cho rdng:
"Trong qud trinh sang tao va giao te nghe thudt, hinh tugng tdn tai d ba giai doan, dudi cac dang va chdt lugng khac nhau:
trong cdu tii ciia nghe sT; trong tdc phdm nghe thudt vd trong tudng tugng sang tao cua ngudi thudng thirc" [9, tr.4]. Nam 1986, Hoang Trinh dat ra van de nay trong mdt bai bao cd ten Giao tiip trong van hgc (Tgp chi Vdn hgc). Ngdy nay, nhin Iai, chiing ta thdy giao tiep vdn hpc Id mpt trong nhiing hinh thiic giao tiep lau ddi nhdt ciia con ngudi. So vdi nhieu hinh thiic giao tilp khac, giao tiep van hpc cd mdt ljch sir dai. Ndi nhu Hodi Thanh, vdn hpc ra ddi ciing vdi nhflng budn vui cua loai ngudi va se ket ban vdi Ioai ngudi cho den ngay tdn the.
Giao tiep van hpc la mpt trong nhung hinh thiic giao tilp dac biet giiia con ngudi vdi the gidi, giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi. Xet tir md hinh giao tiep i sau thdnh phdn ciia R. Jakobson, chiing ta thdy tdt ca cac ylu td tham gia vao giao tilp van hgc deu dac biet.
::' Thii nhdt, glao tiep van hgc la mdt t hinh thurc giao tiip phitc tap dan cdi t nhiiu quan he. Dd la giao tilp gifl-a "tdi"
f vdi "tdi", "tdi" vdi'^nd", "tdi" vdi "chiing
!' ta", "tdi" vdi "hp"... Dac biet, neu frong p cdc hinh thdc giao tiip khdc, quan he j: "tdi" - "toi" Id quan h$ thu yiu tht
trong giao tiep vdn hoc, day lai Id dang quan trgng. Alain Robbe-Grillet da sdm nhan ra dieu nay: "Viet la bac mdt cay cdu ndi Hen minh vd minh" [Ddn theo 4, tr.22]. Q Viet Nam, cd nhd tho giai bay rdng cd nhiing dieu khdng viet ra dugc thi tdi lam tho, lai cd nhirng ngudi cd gang viet de hieu minh trong timg chdng cua cugc ddi. Khi anh ta cd gang "lot xdc" va "lot xac" thanh cdng de hda nhap vdi cudc sdng mdi, nha tho nhan thdy:
Xua phil du md nay da phii sa Xua bay di md nay khdng trdi mdt Cho den dugc... lua vdng ddt mat Phdi tren long bao trdn gio mua qua"
(Nay da phil sa - Che Lan Vien) Din cudi ddi, nha tho dy Iai mgt Idn niia dau ddn vi:
Ngudi diin vien dy ddng trdm vai vai ndo cung gidi
Chi mdt vai khdng ddng ndi - Vai minh"
(Tho vi tho - Chi Lan Vien).
Tham chi, tdc pham van hgc viet ve ngudi khdc, ve mdt the gidi khdc nhung cung la de hieu chinh minh. Den lugt ngudi tilp nhan, dgc mdt tdc pham ve mdt ai do trong mgt the gidi nao dd cung la mdt each de giao tiep vdi chinh minh, qua dd giao tiep vdi ddng loai. Ben canh dd, giao tiep trong van hpc ciing Id mdt dang giao tilp ddc biet gifl:a ngudi vdi ngudi vi giao tiep trong van hpc chi cd thl thuc hien tren co sd "ddng y", "ddng chi", "ddng tinh" (nhu each ndi cua nha tha Td Hihi). Giao tiep vdn hpc khdng thl thuc hien trong dilu kien ngudi sang tao vd ngudi tiep nhdn khdng cd su ddng
TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM
Sd 5(83) nam 2016cdm vdi nhau d mdt miic do ndo dd. Vd tac phdm van hgc se chi cd gid trj vdi nhiing ngudi hieu nd va yeu nd.
Thir hai, yiu td ngQ- cdnh frong giao tilp van hgc ciing hit siic dac biet.
Trong cac loai hinh giao tilp khac, yeu td ngii canh it cd sir bien ddi hoac cd su biln ddi thi ciing khdng dnh hudng nhieu din viec hieu thdng diep. Trong khi dd, vdi vdn hgc, ngit cdnh cho SH* ra ddi cda mgt tdc phdm vdn hpc cd the cd dfnh nhtmg ngit cdnh tiep nhan tdc pham lgi thay ddi Hen titc. Nd thay ddi trong khdng gian va thay ddi trong thdi gian.
Bdi vi ngudi tiep nhdn, giai ma tac pham vdn hgc thuge nhieu thdi dai va d nhilu noi khac nhau. Chinh su thay ddi ve ngii canh giao tiep la mdt yeu td quan trpng ddn ddn viec hieu thdng di?p tac pham ciing thay ddi.
Thii ba, giao tiep vdn hpc Id dgng giao tiep dgc bi$t vt vdn hpc sik dung mpt he thong ki hiiu dac biet. Chiing bao gdm ngdn tit van hpc, van bdn van hpc, tdc phdm van hpc vd dac biet Id hinh tuang van hpc. Nhung he thdng ki hieu nay cd tinh dgc ddo, chiing khiln cudc giao tiep trong vdn hpc trd nen ddc dao. Ndi nhu Lotman: "Vdn hgc cd mgt hd thdng, chi ddc trung rieng ciia nd, cua cac ki hieu va cac quy tdc kit hgp chiing, nhiing ki hieu va quy tdc dimg cho viec truyin dat nhihig thdng bao dac biet md bdng nhiing phuong tien khac thi chiing ta khdng thl truyin dat dugc" [5, tr.49].
Vi thl, trong phdn tilp theo, chiing tdi se phan ndo lam ro dac trung ciia he thdng ki hieu trong giao tilp van hgc.
3. H€ thong ki hieu trong giao tilp van hoc
3.1. Ngdn ngit vdn hpc nhir mpt he thdng ki hieu
F. Saussure trong Gido trinh ngon ngit hgc dgi cuong da lam sang td ban chdt ki hieu ciia ngdn ngii. Trong cac nghien ciiu ciia cac hgc gid sau nay, ngon ngfl trd thanh he thdng ki hieu tigu bilu nhdt. Tuy nhien, do mdi la ng3n ngit tit nhien. Khi di vao tac phdm van hpc, ki hieu ngdn ngit dd dirac tdi ma hoa M trd thdnh ngon ngit nghi thuat. Ngay tii nhflng nam 1920, M. Bakhtin trong Nhirng vdn di thi phdp Ddxtdiepxki da nhan ra dieu nay. Ong som chi ra ring, he thdng li thuyet ciia Saussure khi dupc ap dung dl nghien ciiu tac phdm vdn hgc de cd nhiing venh lech, bdi vi ngdn ngfi trong tac pham van hgc la sieu ngdn ngir.
Ngdn ngfl" hgc ciia Saussure la sir truu xudt ngdn ngfl- khdi trang thdi ho^t dpng ciia nd de nghien ciiu cdn ngdn ngii trong tac phdm la ngdn ngir sdng trong giao tiep, ngdn ngii mang tinh ddi tho^i. Phat triin quan diem nay cua Bakhtm, cdc nha nghien ciiu da tim cdch phdn tdng ngon ngir. Hg xem ngdn ngtr tu nhien va ngon ngii nghe thuat la hai tdng bdc ngdn ngu khdc nhau. Lotman lu. M. trong Cdu triic vdn bdn nghi thudt [5] phan loai ki hieu ngdn ngtr thanh: ngdn ngtr tu nhien (nhu tiing Anh, tiing Phap, tiing Nga...); cac ngdn ngii nhan tao nhu ngdn ngfl khoa hgc (cac sieu ngdn ngu ciia nhiing su mo td khoa hpc nhu ngdn ngii vdt li, hda hgc, toan hpc...), cac ngdn ngii ctia nhiing tin hidu udc djnh (nhu ki hieu dudng sa.-) va cdc ngdn ngii thii sinh hie la cac cau tnic giao tilp dugc xay dung chdng len 106
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
Mai Thi Hdng Tuyittren cac cap dp tu nhien ciia ngdn ngii.
Tat cd duge cdu tnic thanh hai tdng ki hieu: Tdng he thdng ki hieu thii nhdt bao gdm: ngon ngfl- tu nhien (loai hinh thir nhat) va cac ngdn ngii nhan tao khac (loai hinh thii hai). Tdng he thdng ki hi^u thii hai chi cd mdt loai hinh la ngdn ngfl" nghe thudt (gdm van hgc, am nh^c, hgi hpa, kien tnic, dien anh, miia...). He thdng bac dudi cd ddc diem la phu thudc vao bdc tren, cd chd dua vao bac tren de lap ma va gidi ma. R. Barthes trong Nhirng huyen thogi ciing cd quan diem tucmg tu nhu vdy. Ong cho rang ngdn ngfl: tu nhien la ngdn-ngu'-ddi-tugng. Nd ndi len cac sir vat, cd the bdc Id mdt each de dang cdn ngdn ngtr huyen thoai la sieu-ngdn-ngii, nd ndi ve cac su vat, bdc Id khd hon nhilu. Nhu vdy, van hpc nghe thudt khdng su dung ngdn ngir ty nhien de xdy dung hinh tugng ma nd ndi bang mdt thii ngdn ngtr dac biet, thii ngdn ngfl- cd dugc xdy chdng len ngdn ngtr tu nhien vdi tu cdch la he thdng thii hai. Nhdn thiic dugc su phan tdng dy, chiing ta mdi nh|in ra sir phi li trong mdt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu cd xu hudng gdn nhirng ddc diem ciia ngdn ngu- tu nhien nhu tinh chinh xdc, tinh td chirc, tinh cu thl... cho ngdn ngu ngh? thuat. Va dilu nay cung khiln ngudi dgc them hieu vi sao khi Stalin de xudng luan diem ve su thdng nhdt todn ddn cua ngdn ngu, M. Bakhtin Iai cho do Id su hgp nhdt "bdt hgp phap".
Trong phdn tiep theo nay, chiing ta se tilp tue lam r5 sir khac biet gitia ki hieu ngon ngfl: tu nhien vd ki hieu ngdn ngii nghe thuat. V. Vansldp trong Ngi dung vd hinh thirc trong nghi thudt phdn
biet hai loai ngdn ngu: nay dua vdo chiic nang va pham vi sir diang ciia chiing.
Trong khi dd, dua vao each phan biet tho ca vdi mdt sd the loai phi nghe thuat, V.Sklovski dl xudt tinh 1^ hda, R.Jakobson de xuat tinh tho... Cac pham trii nay ap dung vdi tha thi cd ve chinh xac song vdi van xudi thi vdn cdn khodng each (Chdng han, vol nhieu trang viet thupc van hgc hdu hien dai thi khd cd the tim thdy tinh tho ciia ngdn tir nghe thuat).
Do dd, cdc nha nghien ciiu vdn tran trd di tim nhiing each phan bidt khdc. CJ ddy, dua vdo ehinh edu true eua ngon ngir, chiing tdi tiep tue tim hudng phdn biet giua ngdn ngii tu nhien vd ngdn ngii van hgc.
Thii nhdt, don vi bilu dat ciia ngdn ngfl- tu nhign Id dm vi. hinh vi, tir, cdu cdn don vj bieu dat ciia ngdn ngfl nghe thudt chinh la motif. Ve vdn de khai niem, M.L. Gasparov trong "Tren ddu toi lgi nhirng ddm mdy den... ", phuong phdp phdn tich cho rdng hinh tugng la mdt su
vat hay mpt nhan vat dugc hinh dung mdt cdch cam tinh, tire la mdi danh tir deu cd tilm ndng dy. Motif la mgi boat ddng, tiic la mdi dgng tir deu cd tiem nang cdn cdt truyen la trinh tu lien tue cua cdc motif cd quan he gdn bd vdi nhau. Vi du, theo B. I. Jarkho, "ngua" la hinh tugng, "ngua gay chdn" la motif, "ngua gay chdn Diic Ki-td chfl-a lanh chan ngua" la cdt truy?n. Mdi tdc phdm ke cd truyen, tho hay kjch... deu cd motif cua nd. Chang han, khi ta dpc Truyen Hd O Loi (LTnh Nam chich qudi - Trdn The Phap), ca mdt doan van ddi tir chd Ddng ST Doarih di sii, than Ma La bien tharih ST Doanh
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 5(83) ndm 2016
dem dem den tu thdng vdi Vu Thj, Vu Thi sinh ra mdt boc den, nd dugc mdt con trai, den nhu muc, mdi la mgt motif - motif sinh nd than ki. Ddi vdi tho ca ciing vdy, don vj bieu dat cung la motif Chiing ta dd biet den nhilu loai motif trong ca dao song khdng phai chi trong ca dao mdi cd motif. Dgc bai tho Ta cua Che Lan Vien vdi nhiing cdu tho nhu:
(...) Hdn cua ai tni dn a ddu ta?
Y eua ai trdo lin trong ddy de Di bay theo tiing cudi, dieu khdc Biet ldm sao giit mai dugc ta day.
Thit eu ehiu theo thu due chua eay!
Mdu cu chdy theo nhip cudng ke khdc!
Mdt theo doi tinh hoa bao mdu sdc!
(...)
Ai bdo giiim: Ta ed cd Ta khdng?
Ndi len trong bai t h a la motif ve sir nhan thiic ban thdn minh, khao khdt dugc la minh. Ddy ciing la khat vgng mudn ddi cua con ngudi ndi chung. Nhu vay, don vj tdi thieu de bieu dat cua ngdn ngii nghe thuat chinh Id motif.
Thii hai, ngdn ngu tu nhien dugc cdu tao tir hai true Id true lira chpn va true ket hgp. Tinh hinh tuydn ciia nd la mdt phugng dien quan trpng de nhdn bilt ngi dung thdng tin dugc dua lai. Tuy nhien, trong ngdn ngu' nghe thudt, d mdt sd trudng hgp, true ngii doan hay true k i t hgp khdng dugc coi trgng bdng true lien mdng hay true lua chpn. Chinh true lien tudng hay true lira chgn ndy mdi la true chinh de ngudi ta hmh dung dugc motif cua van bdn tir dd b i l u dugc nghTa cua van ban. Tren sdn khdu cheo, khi Siiy Van hat: "Ldng khdng trang gid, tdi gap
ngudi gid trdng" hay "Cd rd nam vung chdn trdu/ De cho dam bay can cau chau vao" [8, tr.285, 288] thi ngudi dgc phai cd sir lien tudng ngugc trd Iai phdn truoc ciia vdn ban mdi hinh dung dugc y nghia ldi hdt ciia cd.
Thu ba, trong ngdn ngfl- tu nhien, thdng tin dugc bieu Id mdt each true tilp (vi ngdn ngtr tu nhien Id he thdng ki hieu quen thudc, ngudi dimg dd nam dupc md) cdn trong ngdn ngii nghe thudt, thdng tin phdi dugc tim thi mdi thdy va qua trinh ndy ddi khi rat gian nan. Chdng han, trong van ban truyen, nhd vdn khdng khi ndo ndi thdng ra y dd nghe thudt ciia minh ma sang tao ra ngudi ke chuyen.
Ngudi dgc nhan ra quan niem, tu tudng ciia nhd vdn thdng qua Idi ngudi ke chuyen, qua nhiing cudc ddi thoai, qua each xir li ket cdu van ban. Vi the, de nhan thdy trong cdc vd kjch ciia mlnh, Luu Quang Vii khdng phdt bieu true tiep quan niem, tu tudng ciia minh, dng de cac nhdn vdt phat bieu, ddi thoai. Do do, trong Ong vua hda ho ngudi ta thdy phan ndo quan niem cua nha viet kjch qua led cua nhdn vat Thao: "Khdng dung tha ke ac nhung hay Idy yeu thuong ldm gdc re cudc ddi. Cang cd siic manh, cdng d ngoi cao, ldng nhdn ai cdng phdi ldn" [10, tr.l43]. Cdn trong Hdn Truang Ba, da hdng thit ngudi ta Iai thdy mpt quan niem khac, quan niem ndy dugc nhdn ra qua cudc tranh luan gifl:a Hdn va Xac, gitia Truang Ba va D I Thich de rdi cudi cimg dgng lai trong ldi Truong Ba: "Khdng the ben trong mdt ddng, ben ngodi mdt neo dugc. Tdi mudn dugc Id tdi toan ven" hay
"Khdng the sdng vol bdt cii gid nao
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
Mai Thj Hdng Tuyitdugc" [10, tr.69, 73]...
Nhu vay, trong giao tiep vdn hgc, ngdn ngii Id mdt yeu td quan trpng song dd khdng phai Id ngdn ngu- tu nhien ma la ngdn ngii nghe thuat - mdt thu ngdn ngu' dupc xdy chdng len ngdn ngii tu nhien nhdm phuc vu nhung muc dich nghe thuat nhat djnh.
3.2. Vdn bdn vdn hpc nhir mgt ngon ngit, tdc phdm vdn hpc nhu mot sieu ki hieu
n. Van ban van hoc nhir mot ngdn ngtr
Ngay nay, van ban dupc nhieu nha ki hieu hgc xem Id ddi tugng nghien ciiu trung tam. Cac nha ngdn ngii hpc djnh nghia van bdn nhu Id chudi ki hieu tren cau, la mgt chinh the thdng nhdt cd tinh trgn ven ve ndi dung va hoan chinh ve hinh thiic. Hg chu yeu di sdu vdo cac dang van bdn ngdn ngii thudc cdc phong each chiic nang khdc nhau. Trong khi dd, cac nha cau tnic - ki hieu hpc di sdu vdo vdn de "nghTa", coi "nghTa" nhu Id vdn de cdt Idi ciia van bdn. Trong bai Tinh cgng ddng cdu true cua cdc logi hinh nghi thudt khdc nhau tren tdi lieu cda hgi hga vd van hge, B. Uspensky quan niem, van ban la bdt cir mdt chuoi lien tue ki hieu nao dugc td chirc ve mat ngii nghTa. Nha bdc hgc Ba Lan Maria R. Maiendva trong cudn Vdn hgc Nga cho rdng bdt cir cdu tnic ki hieu ndo truyen dat mdt nghTa toan ven nhdt dinh la mdt van bdn. Tir dd, hg xem bdt cii mdt biic tranh cho den mdt hanh vi hay mdt nghi le ndo dd - deu la nhiing van bdn. R. Barthes trong Nhirng huyin thogi da dpc cac ki hieu thudc cdc d ^ g van bdn khac nhau trong ddi sdng
vdn hda duong dai. Van ban nghe thudt cung la trung tdm nghien ciiu ciia ca trudng phdi Tartu-Moskva ma ngudi di dau la Lotman lu. M.. Ban thdn Lotman da dua ra nhiing quan niem het sire hien dai ve vdn de nay (Xem Quan niem hiin dgi ve vdn di vdn bdn).
Vdn bdn van hpc sii dung ngdn ngir van hpc nen nd la mgt he thdng ki hieu phuc vu cho giao tiep. Do la sir giao tiep giira tdc gid va ban dgc. Nhung hon the nira, neu cho rdng: "Bdt ki mgt he thdng ndo phuc vu cho nhihig muc dich giao tiep giira hai hay nhieu ca the deu cd the dugc xac djnh nhu mdt ngdn ngu-" [5, tr.23] hay "Ngdn ngii la bat ki he thdng cd tinh giao tiep ndo cd sir dung nhung ki hieu dugc sap ddt bang mdt dang thiic dac biet" [5, tr.25] thi van bdn van hpc cung chinh la mdt ngdn ngu. Dieu ddc biet Id he thdng ngdn ngii ndy dugc cdu thanh tir he thdng ki hieu trudc dd la ngdn ngtr tu nhien, song da dugc tdi ma hda. Mdi van ban dugc tai ma hda theo mgt cdch khac nhau, vi the cung hinh thanh nhirng dac diem khac nhau ciia ngdn ngfl-. Den lugt dgc gia, mudn dgc dugc "ngdn ngfl'" nay, dpc gia nhdt thiet phai biet dupc ma ngdn ngfl- ciia nd.
b. Tac pham van hoc la mot sieu ki hieu
Neu xem vdn ban van hgc la mdt ngdn ngfl- thi tac phdm vdn hgc chinh Id mgt sieu ki hiiu (metasign). Dieu nay xudt phdt tir may can cii sau day:
Neu van ban vdn hgc mdi chi la nhtmg vet den tren gidy trang, la chu nghTa ma chiing ta thay xudt hien tren mat gidy (cd nghTa Id nd chua thuc sir
109
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
So 5(83) ndm 2016tham gia vao giao tilp) thi tdc pham van hpc dd thuc su tham gia vdo ddi song giao tiip. Bdi vi chi khi dugc ngudi dgc tilp nhan, hinh dung ve the gidi nghe thudt trong do, van bdn van hgc mdi trd thdnh tac phdm van hgc.
v l mat cau tao, tdc pham van hgc la mdt sieu ki hieu vi do la mgt ki hieu ldn, do nhimg ki hieu nhd liffn kit det tgo thdnh. Dd Id cdc tir, cac cum tir, dd la nhiing hinh dnh, nhung nhdn vdt, dd la cdt truyen... Chiing ndm d nhflng tdng bac khdc nhau gidng nhu cau tao cua con Matryoshka. Tdt cd ndm trong mgt he thdng, gan bd vdi nhau tao thdnh mdt thuc the duy nhdt bieu nghTa. Do dugc cau tao nhu vdy, tde phdm vdn hge ed khd ndng bieu hien the gidi mdt each todn ven. Vi vdy, tiep xiic vdi mgt tac phdm, ngudi ta cd cdm gidc nhu tiep xiic vdi thien nhien, vdi mdt xa hgi, vdi nhiing con ngudi cu the.
Thii ba, tac phdm van hgc la mgt sieu ki hieu nay vi nd la ki hiiu cua mot cd nhdn dpc ddo, la ki hiiu ddi sdng vdn hda. Tac phdm Id tieng ndi rieng cua timg ngudi vdi chat gigng rieng, ngir dieu rieng. Su ddc dao dupc thl hien d each dimg tir dac biet, cdch dat cdu dac biet, cdch ket cdu ddc biet... vd dac biet la each xdy dimg nhimg hinh tugng nhdn vat. Vl the, dgc mgt bdi tho, mdt truyen ngdn ndo dd, ngudi ta cd thl dl dang nhdn biet dugc tdc gid vi anh ta cd
"gigng" rieng, ddc ddo. Ben canh do, tdc phdm ciing la sidu ki hieu ciia ddi sdng vdn hda vi mdi tdc pham diu dugc cau thanh tir chat lieu va tdm thiic van hda cua mgt thdi dai nhdt djnh. Vi thl, ciing
vilt ve chuyen Son Tinh, Thdy Tinh nhung ba tdc pham truyin thuylt San Tinh, Thuy Tinh, bai tho San Tinh, Thiiy Tinh ciia Nguyin Nhugc Phap vd Su tich nhirng ngdy dep trdi cua Hda Vang mang nhflng ddu dn ngudi sang tao vd thdi dai khdc nhau. Trong truyin thuylt, khdng co ddu an ciia ca nhdn vi dd la sdn phdm ciia sdng tao tap thl. Ddu dn thdi dai bilu hien ro ret nhdt d viec xdy dung nhan vat lich su Hiing Vuong, nhung phong tue tap quan mdt thdi cimg vdi viee ddp de chdng lii. Den bdi tha ciia Nguyen Nhujrc Phdp, chung ta da nhdn ra "gipng" rieng ciia mdt hdn tha "anh nhi" va dac biet thay tdm trang ciia cac nhdn vdt ke ca Hung Vucmg va Mi Nuong. Dudi ddi mit ciia mdt thi sT Tho mdi, cdu chuyen lii lut trd thanh cau chuyen tinh yeu. Trong khi dd, truyen ngan ciia Hda Vang lai dupc xem Id mgt hien tugng "gia truyen thuyet", "gid cd tich". Bdi vi nd lay chuyen cii de ndi nhflng van de ducmg dai, the hien ddi mdt nhin cua con ngucri thdi dai ndy. Nd lat lai nhtmg tin dilu tudng nhu da trd thanh duong nhien trong tdm thiic con ngudi nhiing thdi dai trudc... Mpt vi du nhd nhu vdy da phdn nao cho thdy tdc phdm van hpc chinh la mpt sieu ki hieu cua tdc gid, cua van hoa thdi dgi.
Thir tu, tac phdm dugc xem la mpt sieu ki hieu vi nd duac sir dung nhu mgt Cff chi di gidi thich cdc yiu to trong tdc pham. Ndi cdch khac, quan he giu:a tac phdm vdi cac ki hieu ben trong nhu am vi, hinh vi, tir... cho din chi tiet, nhan vdt... Id quan hd gifl:a chinh thl vd b6 phan. Do dd, dl hiiu chinh thl, ngudi ta 110
TAP CHi KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM
Mai Thi Hdng Tuyitphai di tir bd phdn va ngugc lai, dk hiiu bg phan, ngudi ta phdi xuat phat tir chinh the. Ndm 2009, trong dl thi dai hgc khdi C cd mgt cau hdi yeu cdu thi sinh cam nhdn ve hai doan tho, mdt doan trong bdi Tuang tu cda Nguyin Binh, mgt doan nQ:a trong bai Viet Bde ciia Td Hfln vdi nhiing cau nhu: "Nhd gi nhu nhd ngudi yeu/ Trang len ddu mil, ndng chilu lung nuong/ Nhd timg ban khdi cimg suong/
Sdm khuya bep lira ngudi thuong di ve".
Nhieu ban khdng nam dugc chinh the ciia bai tha cho nen ngo rang doan tho tren ciia Td Hiru viet ve tinh yeu ddi Iiia va binh luan sol ndi ve van de nay. Hoac nfi-a, cd thdi ki, rat nhieu nha nghien ciiu tranh luan ve viec Nam Cao khi mieu td Thi Nd {Chi Pheo - Nam Cao) cd sa vao chu nghTa tu nhien khdng. Thuc te, neu dimg d cdp dp chi tiet, dgc gia de cd thien kiln nhu vay nhung neu diing d cap do chinh the, su hoai nghi ay se bj xda tan.
Bdi nlu chiu dnh hudng cua chii nghTa tu nhien, Nam Cao han khdng the cd nhiing trang mieu ta Thi Nd dep din the, nhdn h^udenthS...
3.3. Hinh tuprng vdn hpc
Trong hoat ddng giao tiep van hgc, ngdn ngfl- nghe thuat ket det nen vdn ban vdn hpc. Vdn bdn vdn hpc khi dugc ngudi dgc tilp n h ^ se trd thdnh tac pham vdn hgc song ngdn ngii trong tac phdm van hgc khdng phai cdp bilu hien y nghia cudi ciing md y nghTa nay phdi dugc bilu hien d hinh tugng van hpc.
Tuy nhien, tinh ki hieu ciia hinh tugng vdn hgc timg bj nhieu nha nghien ciiu phu nhan (xem M. B. Khrapchenko trong Sdng tgo nghi thugt, hiin thuc, eon
ngirdi; Hoang Trinh trong Ki hieu, nghTa vdphi binh vdn hgc). Dieu nay bat ngudn tir nguyen nhdn ban ddu Id cd nhirng nha marxist ldn dd chdi bd li thuyet ki hieu hgc. Mdt sd ngudi thira nhdn tinh ki hieu ciia ngdn ngu*, tinh ki hieu ciia chi tilt nhung khdng de cap hoac khdng cdng nhan tinh ki hieu ciia hinh tugng van hpc (xem G. N. Pospelov trong Ddn ludn nghien cuu vdn hgc, cdc tac gia Vdn hge, cugc sdng, nhd vdn). Nhu vdy, hp da tiep can li thuylt ki hieu hpc song hg chi dp dung mgt each de ddt. Cd the ndi, cd hai thdi do bd qua va phii nhdn tinh ki hieu cua hinh tugng van hgc da khiln he thdng li thuyet cung nhu thuc tien Ii ludn, phe binh van hgc gap phdi hdng loat nhung mau thuan va nhirng han che can phai gidi quyet.
Mat khdc, cac nha nghidn ciru chu ylu quan tdm den van ban. Trong khi dd, hinh tugng van hpc it duac bdn din v;
nd la mpt phuang thiec ton tai dgc biit cua tdc pham van hpc. Nd chi sdng trong hogt dpng thuc tiin, giao tiep.
Hinh tupng vdn hgc tdn t£ii trong qua trinh sang tao ciia nhd van. Hinh tugng dugc hinh thanh tir boat ddng giao tiep gitra nha van vdi the gidl ddi sdng. Nhd van di, quan sat, giai md va ghi chep Iai mdt cdch chi tiet ve nhung con ngudi, nhflng sir kien md hg mat thdy tai nghe.
Trong qua trinh giao tiep dy, ndi nhu Nguyin Ddng Mgnh, mdi ngudi se bj hiit vao mdt virng tham mT nhat djnh. Do do, nhd van se tidp can khu vuc ay nhieu hem. Nd trd thanh ddi tugng nhdn thirc, mieu td cua ngudi sang tao va trong dilu kien thich hgp, nd chinh Id chdt lieu de
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 5(83) ndm 2016
nha vdn md hda hinh tugng. Tiep dd, hinh tugng van hpc la san phdm ciia hoat ddng giao tiep giua nha van vdi the gidi nghe thudt trong tdc phdm. Liic ndy, ngudi sang tao da thoat ra khdi the gidi thuc de di vdo the gidi hu cdu. Khi tdc phdm den vol ban dpc, mdt sir giao tiep khdc lai dien ra. Luc nay, den lugt ngudi dgc se giao tiep vdi the gidi nghe thudt trong tac phdm. Anh ta di vao the gidi dy vdi su ddn dudng cua nhdn vdt ngudi ke chuyen (trong truyen) hay nhdn vdt tru tinh (trong tho). Theo tien trinh thdi gian, the gidi nghe thudt ddn dan md ra he Id nhung dieu rdt bat ngd. Ket thiic cudc giao tiep vdi van bdn la cudc giao tiep trong ddu dc, trong suy nghT cua chinh ban dgc. The gidi y thiic, tiem thiic cua anh ta se ddi thoai vdi the gidi nghe thudt - liic nay da chuyen tir dang tdn tai dudi hinh thirc ki hieu trong van ban sang hinh thiic sdng dpng trong tudng tugng ciia con ngudi. Cudc giao tiep nay ddi khi khdng ket thiic d mdt thdi diem ma xay ra d nhieu thdi diem trong cudc sdng con ngudi. Den "ddy, cd the khdng djnh rdng khdng cd qud trinh tiep nhdn cua ban dpc thi cung khdng cd hinh tugng van hpc, khdng cd hinh tugng cung khdng cd y nghTa. Qud trinh dgc, tudng tugng ve tdc phdm chinh la qua trinh sang tao hinh tugng vdn hgc. Niu khdng dpc, lunh tugng vdn hpc chi tiim dn trong vdn bdn, khi dugc tiip nitgn, hinh tugng trd nin sdng dpng. Dd la diem khac biet can ban giO'a hinh tugng trong van hgc vd hinh tugng trong cdc loai hinh nghe thudt tao hinh khac. Ddng thdi, nd cung gdp phdn li gidi tai sao hinh tugng vdn hpc la
phugng thuc luu giii, truyen dat va san sinh thdng tin. Tat cd da khang djnh linh chat ki hieu ciia khai niem nay.
Hinh tugng van hgc cd mdi lien he chat che vdi ngdn ngir van hgc bdi vi no dugc xdy dung tren co sd ki hieu ngdn ngtr nghe thudt. Dieu dd cung cd nghTa la dac diim cua ngon ngit se chi phdi mgnh me den dgc diim cua hinh tugng vdn hgc. Vi the, trong tdc phdm van hpc lang man, khi nhan vdt dugc gpi la
"chang", "nang", vdi nhung cai ten nhu Loan, Dting, Mai, Tuyet, Lan... thi hinh tugng cung hien len tre trung, mem mai, non to. Nd khdc vdi tac phdm hien thirc, nhdn vat dugc ggi Id y, thj. ga, hdn, ven nhung cai ten nhu Chi Pheo, Thj Nd, Ddn, Lang Ran, Quyt, Ddu... khiln hinh tugng cung hien len thd rap, xdu AI.
Ngugc iai, dgc diim cua hinh tugng van hpc cdng chi phdi din dgc diim cua ngdn nga- vdn hpc. Trong tdc phdm, hinh tupng nhu thl ndo thi nha vdn phai diing ngdn ngu tuong img. Viet vl mdt ngudi dep, mgt bdc hdo ban thi phai diing ngon tir dep. xdy dung mdt rigudi dien thi ngdn ngti ciia nhdn vdt dd cung khdng the mach lac ma phdi rdi ram, thieu logic...
Hinh tugng vdn hpc vd ngon ngir khong the tdch rdi nhau. Vi vdy, du hinh tupng van hpc cd nhieu net tuong ddng vdi hinh tugng tam li nhung chung khdng ddng nhdt vdi nhau. Bieu tupng tam li Id hinh thiic phdn anh thl gidi trong tam li, khdng phai la ki hieu vi nd cdn thilu phuong dien ngdn ngtr. Do dd, ndi ve hinh tugng tho md khdng thudc tha thi khdng rd dugc. Neu dimg nhirng ldi khdc dl ndi ve hinh tugng thi dd chi la
TAP CHl KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM
Mai Thf Hong Tuyetsu binh Iuan ve hinh tugng ma thdi. Dd khdng phai la hinh tugng nhu mgt ki hieu. Chi khi hinh tugng tdn tai nhu mdt ngdn ngii thi nd mdi trd thanh hinh tugng nhu mdt ki hieu. Tuy nhien, neu chi cd ngdn ngir thi cung khdng cd hinh tugng, phai kit hgp vdi tri thiic, tri nhd, tam tudng. Hinh tugng vdn hpc la sir thirc hien cua hoat dgng dgc.
Hmh tugng van hpc vd vdn bdn van hpc cdng cd moi liin hi mdt thiit vdi nhau. Hinh tugng vdn hgc la mgt phdn cua van ban vi khdng cd hinh tugng van hpc nao cd the tdn tai ngodi vdn ban.
Mat khac, nhu chiing tdi da ndi d tren, hinh tugng van hgc la ket qua cua su chuyCi. hda cac dac tinh ciia van ban nghe thudt vao trong cac bg ma tiic la cac he thdng md hinh hda. Ndi cdch khac, hinh tugng vdn hgc la mdt loai "ma" dac biet cua tdc pham van hgc. Song hinh tuong van hgc vdn cd tinh ddc lap tuong ddi vdi van bdn vdn hgc. Van bdn gdm nhiing ki hieu sdp xep theo hinh tuyen (true ngii doan) cdn hinh tupng van hpc gdm nhiing ki hieu sap xep theo cd hai true la true ngir doan va true lien tudng.
Do dd khi dpc, diln ra qud trinh chuyen tir ma ngdn ngii sang ma hinh tugng. Qud trinh dpc chi hodn thdnh khi the gidi ngdn ngii trong tac phdm hinh thanh ndn thl gidi hinh tugng trong tdm tri ngudi dgc. Van bdn dugc gidi ban bdi khung.
tuy nhien khi vdn ban ket thiic thi hinh tugng vdn hpc van sdng. Van ban vdn hgc tdn tai tren gidy cdn hinh tupng van hpc thi tdn tai trong tdm tri ngudi dpc...
4. Ket luan
Nhu vdy, trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi da trinh bay mdt sd vdn dl vl ki hieu hgc van hgc tren eg sd khang djnh bdn chdt giao tiep cua vdn hpc va lam ro nhflng he thdng ki hieu tham gia vao giao tiep van hpc. Cdn rat nhieu van de cdn chua dugc lam rd nhu cdu true ciia hinh tugng vdn hgc trong giao tiep, dac trung cua ki hieu hpc vdn hpc, dac trung cua ki hipu the Ioai vdn hgc... De cd the lap dugc khoang trdng nay cdn rat nhieu thdi gian va nd luc nfl:a. Ben canh dd, chung tdi ciing nhan thay dii ngay nay, Li luan van hgc da thira nhdn van hgc Id phuang tien giao tiep gitia ngudi vdi ngudi song nhidu cudn sach, trong dd cd sach gido trinh Li ludn vdn hgc d bac cao ddng, dai hgc chi dl cap chiic ndng giao tiep cua vdn hgc ma chua xem giao tiep nhu la ban chdt cua nd. Vi the, cdc cdng trinh ndy mdi chi trinh bay ve giao tiep trong mdt muc nhd md chua trinh bay thanh he thdng. Ndi each khac, ban chat giao tilp ciia vdn hpc chua dugc xem la nguyen tdc can ban ldm thay ddi toan bd tu duy li ludn vl ban chdt, ddc trung ciia van hgc.
Dd cung la dieu nen chdng cdn suy nghT vd thay ddi...
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 5(83) nam 2016
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bakhtin, M. (1993), Nhirng vdn di thi phdp tiiu thuyet Ddxtdiepxki (Trdn Dinh Sir djch), Nxb Gido due. Ha Ndi.
2. Barthes, R. (2008), Nhirng huyin thogi, Phiing Van Tim djch, Nxb Tri thirc. Ha Npi.
3. Chandler, D., Semiotics for Beginner, http:/www.aber.ae.uk/media/Documents/S4B/
4. Nguyen Thj Tir Huy (2009), Alain Robbe Grillet - Su that vd dien gidi, Nxb Hoi Nha van vd DaiVietBooks, Ha Ndi.
5. Lotman, lU. M. (2007), Cdu true vdn bdn nghi thudt, Trdn Ngpc Vuong, Trjnh Ba DTnh, Nguyen Thu Thuy djch, Nxb Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi.
6. La Nguyen, Mgt sd vdn di vi ki hieu hgc vdn hda, tai lieu do tdc gia cung cdp.
7. La Nguyen (tuyen dich) (2012), Li ludn vdn hgc - nhung vdn di hi^n dgi, Nxb Dai hgc Su pham. Ha Ndi.
8. Trdn Viet Ngtr (suu hjyin - khdo cim) (2008), Kim Nham (Cheo cd), Nxb Sdn khiu, HdNpi.
9. Tran Dinh Su (1972), Bdc trung vdn hgc, Tai lieu ddnh may.
10. Luu Quang Vu (2013), Hdn Truang Ba. da hdng thit (tuyin kich Luu Quang Vii), Nxb Hgi Nhd vdn va Nha Nam, Ha Ndi.
(Ngdy Toa soan nh$n dugc bai 21-4-2015; ngay phin bi$n danh gid: 08-01-2016;
ngiy chdp nhan dSng: 21-5-2016)
