in the public, non-profit and private sector interrelate with their environment to achieve their organisational goals. The TCC is not a structure; instead, it is an organisation that carries out a set of plans and methods to focus on victims of sexual offences.
Similar to many other organisations, the TCC’s aim is to concentrate on the foundation to achieve a common goal for the functioning system (Ferdous, 2016). A successful organisation must be based on a shared corporate culture, as it is a relatively organised system of shared values (Idang, 2015). Irefin and Bwala (2012:80) assert that “organisations are social entities that are goal oriented and designed deliberately to structure and coordinate activities that are linked to the external environment”.
This theory is rooted in a hierarchical level of authority and coordination. The TCC is an organisation that follows the roots of the classical organisation theory to assist victims of sexual offences by involving different departments and different authorities to achieve one unified goal, which is to ensure that victims are rehabilitated from the trauma of the sexual offences inflicted on them by a perpetrator. The seminal scholars of the classical organisation theory concentrate their dedication on the substance of ideologies and official features of the organisation. This theory rests on organisational management, and believes that this management is the most important element of any organisation. No organisation can achieve goals without efficient and effective management. Therefore, the input and outcome by management is at the heart of any organisation (Burke & Collins, 2001).
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Considerably, organisations must be equipped with the learnings from the science of management and management theories to be able to deal with all challenges, and use all resources and outputs in an efficient and economical manner (Urby & McEntire, 2014). According to Drucker (1974), management refers to leadership undertaking tasks with the help of other people and resources. In other words, management represents the process of completing tasks with the help of other people or through the effective utilisation of all human resources.
Weijrich and Koontz (1993) stated that management involves the process of planning, leading, organising and controlling people to achieve the organisation’s strategies and goals. Therefore, effective management leads and controls the activities to implement the organisation’s vision, purpose and plan. This highlights the necessity of a defined, formal business plan and formalised strategy for effective management being able to take place. This definition concludes that management is a process of strategic planning, goal setting, resource management and development of the necessary human and financial assets or resources to achieve the defined organisational goals and measured outcomes (Drucker, 1974).
This theory can be categorised into three segments, namely, scientific management as described by Fredick Taylor in 1911; administration management as defined by Henri Fayol in 1916; and bureaucratic management as highlighted by Max Weber in 1947. These scholars structured their theories and using each other’s work, they formed the structure and upgrading frame of the Classical Organisation Theory. These theorists regarded organisations as “implements requiring boundaries between units based upon predictability and accuracy, achievements via control specialisation, vertical flow of information and limited exchange with the external environment” (Scott, 1961).
64 3.3.1 Scientific management theory
This is a well-known management theory developed by Frederick Taylor in 1911. This theory was based on temporal factors and the purpose of an investigation. His studies were applauded by theorists at the time as “the greatest event of the 19th century”.
The theory was mainly focused on aiming to achieve maximum productivity (Burke &
Collins, 2001). It delivers a proper solution for industrialists’ problems and challenges.
Taylor believed that scientific management was the solution to business problems.
Taylor worked on identifying methods that could increase the efficiency within the workplace by using scientific methods, eliminating additional movements and transfers at the workplace.
The TCC’s management believes in Taylor’s philosophy of scientific management, as their employees are well-trained to be able to work with victims of sexual offences. To enhance the efficiency within the centre, the TCC believes in the division of work, since the centre offers a range of different services, which include medical testing, counselling and court preparation for victims. Taylor claimed that trained workers would be able to deliver better job outputs, and that tasks should be divided between management and workers, and a scientific management style should be employed with respect to different practices and workers in action (Edelman, 1990).
3.3.2 Administrative Management Theory
The Administrative Management Theory is another well-known classical management theory, which had been developed by Henry Fayol in 1916. Fayol was a senior manager, who developed this theory based on his personal experience. The theory encompassed business management (Business) and general management (Merkel, 2011). The TCC follows Henry Fayol’s steps of management, where everything that is done in dealing with victims of sexual offences in the centre is handled in various steps, where such action is first planned, then organised and coordinated to provide effective services to the victims. Henry Fayol’s introduced six functions and 14 management principles in his theory. Fayol’s six management functions referred to predicting, planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, and monitoring. The 14 principles were listed as the division of labour, authority, discipline, unity of direction, focusing on individual interests rather than the public interest, remuneration, centralisation, scalar chain, hierarchy, order, personnel rights (equity) and stability of the personnel’s tenure (Scott, 1961).
65 3.3.3 Management’s bureaucratic theory
Th Management’s Bureaucratic Theory was proposed in 1947 by the German sociologist Karl Emil Maximilian known as Max Weber. It is also called Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy. He called his work a ‘social and economic organisation theory’, which mainly focuses on organisational structure. Max Weber focused on hierarchy and authority-controlled, strict lines in structuring the organisation into a hierarchy. The TCC is believed to be developed on precise and comprehensive operating procedures to execute predefined tasks, since dealing with victims of sexual offences can be complex in its nature. The principles of the bureaucratic management theory include the formal rules and regulations; the working relationship system; and specialised training (Mahmood, Basharat, & Bashire, 2012).
3.4. APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL ORGANISATIONAL THEORY TO THIS STUDY