Kinh te & Chinh sdch
DAC DIEM CAC NGUON V O N SINH KE VA CAC N H A N TO ANH HUOfNG DEN THU NHAP CUA HQ GIA DINH TAI BUON DRANG PHOK
VUOfN QUOC GIA YOK DON
Dong Thi T h a n h \ Tran Huong Lien^ Nguyen Thien Tao^ Hoang Thi Minh Hue"*
'''Tru&ng Bgi hoc Ldm nghiep
'•^Bdo tdng thien nhien Viet Nam - Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hoc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam
TOM TAT
Phat tnSn sinh kg cua cong d6ng s6ng a vung dem cac vuon quoc gia luon la vkn de duoc quan tam. Thong qua nghien ciru nham dk xuk dugc nhirng giai phap phu hop voi dieu kien dac thii timg dia phuang trong viec nang cao thu nhap, giam ap lire len ngu6n tai nguyen, hai hoa giua bao ton va phat trien tai nguyen vuon quoc gia.
De giai quyet van de nay tai buon Drang Phok thuoc Vuon Quoc gia Yok Don, de tai da sii dung bo cong cy trong phuong phap danh gia nong thon co sy tham gia cua nguoi dan (PRA) va tien hanh dieu tra thu thap so li6u cua 80 ho gia dinh. KSt qua phan tich dac di§m cac nguon von sinh ke cua cpng dong cho thay c6 nhirng dac tnmg dien hinh ve nguon von con ngu6i, von xa hoi, von tu nhien, von vat chat va von tai chinh tai diem nghien ciru. Hoat dong san \uh chinh ciia ngucri dan la san xuat nong lam nghiep theo loi quang canh, phu thuoc nhieu vao thien nhien va kinh nghiem ban dia. Thong qua phan tich mo hinh hoi quy da bien da xac dinh duoc cac nhan t6 chinh anh huong dSn thu nhap cua hg gia dinh tai diem nghien ciiu theo thu t\r uu tien la: (1) Liia nuac, (2) Chan nuoi, (3) Hoa mau, (4) Lam san ngoai go, (5) Dieu, (6) Dien tich dat. Tren co so phan tich d|c diSm cac ngu6n v6n sinh ke va cac ySu to anh hucmg den thu nhap hon hgp cua hg gia dinh, de tin de xuat dugc 4 nhom giai phap gop phan phat trien sinh ke, nang cao thu nhap cua cong dong tai buon Drang Phok, Vuon Quoc gia Yok Don, gom. (1) Nang cao chat lugng nguon von sinh ke, (2) Phat tnen chan nuoi, (3) Hoan thien phuang an quy hoach sir dung dat, (4) Thuc hien hieu qua cac chuang trinh chinh sach ho trg.
Til' khoa: Ho gia dinh, nhan to anh huwng, phat trien sinh ke, thu nhap hSn hgp, viing dem.
1. DAT VAN DE
Phdt trien sinh ke, nang cao thu nhap cong dong tai vung dem cac Vuan quoc gia (VQG), Khu bao ton la rat can thiet, gop phan giai quyet mau thuan trong vice bao ton va phat trien nguon tai nguyen rirng.
Viing dem cac Vucm quoc gia la nai sinh song cua nhieu dan toe ban dia, co tap quan canh tac truyen thong, phu thuoc vao nguon tai nguyen va kinh nghiem truyen thong (Dong Thi Thanh va Pham Quang Vinh, 2012).
Nguon thu nhap ho gia dinh co thg tit khai thac go va lam san ngoai go, thu tii' hoat dong lam nuong ray tren dit rimg (Firey Walter, 1999;
Masozera MK, Alavalapati JRR, 2004);
Mujawamariya G, Karimov AA, 2014).
Tai VQG Yok Don, hien nay vSn co dan cu sinh song ngay trong viing loi. Viec quy hoach quan ly bao ton tai nguyen rimg va diu tu phat trien VQG khong the tach rai vai sinh ke cua nguai dan tai cong dong. Tuy nhien thuc tk co nhieu van de kho khan, bat cap giiia bao tdn va
khai thac sir dung tai nguyen rimg vai dap iing nhiing nhu cau on dinh dai song, phat hien kinh te cpng dong mang tinh dac thu ciia dia phuang (Tong cue Lam nghiep, 2011). Vi vay viec giai quyet thao ga nhimg kho khan trong sinh ke va phat trien ben vimg sinh ke cpng dong la mpt trong yeu to then chot de dung hoa van de nay.
Bai bao tap trung phan tich cac dac diem cac nguon von sinh ke cua cpng dong, cac yeu to tac dpng den thu nhap ciia hp gia dinh lam ca sa de xuat cac giai phap phat trien sinh ke, nang cao thu nhap cho ho gia dinh tai diem nghien cuu.
2. PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 2.1. Noi dung nghien cihi
- Xac dinh dac diSm cac ngu6n v6n sinh U cua cpng ddng tai buon Drang Phok thupc Vuan Quoc gia Yok Don;
- Phan tich cac nhan t6 anh huong dSn thu nhap cua hp gia dinh tai diem nghien cuu;
- DS xuat giai phap phat hign sinh k8 cpng
130 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch dong tai dia ban nghien cuu.
2.2. Phuffng p h a p nghien cihi
2.2.1. Cas&ly thuyit vd md hinh nghien cun Ly thuyet v l su dung tai nguyen dugc de xuat bai Firey (1999), ly thuySt thiia nhan su phu thupc ciia con ngudi vao mpt ngudn lire nhat dinh. Cac cdng ddng sdng gan cac khu bao ton phu thupc vao ngudn tai nguyen rimg cho sinh ke cua hp (Firey Walter, 1999;
Masozera MK va Alavalapati JRR, 2004). Ddi vdi cac hg gia dinh trong cdng ddng nay, rimg con la ngudn cung cac san pham lam san ngoai gd, tao ngudn thu nhap cho hd thdng qua mua, ban cac san pham nay (Mujawamariya G va Karimov AA, 2014). Co the nhan dinh, cac hoat dpng san xuat lam nghiep cd anh huang
nhat dinh den thu nhap cac hd gia dinh sdng gan rimg va cac khu bao tdn.
Cac nghien cuu d trong nuac cihig cho kdt qua tuang tu, nghien ciiu ciia Le Dinh Hai (2017) cho thay cac yeu td nhu quy md vdn vay, dien tich cua ndng hp, ap dung bien phap ky thuat vao san xuat co anh hudng ddn thu nhap cua ndng hd d Ba Vi, thanh phd Ha Ndi.
Nhu vay, dua tren ca sd ly luan va thuc tien cua nghien ciiu frudc day va dieu kien dac thii tai dia ban nghien ciiu, can cir vao ket qua phan tich dac diem cac ngudn vdn sinh ke cua cdng ddng de nhan dien cac nhan to tiem nang cd anh hudng den thu nhap ciia ndng hd, bao gdm 13 nhan td tiem nang (Bang 1).
Bang 1. Diln giai cac bien trong mo hinh hoi quy da bien
Ky hieu Noi dung Ky vong
d^u 1 Tuoi chu ho Tuoi ciia chu ho Tuoi
Nhan gia tri 1: M'Nong; Nhan gia tri 2: Ja Rai, Nhan gia tri 3:
E De; Nhan gia tri 4: Dan toe khac
Hocvan chuho Trinh do hoc van cua chu ho
Nhan gia tri 0: Mu chir, 1: Tieu hgc, 2: Tmng hgc ca sd, 3:
Trung hpc pho thong So nhan khau cua hp gia dinh Nguoi 5 Laodongchinh So lao dpng chinh ciia hp gia
dinh Nguai
Dien tich Tong dien tich dat cua HGD Ha Soluong_giasuc So luong gia sue Con
Lua nuoe Tong thu tu Ilia nuac Trieu dong/nam/hp Tong thu tir hoa mau Trieu dong/nam/hp Tong thu tir dieu Trieu dong/nam/hp Tong thu tir lam san ngoai go Trieu dong/nam/hp 12 Chan nuoi Tdng thu tir chan nudi Tneu ddng/nam/hd 13 KhoanBV^rung Tong thu nhap tir hoat dpng
khoan bao ve rimg Trieu dong/nam/hp 14 Thunhap Bien phu thugc the hien thu
nhap hon hgp ciia hg gia dinh Trieu dong/nam/hp Md hinh hdi quy cac bien dugc xac dinh
nhu sau:
THU NHAP - Po + PiTUOI + P2DANTOC + P3HOCVAN + P4NHAN KHAU +
P5LAODONGCHINH + peDIEN TICH + pySO LUONG GIA s u e + pgLUA NUOC + P9HOA MAU + pioDIEU + piiLSNG f P12CHAN NUOI + piaKHGANBV^RUNG
T ^ P C H I K H O A H O C VA C O N G N G H E L A M N G H I E P SO 1 - 2019 131
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2.2.2. Nghien ciru vapban tich taiUdu thu cap - Ke thira cac tai Heu thu cap: Dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te - xa hdi, bao cao tdng ket nam va dinh hudng phat trien kinh te xa hdi cua UBND xa Drdng Na, huyen Budn Ddn, tinh Dak Lak; nghien cuu cac van ban phap luat co lien quan den quan ly ning dac dung, quan ly viing dem cua cac Vudn Qudc gia, chinh sach phat trien sinh ke vung dem; phuang an quy hoach bao tdn va phat trien ben virng Vudn qudc gia Yok Ddn giai doan 2010 - 2020;
nghien ciiu cac bao cao khoa hpc, bai bao, cac van de lien quan den sinh ke (Tdng cue Lam nghiep, 2011; Thu tudng chinh phii, 2012;
UBND xa Drdng Na, 2017).
2.2.3. Phuffng phdp dieu tra thu thdp so lieu Sir dung phuang phap va bd cdng cu danh gia ndng thdn cd su tham gia cua ngudi dan (PRA) dd tim hidu va thu thap cac thdng tin, sd Ueu hien trudng (Nguyen Ba Ngai, 2001). Cac cdng cu sir dung trong de tai gdm:
2.2.3.1. Phong vdn bdn dinh huang + Cdn bp Vuan quoc gia: ve cac thdng tin ngudn tai nguyen, tinh hinh quan ly bao ve tai nguyen, cac chucmg trinh chinh sach phat trien sinh ke ddi vdi cpng ddng.
+ Cdn bg xd, cdn bo than- ve tinh hinh chung cua dia phuang, cac van de lien quan den quan ly su dung dat va tai nguyen rimg, thuc trang quy hoach va cac giai phap chung de phat trien san xuat, quan ly va sir dung tai nguyen rimg hieu qua.
+ Ho gia dinh: Nghien cuu tien hanh phdng van ngau nhien 80 hd gia dinh nham thu thap thdng tin de xir ly sd lieu va phan tich thdng ke. Cac thdng tin ve dac diem ca ban hg gia dinh, tai san, cac loai dat san xuit, cac ngudn vdn sinh ke, hinh thiic va miic dp tac dpng tdi rimg, cac loai tai nguyen rimg ma ngudi dan khai thac, cac kien thiic ban dia cua ngudi dan trong viec trdng, bao ve, khai thac va sir dung
tai nguyen rimg. Thu thap cac thdng tin ve phan tich kinh td hd gia dinh, thu nhap va cac ydu to cau thanh thu nhap ciia cac hd gia dinh dieu tra.
2.2.3.2. Thdo ludn nhom
Thao luan nhdm nhSm cung cd va bd sung cac thdng tin ve hoat ddng sinh ke cua ngudi dan, dac didm cac ngudn vdn sinh ke ciia cdng ddng, cac yeu td tac ddng den thu nhap ciia hp gia dinh, giai phap nhiim phat trien smh ke va nang cao thu nhap hd gia dinh.
2.2.3.3. Phdn tich SWOT
Phan tich diem manh, diem yeu, ca hdi va thach thiic trong viec thuc hien cac hogt ddng san xuit, phat trien sinh ke. Tir do la ca sd de xuat cac giai phap phat dien smh ke va nang cao thu nhap cho cdng ddng tai diem nghien ciiu.
2.2.4. Phuffng phdp xu ly, phdn tich so lieu Tdng hgp sd lieu PRA de phan tich thdng tin tai didm nghien ciiu. Nghien ciiu sii dung phan mdm thdng ke SPSS 20 cho phan tich thdng ke md ta, thdng ke so sanh de xac dinh cac nhan to chu yeu anh hudng den thu nhap hdn hgp cua hd gia dinh va phan tich cac dac diem cpng ddng. Nghien ciiu su dung md hinh phan tich hdi quy da bien. Ket qua phan tich la ca sd de xuat mdt sd giai phap nham tang thu nhap hdn hgp hp gia dinh tren dia ban nghien ciiu.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Dac diem cac nguon von sinh lie cua cong ddng
Ngudn vdn sinh ke dugc hidu nhu la cac di8u kien khach quan va chu quan tac dgng vao mdt su vat hien tuang lam cho nd thay ddi ve chat hoac lugng (Trieu Van Hiing (chu bien), 2013). Dac didm ngudn von sinh kd ciia cac HGD tai diem nghien ciiru dugc md ta thdng qua 14 chi tieu danh gia (12 chi tieu dinh luong va 2 chi tieu dinh tinh) tdng hpp d bang 2.
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Kinh ti & Chinh sdch
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TT
13
14
Bang:
Chj tieu ftanh gia Tu6i chu ho Nhan khau Lao dong chinh Di6n tich So luong vat nuoi Thu nhap tii lua nuac Thu nhap tir hoa mau Thu nhap tir dieu Thu nhap tir LSNG Thu nhap tir chan nuoi Thu nhap tir khoan BVR
T6ng thu nhap ciia HGD
Chi tieu danh
Dan tpc
Trinh dp hpc van
2. D^c diem ho dieu tra theo cac bien phan loai Son vi tinh
Tuoi Nguai Nguai Ha Con Tripu d6ng Tneu dong Trieu dong Trieu dong Trieu ddng Tri8u dong Trieu dong gia
M' Nong JaRai
fide Khac Mil chu Ti6u hpc THCS THPT
Gia tri nho nhat 20
1 1 0,5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0
10 Don vi tinh
Nguai Nguai Nguai Nguoi Nguai Nguai Nguai Nguai
Gia tri Ion nhat 89
6 4 9,5 6 17,5
20 7 6 15 3,5
72,5 si luffng
38 13 27 2 10 42 23 5
Trung binh 43,76
3,69 2,19 2,1506
2,61 11,975 12,3537 2,5363 2,3237 6,5875 1,7875 46,0762 Tyle(%)
47,50 16,20 33,80 2,50 12,50 52,50 28,80 6,20 3.1.1. Vdn tu nhien
Vdn tu nhien cd vai trd rat quan trpng ddi vdi qua trinh tdn tai va phat trien cua cdng ddng, dac biet vol ngudi dan budn Drang Phdk da sd cac hoat ddng sinh ke chu yeu dua vao ndng nghiep, nuang ray va khai thac tai nguyen.
- Dien tich ddt: Dien tich dat binh quan ciia hd dieu tra la 2,15 ha, hd cd dien tich cao nhat la 9,5 ha, thap nhat 0,5 ha. Quy dat ciia cac hg gia dinh dugc phan bd thanh 3 loai chinh: dat thd cu, dat Ilia, dat nuong ray; dien tich dat thd cu chiem 13,6% tdng quy dat, 86,4% la dat canh tac. Theo dii lieu dieu tra d 80 hd tai budn, tren quy dat canh tac cd cac loai cay hrdng chinh nhu: liia nude d dat liia 1 va 2 vu;
ngd, sin, didu, mia tren dat nuang ray. Day la hoat ddng sinh kg dem lai ngudn ndng san dam bao luang thuc thirc phdm, tao ngudn thu nhap dl trang trai cupc sdng va tai dau tu san xuat, phat tridn thi trudng tai egng ddng.
- Tdi nguyen rirng: Ngudn tai nguyen cua
WQG Yok Ddn cdn kha phong phii. Vdi tdng dien tich 115.545 ha, tap tnmg chii yeu d dia ban xa Krdng Na ciia huyen Budn Ddn (96.887ha; chidm 83,85%) (UBND xa Drdng Na, 2017). Cd cac trang thai rimg khac nhau:
Kieu rimg thua rung Id cdy hg Ddu (rimg Khdp, chiem 96% dien tich ciia VQG), Kieu rimg kin thuang xanh mua miia nhiet dai, Kieu rimg kin cdy Id rong nua riing Id mua miia nhiet dai, Kieu phu thir sinh rimg tre nira, hon giao go nua, Trdng cdy biii vd trdng cd (Tdng cue Lam nghiep, 2011). Tap quan khai thac va sir dung tai nguyen rimg la hoat ddng sinh ke quan trgng cua ngudi dan tdc thieu sd tai chd.
Qua phdng van cho thay cdng ddng van thudng xuyen tiep can vdi nhieu ngudn tai nguyen riing nhu; ciii, cac loai rau rimg, qua rimg, nam, mang, cay thudc, phong lan, mat ong, chai cue, ddng vat rimg... San pham thu lugm, san bat dugc dung mgt phan nhd, con lai thudng ban hoac trao ddi de iky cac Ioai thuc pham, vat dung can thiet cho gia dinh. Viec su
T^P CHI KHOA HQC VA C 6 N G NGHE L A M NGHIEP S6 I - 2019 133
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dung gd de lam nha, sua nha, lam chudng trai, khai thac tre, le de dan lat cac vat dung phuc vu sinh hoat, san xuat... van cdn dien ra trong budn, tuy nhien dudi su giam sat va cho phep cua kiem lam. 100% ngudi dan dugc phdng van y thiic dugc khai thac gd la trai phep, tuy nhien da sd ngudi dan van cho rang dugc khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen lam san ngoai gd trong VQG.
- Ddt nggp nuac: Budn Drang Phdk nam canh sdng Srepok, nhieu ao hd cd nude quanh nam, dac thii cua sinh canh dat ngap nude.
Kieu sinh canh nay chiia dung nhieu loai dgng thuc vat cd gia tri sir dung va kha quan trgng ddi vdi sinh ke cua cdng ddng. Ngudi dan trong budn cd kinh nghiem danh bat ca tren sdng Srepok va d cac sudi trong rimg vao mua mua. Hoat dgng nay ciing dem lai ngudn thuc pham va thu nhap cho mgt sd hd dan d budn.
Nhu vay, ngudn vdn tu nhien tai budn Drang Phdk dugc the hien qua quy dat, tai nguyen rimg, tai nguyen tren dat ngap nude la nhiing yeu td tu nhien quan trgng, tao nen dac tnmg rieng d dia phuang va cd anh hudng den boat ddng sinh ke ciia ngudi dan. Hoat ddng sinh ke phu thudc vao ngudn vdn tu nhien va dua vao kinh nghiem ban dia ciia ngudi dan la chii yeu thdng qua canh tac rupng, ray va chan nudi.
3.1.2. Vdn con nguoi
Ngudn vdn con ngudi dugc xem nhu la mdt ngudn vdn quan trpng nhat trong chien luge phat trien sinh ke, con ngudi la mdt chu the tao ra cac hoat ddng sinh ke (Trieu Van Hiing (chu bien), 2013).
- Tudi chti hg vd trinh do hoc vdn: Tai diem nghien ciiu, tudi binh quan ciia chu hg la 43,67 (thap nhat 20 tudi va cao nhat 89 tudi). Vdi tudi trung binh nhu tren la thuan lgi cho viec tiep can cac ngudn luc, su dung tri thiic, ra quydt dinh trong chien luge phat tridn sinh kd HGD va cdng ddng. Trinh dp hgc van cua chu hg chu yeu la tieu hgc (chidm 52,5%), tidp ddn la trung hgc ca sd (chidm 28,8%), trung hpc phd thdng (chidm 6,2%). Tai cpng dong van cdn 12,5% chu hd mil chii, tap trung hau het vao cac hd cd dp tudi cao, hd ngheo. Nhin
chung ngudi dan cd trinh dp hpc van ih. [' ^^V la rao can Idn dd tidp can vdi cac nguon thong tin, khoa hpc ky thuat trong san xuai.
- Nhdn khdu vd lao dgng: Sd lugng nhan khau dao ddng tir 1 ddn 6 ngudi/hd, tning binh la 3,69; sd lao dgng binh quan 2,19 ngudi/hd.
Sd lugng nhan khSu va lao dpng dugc coi d mirc trung binh, tham chi la thap ddi vdi vimg dan tdc thidu sd. Sd hd frong budn tang hi 98 hd (nam 2016) len 116 hd (nam 2018). Mdt trong nhirng nguyen nhan din den tach hd tai diim nghien ciiu la dd thu hudng chinh sach giam ngheo cua Nha nude. Day cung la minh chirng cho su trdng chd y lai vao cac chinh sach hd trg va thd hien tinh y trong san xuat tai cdng ddng.
- Ddn tgc: Co 3 dan tdc chinh gdm M'Nong chilm 47,5%, E De chilm 33,8%, Ja Rai chilm 16,2%. Day la 3 dan tdc ban dia sdng lau ddi tai budn, sir hiiu kien thiic ban dia phong phii trong san xuat ndng lam nghiep, chpn gidng, cham sdc cay trdng vat nudi, kinh nghiem hai lugm, san bat va cham sdc siic khde.
Tri thirc bdn dia: Ngudi dan tai diem nghien ciiu cd he thdng trj thiic ban dia phong phii trong cac ITnh virc ddi sdng, sinh hoat, san xuat va cac mdi quan he lang ban. He thdng kien thiic nay cd gia tri vd ciing quan trpng trong viec la nen tang ca sd de tao ra ngudn sinh ke cho cac hd gia dinh va duy tri cupc sdng cua xa hdi truyen thdng. Dat trong bdi canh cua xa hdi khep kin vdi nen kinh te tu cung tu cap tai diem nghien ciiu thi day cdn la ca sd duy nhat. Dieu nay dugc minh chiing rat ro net qua he thdng tri thirc ciia cdng ddng lien quan den qua trinh muu sinh nhu: cac phuang thiic sinh ke cu the, each chpn gidng cay trdng, vat nudi, mua vu, chpn dat, canh tac, cdng cu lao ddng...
Nhu vay, xet ve ngudn vdn con ngudi cho thay tai diem nghien ciiu cd thuan lgi vdi ngudn lao ddng kha ddi dao, cd kinh nghiem trong san xuat ndng lam nghiep va quan ly tai nguyen; tuy nhien cdn nhidu ban chd vl chSt lugng ngudn lao ddng, kha nang tidp can, ngudi dan chua quan tam ddn nang cao chat
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ap dimg cac nguon thdng tin kiln thirc khoa hgc mdi trong san xuit. Ben canh do, qua dieu ha cho thay dgng luc cho phat trien san xuat, nang cao thu nhap, thoat ngheo ciia cac hd gia dinh la thap.
3.1.3. Vdn xa hgi
Budn Drang Phdk chii yeu dan tgc thieu sd tai chd sinh sdng (chiem 97,5% sd hd dieu tra) da phan anh nhimg dac thu rieng ciia ngudi dan nai day trong canh tac, ddi sdng, sinh boat va thilt che cdng ddng...
- Hogt dgng canh tdc vd vdn hoa cong ddng: vdi phuang thiic canh tac quang canh, phu thudc vao chu yeu vao tu nhien va kinh nghiem; cpng ddng ban dia da hinh thanh nhimg phong hic tap quan, tin nguong the hien sir gan bd va phu thudc vao thien nhien nhu 16 hg Cling liia mdi, ciing ben nude, cung than voi, le hdi dua voi, le hpi dam trau, le bd ma, le trudng thanh... gan vdi van hda cdng chieng.
- Hogt dgng chdn thd gia sue: Trau la gia siic chinh dugc tha rdng tu kiem an trong rimg, day ciing la tap quan lau ddi cua ngudi dan ban dia. Theo dieu tra, sd lugng gia sue trung binh 2,61 con/hd, hd cd dan trau nhidu nhdt la 6 con. Hien nay, mac dii quy dinh ddi vdi rimg bao tdn khdng cho phep chan tha gia siic trong ning va trau tha d rimg da timg bi mdt cdp hoac bi hai, nhung d budn van cdn khoang 75% sd hd dan nudi frau, bd theo phucmg thiic nay.
- Lugt tuc truyen thong: Trong quan he cdng ddng, gia lang la ngudi cd tieng ndi, kinh nghiem, uy tin va ddng vai trd quan trpng giai quyet nhieu van de trong ddi sdng, sinh boat va san xuat; dac biet trong viec hda giai, xir ly mau thuan. Tai budn hien van duy tri nhiing luat tuc truyen thdng lien quan den quan Iy sir dung tai nguyen dat, nude, rimg, miia vu... Day la ca sd de quy dinh cac quy che ve quan ly sir dimg ngudn tai nguyen, quy udc bao ve va phat tridn rimg cd sir tham gia ciia ngudi dan.
- He thong chinh sdch dugc dp dung: Tai budn Drang Phdk hien dang ap dung he thdng cac chinh sach lien quan ddn nhieu linh vuc, diln hinh nhu: (1) Chinh sach ve quy hoach va
quan ly vung dem; (2) Chinh sach ve dau tu va phat trien VQG; (3) Chinh sach dau tu, hd trg phat trien viing dem; (4) Chinh sach ho trg phat trien sinh ke cdng ddng; (5) Chinh sach phat trien ndng thdn uu tien vung sau virng xa... Theo dd, nhin chung cac chinh sach da cd tac ddng tich cue den cdng ddng thdng qua viec dn dinh trong san xuat, dau tu ca sd ha tang (he thdng thiiy lgi, dudng giao thdng, dien, nha cdng ddng...), giao khoan bao ve rimg, hd trg gidng cay trdng vat nudi (hd trg gidng bd cai sinh san theo hinh thiic luan chuyen cua VQG). Ben canh dd ngudi dan trong budn cdn nhan dugc sir hd trg tic cac hoat ddng tai trg, ttr thien cua Nha nude va cac td chiic ddi vdi khu vuc dac thii. Tuy nhien cdn mdt sd van de bat cap nhu: chua thuc hien dugc de an quy hoach md rpng va tach budn thanh vimg dem cua VQG theo quyet dinh sd 672/QD-BNN-TCLN ciia Eg Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn, dan den mdt sd vudng mac trong cap giay chiing nhan quyen sir dung dat ray; quy dinh ve hinh thiic va miic dp tac dgng cdng ddng len tai nguyen rimg chua rd rang; mau thuan ve bao tdn tai nguyen va phat trien sinh ke cdng dgng vin tidm an. Ngoai ra, su chdng cheo giira chinh sach dau tu phat trien viing dem vdi chinh sach phat trien ndng thdn uu tien ddi vdi cac cdng ddng vung sau, xa, dan tdc thieu sd da tao ra "tinh y", trdng chd va y lai vao cac hd trp, ma thieu chu ddng cua ngudi dan dia phuang.
3.1.4. Vdn vgt chdt
Co sd ha tang ca ban va cdng cu san xuat hang hda can thiet de hd trp hoat ddng sinh ke cpng ddng la ngudn vdn vat chat dac tnmg tai diem nghien cim. Nhin chung tai budn da dugc dau tu, xay dung he thdng ca sd ha tang tuong ddi day du va ddng bd. Qua dieu tra, 100% hg dan da sir dung ngudn dien nay cho sinh hoat.
Dudng giao thdng tir tinh Id 01 vao budn la dudng cap phoi, dupe nang cap va tu sira hang nam, cd the di lai trong mua mua. Tai budn cd 2 be nude sach, nhieu hd gia dinh cd nuac gieng. He thdng thuy lgi dam bao, giiip tang dien tich canh tac liia 2 vu ciia budn len
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch
khoang 52 ha, chiem 86,4% dien tich ddt liia.
Tai budn da cd trudng hpc dugc xay dung kien cd, sach se vai tdng sd khoang 40 - 46 hpc sinh tu ldp mau giao den ldp 5. Tram y te quan dan y ket hgp, vdi sir hd trg cua bd dpi bien phdng da trien khai boat ddng tham kham benh va cap phat thudc mien phi cho ngudi dan, suu tam cay thudc cho vudn thudc nam cua tram.
Tuy nhien tai san cua gia dinh cdn dan gian, cdng cu san xuat lac hau, quy md hd gia dinh, chua tiep can dugc vdi khoa hpc ky thuat. Ben canh dd, do dieu kien kinh te cdn khd khan nen ngudi dan chua danh su quan tam nhieu cho viec dau tu cdng cu san xuat.
3.1.5. Von tdi chinh
Ngudn thu nhap chinh ciia ngudi dan tir san pham ndng nghiep, ngoai ra cdn cd cac ngudn thu khac tir thu hai cac loai lam san ngoai go d rimg, chan nudi, nhan khoan bao ve rung vdi VQG Yok Ddn. Mdt sd hg cd them ngudn thu ttr lam thue, budn ban, luang va phu cap hang Bang 3. T6m t5t
thang. K i t qua didu fra 80 hd gia dinh trong budn cho thay, thu nhap ciia cac hg cd su chenh lech kha Idn, thdp nhdt la 10 tripu ddng/hd/nam, cao nhdt la 72,5 trieu ddng/hd/nam. Miic thu nhap himg binh ciia cac hd dieu tra la 46,07 trieu ddng/hd/nam (trung binh 12 trieu ddng/ngudi/nam). Cd 3 nhdm hp chinh d budn la: ngheo, can ngheo va thoat ngheo. Ngudn vdn tai chinh han hep la mdt h-ong nhiing rao can trong vide dau tu cho san xuat, phat trien tham canh.
3.2. Cac nhan to anh hudng tdi thu nh^p ho gia d'mh tai buon Drang Phok, VQG Yok Don
K i t qua phan tich tuang quan hdi quy gi&a biin ddc lap (13 bidn dugc md ta d bang 1) va biin phu thudc (THU NHAP) trong md hinh hdi quy cho thdy, trir bien DAN TOC cd gia tri Sig > 0,05 nen bien nay khdng cd tuang quan vdi THU NHAP. 12 bien cdn lai dugc dua vao de thuc hien phan tich tucmg quan hdi quy da bien. Ket qua dugc tdng hgp d bang 3.
mo hinh hoi quy T T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Bien doc lap
Constant Tuoi_chu_ho Hocvanchuho Nhan_khau L a o d o n g c h i n h D i e n h c h Soluongvatnuoi L u a n u o c Hoa mau Dieu LSNG Chan nuoi KhoanBV rung
H^ s6 hoi quy c h u a chuan hoa
(B) 0,063 0,015 0,847 -0,392 1,819 0,148 0,901 1,088 0,872 1,069 2,222 L034 0,320 B i e n s6 phu thupc: T h u nhap h o n F {wai mirc y nghTa
H e so R Square
Sig < 0,01)
H e so Adjusted R Square Durbin-Watson (d)
Ghi chu: **. mircy nghia < 0,01 Gia trj t
0,015 0,312~*
0,805~^
-0,565'"' 1,021'"
0,295*
1,754»
4 , 2 3 3 "
3 , 5 5 3 "
2,321*
3,521'*
4,021**
0,378"*^
M i r c y nghTa th6ng
ke<Sig.) 0,988 0,756 0,424 0,574 0,311 0,047 0,084 0,000 0,001 0,023 0,001 0,000 0,707
V I F
2,051 1,900 3,076 3,776 1,397 1,589 2,103 2,166 1,618 1,912 2,177 1,580 h p p h p gia dinh (trieu d o n g / n a m ]
,- *. mucy
3 8 , 0 5 2 0,872 0,849 1,757
H^ so hoi quy chuan hoa (Beta)
0,020 0,048 -0,043 0,087 0,015 0,097 0,268 0,229 0,129 0,213 0,259 0,021 1
nghta < 0,05, NS- khong coy nghia Gia t r i
tuyft doi ciia
Beta
0,020 0,048 0,043 0,087 0,126 0,097 0,268 0,229 0,129 0,213 0,259 0,021
r thong ke.
Tam quan tr9ng cua bien
12 9 10 8 6 7 1 3 5 4 2 11
136 TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019
Kinh te & Chinh sdch Kit qua phan tich thdng ke cho thay:
Vdi F cua md hinh = 38,052, Sig ciia F - 0,0000, cho thdy md hinh hdi quy ludn ludn tdn tai vdi miic dd tin cay 99%. He sd R cd gia fri 0,849, cho biit cac bidn ddc lap dugc dua vao md hinh giai thich dupe 84,9% su thay ddi ciia thu nhap hdn hgp hg gia dinh, con 15,1% dugc giai thich bdi cac nhan td khac chua cd dieu kien dua vao md hinh va sai sd ngau nhieu. Nhu vay, cd the ket luan md hinh dua ra la phu hop vdi dii lieu thuc te.
Ket qua kiem tra VIF deu < 10 thda man md hinh hdi quy khdng xay ra hien tugng da cdng tuyen. Kiem dinh Durbin Watson cho ket qua 1< d = 1,757 < 3, cd the ket luan md hinh khdng xay ra hien tugng tu tuang quan.
Kiem tra gia tri Sig ciia cac bien cho thay:
trong 12 bien ddc lap dua vao md hinh cd 6 bien cd miic y nghia thdng ke < 0,05, bao gdm:
Liia nude, Hoa mau, Chan nudi. Lam san ngoai gd, Dieu, Dien tich dat. Nhu vay cd the kit luan 6 nhan td nay cd anh hudng dang ke din thu nhap hdn hgp ciia hd gia dinh tren dia ban nghien cuu vdi miic y nghia 95%. Ngoai ra kit qua thdng ke cung cho thay 6 nhan td tren cd mdi quan he ciing chieu vdi bien thu nhap va dung nhu ky vpng dau dat ra ban ddu.
Dua vao he sd hdi quy dugc chuan hda, nghien ciiu xac dinh tam quan trgng ciia cac bien nhu sau: (1) Lua nude, (2) Chan nudi, (3) Hoa mau, (4) Lara san ngoai gd, (5) Didu, (6) Dien tich ddt.
Phuang trinh hdi quy chuan hda:
Thu nhap = 0,268*Lua nude + 0,259*Chan nudi + 0,229*Hoa mau + 0,213*LSNG + O,129*0ilu + 0,126*Dien tich.
Tir kit qua phan tich cho thay cd 12 ydu td tac dgng din thu nhap, mdi quan he giira timg hoat ddng san xuat vdi thu nhap cua cdng ddng thd hien qua phuang trinh hdi quy. Dd tang thu nhap hon hgp cua cac HGD can cd cae giai phap phii hgp ddi vdi hing hoat dgng canh tac.
Dac biet trong bdi canh khdng the md rdng dien tich dat san xuat thi dinh hudng giai phap tham canh, dau tu ve ky thuat, tang hieu qua su dung ddt bdng cac md hinh san xudt NLKH la rat can thiet.
3.3. Mdt so giai phap gop phan phat trien sinh ke, nang cao thu nhap cho ho gia dinh tai budn Drang Phok, VQG Vok Don
Tir ket qua nghien ciiu ve dac diem cac ngudn sinh ke, cac yeu td tac ddng den thu iJiap HGD va tinh chat dac thu ciia khu vuc dieu tra, nghien ciiu de xuat mdt sd giai phap sau day nham phat trien sinh ke, nang cao thu nhap cho cdng ddng.
3.3.1. Ndng cao chdt luang ngudn sinh ki ciia egng ddng
- Nang cao chat lugng ngudn vdn tu nhien thdng qua viec thuc hien hieu qua cac bien phap bao tdn ngudn tai nguyen rimg, dat va nude tai diem nghien ciiu. Ben canh phuang an bao ve rimg ciia VQG can cd lap ke hoach quan ly rimg dya vao cdng ddng, dua tren ca sd cd sir tham gia cua ngudi dan trong budn de xay dung phuang an quan ly, bao ve rimg hieu qua nhat.
- Nang cao chat lugng ngudn vdn con ngudi thdng qua hoat ddng giao due, dao tao tap hudn, tang cudng cdng tac khuyen ndng, xay dung md hinh trinh dien. Ket hgp vdi cham sdc siic khde, thdng tin truyen thdng de nang cao chat lugng ngudn nhan luc.
- Nang cao chat lupng ngudn vdn vat chat thdng qua viec dau tu hoan chinh he thdng ca sd ha tdng thdn ban, cd ca che quan ly sir dung tai san chung hieu qua. Thao ga cac khd khan trong vdn de tiip can may mdc, trang thiet bi phuc vu san xuat.
- Nang cao chdt lugng ngudn vdn xa hdi thdng qua viec lap kl hoach bao tdn cac gia tri ban dia cdng ddng, kiln thiic ban dia trong san xudt, quan ly bao ve tai nguyen. Ben canh dd cdn phat huy tdt vai trd ciia cac td chiic trong
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019 137
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch
cdng ddng; trien khai hieu qua cac chinh sach ap dung tai dia phuang. Tang cudng md rpng va phat trien mang ludi khuyen ndng khuyin lam ca sd. Cdng tac khuyen ndng cd the phdi hgp vdi cac hoat ddng cua VQG de tridn khai cac chuang trinh dap iing dugc yeu cau cua cac ben nhu phat tridn khuyen ndng gan vdi bao tdn, khuyen khich phat trien ky thuat, he thdng canh tac than thien vdi ddng vat hoang da, nham giam thieu xung dot giiia ddng vat hoang da vdi ngudi.
- Nang cao chat lugng ngudn vdn tai chinh thdng qua viec sir dung hieu qua cac ngudn vdn hd trg cua Nha nude, VQG khi cho vay vdn phat trien chan nudi, trdng trpt tai budn.
Tren ca sd do, md cac ldp tap huan ve ky thuat cham sdc cay trdng, vat nudi, thdng tin kien thirc ve thi tnrdng, tieu thu san pham. Xay dung cac md hinh sinh ke ben vimg dua tren ca sd phan tich ky luong dac diem dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te, xa hdi, tap quan canh tac, kien thirc ban dia, nhu cau thi trudng va ap dung hieu cac tien bd khoa hgc ky thuat, tham canh tang nang suat, tang hieu qua sir dung dat va tien den san xuat theo hudng hang hda.
3.3.2. Phdt trien chdn nudi
Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay chan nudi ddng vai trd quan trpng, cd su tuang quan chat giiia thu nhap hd gia dinh vdi sd lugng vat nudi. Tuy nhien theo danh gia vdi hinh thiic chan tha rdng gia sue tren rimg da lam cho cay bi dd gay, chet cac cay tai sinh, chdi non, ddt bi nen chat... lam anh hudng den chdt lugng tai nguyen rimg tu nhien, ddng thdi tidm dn nguy ca djch benh va nii ro cho cac dan gia siic, nay sinh mau thuan sinh ke va bao tdn giiia VQG vdi cdng ddng. Vi vay can quy hoach bai chan tha, cd phuang an chuyen ddi phuang thiic chan nudi tir tha rdng sang ban tha rdng va nudi nhdt thdng qua cac chuang trinh hd trg sinh ke cdng dong ciia tinh va VQG. Ben canh dd cung cap cho ngudi dan cac kiln thiic ve cham sdc va phdng trir dich benh cho vat nudi.
chu ddng ngudn thiic an cho an siic tnrng qua viec xay dung cac md hinh ndng Uim ket hgp, h-dng cd va cay thirc an gia siic trong vucm nha, rupng, nuang ray.
3.3.3. Hodn thien phuffng dn quy hogch su dung ddt
cdn xem xet, bd sung va hoan thien chinh sach quy hoach vung dem phat trien kinh te; va triin khai cac hoat ddng hd trg dau tu phat triin viing dem cdn kip thdi cung vdi quy hoach khu bao tdn, giup tao didu kien cho dia phuang phat triin san xudt va nang cao ddi sdng. Theo dd, trong dl an quy hoach cua VQG Yok Ddn, budn Drang Phdk dugc md rdng va chuydn thanh viing dem thudc phan khu Dich vu - Hanh chinh, dl nghi tach ra thanh vimg dem cua VQG.
Ddi vdi dien tich dat ray, hien chua dupe cdp giay chimg nhan quyen sir dung dat, va qua phdng van thuc te cung thay hau het ngudi dan chua tu xac dinh dugc ranh gidi. Do vay cdn cd cd bien phap xac dinh ranh gidi va cam moc cd su tham gia cua ngudi dan, cdng khai thira nhan quyen sd hiiu cho cac hd de ngudi dan yen tam canh tac va dau tu lau dai. Ben canh do la nhung quy dinh va quan ly cu the viec sang nhugng, budn ban dat canh tac, nham tranh trudng hgp ngudi ngoai vao dau tu, tich tu rugng dat, gay ra tinh trang thieu dat cua ngudi dan dia phuang.
3.3.4. Th{rc Men hieu qua cac chinh sach ho trff Cac chinh sach hien hanh ve quy hoach, quan ly, dau tu, phat trien rung dac dung cd vai trd quan trpng ddi cac boat ddng sinh ke cdng ddng tai budn. Tuy nhien vin cdn mgt sd bat cap trong qua trinh trien khai lien quan din tien dp, tiep can ngudn tai nguyen, chua khuyen khich dugc su chii ddng, ddu tu ciia ngudi dan.
Do dd, can ban hanh va thuc hien hidu qua cac chinh sach hd trg cdng ddng trong phat trien sinh ke dua tren nguyen tdc hai hda giiia
138
phat trien sinh ke gan vdi bao tdn, cho phep TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1 - 201*'
Kinh te & Chinh sdch ngudi dan tiip can khai thac va sii dung mdt sd
loai thudc cac nhdm tai nguyen rimg ben vung.
Trao quydn ty chii, chu ddng, khuyen khich sy hr giac, phat huy sang tao nang cao nang luc cdng ddng didng qua cac hoat ddng quan ly tai nguyen co sy tham gia.
Qua thuc ti didu tra cho thdy ngudi dan dia phuang cd kho tang kien thiic ban dia rat phong phii tuy nhien chua dugc quan tam va sir dung hieu qua. Do vay trong viec trien khai cac dy an phat hien can cd su ket hop chat che giiia hi thiic truyen thdng vdi kien thirc khoa hpc tren ca sd ap dung phucmg phap tiep can cd sy tham gia trong xac dinh van de, lap kl hoach, thuc hien va giam sat danh gia cac hoat ddng. Day se la ca sd de dua ra nhirng ho trg sinh ke dam bao tinh phu hgp, ben virng va phat huy nang lyc cdng ddng.
Ngoai ra, de giai quyet hai hda mdi quan he giua bao tdn va phat trien sinh ke can su dung cac kmh nghiem, tri thiic ban dia cua ngudi dan nhu la chia khda cho sy phat trien thdn ban, la giai phap de thuc hien cac chuang trinh dy an bao tdn cua VQG.
4. KET LUAN
Phat trien sinh ke ciia cdng ddng sdng d viing dem cac VQG ludn la van de dugc quan tam nghien cim nhdm de xuat dugc nhung giai phap phii hgp vdi dieu kien dac thii timg dia phucmg, gdp phan nang cao thu nhap, giam ap lyc len nguon tai nguyen cua VQG. De giai quyit vdn dl nay tai Budn Drang Phdk thudc viing loi VQG Yok Ddn, de tai da sir dung bp cdng cu trong phuang phap danh gia ndng thdn cd sy tham gia cua ngudi dan (PRA) va tien hanh diiu tra thu thap sd lieu ciia 80 hd gia dinh. Kit qua phan tich dac diem cac ngudn vdn sinh ke cua cdng ddng cho thay cd nhirng dac trung diln hinh ve ngudn vdn con ngudi, vdn xa hgi, vdn tu nhien, vdn vat chat va vdn tai chinh tai diem nghien cim. Hoat ddng san xudt chinh cua ngudi dan la san xuat ndng lam nghiep theo Idi quang canh, phu thudc nhieu
vao thien nhien va kinh nghiem ban dja. Thdng qua md hinh hdi quy da bien da xac dinh dugc cac nhan td chinh anh hudng den thu nhap cua hg gia dinh tai diem nghien ciiu theo thii tu uu tien la: (1) Lua nude, (2) Chan nudi, (3) Hoa mau, (4) Lam san ngoai go, (5) Diiu, (6) Dien tich dat. Tren ca sd phan tich dac diera cac ngudn vdn sinh ke va cac yeu td anh hudng den thu nhap hdn hgp cua hd gia dinh, de tai de xuat dugc 4 nhdm giai phap gdp phan phat trien cac ngudn vdn sinh ke, nang cao thu nhap cua cdng ddng tai budn Drang Phdk, VQG Yok Ddn.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Le Dinh Hai (2017). Cdc nhan to anh huong den thu nhap nong ho tren dia ban huyen Ba Vi, thanh pho Ha Noi. Tap chi Khoa hpc vd Cong nghi Ldm nghiip, 4, tr. 162-171.
2. Trieu Van Hung (chii bien) (2013). Sinh ke vimg cao - Mot so nghiin cuu diem ve phuong phdp dip cdn m&i. Nxb. Nong nghiep. Ha Noi.
3. TrSn Ngoc Lan (chti bien) (1999). Phdt trien ben virng vitng dim Khu bao ton thien nhiin vd vudn quoc gia. Nxb. Nong nghiep. Ha Npi.
4. Nguyen Ba Ngai (2001). Phuong phdp ddnh gid nong thon. Tnrong D^i hoc Lam nghiep.
5. Tong cue Lam nghiep (2011) Qicy hoach bdo ton vd phdt trien ben vimg VQG Yok Don giai dogn 2010 - 2020.
6. D6ng Thi Thanh, Pham Quang Vinh (2012). Bdi gidng Ldm nghiep cong dong. Tnrong Dai hoc Lam nghiep.
7. Thii tuong chinh phii (2012). Quyit dinh so 24/2012/QD-TTg ve chinh sdch ddu tu phdt trien rirng dac dung giai dogn 2011 - 2020, Ha Noi.
8. UBND xa Drong Na (2017) Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc hiin nhiem vu phdt triin kinh te - xa hoi, ddm bdo Quoc phong - An ninh ndm 2017; muc tiiu, nhiim vu chu yiu ke hogch ndm 2018, huyen Buon Don, Dak Lak.
9. Firey Walter (1999), Man. mind and land- a theory of resource use. Social Ecology Press.
10. Masozera MK, Alavalapati JRR (2004). Forest dependency and its implications for protected areas management: a case study from the Nyungwe Forest Reserve, Rwanda. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,'[9,pp?.5-92.
11. Mujawamariya G, Karimov AA (2014).
Importance of socioeconomic factors in the collection of NTFPs: The case of gum arable in Kenya. Forest Pol Econ, 42, pp 24-29.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019 139
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch
LIVELIHOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND FACTORS AFFECTING INCOME OF HOUSEHOLDS IN DRANGPHOK VILLAGE
YOKDON NATIONAL PARK
Dong Thi Thanh^ Tran Huong Lien\ Nguyen Thien Tao^ Hoang Thi Minh Hue"
'•"Vietnam National University of Forestry -•^Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Livelihood development of buffer zone community m national parks has always been a concerning issue. The main aim of this research, which focused on households in Drangphok village in Yokdon national park, was to propose suitable solutions for local conditions in reducing pressures on resources, increasmg income, and balancing between conservation and sustainable development of National Park's resources in general.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods were applied with the participation of 80 local families. Our results from analyzing livelihood characteristics have disclosed a few typical features of human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital in the studied area. Firstly, the main production activity was agroforestry dormnated by extensive farming, which means heavily reliant on natural resources and indigenous experiences. Secondly, we ranked the main factors affecting the household income at the study site using the multivariate regression model. In the order from highest effect to lowest effect, the results were;
(1) paddy nee, (2) animal husbandry (3) cash crop, (4) non-timber forest products, (5) cashew, (6) size of cultivated land. Based on the above results of analyzing livelihood charactenstics and the factors affecting the mixed-mcome of local households, we propose four groups of solutions to contribute towards the livelihood development and income improvement for local corrmiunities in Drangphok village of Yokdon national park.
They are: (1) Improving the quality of livelihood capital, (2) Developing animal husbandry, (3) Perfecting the land use plaiming and (4) Implementing effective agricultural support policies.
Keywords: Buffer zone, family, impact factor, livelihood development, miiced income.
Ngay nhan bai Ngay phan bien Ngay quy^t dinh dang
07/9/2018 23/01/2019 30/01/2019
140 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1 - 20! ^
