RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.7 Information awareness
6.8.3 Analysis by Race
171 6.8.2 Analysis by Gender
Table 6.22: Descriptive statistics – gender
1.8 I believe apartheid does not affect my decision to become an entrepreneur
N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum Maximum Lower
Bound
Upper Bound
Male 121 3.92 1.100 .100 3.72 4.12 1 5
Female 234 4.15 .977 .064 4.03 4.28 1 5
Total 355 4.07 1.025 .054 3.97 4.18 1 5
Table 6.23: ANOVA
1.8 I believe apartheid does not affect my decision to become an entrepreneur Sum of
Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 4.461 1 4.461 4.283 .039
Within Groups 367.635 353 1.041
Total 372.096 354
From Table 6.22, there is a significant difference in agreement among female gender that apartheid does not affect their decision to become entrepreneurs [F (1,353) = 4.283, p = .039]. Agreement is greater for female gender across the three locations in the province (M = 4.15, SD = .977) than for their male counter parts (M = 3.92, SD = 1.100).
172 3.1 I think Mpumalanga province
lacks necessary economic resources to boost business compared to other provinces in South Africa
Black 345 3.41 1.250
Coloured 10 2.30 .949
Total 355 3.38 1.255
3.5 I do not know where to get raw materials for my proposed products
Black 345 3.41 1.151
Coloured 10 4.20 .919
Total 355 3.43 1.151
Table 6.25: ANOVA Sum of
Squares Df
Mean
Square F Sig.
2.2 I am afraid to start a business because I think it might fail
Between Groups 8.025 1 8.025 5.491 .020 Within Groups 515.874 353 1.461
Total 523.899 354
2.4 I have seen people I considered well
equipped in running a business fail
Between Groups 9.662 1 9.662 7.121 .008 Within Groups 478.997 353 1.357
Total 488.659 354
3.1 I think Mpumalanga province lacks
necessary economic resources to boost business compared to other provinces in South Africa
Between Groups 11.946 1 11.946 7.731 .006 Within Groups 545.474 353 1.545
Total 557.420 354
3.5 I do not know where to get raw materials for my proposed products
Between Groups 6.085 1 6.085 4.640 .032 Within Groups 462.974 353 1.312
Total 469.059 354
Table 6.24 shows descriptive analysis of mean score and standard deviation of responses to each statement and Table 6.25 shows analysis of variance used to interpret youths’ responses to each statement by race.
There is a significant difference in disagreement to the statement that youths are afraid to start a business because they think it might fail [F (1,353) = 5.491, p = .020). Disagreement to this statement is greater among black youths (M = 2.59, SD = 1.210) while coloured youths significantly agreed to the statement (M = 3.50, SD = 1.179). However, there is a significant difference in agreement to the statement that youths have seen people they considered well equipped in running a business fail [F (1,353) = 7.121, p = .008). Agreement to this statement
173
is greater among coloured youths in the province (M = 4.00, SD = 1.155) than blacks (M = 3.00, SD = 1.165). On the statement regarding youths’ perception on economic potential of Mpumalanga as compared to other provinces in South Africa, responses showed that there is a significant difference in agreement to the statement [F (1,353) = 7.731, p = .006) where agreement to the statement is greater among black youths (M = 3.41, SD = 1.250) compared to coloured youths in the province (M = 2.30, SD = .949). Finally, there is a significant difference in agreement to the statement that youths do not know where to source for raw materials for their proposed products [F (1,353) = 4.640, p = .032] with a greater agreement to the statement among coloured youths (M = 4.20, SD = .919) compared to black youths in the province (M = 3.14, SD = 1.151).
Welch test was used to analyse statements not suitable for ANOVA. Table 6.26 shows significant difference in agreement to responses from participants on each statement.
Table 6.26: Descriptive statistics – race (b)
N Mean Std. Deviation 1.10 I am self-motivated to produce
result
Black 345 4.27 .788
Coloured 10 3.30 1.337
Total 355 4.24 .821
3.3 I only know of my immediate environment I have no knowledge of other places in Mpumalanga
Black 345 3.10 1.198
Coloured 10 3.90 .876
Total 355 3.12 1.196
3.4 I do not know how I can be assisted by Government in starting a business
Black 345 3.24 1.245
Coloured 10 4.10 .994
Total 355 3.26 1.245
3.6 I do not know where or how to get information on my business interest
Black 345 3.14 1.230
Coloured 10 4.10 .876
Total 355 3.17 1.231
3.7 I am not aware I can get loan without collateral to start a business from various Government Agencies (NYDA), (IDC), (SEFA).
Black 345 3.20 1.266
Coloured 10 4.10 .738
Total 355 3.23 1.262
174
Table 6.27: Robust Tests of Equality of Means
Statistica df1 df2 Sig.
1.10 I am self-motivated to produce result
Welch 5.172 1 9.182 .048
3.3 I only know of my immediate environment I have no knowledge of other places in Mpumalanga
Welch 7.890 1 10.002 .019
3.4 I do not know how I can be assisted by Government in starting a business
Welch 7.145 1 9.836 .024
3.6 I do not know where or how to get information on my business interest
Welch 11.254 1 10.059 .007
3.7 I am not aware I can get loan without collateral to start a business from various
Government Agencies (NYDA), (IDP), (SEFA).
Welch 13.708 1 10.599 .004
a. Asymptotically F distributed.
From Table 6.27, there is a significant difference in agreement to the statement that youths are motivated to produce result [Welch (1, 9.182) = 5.172, p = .048] where agreement is greater among black youths (M = 4.27, SD = .788) than coloured youths in the province (M = 3.30, SD = 1.337). On the statement regarding youths’ knowledge of their immediate environment without knowing other places in Mpumalanga, there is a significant difference in agreement among participants (Welch (1, 10.002) = 7.890, p = .019) where agreement is greater among coloured youths (M = 3.90, SD = .876) than blacks (M = 3.10, SD = 1.198).
Likewise, there is a significant difference in agreement to the statement that youths are not aware of government intervention strategies and assistance in starting a business [Welch (1, 9.836) = 7.145, p = .024] with agreement to this statement greater among coloured youths (M
= 4.10, SD = .994) than black youths in the province (M = 3.24, SD = 1.245). In furtherance to these statements, there is a significant difference in agreement to the statement that youths do not know where to get information on their business interest [Welch (1, 10.059) = 11.254, p = .007]. Agreement to this statement is greater among coloured youths (M = 4.10, SD = .876) than blacks (M = 3.14, SD = 1.230). Finally, on the statement regarding youths not aware of government intervention fund as start-up capital which allows youths to get ‘soft’
loans without collateral from government agencies like NYDA, IDC and SEFA to start or expand youth’s entrepreneurial businesses, there is a significant difference in agreement among the youths [Welch (1, 10.599) = 13.708, p = .004] where agreement to the statement is
175
greater among coloured youths (M = 4.10, SD = .738) than their black counterpart (M = 3.20, SD = 1.266).