IS^HJTRAO D6I
De quy tac xuat xu" trong CPTTP khong con la "thach thii'c"
doi vori nganh det may Viet Nam
Hidp dinh Toan di^n va Tid'n bO xuydn Thai Binh DrfoTng (CPTPP) co hi0u li^c dd'i vm Vi$t Nam tuf ngay 14/01/2019. Thtfc td', CPTPP da \k dang dem l^i hang lo^t cd hdi cho ddt may khi tlii trtf&ng dtft^c rad r^ng sang cac qud'c gia, nhtf: Mexico, Peru hay Canada. Ngoai ra, nhtfng tac dOng Idhiac nhau thiic d^y cai each th^ ch^, tao mdi trtfctag kinh doanh thdng thoang, minh b^ch hdn cung se CO nhi^g tac d$ng tich ci^Tc ldn nganh d^t may. Tuy nliidn, nhtfhg quy dinh v^ quy tac xu^t xtf liien lai dang la mOt thach thtfc l^i dd'i vdi cac doanh nghi$p (DN) ng^nh d$t may kin Vi$t Nam tham gia CPTPP. Nd'u khdng vtf^
qua dtf4;rc thach thd^c nay, thi nganh d$t may Vi$t Nam kho co thd' t$n dyng CPTTP dd btft pha.
J^Ol DUNG CO BAN CUA QUY T X C XUAT Xlf DOI VCfl H A N G D f T MAY
CPTPP ddnh mdt chrfdng cho ngdnh ddt may va quy dinh khd khat khe. Trong khi cac hiep dinh kbdc chi can chffng minh 1 -2 cdng doan cd xuit xff, thi CPTPP ydu elu 3 edng doan cua ngdnh ddt may, nghia la todnbd qud tnnh keo sdi, ddt vdi, nbugm, hodn td't vd may quin do pbai dtfdc thtfc hign frong nOi khdi cde nffde kJ CPTPP. Quy tae nay khuydn khich phdt tridn chudi cung ffng nganh cdng nghiep ddt may theo ngdnh dge, khuyen khich dau trf phdt trien nganh sdi, vai, tao cd hdi cho DN tham gia sdu hdn vao chudi cung dhg trong ndi khd'i CPTPP.
So vdi cde hidp dinh thrfdng mai trf do (FTA) trrfdc ddy ma Viet Nam da kJ ke't, ddy Id quy tic dtfa ra ydu elu d mffc eao (FTA dp dung "tff vai trd di"). Tuy nhien, ede thanh vidn cung thd'ng nha't mot sd ttffdng hdp c6 quy tae xuat xff mang tinh linh boat hdn, nhtf sau:
Thdnhdt, 3 nhdm hdng may mde dtfde dp dung quy tac xud't xff 1 edng doan, cit va may, gdm: vah, tui xach;
do ngtfe phu nff; quin do tr^ em bang sdi tdng hdp.
Thii hai, danh muc ngudn cung thidu hut gdm 194 loai sdi, vai drfde phep sff dung tff ngodi khu vrfc CPTPP, trong dd 186 mat hang se drfdc dp dung vTnb vidn vd 8 m^t hdng cM dtfdc dp dung cd chd nay trong vdng 5 ndm.
Vide cbfi ddng ddp ffhg quy lac xua't la dieu kidn d l det may Vidt Nam tham gia vao thi rfrfdng CPTTP, ddng thdi se giup cho ngdnh det may Viet Nam phdt trien ben vfltig & cdc phdn doan vd todn nganh, tdng ndng lyc canh tranh trong qud dinh hdi nh|ip kinh te qud'c te.
THACH THCfC D 6 | Vdl NGANH D^T M^Y VIEJ NAM KHI AP D^NG QUY TAC XUAT XLf CUA CPTTP
Cung vdi Trung Qudc vd Banglades, Vidt Nam Id mOt trong nhflhg nrfde ed kim ngach xua't khau hang may mdc Idn nhd't thd gidi. Vdi vi tri dia IJ thudn ldi, dan sd trong dg tudi lao dgng ddng dao, cdc chinh sdch v l kinh te' thrfdng mai Iudn drfde Cbinh phd quan tdm ddt ldn hdng dlu, cd hdi de nganh ddt may Vi^t Nam phdt triln se rit ldn. Ddc biet, khi CPTPP ed hieu life todn didn, tilm ndng cda thi trrfdng nay se md rgng hdn nffa cho ngdnh ddt may Viet Nam.
Theo ddnh gid cda Ngan hang Thd gidi, ddn ndm 2030, xuat khiu cua Vidt Nam sang thi trrfdng cde nrfdc trong CPTPP tdng tff 54 ty USD ldn 80 ty USD, chid'm 25% ldng kim ngach xuat khau cda Vidt Nam. Dff li^u ghi nh|n thi phan kim ngach xudi khau cda Vi$l Nam ddi vdi ngdnh gidy dep, d^t may, do gd, dd udng lln Irfdt d mffc 12,5%;
16,04%; 20% vd 23,46% (Trin Vu Nghi, 2019). Vide kJ kdt mOt sd FTA nhff CPTPP se md ra ed hdi phdi tridn cho nganh dgt may, da gidy cda Vi^t Nam, dae biet Id sff thu hut dlu ttf, cung nhtf thuc d l y xuit khiu dd'i vdi cdc thi
•JhS Triidng D?i hoc Cong nghiep Thi^c pham TP. H6 Chi Minh OR
trtfdng jhuOe CPTPP. Hdng rdo thud quan doi vdi ngdnh ddt may v l cd ban se dtfdc dd bd ngay khi hidp dinh ndy cd hidu Itfc, dd dtfdc htfdng mffc thud suat ffu ddi nhtf trdn, cdc DN trong ngdnh can dap ffng ydu e l u kbit khe v l quy tac xuat xff trong ngdnh dgt may, ddy la ydu eau b i t bugc, dilu kidn tidn quydt.
Ddp ffng Quy t i c xuat xff tbeo CPTPP tff Sdi trd di la mdt thach thffc. Hign nay, cdc DN Vidt Nam van dang phdi nhdp phan ldn nguydn phu lidu dd phuc vu san xudt, xuat khau, trong dd nhdp gin 99%
bdng, 1,3 trieu td'n xd sdi (Hidp hdi Dan thdji, 2019). Sdi drfdc Vidt Nam nhap khiu chu ydu tff Han Qudc va Trung Qude (2 qude gia khdng nlm Wong nhdm nffdc CPTPP). Bdn canh do, ede DN trong nrfdc ehtfa dlu trf drfde nhilu vao khdu sdi ddt nhudm.
Ndi lo thrfdng trrfc eda cac DN xuat k h i u lien quan ddn CPTPP ed hidu Irfc Id bi DN Trung Qude tdn dung dd ldm gid xud't xff. Thtfc td, tac ddng tff cudc chid'n tranh thffdng mai My - Trung thdi gian qua da khid'n nhilu ddn hdng det may, da giay... dieh ehuyin tff Trung Qudc sang Viet Nam de n^ tranh khoan thud', md My da ddnh vdo thi trtfdng Trung Qud'c trong tbdi gian vffa qua.
Loai "hdng chuydn tai" - tffc hang Trung Qud'c x u i t sang Vidt Nam rdi ddn nhan
" M a d e in Vietnam" sau dd tie'p tuc x u i t k h i u sang Hoa Ky de trdnh thud dang didn ra rd't tinh vi. Vffa qua, thep Vidt Nam, nhu^g ed xud't xff tff Trung Qudc da bi My ddnh thud ldn ddn 450%
(gdm cd thud ehdng phd gid vd thud ddi khang) (Mai Phtfdng, 2019). Khi cd quan thtfdng mai My phdt bien dtfde, ede DN bi trffng phat la d Vidt Nam, tbi se la ca nhdm sdn phim, ngdnh hang chff khdng chi tffng DN. Day Id bai hgc Vidt Nam can ednh gide khdng chi d thi trffdng My, ma t i t cd ede thi thrfdng khde, bao gdm CPTPP.
MQT SO KIEN NGHj CHO NGANH DET MAY VI £ T NAM
Quy tie xuat xff ddi vdi hang ddt may dffdc dp dung tff qui ttinh kdo sdi, ddt vdi, nhudm dd'n may phdi dffdc thrfc hien ttong n0i khd'i cde nrfdc CPTPP. Vi vdy, ngdnh ddt may Viet Nam can chu dgng xdc dinh ndng Irfc cda minh d tffng cdng doan, tff dd ed nhflhg hrfdng di phd hdp (bdi vidt chrfa d l cap ddn edng doan may).
Bd'i vdi nganh sdn xudi bdng
San xuat bong la khau dau ttong chudi ddt may, giff vai ttd ttgng ydu ttong vide eung ed'p nguydn Ueu dau vdo cho cdc phdn doan cdn lai, gdm: kdo sdi, det, nhudm vd may. Tuy nhidn, theo quy tac xuat xff CPTPP, cdng doan ndy chtfa dtfdc d l edp tdi, nhiftig d l ddm bdo eho phat trien ben viftig cda nganh, cung ean pbdi ehd y vd ed nhffng phtfdng an phii hdp de chu dgng cho san xuit, kinh doanh.
Sdn Itfdng bdng hang ndm d Vidt Nam han ehe ea v l sd Irfdng va ehat Irfdng; ngudn cung ngdy eang gidm dan. Nganh ttdng bdng cd xu hrfdng thu hep sdn xud't, sdn Irfdng, chit Itfdng bdng ttong ntfde gidm sdt manh, ldm dnh hrfdng ddn cdc khau sau cua chudi gid tri det may. Vl thd, thrfc td ttong nhffng ndm qua, Vidt Nam Id nrfde nhdp khiu bdng rdng. Do dd, thdi gian tdi, Viet Nam can chfi dOng ddm phdn, ky hdp ddng ddi ban vdi cdc nrfdc cd ndng Irfc xuit khiu bdng, xde dinh tdp trung vdo phdt trien ngdnh det, nbugm vd hodn tit sdn pham, thay vi phdt trien sdn xuit bdng.
Bdi vdi ngdnh kio spi
Phdt trien nganh sdi se tao dilu kidn thudn ldi hdn eho vide tao ra sdn pbim sdi ed chit Irfdng cao, dap ffng nhu can cua khau sdn xuat vdi vd may mdc, gidm khodng edeh v l dia IJ vd thdi gian, giam ehi phi ttong viec eung ffng nguyen lieu dau vdo cho ngdnh may mdc. V l ldu ddi, ngdnh sdi phdt tridn se tao them nbieu ed hgi day manh xuat khau, mang lai gid tri kinh td' cho dit nffdc. Ddy cung Id ydu elu eda quy tic xuat xff CPTTP. Tuy vdy, nhdp khau sdi van con ldn, do sdn xuit sdi ttong nrfdc mdi tdp trung d phdn khde sdn phim eip tha'p, trung binb, ndn ehit Irf<?ng, ehdng loai sdi chrfa dap ffng drfdc ydu ciu cda DN ddt may hdng cao ed'p.
Thdm vdo dd, dac linh eda nganh may Viet Nam chfi yd'u Id gia cdng xud't khiu, vide chgn nguydn lidu pbai theo srf chi dinh cfia khaeh bang, cdc DN khdng the chd ddng ttong boat ddng dat ngudn nguydn Udu sdi, vai ttong nrfde.
Neu so vdi cac mdt bang khae, tbi sdi drfde xuat khau vdi gid tri rit ldn. "Viet Nam da xuit khau sdi cdc loai (ttdn 3 ty USD/ndm); vai cdc loai (1 ty USD/nam);
phu Ugu, nhff: chi, bao bi, khda... (500 tridu USD/ndm);
vai dia ky thu$t cho lam dffdng, vdi manh de lam ldp d td (400 ttidu USD/nam)" (Hang Tran, 2020). Thffc td cho thd'y, Vidt Nam khdng chi gia cdng, ma cdn xuit khiu nguydn lidu. Vi thd', ttong thdi gian tdi, nganh sdi cin tid'p tuc ddi mdi hdn nffa d l ndng cao gid tri xuit khau cho hdng sdi Vidt Nam, ddng tbdi ddp iftig ydu eau ngdy cdng khlt khe vd cao d p hdn cfia ngdnh hdng vdi.
Theo dd, cin dp dting tff ddng hda, robot vd sd" dung cdc dff lidu ldn (Big data) d l tdng ndng sud't thanh d p sd nhdn chff khdng phdi cd'p sd' cgng nhrf binh thffdng. Vide ffiig dung khoa hpe va cong nghd ttong san xua't, tijfng bffdc trien khai san xua't thdng minh chinh Id cd hdi, cung Id doi hoi ta't ydu cua cdc nhd mdy de cd the nang cao nang suit chit Iffdng.
29
[ CCfU - TRAO DOI
De ffng dung sdn xuat thdng minh, can thifc hidn cdc bffdc sau day:
- Sff dung cam bie'n, cam bie'n gan vdo cdc vi tri, mdy tten day chuyen, thu th$p cde tin hidu v l tinh ttang van hanh, ldi hdng, sff cd, yeu cau de phue vu thu thdp dff Udu dly dfi ttong cdc hoat ddng sdn xuit;
- Kdt nd'i vdi Irfdng thdng tin tff ede edm bid'n thu nhdn dffdc. K i t ndi khdng day Id mdt giai phdp bien dai vd tidu chuin, bd ttd vide kdt ndi ddn gidn, linh boat vd phu hdp vdi moi dia hinb;
- Phan tieh dff lieu, tff dff lidu thu thap vd dffdc kd't ndi v l cung mdt kho dff lieu, vide phdn tich gidp cac nhd qudn ly ddnh gid nhanh, trrfe quan va ehinh xdc tinh ttang van banh, nang suit tffc Ihdi, cde didm gdy lang phL.. de thffc hien td'i ffu quy trtnh sdn xud't, gidp tdng nang suit hidu qua;
- Xdy dtftig vd trien khai bd tbdng pban mem quan IJ ke'hoaeh sdn xuat, theo doi tie'n do, nguydn vat lidu, tdi tfu cac chi sd, kdt ndi thdng tin tff hd thdng cdm bidn dd phdn tieh dff lidu, tff dd drfa ra be thdng thdng tin phu hdp, drf bdo d l hd ttd ra quydt dinh.
Dot vdi ngdnk dft, nhupm
Ngdnh ddt cd vai trd quan ttong khdng chi dd'i vdi rieng ngdnh may, md ca tong the ngdnh det may, vi vdi Id ydu td' quan ttgng quyet dinh ddn chi phi vd chit Irfdng cud'i cfing cda san phim. Mac dd ed vai ttd quan ttgng ttong vifc eung d p nguyen Ueu tai cbd eho nganh may, nhiftig tten thrfc td', ngdnh det Vidt Nam cdn nhilu ban chd v l chit Itfdng. San Itfdng ngdnh d$t chrfa ddp rfng nhu ciu cda nganh may, nhap khau vai cac loai ve Vidt Nam van con ldn. Srf phdi triln chdm eda nganh ddt cung vdi nhffng tdn tai ttong nganh sdi da din de'n nghieh IJ la sdi Vidt Nam san xuit hien nay phdi xua't khau, ttong khi nganh may lai phdi nhdp vdi.
Nguydn nhan ehinh ddn ddn stf ydu kdm efia nganh ddt trong md'i lien kdt vdi nganh may la chinh sdch dlu ttf va chidn ltfdc phat tridn nganh ddt, nhudm va hoan ta't chtfa cd stf thdng nhd't ndn khdng khuydn khich dtfdc cdc nha d l u ttf d l u ttf vdo ngdnh ndy. Quy md DN ddt nhd, so' Itfdng DN ttong
ngdnh it. Cdng nghd ngdnh ddt, nhudm vd hodn td't edn lac hdu, chtfa chd dgng drfdc ngudn nguydn lieu eho sdn xudt.
Bdn canh dd, det vd nhudm Id ngdnh cin vdn Idn, cdng nghd cao, nen c i c DN cd quy md vffa vd nhd se gdp khd khdn ttong vide d l u tff, ddi mdi cdng nghe dd cd the tham gia vdo chudi gid tri ddt may.
Dgi ngu nhan Iffc ttong nganh ddt, nhudm chrfa cao, ldm ban chd tang ndng suit, cdi tidn chat Irfdng. Ngoai ra, srf lo ngai ve vin d l d nbiem mdi trrfdng ttong ngdnh ddt, nhudm vd hoan tdt cung khidn eae dia phrfdng tff chdi cdc drf dn dau trf vdo Unh vrfc ndy.
Dd'i vdi ngdnh ddt, nhudm cin cd nhiftig chinb sdch phdt trien thdng qua quy hoaeh vung san xuat thich hdp, ttdnh tinh ttang dlu trf ddn ttdi, tff phdt d cdc dia phrfdng nhim ban chd vide d nhilm mdi trrfdng, tdn kem ngudn Irfe; ddng tbdi, hd ttd ttong xay drfng ke't can ba tang xff ly nffdc thdi tdp trung cho khu cdng nghidp ddt, nhudm. Trong thu hdt dlu trf, ein edn nhac nhflng drf dn theo hrfdng rfu tien, ehd ttgng van d l bao ve mdi trrfdng, dp dung cdng nghd cao ttong xfi IJ nrfde thdi.
Cbd ttgng ttong cdng doan tbiet kd vdi, ngodi vide thid't kd cde loai vdi ddp rfng cdc mSu thdi ttang mdi, d n dlu trf ttong vide sdng tao cdc loai vdi than thidn vdi moi trrfdng (vai ehdng bui, diet khuin), vdi khode ngodi nano d l giff Im, vdi ed tinh hut I m cao vd mang mui hffdng tff nhidn vd nhilu loai vdi ky thuat khde. Hffdng di ndy sd gifip eho ngdnh d^t, nhudm Viet Nam ed the c^nh ttanh dffdc vdi cde qudc gia khac ttdn thi ttrfdng qudc td.Q
TAT TTF.IT THAM KHAO ^ 1. Trung tdm WTO vd Hdi nhap (2019). Vdn kiin Hiip dinh CPTPP va cdc tdm tdt, cdng bdngdy 20/10/2019
2. Tbi trrfdng - Ngdnh hdng (2019). Phan tich thi trffdng ddt may 10 tiidng 2019 vd dff bdo nam 2020, Tpp chi Doanh nghiep vd Thuang mai, sd 11/2019
3. Higp hgi Dan thdu (2019). Nganh d$t may gpp khd vdi quy tdc xud't xii, truy cap tff https://www.
agtek.org. vn/ContentDetail/Tin-Tuc/296-15302/nganh-det-may-gap-kho-voi-quy-tac-xuat-xu 4. Tran Vu Nghi (2019). 80 ti USD cda 4 ngdnh hang chd khai thdc tii CPTPP, truy cdp tif https://
nioitte.vn/80-ti-usd-eua-4-nganh-hang-cho-khai-thac-tu-cptpp-20191205154354181 .htm 5. Hing Tran (2019). Xu hudng phdt triin bin vdng cho nganh dil may Vi$t Nmn, truy cdp tff bttps://baorintuc.vn/kinh-te/xu-huong-phat-trien-ben-vung-chonganh-det-may-viet-nam -20191214181000760.htm
6. Mai Phtfdng (2019). My chinh thdc dp thue han 450% vdi thip Viet Nam, truy cap ti/ https://
thanhnien.vn/tai-chinh-kmh-doanh/my-ehinh-thuc-ap-tiiue-hon-450-voi-thep-viet-nam-I160475.html
