fVjVI THANH N£N - DI CU'
Tl
phg nu tre vi la nguyen nhan din den ung thu c6 tir cung sau nay.
4. Khuyin nghj
SLFC khoe t u i i vj thanh nien va ngu'd'i tre can du'p'c nghien cu'u toan dien va sau han
Nhiiu biin doi v i sire khoe va ban nang tinh dgc d tuoi day thi, (mac cam v i hinh anh ban than, cac chirng dau tuoi mdi Idn, hanh vi thu dam...) cho din benh ly thudng gap d lu'a tuoi nay cung chua duae khao sat. Hien nay hiu nhu chua ed sach y hpc chuyen d i ve siPC khoe VTN.
Vi vay, can tiip tgc phat trien nhO'ng nghien ciru ve sire khoe VTN de cung cip dip lieu ca ban cho nhung nghien ciPU va giang day sau nay.
Nghien cieu ve tinh due
Trong tuang lai, cin cd mpt khao sat rpng va sau han v i ban sic giai, cdc xu hudng tinh due va tinh due de cd nhu'ng kham pha toan dien han
v i con ngudi. Bao hanh tinh dgc cung se la mpt ndi dung cua khao sat (khdng dugc de cap nhieu d SAVY 1 va 2).
Giao due giai tinh a gia dinh va nha tru'ang
Giao dgc ve SKSS, cae bien phap tranh thai nim trong ndi dung ciia giao due gidi tfnh. Lf do;
Cd ban tinh va quan he tinh dgc sdm - Ty le nao thai cao va tac dpng x i u din sire khoe - Hieu biit ve thdi diem d i cd thai trong chu ky kinh ed ty le kha thip.
Nghien ciPU eiia TU" Doan TNCS HCM cho thiy phin ddng Idp tre chua dugc hpc cac van de ve gidi tinh, SKSS khi ngoi tren ghe nha trudng, vl vay Idp tre dang dirng trude rit nhiiu nguy ca.
VIEC LAM CUA THANH NIEN VIET NAM SAU KHUNG
H O A N GKINH TE
ThS. NGO QUYNH AN*
Su dung sd lieu cua 2 Didu tra Qudc gia vd Vi thanh nidn va Thanh nidn Vidt Nam - SAVY (Survey Assessment of Vietnamese Youth) 2003 va 2009, bai vidt danh gia thuc trang vide lam cua luc luong lao ddng thanh nidn Vidt Nam thdi ky sau suy thoai kinh td 2007-2008 trdn cac phuang didn nhu mCye do thit nghiep va kha nang cd vide lam ky nang.
1. Mpt s i khai niem v i lao dpng TN/VTN du'p'c SIP dung trong SAVY:
- Thit nghiep va thit nghiep tiim nang, thit nghiep md' rpng: trong SAVY, tinh trang thanh nien thit nghiep dugc xac djnh la neu hp khdng lam viec, cung khdng dang trong thdi gian tam nghi hay ehd viec va dang tim kiim viec lam, sin sang lam viec trong tuin diiu tra neu tim duae viec lam. Ben canh dd, khai niem ve
• Khoa Kinh t^ & Quan ly Nguon nhan lijc, Dai hpc Kinh te Qu6c dan.
VI THANH NI^N - DI cu
that nghiep tiem nang cung cin duge de cap tdi, la nhu'ng thanh nien khdng lam viec, cd kha nang lao ddng va hien khdng di hpc, khdng ed y dinh tim kiem viec lam, hoae cd tim viec lam nhung chua sin sang lam viec trong tuan dieu tra. Nhu vay, so thanh nien thit nghiep md rpng bing tong so thanh nien thit nghiep va thit nghiep tiim nang.
- Lipc lu>ang lao dpng thanh nien: la nhdm thanh nien hoat ddng kinh t i , bao gom t i t ea nhirng thanh nien\ trong mpt khoang thdi gian nhat dinh, sin sang cung cap lao ddng de san xuat mpt loai hang hoa va dich vg nao dd (theo khai niem duge sir dgng trong he thing tai khoan quoc gia eiia LHQ-SNA). Doi vdi SAVY,
Lire Iwang lao dong thanh nien = so thanh nien hien cd viec lam (da tirng kiem song hoae chwa tirng kiem song) + so thanh nien that nghiep.
Ngoai khai niem lye lugng lao ddng thanh ni§n, edn can de cap tdi lye lugng lao ddng thanh nifen md rdng, bao gom thSm ea nhdm thanh nifen that nghi$p tiem nang. Nhu vay,
Lire Iwo'ng lao dong thanh nien ma rgng = so thanh nien hien eo viec lam (da tirng kiem song hoae chwa tirng kiem song) + so thanh nien that nghiep + so thanh nien that nghiep tiem nang.
- Tipng lam viec k i i m s i n g : Dieu tra SAVY 2 sir dung khai ni6m thanh nien tiJ-ng lam viec kiim tien bao gom tat ca nhu'ng ngudi lam mpt cdng vi$c gl dd khdng bi phap luat ngan cam ft nhat 1
gid trong tuin de dugc tra edng dudi dang tien mat hoae hien vat
- Hien ed viec lam nhu'ng chu'a tirng lam viec k i i m s i n g : Day la nhdm thanh nien lam viec trong hd gia dinh khdng dugc tra edng, hoae cd lam viec nhung thu nhap thap, ehi mang tfnh chat lam them. Viec lam loai nay khdng dem lai kha nang dpc lap tai chfnh cho thanh nien va cung duge coi la mpt dac diem bat Igi cho vj the eiia thanh nien tren thj trudng lao dpng.
- Viec lam eo ky nang: La viec lam ddi hdi ngudi lao ddng phai ed nhCrng ky thuat san xuat va ky nang lao dpng de hoan thanh nhu'ng edng viec cd trinh dp phire tap nhat djnh thupc mpt nghe hoae mpt chuyen mdn nao dd.
' NhOng em difb'i 15 tu6i trong cupc di^u tra SAVY vin d^pc tinh vdo li,i'c lu'p'ng lao dOng ma rOng vdi mgc dich xem x6t thi/c trgng phSi ISm vi$c Uw6c 15 tu6i hi0n nay.
Sa d6 1. Ca ciu ILPC lirang lao dong thanh nien trong miu khao sat SAVY
Tong so thanh nien
Khdng tham gia L^c tugng tao dpng
mis rpng
Tham gia t^c tugng tao dgng ma F$ng
(mcrrpng)
Hien co v i ^ tam, tiing lam v i ^ ld£m song H i ^ c6 viec I^m, chua tirag lam v i ^ Idem song*
That nghi^ Thitngtiiq)
tinning
Vi?ct4m CO ky nang
Vi^tto khong CO ky ning
Vi?c tam c6ky n ^ g
Vi?c 14m khong cd ky ndng
' Khdng cd tt^dng tin trong SAVY 1 nam 2003
Bang 1. Thing ke tom tit v i ea ciu liPC lu'p'ng lao dpng thanh nien Viet Nam qua SAVY 2003 va 2009
Ty le %
Tham gia lye lugng lao dpng md rdng^
Hien cd viec lam, tirng lam viec kiim song"
Hien cd viec lam, chua tipng lam viec kiim song"
That nghiep"
That nghiep tiem nang"
Lam edng viec cd ky nang'^
Lam cdng viec cd ky nang"^
Ting s i thanh nien
2003 60,7 57,9 - 12,5 29,6 - 45,3 7584
2009 73,3 59,5 25,9 4,5 10,0 21,9 29,9 10044
Ngudn: Tinh toan tCr sd lieu didu tra SA VY 1 va SA VY 2 a: So vdi tong so thanh nien
b: La 4 thanh phin trong trong lye lugng lao dpng md rdng cua thanh nien c: So vdi tong so thanh nien hien cd viec lam
d: So vdi sd thanh nien hien ed viec lam va da tu'ng lam viec kiem song
1 ^ / THANH NI^N - DI cu 2. Cac k i t qua nghien CLPU:
Cupc dieu tra SAVY lin thir nhat duge tien hanh vao nam 2003 va lin thir 2 duge tien hanh vao dau nam 2009 da trung hgp vao 2 thdi ky tang trudng kinh te rat khac nhau cua Viet Nam.
Nam 2003 dugc danh gia la nam ma nen kinh t i Viet Nam dang trong giai doan tang trudng kha hung thjnh vdi toe dp tang trudng GDP trung binh khoang tu' 7%-8%, trong khi dd qui diu tien nam 2009, dudi tac dpng cua suy thoai kinh t i thi gidi, Viet Nam chirng kien mire tang trudng GDP thip nhat 3,1% trong vdng 10 nam trd lai day. Su trung hap nay giiip phan nao xem xet anh hudng cua suy thoai kinh te tdi thyc trang viec lam thanh nien Viet Nam khi so sanh mpt so chi tieu phan anh thyc trang viec lam cua thanh nien qua 2 ky diiu tra SAVY.
2.1 Trinh do dao tao va ket qua viec lam cua Iwc Iwang lao dgng thanh nien
Nam nam qua, chat lygng cua lye lugng lao dpng thanh nien chua thay cd xu hudng dugc cai thien dang ke. Ty l§ lao dpng da qua dao tao trong tong so thanh ni6n thi cd tang tip 19,1% len 25,5% giu'a 2003 va 2008, nhung ty le thanh nien dugc dao tao trong luc lugng lao dpng md rdng thi khdng miy thay doi (26% va 27,8% tuang irng). Cac chuang trinh dao tao nghe cho thanh ni§n cua Chfnh Phii 5 nam qua chua thay phat huy hi6u qua doi vdi lye luang lao ddng thanh nien tai cho d cac dja phuang. Vdi chit lugng nhu vay, lye lygng lao ddng thanh nien Viet Nam da gap phai van de gl tr§n thi trudng lao ddng sau thdi ky suy thoai kinh te? Quan sat bieu do bieu diin cae kit qua v\dc \dm cua thanh nien so sanh giua hai thdi diem dieu tra chung ta thiy
cac ehi tieu phan anh tinh trang thit nghiep diu giam dang ke d SAVY 2 so vdi trude dd 5 nam , tuy nhien ty le thanh nien ed viec lam ky nang cung bj suy giam manh (tir 45,3% nam 2003 xuong cdn 29,9% nam 2008). Rd rang thit nghiep khdng phai la vin d i ciia thanh nien Viet Nam thdi ky hau suy thoai kinh te (ft nhit cung khdng thiy sy gia tang mire thit nghiep sau suy thoai kinh te) ma la sy suy giam dang ke ty le thanh nien lam cdng viec cd ky nang. Do nhu ciu lam viec kiim song la mpt nhu cau thiit yiu cua mpi ngudi dac biet la thanh nien, vl t h i suy thoai kinh t i da lam giam ea hdi cd viec lam ky nang ddi vdi thanh nien Viet Nam, khiin hp phai chip nhan bit ky cdng viec nao dem lai thu nhap.
^ Vi thong tin tCf s6 lieu SAVY I khong phan tach du'p'c chinh xac s6 thanh nien thit nghiep va that nghi?p ti^m nang, ma CO the bao gom ca nhom thanh nien hien c6 viec lam nhu'ng chu'a tii'ng lam viec ki^m s6ng, khi^n cho cac ty Ip nay a SAVY I nam 2003 la kha cao so vai cac ty le tuang ung a SAVY II. Tuy nhien, gia sue ca cau nh6m c6 vipc lam va chua tung lam viec kiem song trong tong so c6 vipc lam a SAVY I giong vb'i SAVY II (chiim 30,5% tong s6 c6 viec ISm), thi ty 1$
thit nghiep ma rpng a SAVY I la 17%, cung cao han muc 14,5% a SAVY II. Didu nay cung cho thay, ty Ip thit nghiep cua thanh nien khong c6 xu hud'ng gia tSng sau 5 nSm.
p
VI THANH NI£N - DI cu
HJnh 1. Ket qua viec lam cua thanh nien Viet Nam giai doan 2003-2009
Tham gia lye lircmg lao dong mff rfng (a)
Hien CO viee lam,
tirag lam viec
Hien CO viec lam, chiratirog lam viec Idem song (b) kiem song (b)
Lam cong vi^c
CO
ky nang (d)
2003 2009
Tirag lamvifc Idem song trong tuoi dili9C (dudi 18 tuoi) (a)
Ngudn: SAVY 1 va SAVY2 a: So vdi tdng sd thanh nidn
b: La 4 thanh phin trong trong luc luong lao ddng md rdng cua thanh nidn c: So vdi tdng sd thanh nidn hien cd vide lam
d: So vol sd thanh nidn hidn cd vide lam va da tung lam vide kidm sdng
2.2 Cac nhom thanh nien can quan tam tren khdng ed ky nang va lam viec sdm. Cac yeu to thj trwang lao dgng Viet Nam.
Bing phuang phap phan tich 2 biin va da bien (hoi qui Logistic) cac y i u to anh hudng den tinh trang viec lam cua thanh nien Viet Nam, chiing ta ed the de cap tdi 5 nhdm thanh nien ciing vdi cac dac diem ciia hp ma cin phai quan tam tren thj trudng lao ddng Viet Nam hien nay.
nay duge chia thanh 3 nhdm, (i) cae yeu to lam tang ky vpng edng viec ciia thanh nien (phan anh nhO'ng Igi t h i eiia thanh nien tren thj trudng lao dpng), (ii) cac yeu to tao nen nhu'ng bat Igi cho vi t h i ciia thanh nien tren thj trudng lao ddng, va (ill) cac y i u td phan anh c i u lao ddng theo viing.
Trong 3 nhdm yeu to tren, chi ed nhdm yeu to Bang sau day liet ke cae yeu td (ed y nghTa thir hai la cac chfnh sach can hudng tdi nhim thong ke) lam gia tang kha nang ma thanh nien cai thien vj the cho thanh nien tren thj trudng lao cd the rai vao mpt trong cac tinh trang viec lam ddng va vi vay cd the cai thi§n tinh trang viec khac nhau nhu that nghiep, thit nghiep tiem lam cho cac em thdi gian tdi ben canh nhirng n5 nang, cd viec lam nhung chua tipng lam viec kiem lye md rpng cau lao dpng bing cae chinh sach sing (lam viec khdng duge tra edng trong hp gia kinh t i vT md eiia Chinh phu sau suy thoai kinh dinh hoae lam them vdi thu nhap thip), lam viec te.
E^/ THANH NI^N - DI CU
Bang 2. Cac nhom thanh nien ein quan tam tren thj tru'ang lao dpng.
That nghiep
That nghiep t i i m nang
Viec lam khong du'p'c tra cong, hoae lam them
Viec lam khong eo ky nang
Cac yeu to lam tang ky vpng eong viec
Thanh nien Kinh/Hoa; song g thanh thj; trudng thanh han; dpc than; t y tin; gia dinh 2 con so vdi gia dinh cd 4 con trd len; ed cha tot nghiep CD/DH trd len.
Thanh nien Kinh/Hoa;
trudng thanh han; mire song trung binh trd len.
Dpc than; chua tirng di dan; lac quan; mipc song trung binh trd len; song ciing cha me, ed cha va me tot nghiep PTTH; cha va me ed viec lam; mire g i n k i t gia dinh cao; tham gia doan the to chire.
Cae yeu to bat Ip'i doi vai thanh nien
Chua qua dao tao; buon chan; thanh nien ndng thdn.
Chua qua dao tao; nu' thanh nien; thanh nien da tirng k i t hdn; thanh nien ed me t h i t nghiep; cd me chua tdt nghiep THPT;
khdng tham gia doan the.
Chua qua dao tao; nir thanh nien; cdn it tuoi, thanh nien dan too thieu so; thanh nien ndng thdn;
khdng ty tin.
Chua qua dao tao;iam viec sdm; da tii'ng k i t hdn; edn it tuoi; dan toe thieu s i ; thanh nien lam viec kiem song sdm;
Khdng tin tudng vao ban than va trien vpng cdng viec, thu nhap; cha me chua tot nghiep PTTH;
GD cd miPC song t h i p .
Cae yeu to phan anh dac d i i m c i u lao
dpng theo vung Ddng Nam Bp > Ddng B i n g Sdng Hong.
Ddng Nam Bd, Ddng B i n g Sdng Cu'u Long
> Dong B i n g Sdng Hong.
B i c Trung Bp > Dong B i n g Sdng Hong >
(Ddng Nam Bp, Duyen Hai Nam Trung Bp, Dong B i n g Sdng Ciru Long).
Ddng Nam Bd<Dong B i n g Sdng Hdng <
(Duyen Hai Nam Trung Bd, Dong B i n g Sdng Ciru Long)<
(Ddng B i c , Tay Bic, B i c Trung Bd, Tay Nguyen).
VI THANH NI^N - DI CU
Bic Trung Bd, Ddng Bic, Tay Bic, Tay Nguyen > cae viing khac.
Tipng lam viec kiim sing trong tuoi di hpc phi thong (du'O'i 18 tuii)'
Thanh nien dan tpc thieu sd; thanh nien ndng thdn;
thanh nien da tu'ng di dan.
Kit qua cho thay, cac thanh nien yeu t h i (vdi cac dac diem bat Igi tren thj trudng lao ddng duge liet ke trong cot thir 3) thudng rai vao nhdm thanh nien that nghiep tiem nang va nhdm thanh nien cd viec lam khdng ky nang chir khdng phai nhdm thanh nien thit nghiep.
Ngoai ra, nhdm thanh nien ndng thdn, thanh nien ngudi dan too thieu so, nu' thanh nien vin la nhO'ng nhdm yiu t h i han tren thi trudng lao dpng so vdi nhu'ng thanh nien khac. Nhirng thanh nien song trong cae hd gia dinh ngheo va Viing ngheo (nhu cac viing Ddng Bic, Tay Bic, Tay Nguyen...) thudng ed ft ca hdi tiip can viec lam tir te han so vdi nhirng thanh nien ndi chung.
2.3 Mot so de xuat
1. c i n cai thien thu nhap va vee lam cho nhdm thanh nien lam cdng viec khdng ed ky nang, edng viec khdng duge tra cdng hoae cd thu nhap thip, nhdm thanh nien thit nghiep tiim nang va nhdm thanh nien phai lam viec kiem song sdm chir khdng phai chl doi vdi nhdm thanh nien that nghiep. Muc tieu la tang ty le thanh nien ed viec lam bin vu'ng va tang cudng kha nang dpc lap tai chfnh cua thanh nien.
2. Hoc nghi dem lai nhieu Igi ich han ca cho thanh nien Viet nam tren thi trudng lao ddng. Hpc
xong mpt nghi vira lam tang dang ke kha nang cd viec lam duge tra edng (tang xac suit cd viec lam han so vdi nhdm lao dpng chua qua dao tao la 13%) va viec lam cd ky nang (tang xac suit cd viec lam ky nang han so vdi nhdm lao dpng chua qua dao tao la 50%), lai giiip giam dang ke nguy ca thit nghiep (lam giam 1/3 din 1/2 nguy ca that nghiep va that nghiep tiim nang so vdi nhdm lao dpng chua qua dao tao). Cdn trinh dp cao tu" Cao ding dai hpc trd len khdng lam tang kha nang cd viec lam cua thanh nien ma chl lam tang ky vpng vdi cdng viec cua hp. VI vay, nen tuyen truyen de md rpng them nhiiu ca hdi hpc nghe, dac biet la nghe ndng nghiep tai cho cho thanh nien ndng thdn. Khuyen khich cac hp gia dinh va ban than thanh nien ndng thdn diu tu vao nang eao trinh dp, ky nang trude khi tham gia lao ddng, giam tinh trang phai lam viec kiem sdng sdm, kit hon sdm de cai thien ca hdi ciia cac em tren thi trudng lao dpng. Trong qua trinh nay, nhdm thanh nien dan tpc thieu so cung can dugc quan tam nhiiu han de giiip cae em thu hep khoang each vdi thanh nien ngudi Kinh/Hoa.
3. Chl cd von xa hdi dugc hinh thanh tir moi quan he gia dinh phat huy tac dung theo hudng ho trg thanh nien ed viec lam va viec lam cd ky
Theo so lieu SAVY 11, c6 han V, thanh nien Viet Nam tifng phai lam viec kiim song trong thai gian di hpc pho thong dudi 18 tuoi, trong do 73% hipn la lao dpng chua qua dao tao, va 72% hien dang lam nhung cong viec khong c6 ky nang.
