THEORITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3.1Global Nature of HDS
3.3 Conceptual Framework/Models used in this Study
3.3.5 PPP Models of Housing delivery Systems
Therefore, Housing Delivery systems (HDS) are the mainstream mechanism for transforming housing objectives into tangible house-form within environment settings. This succinctly involves resource optimization and process optimization to achieve planned objectives. In our development, HDS comprises of subsystems; each subsystem contributes to the overall outcome of HDS. However, each subsystem maybe different in themselves and may not exhibit attributes of HDS on their own (as observed in the systems theory of Bertalanffy in Bello,1985). For example, Finance and PPP are subsystems to HDS but reflect different attributes. Then, Public Private Partnership (PPP) as subsystem of Housing Delivery systems (HDS) is one form of delivery mechanism to achieve HDS objectives. The elements of PPP are indeed the determinants of PPP as previously deduced from the literature.
Stages 1-4 shows that, the social implication on the overall project-partnering pathway is vital to the success of the project and most practices have failed to pay more attention in this regard.
This is supportive of the need for a real definition of the project thrust in terms of its stakeholders’ philosophy largely. Martimort et.al (2006) suggested the need to design the project with a thrust/philosophy through the following partnership basis:
-Design the characteristic and quality attributes of the project
-Choose the private sector builder to build and government retains the asset (in the case of BOT).
-Choose the operator; public/private to manage
This analysis bundled the building process and management stage while unbundling the ownership structure.
From the foregoing models, it is important to note that the housing delivery systems (HDS) within a given setting can be stakeholder categorized in terms of the household, housing development partners/actors and experts’ thrust or philosophy. This requirement initiates the housing process functions as indicated by Prins (1984); and it is in direct response to the motivation to create housing within the objectives set forth as universal in this study.
In the development of this framework, the stakeholders categories of thrust for HDS could be any of the objectives (thought to be essential or desirable and in this case of PPP, they are the determinants thereof already stated in the literature). They maybe subjectively deduced from among the housing objectives depending on the relative tilt of the housing development actors/partners, experts and yearnings of householders; therefore, a PPP that is subjective and border line in approach stabilizes capitalist market economies. However, this framework does not suggest that there would always be a convergence in the objectives towards a thrust since sometimes a stakeholder may decide against all others’ for any reason to favour a particular objective as its thrust for the HDS: for instance, an eco-friendly housing estate is a HDS thrust in broad terms. In this study, where PPP is the thrust, there would be applicability of convergence from both the Public sector objectives and Private sector objectives as suggested by Kemmenys’ (1998,2010) theory of convergence. Such convergence accounts’ for the massive economic black hole in the housing markets of the United States of America. A federal tilt in favour of salvaging the situation simply kept the private sector sinking further into the abyss, a danger of strict convergence in housing, (Kemmeny, 2010).This study uses convergence to articulate its objectives while using divergence to express HDS thrust directly or through inherent subsystems.
Therefore, an attempt to avoid the above danger of the convergence theory, there is need to create a region of divergence for equilibrium in any given HDS thrust (to attain measurable efficiency). It considers the duality of convergence and divergence in terms of regions; taking convergence to be the lower region and divergence the upper region. This is whereby the elements of choice of an HDS would tend to either converge in a thrust or in their divergence accentuate yet another thrust. The upper region is the output region and the region of divergence for expressed HDS: While the lower region is the input region for unifying housing objectives. This upper region of divergence takes into account the plurality of operations for expressing HDS. However, the outcome is the housing typology, which is a composite expression irrespective of the HDS. The basis for the polarity (of convergence and divergence) expressed in this study is in terms of adequacy, since this is the adopted framework for partnership; and this accentuates partners’ contribution to the overall HDS thrust. Therefore, in the development of this framework, this study considers the setting within society and environment as consistent in nature to the entire HDS.
From this research development, the following HDS thrusts emanated in the literature:
-Tenure based models of housing delivery: rental or ownership structure models.
-Finance based models of housing delivery: Mortgage models, subsidy models, or a hybrid financing option.
-Construction/building activity models: This is based on the process function model or traditional models. (The traditional model is in total exclusion of regulatory systems of modern/western legislation and which is not the focus of this research as it primarily negates the basis for PPP).
In order to achieve the housing objective (which is generally accepted from the literature reviewed) implicit to HDS; there is the need for increase in quantity of housing, the quality of housing and the improved housing environment quality which comes with every development program initiative. Then, a particular thrust as above would take pre-eminence as the central motivation around which every effort revolves like a pivot. Although, the HDS thrust seems objective, unfortunately it is the decisions of the housing development actors/partners that make for its subjectivity at any given point of the resource and process optimization.
The point of note is that no two models as above are equally as prominent for any given project. Therefore, the clue is to identify the actors/partners and their motivation and evaluate the degree of readiness to collaborate and then determine their effective partnership and
forecast their possible results before embarking on the project. Since, objectives form the basis of partnerships for which results are appraised with regression methods. While the study does not apply the regression method to analyze its data, the proposal will develop a theory based on the ability to forecast the consequences of actors/partners’ actions before project initiation.
Herein is the basis of the contribution PPP stands to make in HDS.