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TO CHUfC TOI PHAM VA NHffNG VAN DE DAT RA DOI Vdi VIEC SOfA DOI, BO SUNG BO LUAT HINH SI/
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"Td chue tdi phgm" la mpt khai niem mang tinh qudc te, dugc ghi nhan yong Cdng ude eua Lien hgp qude ve chdng tdi phgm cd td chue xuyen qudc gia va duge quy djnh dong Bd lugt Hinh sy (BLHS) ciia mot so nude ydn die gidi nhu Trung Qudc, Cdng hda Phdp vd Lien bang Nga. Dieu 26 BLHS Trang Quoc quy djnh: "Td ehuc tdi pham la nhdm tpi pham ben viing hogc tucmg ddi ben vung gdm ba ngudi tro len dupe hinh thanh nham myc dich phgm tdi". Dieu 450 BLHS Cdng hda Phdp quy dinh: "Td chue tdi phgm la bat ky mpt tap doan nao dugc lap ra hoac thda thugn lap ra nham chudn bi vl mat vat ehdt cho viec thyc hien mdt hoac nhieu ypng tdi, mdt hogc nhieu khinh tpi cd mdc phat tu la 10 ndm". BLHS ciia Lien bang Nga dieu ehinh td chde tgi pham vdi ten gpi cdng ddng tpi phgm dupe quy dinh tgi khodn 4 Dieu 36 nhu sau:
"Tpi phgm dupe thda nhan do edng ddng tdi pham thyc hien nlu nhu nd thyc hien bdi nhdm cd td chue thdng nhdt dugc thue hien nhiing tpi phgm nghiem ygng hoge nhiing tdi pham cd td chue dac biet nghiem ypng". Mac du khdi niem td chue tdi pham hong BLHS cda cac nude nay cd su khae nhau nhdt dinh nhung ed dilm ehung la td ehuc tdi pham phdi Id nhdm ngudi hay tap doan ngudi dugc Igp ra vdi mye dich phgm tdi.
Khi nghien ciiu v l td chue tdi pham, mpt sd nhd khoa hpe ciia Viet Nam da dua ra quan dilm ciia minh ve khdi nipm td chue tdi phgm. Theo GS.TSKH. Le Cdm thi "Td chue
tdi pham Id mdt nhdm ngudi ed td chue hoac la mdt lien minh (hop nhat) ciia cac nhdm ngudi cd td ehuc dd, duge thanh lap dua yen su nhdt tri vd cau ket chat che vdi nhau nham muc dich thuc hien tpi pham rat nghiem ypng hay tdi phgm dae biet nghiem ypng"'''.
Cdn TS. Tran Quang Tiep cho rang: "Td chue tdi pham la mdt tap hpp ngudi ed su lien ket, phan edng, phdi hpp hoat ddng vdi nhau do mdt hoac mpt so ca nhan thanh lap, dieu khien mpt each cd ke hoach nham thye hien mpt hoac nhieu tdi pham rat nghiem trpng, tdi pham dac biet nghiem ypng""'.
Cde khdi niem nay da Idm rd td chde tdi pham phai la mpt nhom ngudi dugc td chue, lien ket chat che de thuc hien tdi pham theo ke hogch da dugc vgch ra va loai tdi pham ma td chue nay thuc hien la tdi pham rat nghiem trpng hoge tdi phgm dac biet nghiem ypng. Tuy nhien, cac khai niem nay chua chi ra dugc nhdm ngudi, hay tap hgp ngudi gdm eu the la bao nhieu ngudi (hai ngudi hay ba ngudi trd len). Cac khai niem ndy chi ra logi tdi pham ma td chue do thuc hien la tdi pham rat nghiem trgng hoge tdi dac biet nghiem trpng. Tuy nhien, viee thuc hien logi tpi pham nao (rat nghiem ypng, tdi phgm dac biet nghiem trgng) phu thupe vdo viec phan loai tdi phgm trong BLHS. Trong khi BLHS Viet Nam nam 1985 phan loai tpi
Th^c sT, Vi$n khoa hgc kiem sat, Vipn kiim sat nhSn dan toi cao.
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pham gdm tdi phgm it nghiem ypng va tdi phgm nghiem ygng md khdng cd tpi pham rat nghiem ygng hoge tdi phgm dac biet nghiem trpng nhung yong giai doan Bd lugt ndy cd hieu lyc vdn cd td chue tdi phgm.
Nhung thye tiin cho thdy td chde tdi phgm dugc thdnh lap khdng phdi de thyc hien tdi phgm it nghiem ypng. Han niia, cdc khdi niem neu den chua chi ra dugc ddc trung dien hinh cua td ehuc tpi phgm, dd Id myc dich phgm tdi, tdc Id cdi md td chue tdi phgm hudng den.
De dua ra khdi niem "td chue tdi phgm"
chung, thdng nhat, cd tinh khdi qudt cao thi tmdc bet phdi Idm rd "td chue" Id gi? Theo Td diin tilng Viet thi "td chde" vdi nghia Id mdt danh tu de ehi mdt bien tupng xa hdi thi dd la tap hgp nhiing ngudi dupe td ehuc Igi, boat ddng vi nhiing quyen Igi chung, nham muc dich chung'^'. Theo dinh nghTa nay thi ndi hdm cua td chue tdi pham Id mpt nhdm ngudi, ma cu the la phdi tu ba ngudi y d len, nhiing ngudi nay ed sy cdu ket, phdi hpp chat ehe vdi nhau (bdi neu chi cd hai ngudi phgm tdi thi khdng the hien tinh chuyen mdn hda hdnh vi phgm tpi, nen khdng duge coi Id cd sy cau ket chat ehe); nhdm ngudi nay dugc lap ra nham thyc hien tdi phgm vdi myc dich loi ieh vat ehdt bat hpp phap. Bdi vi khdng ed td ehuc tdi pham ndo dugc lap ra md khdng vi Igi ich vdt ehdt; Igi ich vat chat Id dpng lyc, la dich hudng tdi yong boat ddng phgm tdi eua td chue tdi pham.
Tren ca sd phdn tich neu yen, theo chung tdi cd the dua ra khdi niem td chue tdi phgm nhu sau: To chue tpi phgm Id tap hgp gom ba ngu&i tr& len co su edu kit, phoi hgp chat che v&i nhau di thuc hiin tgi phgm nghiim trgng, tpi phgm rdt nghiim trpng, tpi phgm dgc biet nghiim trgng nhdm muc dich Igi ich vdt chdt bdt hgp phdp.
Thye tien d nude ta dong nhiing nam gdn day da xuat hien td chue tpi phgm theo
kilu "xa hdi den", hogt ddng di vdo chieu sau, tgo vd bpc hgp phdp, gay dn mot cdch kin dao vdi nhilu hinh thuc che day rdt khdn kheo, vdi hinh thuc td chue cao ban ed td chde mang tinh truyen thdng, xuat hien nhilu ten cdm ddu cdc bang, nhdm ndi tilng dong gidi giang hd, cd sy phan chia ddng cap, ngdi thu d l td chue boat dpng phgm tgi vd chung khong chi, chi phdi Idn nhau den CO sd sue mgnh vd danh tieng eua mdi bang nhdm. Theo nhdn dinh ciia Tdng cyc Cdnh sdt phdng chdng tdi pham, Bd Cdng an tgi hdi nghi triin khai cdng tdc nam 2014 tai Ha Ndi ngdy 20/12/2013, todn qudc hien cd khoang 127 bang nhdm tdi phgm ed td chde, yong dd cd II bang nhdm tdi phgm hogt ddng theo kilu "xa hpi den". Thu dogn hogt ddng va che gidu tdi pham cua chung rat tinh vi, xdo quyet nen heu bet cac td chue tpi phgm ed thdi gian dn (tdn tgi vd hogt dgng pham tdi) tu 5 din 10 nam mdi bi phdt hi?n vd yidt phd. Mae dii, BLHS hien hanh eua nude ta khdng quy dinh khdi nidm "td chue tdi phgm". Tuy nhien, lien quan den vdn de ndy, Bd ludt da quy dinh cdc che dinh nhu;
Chudn bi phgm tdi (Dilu 17), phgm tpi chua dat (Dilu 18), ddng phgm, trong dd ed phgm tdi cd td chue (Dilu 20), tinh tilt tang nang ydeh nhiem hinh sy (Dilu 48), tinh tilt
"phgm tdi cd td ehuc" la tiet dinh khung tang ndng dong mdt sd tdi pham cy the, ldm co sd cho viec xu ly cdc trudng hgp phgm tpi ed td ehuc xdy ra dong thyc tidn. Tuy nhien, vdi cdc quy dinh ndy thi khdng the xd ly hinh sy khi cdc td chde tgi phgm ehua thyc hien mpt tdi phgm cy the. Do vdy, d gdc dp ddu danh phdng, chdng tdi phgm thi trong trudng hpp nay chiing ta thudng bi dpng, phai theo ddi, chd dgi cho den khi ede td chue tpi phgm thyc hien hdnh vi phgm tgi cy the thi mdi ngdn chan, xu ly dugc. Han nua, tgi khoan 3 Dilu 20 BLHS nam 1999 mdi chi d l cgp vl npi dung ciia phgm tpi cd td ehuc, chua lam
Tap chi
2 4 I K1EMSAT_ /So 16 (thang 8/2014)
GOP y SdR l>6l, B6 SITHG Bd LDAT HIHH S I ; HAM 1399
rd hinh thuc eua "su cdu kit chat ehe giua nhung ngudi cung thyc hien tpi phgm". Mac du "td chue tpi phgm" bieu hien cd ve mat chu quan (sy cdu ket, thdng nhdt ve myc dich, dpng CO...) vd mat khdch quan (nhieu ngudi eung tham gia, cd sy phan cdng, cd cdc hdnh vi td chde...) da lam cho tinh nguy hiem xa hpi cua hdnh vi d d nen nghiem trpng ban nhung van bi gidi hgn dong viec coi dd chi Id tinh tilt dinh khung tdng ndng, cd nghTa Id ehi coi ddu hieu "cd td chue" Id mdt ddu hieu bd sung trong mat khdch quan hay chu quan. Dilu nay la khdng hgp ly vi chi dp dyng duge tinh tiet dinh khung tdng nang khi eiing nhau thuc hien mdt tpi phgm cy the. Trong khi dd, chung ta edn xem xet vdn de tmy ciiu trach nhiem hinh sy ngay ddi vdi ca viec tham gia, ed mat dong nhiing td ehuc ma khdng can biet td chue dd da thye hi?n tpi phgm cy the nao chua, bdi vi bdn thdn sy ton tgi nhimg td chde nhu the da mang tinh nguy hiem cao eho xd hpi. Mpt td ehdc duge thdnh lap trong mpt khoang thdi gian nhat dinh thi ty nd dd chdng Igi xa hpi vd nguy hiem eho xa hpi nen ddi hdi phdi bj xd ly nghiem khae ve mat hinh sy. Han nua, d gdc dg ddu tranh phdng chdng tdi pham, neu khdng cd sy phdn biet giua tinh chat, mue dg, quy md td chde cua cde bang, nhdm, td ehdc tpi pham thi se khdng ydnh khdi sy cdo bdng, ddng nhat yong dau tranh, xu ly, khdng ddm bdo dupe nguyen tac phdn hda ydeh nhi?m hinh su vd ed the hda hinh phgt. Rd rdng trong thue te td chue tdi pham ed tinh nguy hiem cao hon nhieu so vdi cde bdng, nhdm dan le phgm tpi cd td ehuc. Quy md, CO cau td ehuc edng phuc tgp thi mue dp nguy hiem cho xd hpi cdng Idn.
Thyc tiin cho thay, dong phdn cdc tpi pham ciia BLHS Viet Nam ndm 1999 cd mpt dilu lugt duy nhat (Dieu 79) quy dinh ve tpi hogt dpng nhdm lat dd ehinh quyen nhan dan, yong dd ed de cap den vi?c xd ly hinh
su ddi vdi ngudi hogt dpng thanh lap hoac tham gia to ehuc nhdm lat do chinh quyen nhan dan. Quy dinh nay tgo ra kha nang chu dpng tan cdng ngan chan sdm tdi pham, khdng de cho tdi phgm cung nhu hau qua ciia nd xdy ra. Tuy nhien, de ed the ddu tranh, xu Iy td chue tdi pham de thuc hien edc tpi phgm khae thi can quy dinh ve td chde tpi pham, trdeh nhiem hinh sy ddi vdi nhung trudng hgp lien quan den td chde tdi pham, theo dd chi cdn cd hanh vi thdnh lap, lanh dgo hoac tham gia bat ky td chde tpi phgm nao, khdng k l cd hay khdng cd bdnh vi phgm tdi ey the, deu phdi bj xu Iy ve mat hinh sy. Dieu nay cdng nham npi ludt hda cde cam ket cua Viet Nam khi tham gia vdo edc dieu ude qudc te, bdi ngdy 13/12/2000, Viet Nam da tham gia ky ket Cdng ude cua Lien hgp qudc ve chdng tdi phgm cd td chue xuyen qudc gia va hien dang chudn bi phe chudn Cdng ude ciing nhu cac Nghi dinh thu kem theo Cdng ude. Cdng ude ndy da quy dinh nghTa vu cua cdc qude gia thdnh vien yong viec hinh sy hod hdnh vi tham gia vdo cac td ehdc tdi phgm (Dieu 5), theo dd can phdi xu ly hinh sy sdm hon ngay tu khi cde bang nhdm, td ehdc tdi phgm mdi dupe hinh thdnh. Bdn than su tdn tgi eua td chue tdi phgm da Id vi pham phdp lugt hinh sy vd phdi bj xd ly. Ngoai ra, Viet Nam da la thanh vien cua 8/13 cdng ude qude te ve chdng khiing bd vd dang tich cue thyc bien edc Nghj quyet ciia Lien hgp qudc ve chdng khiing bd.
Do vgy, de dap ling yen cdu chii ddng tdn edng, ngdn ehgn nhirng bang nhdm td chde tdi phgm, thyc hien edc cam ket trong cdc Dieu ude qudc te md Viet Nam la thdnh vien ciing nhu xu the phat trien ciia phap luat hinh su qudc te hien nay, BLHS Viet Nam can sua ddi theo hudng ben egnh che djnh ddng pham, pham tpi cd td ehuc thi cdn bd sung quy dinh ve td chue tpi phgm, tao co sd phap
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Iy eho viec xd ly v l mat hinh su ddi vdi eae td ehuc tdi pham. Cu the la, bd sung quy dinh v l "td chue tpi phgm" d phdn chung cua BLHS, ddng thdi tdi pham hda ddi vdi hdnh vi thdnh lap, lanh dgo hogc tham gia td chue tdi phgm dong phan cdc tdi pham eua BLHS.
Bdi Ie, neu chi bd sung quy dinh "td chue tpi pham" d phan chung ciia BLHS thi ddn den bdt cap Id khdng cy tbi hda cdc hdnh vi vd hinh phgt dp dyng ddi vdi cdc hanh vi thanh lap, lanh dao hoac tham gia td chue tdi phgm khi td ehuc nay chua thyc hien tdi pham cy the dong thyc te. Do vdy, yong phdn chung BLHS can bd sung mdt dieu luat quy dinh ve
"td chue tdi pham" yong do xdc dinh rd khai niem td ehuc tpi pham, dach nhiem hinh su cua ngudi thanh lap, lanh dao hoac tham gia td chue tdi phgm va viec quyet djnh hinh phat ddi vdi ngudi thanh lap, lanh dgo hogc tham gia td ehuc tdi pham. Cac quy dinh nay phai thi hien duge nguyen tae phan hda ydeh nhiem hinh sy, cd the hda hinh phat, nhat la ddi vdi vai trd, daeh nhiem ciia ngudi thanh lap, lanh dao, cam ddu td chue tdi phgm vdi nhiing ngudi tham gia khdc. Cu the bd sung vdo phan chung cua BLHS mdt dieu ludt mdi nhu sau:
Dieu... To chirc tpi phgm (m&i) 1. To chicc tpi phgm Id tap hpp gdm ba ngu&i tra len co su cdu kit, phoi hgp chat che v&i nhau de thuc hien tpi phgm nghiim trgng. tpi phgm rdt nghiim trgng, tpi phgm ddc biet nghiem trgng nhdm muc dich Igi ich vdt chdt bdt hgp phdp.
2. Ngu&i thdnh lap, ldnh dgo to chicc tpi phgm phdi chiu trdch nhiim hinh su ve viic td chicc, ldnh dgo to ehuc tpi phgm quy dinh tgi Dieu... cua Bp ludt ndy, dong th&i phdi chiu trdch nhiim hinh su ve cdc tpi phgm md hg CO y cung tham gia thuc hien.
3. Ngu&i tham gia to chicc phdi chiu trdch nhiem hinh su vi viec tham gia vdo to chirc tgi phgm quy dinh tgi Dieu... cua Bp
lugt ndy, ddng th&i phdi chiu trdch nhiem hinh su vi viic cdc tpi phgm md hg co y tham gia thyc hiin.
4. Viic thdnh lap, ldnh dgo, tham gia to chicc tpi phgm niu khong phgm cdc tpi quy dinh tgi cdc diiu ludt trong Phdn cdc tpi phgm cua Bp ludt ndy thi phdi chju trdch nhiem hinh sy vi viec chudn bi phgm nhimg tpi md td chirc dugc lap ra de thuc hien.
5. Tpi phgm do to chirc tpi phgm thuc hiin phdi bi xu phgt nghiim khde han theo nhirng edn cir vd trong gi&i hgn do Bp lugt ndy quy dinh.
Tdi phgm hda hanh vi thanh lap, lanh dgo hoac tham gia td ehdc tdi phgm vdo Phdn cac tdi phgm cua BLHS, eu the nhu sau:
Diiu... Tpi thdnh lap, ldnh dgo hogc tham gia td chirc tpi phgm (m&i)
1. Nguai ndo thdnh Igp hoge lanh dgo td ehuc tpi phgm de thue hiin cdc tpi phgm nghiim trgng, tpi phgm rdt nghiem trgng hogc tpi phgm dgc biet nghiem trgng thi bi phgt til tic bdy ndm den muai ldm ndm.
2. Nguai ndo tham gia vdo to chicc tpi phgm thi biphgt tii tic ba ndm den mu&i ndm.
3. Ngu&i ndo Igi dung chue vu, quyen hgn dugc giao md co cde hdnh vi thdnh lap, lanh dgo hogc tham gia to chue tpi phgm thi bi phgt tu tic mu&i ndm din hai muai ndm.
4. Nguai phgm tpi con co the bi tich thu tdi sdn do phgm tpi md co; cdm dam nhiem chue vu, cdm hdnh nghe hogc ldm cong viic nhdt dinh tie mpt ndm din ndm ndm; phgt qudn chi hogc cdm cu trd tie mpt ndm den nam nam. •
(1) TSKH. Le Cam (2002), CSc nghien cuu chuyen khao ve phan chtmg lu|t hinh stf (t|p IV), Nxb. Cong an nhan dan.
(2) TS. Trin Quang Ti?p (2007), D6ng pham trong Luat hinh sir Vi^t Nam, Nxb. Tu phip.
(3) Hoang Phe (Chu bien) (1995), Tir diin tieng Vi$t, Nxb. Da Ning - Trung tam tir dien hgc. Ha Ngi.
Tgp chi
2 6 I KIEMSAT-/Sd 16 (thang 8/2014)
